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org
International Journal of Mathematics and Computer
Applications Research (IJMCAR)
ISSN(P): 2249-6955; ISSN(E): 2249-8060
Vol. 4, Issue 2, Apr 2014, 45-54
TJPRC Pvt. Ltd.

SOME ASPECTS OF MODULE THEORETIC HOMOMORPHISMS
MAITRAYEE CHOWDHURY
Department of Mathematics Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India

ABSTRACT
Here we try to highlight some aspects of module homomorphisms when the attached rings are different and hence,
the already known cases of module homomorphisms come up as in some sense as corollaries to what we have proposed.
This very approach may open up new windows so far the module homomorphisms are concerned (at least in some
sense -the so called categorical approach is concerned). We would like to explore some interesting phenomena of module
homomorphisms in some broader aspects. Moreover, it would be interesting to note how already available module
theoretic results with same ring may have more than one version.
KEYWORDS: Homomorphisms, Module Theoretic, Injective Modules
1. INTRODUCTION
This paper is an attempt for some sort of generalization of modules and its homorphisms [1, 3, and 4] with
different rings best suited for some aspects of categorical study of rings and homomorphisms. As it appears as a first step
towards the expected theory, we would like to present here some very familiar aspects of what we are attempting for.
And in a natural approach we, here present, as most beginning to it the main aspect of the theory, viz., the homomorphism
theorems etc with examples.
Here we would like to comprise some torsion character of modules with different rings, with some direct sum
related problems. We see that homomorphic image of such a left module epimorphism (in broader aspect) appears with
invariant character in the corresponding torsion part of the codomain module [4]. Moreover, some necessary and sufficient
condition type property is carried over in case of integral domain makeup of the codomain module. It is also observed that
simple character is also preserved in such type of left module morphisms. We here skillfully show the isomorphism
character in case of quotient structure with well-behaved nature. If two left module morphisms agree on the generating set
of a submodule of the codomain module, then the two left module morphisms agree also on the codomain submodule [2,3].
Finally we try to highlight some categorical property so far the kernel is concerned in such type of left module morphisms.
2. PRELIMINARIES
We begin with some definitions:
2.1 Definition
A left ring module is a pair ) , ( M R , where R is a ring; M is an additive abelian group with
r(x+y)=rx+ry
(r
1
+r
2
)x=r
1
x+r
2
x
46 Maitrayee Chowdhury

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.2949 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
(r
1
r
2
)x=r
1
(r
2
x), where r,r
1
,r
2
R and x,yM.
Let ) , (
1 1
M R and ) , (
2 2
M R be two left ring modules. Then
2.2 A Left Module-Morphism
( ) f , is a system ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
f

where
2 1
: M M f is an additive group homomorphism and
2 1
: R R is a ring homomorphism with
f(r
1
m
1
)= (r
1
)f(m
1
), with r
1
R
1
, m
1
M
1

When the ring R
1
is considered as a left R
1
- module, and a ring homomorphism
2 1
: R R f is such that for
2 1
: R R with ( r )= f(r ), then we have f(rs)=f( r )f(s)= (r ) f (s) . Thus f(rs)= (r ) f (s) and this ring
homomorphism is a left module-morphism
) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
R R R R
f f

too.
The left module morphism ( ) f , under consideration may also be called
2.3
2 1
: M M f is an ) , (
2 1
R R homomorphism. [so the left module morphism
) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
R R R R
f f

is an (f-R
1
-R
2
) homomorphism
Note: If R
1
= R
2
=R then we get the left module morphism, ) , ( ) , (
2
) , (
1
M R M R
f i

- the (i, R-R) homomorphism

as our well known module homomorphism viz., R-homomorphism. For here,
2 1
: M M f , where R R i : , with
i(r)=r f(a
1
+a
2
)=f(a
1
)+f(a
2
) and i(ra
1
)= i(r) f(a
1
)= rf(a
1
) , for r, R and a
1
,a
2
M
2.4 A left module morphism ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
f

is an - monomorphism, (-epimorphism, - isomorphism)

if
2 1
: M M f is injective(, surjective, bijective). If ( ) ) , ( : ) , ( : ,
2 2 1 1
M R M R f is an - isomorphism, we denote
it by ) , ( ) , (
2 2 1 1
M R M R
f

An R
2
-submodule N
2
of M
2
is an ) , (
2
R -submodule of M
2
[denoted:
2
) (
2
1
M
S
N

] if N
2
is an ) (
1
S -submodule
of M
2
for some subring S
1
of R
1
. If is onto, then R
2
= (R
1
) thus, M
2
is an ) , (
2
R -submodule of M
2
;this M
2
, is then an
2.5 ) , (
2
R - module.
2.6 Lemma
If
1
1
1 M
R
N

then
2
) (
) (
1
1
M
R
N f

, and
Some Aspects of Module Theoretic Homomorphisms 47

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For
2
2
2 M
R
A

we have
1
) (
1
2
1
M
R
A f

[ it is to be noted the difference between

1
1
1 M
R
N

and
1
) (
1
2
1
M
R
A f

]
Proof
f(N
1
)={f(n
1
)|n
1
N
1
}. Now, (r
1
) (R
1
), f(n
1
) f(N
1
) give (r
1
) f(n
1
)= f(r
1
n
1
)=f(t
1
) M
2
, [for, t
1
=r
1
m
1
M
1
]
Thus
2
) (
) (
1
1
M
R
N f

//
And } ) ( | { ) (
2 1 1 1 2
1
A m f M m A f =

. Now, suppose, r
1
R
1
, m
1
,m
2
f
-1
(A
2
). Then f(m
1
), f(n
1
) A
2
and
f(m
1
)-f(n
1
)=f(m
1
-n
1
) =f(t
1
) A
2
, as A
2
is an R
2
-submodule of A
2
. And, f(r
1
m
1
)= (r
1
)f(m
1
) A
2
gives, r
1
m
1
f
-1
(A
2
)
and hence,
1
) (
1
2
1
M
R
A f

Here we know that our familiar kernel, kerf or, f

-1
(0
2
) is an R
1
-submodule of M
1

Now, in case of ( ) ) , ( : ) , ( : ,
2 2 1 1
M R M R f
if a,b f

ker , then f(a

1
)-f(b
1
)= 0
2
f(a
1
-b
1
)= 0
2
[ a
1
-b
1
M
1
]
so a
1
-b
1
f

ker And, if r
1
R
1
, m
1
f

ker , then, f(r

1
m
1
)=(r
1
)f(m
1
)= 0
2
f(r
1
m
1
)= 0
2
r
1
m
1
f

ker . Thus,
r
1
R
1
, m
1
f

ker

r
1
m
1
f

ker , Hence, f
-1
(0
2
) or f

ker or,
1
) 0 (
1
2
1
M
R
f

i.e. f
-1
(0
2
) is an (,R
1
)-submodule of M
1
.[thus,
1
) 0 (
1
2
1
M
R
f

]. ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
f

is a left module
morphism, i.e.,
2 1
: M M f is an ) , (
2 1
R R homomorphism. So
2 1
: M M f and
2 1
: R R are as
described.
Now,
2.7 Definition
-kernel of f [or, kernel ( ) f , ] or, K

=K

(f)= {m
1
M
1
|f(m
1
)=0
2
}= f
-1
(0
2
)
When R
1
=R
2
=R and i, the identity homomorphism then, -kernel of f is kernel of f, our familiar kernel of f
viz., } 0 ) ( | { ker
2 1 1 1
= = m f M m f

. If (A,+) is a sub group of (M

2
,+), then f
-1
(A) = { m
1
M
1
| f(m
1
) A} is an
(,R
1
)-submodule of M
1

2.8 Definition
Let C be a class for each pair A,B C we have mor
c
(A,B) , a set . Elements of mor
c
(A,B) are arrows
B A f : . A is called its domain and B its codomain. If A,B, C C then we have a function
) , ( ) , ( ) , ( : C A mor B A mor C B mor
c c c
such that for C B g : mor
c
(B,C) and B A f : mor
c
(A,B) we
have C A f g : mor
c
(A,C). If the system C= (C,mor
c
, ) is such that C1. For every
triple D C h : , C B g : , B A f : , f g h f g h ) ( ) ( = C2. For each A C, there is a unique
48 Maitrayee Chowdhury

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.2949 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
) , ( 1 A A mor
c A
such that if B A f : , A C g : , then f f
A
= 1 and g g
A
= 1 , then C is a category. Each
arrow is a morphism.
2.9 Definition
A morphism B A f : or
B A
f

has a kernel if there is a morphism

A M

we have 0 = f -
the zero morphism, and for any morphism
A C
g

with 0 = g f - the zero morphism, we get a unique morphism

M C
h

such that g h = .
3. MAIN RESULTS
3.1 Theorem
Fundamental Theorem of -Homomorphism
(R
1
,M
1
) and (R
2
,M
2
) are two left ring modules and ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
f

is an left module- morphism [or, f is

an -R
1
-R
2
homomorphism from M
1
to M
2
, then ( )) , ( )
ker
, (
1 2
1
1
M f R
f
M
R

with : ( )
1
1
ker
M f
f
M

such
that (a
1
+ker

f)= f(a
1
) [a
1
M
1
]
Proof: Here we have two mappings, viz.,
2 1
: R R , with ) (
1 1
r r and
2 1
: M M f , with m
1
f(m
1
).
We define a mapping : ( )
1
1
ker
M f
f
M

by (a
1
+ker

f)= f(a
1
) [a
1
M
1
]
is well defined. For, a
1
+ker

f=b
1
+ker

f a
1
-b
1
ker

f f(a
1
-b
1
)=0 f(a
1
)= f(b
1
) [f is additive group homo]
is one-one , ) ( ) (
1 1
b a = [ i.e. (a
1
+ker

f)= (b
1
+ker

f)] f(a
1
)= f(b
1
) f(a
1
)- f(b
1
)=0 f(a
1
- b
1
)=0 a
1
- b
1

ker

f a
1
+ker

f= b
1
+ker

1 1
b a =
is onto-easy!
Now we see that is an (R
1
,R
2
) homomorphism . Here, ) (
1 1
b a + = ) (
1 1
b a + = f(a
1
+b
1
) =f(a
1
)+f(b
1
) =
) (
1
a + ) (
1
b and (r
1
1
a )= (
1 1
a r ) = f(r
1
a
1
)= (r
1
) f(a
1
)= (r
1
) ) (
1
a . Hence, : ( )
1
1
ker
M f
f
M

is an
(-R
1
,R
2
) isomorphism, i.e., ( )) , ( )
ker
, (
1 2
1
1
M f R
f
M
R

If
2 1
: M M f is an epimorphism,
then
2 1
) ( M M f = And then ) , ( )
ker
, (
2 2
1
1
M R
f
M
R

//



Some Aspects of Module Theoretic Homomorphisms 49

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
3.2 Theorem
Correspondence Theorem for Left Module Morphism
(R
1
,M
1
) and (R
2
,M
2
) are two left ring modules. If ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
f

is a left module epimorphism, then

there is a one-one correspondence between the set of all R
2
-submodules A
2
of M
2
and those R
1
-submodules of A
1
such that
ker

f A
1
and; where, in other words the correspondence is of type:
2 2
1
1
) ( ) (ker A A f A f =

Proof: Here ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
f

is a left-module epimorphism [or, (-(R

1
-R
2
) epimorphism. i.e.,
2 1
: M M f is an additive group epimorphism with the attached homomorphism
2 1
: R R as ) (
1 1
r r . And
A
2
is an R
2
-submodule of M
2
. We take f
-1
(A
2
)=A
1
Here
1
) ( ker
1
2
1
M
R
A f f

For x
1
,y
1
f
-1
(A
2
)f(x
1
), f(y
1
) A
2

f(x
1
-y
1
) A
2
x
1
-y
1
f
-1
(A
2
). For x
1
f
-1
(A
2
), r
1
R
1
, we have f(x
1
) A
2
,(r
1
) R
2
(r
1
) f(x
1
) A
2
f(r
1
x
1
) A
2

r
1
x
1
f
-1
(A
2
) Therefore, f
-1
(A
2
)=A
1
is an R
1
-submodule of M
1
And clearly the correspondence is one-one- for if I
1
and J
1
are
two R
1
-submodules of M
1
with ker

f I
1
,J
1
with f(I
1
)=f(J
1
), then I
1
= f
-1
(f(I
1
)) and J
1
= f
-1
(f(J
1
)).//
Consider the map from the set of R
1
-submodules of M
1
to the set R
2
-submodules of f(M
1
)=M
2
, i.e.,

)
`

2
2
2
1
2 2 2
2
1
2
|
1
)( ( | :
)
M A A f M A A
R
R
R
M

,[ is one-one]
3.3 Example
{ } .. 2 , 1 , 0 , | ... ] [
2
2 1 0
= + + + + = n Z a x a x a x a a x Z
n
n
n
, { } ,... 3 , 2 , 1 , = o Z
{ } ,..... , , , , , , 0 ] [
3 2 3 3 2 2
2
x x x x x x x x x x x Z + + + + = { } 1 , 0
2
= Z
Here ] [x Z is a left Z -module. Similarly ] [
2
x Z is a left
2
Z -module w.r.t. the maps .
] [ ] [ x Z x Z Z :
2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0
) ( ) ( ) ( )) ( , ( x na x na na x a x a a n + + + +
] [ ] [
2 2 2
x Z x Z Z :
2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0
) ( ) ( ) ( )) ( , ( x na x na na x a x a a n + + + + [In Z
2
n is either 0 or 1]
We consider the maps: ] [ ] [ :
2
x Z x Z f :
2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0
x a x a a x a x a a + + + +
i.e.,
2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0
) ( x a x a a x a x a a f + + = + + and , :
2
Z Z n n i.e. n n = ) (
50 Maitrayee Chowdhury

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.2949 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
Now ) ) ( ) ( ) (( )) ( (
2
2 1 0
2
2 1 0
x na x na na f x a x a a n f + + = + +
2
2 2 1 0
2
2 1 0
x a n x a n a n x na x na na + + = + + = = ) (
2
2 1 0
x a x a a n + + = ) ( ) (
2
2 1 0
x a x a a f n + +
Thus )) ( (
2
2 1 0
x a x a a n f + + = ) ( ) (
2
2 1 0
x a x a a f n + + Hence, f is an
2
, Z Z morphism from,
] [x Z
Z
to ] [
2
2
x Z
Z
]) [ , ( ]) [ , (
2 2
) , (
x Z Z x Z Z
f

is a left module morphism with ] [ ] [ :

2
x Z x Z f and
, :
2
Z Z as defined above.
3.4 Direct Sum of Modules over Different Rings
M
1
is a left R
1
-module and R
2
is a left R
2
-module. Now ( ) { }
i i
M m m m M M = | ,
2 1 2 1
and
( ) { }
i i
R r r r R R = | ,
2 1 2 1
It is easy to see that
2 1
R R R =

is a ring and
2 1
M M M = is a left R-module it is
not difficult to see that
2 1
M M M = is an additive abelian group. Now we define the map RMM as (r,m)rm ,
where, m=(m
1
,m
2
) and r=(r
1
,r
2
), ( )( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
, , , m r m r m m r r rm = = and it appears that M is a left R-module .And as
ring
2 2
0 R R , 0
1 1
R R . Thus in this sense, as ring we can consider each of R
1
and R
2
as a subring of
2 1
R R R = and so
2 1
M M M = is also an R
1
-module as well as a left R
2
-module. Here for m=(m
1
,m
2
) M and r
1
R
1

gives r= (r
1
,0) R
1
R
2
and so ( )( ) ( ) 0 , , 0 ,
1 1 2 1 1
m r m m r rm = = It is clear that M is a left 0
1
R module i.e., M is a left
R
1
-module. Now M is a left R-module and M
1
is a left R
1
-module. We define f: M M
1
such that f(m)=f(m
1
,m
2
)=m
1

Clearly, the map is onto and we see the map :R R
1
where (r)=(r
1
,r
2
)=r
1
is also an onto map.
Now we see that f is an R-R
1
homomorphism.
For 1) f(x+y)=f(( x
1
,x
2
)+ (y
1
,y
2
)) = f(x
1
+y
1
,x
2
+y
2
)=x
1
+y
1
=f(x
1
,x
2
)+f(y
1
,y
2
)=f(x)+f(y) For r=(r
1
,r
2
) R,
f(rx)=f[(r
1
,r
2
) (x
1
,x
2
)]= f(r
1
x
1
,r
2
x
2
)= f(r
1
x
1
) =r
1
.x
1
=(r
1
,r
2
).f(x
1
,x
2
)= (r) f(x)
Thus f(rx)= (r) f(x) Clearly f is onto and one-one. And ker

f= {mM| f(m)=0
1
} ={(m
1
,m
2
)| f(m
1
,m
2
)=0
1
}=
{(0,m
2
)|m
2
M
2
}( M
2
). So by fundamental theorem of homomorphism, we get:
3.5 Theorem
f
M
M
f

ker
1
=
( ) ( )
2
2 1 2 1
ker M
M M
f
M M

i.e.
2
2 1
1
) (
M
M M
M
f

M
1


(M
1

M
2
)/M
2
. Similarly,
2
2 1
1
) (
M
M M
M
f

, with (r)=f(r
1
,r
2
)=r
2
We now note when a Ring modulo a one-sided ideal
appears as a Quotient modules: Let ) , (
1 1
M R and ) , (
2 2
M R be two left ring modules. In other words, M
1
is a left
R
1
module and R
2
is a left R
2
-module. Define A
1
=A(M
1
)={r
1
R
1
|r
1
m
1
=0, m
1
M
1
}, then A
1
is an R
1
-submodule of
R
1
(i.e. it is a left ideal of R
1
). For r,sA
1
rm
1
=0, sm
1
=0(r-s)m
1
=0r-sA
1
for all m
1
M
1
. And for rR
1
and r
1
A
1
,
Some Aspects of Module Theoretic Homomorphisms 51

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
(rr
1
)m
1
=r(r
1
m
1
)=r.0=0rr
1
A
1
, for all m
1
M
1
Similarly, A
2
=A(M
2
)={r
2
R
2
|r
2
m
2
=0, m
2
M
2
} is an R
2
-submodule of R
2

Thus, R
1
/A
1
is an R
1
-module similarly R
2
/A
2
is an R
2
-module. Then
3.6 Theorem

|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

2
2
2
1
1
1
, ,
A
R
R
A
R
R

, for some epi :R

1
R
2
. Define: : R
1
R
2
/A
2
with (r
1
)=(r
1
)+A
2
then for r
1
, r,sR,
(r+s)=(r+s)+A
2
= ((r)+ (s))+A
2
= ((r) +A
2
)+ ((s)+A
2
)=(r)+ (s) and, (rs)=(rs)+A
2
=(r)(s)+A
2
= ( r) ((s)
+A
2
)=(r) (s). is an epi, for r
2
+A
2
R
2
/A
2
,r
2
R
2
and being epi, we have r
1
A
1
with (r
1
)=r
2
thus r
2
+A
2
= (r
1
)+A
2
=
(r
1
), i.e. ( )
1 2
r r = Therefore, is an -R
1
-R
2
epimorphism, or an -epimomorphism. Now, by fundamental theorem,
|
|

\
|
|
|

\
|

2
2
2
1
1
1
, ,
A
R
R
A
R
R

//
3.7 Some More Results
) , (
1
M R and ) , (
2
N R are two left ring modules. ) , ( ) , (
2
) , (
1
N R M R

is a left module morphism.
[ N M : ,
2 1
: R R ]
Then ( ) ( )) ( (
2 1
N Tor M Tor
R R
with ) (
1
M Tor
R
= {mM|r
1
m=0, for some

r
1
R
1
}
Proof: Let
2 1
: R R be an epimorphism. Now we have, ) (
1
M Tor
R
= {mM|r
1
m=0, for some

r
1
R
1
}
)) ( (
1
M Tor
R
= )} ( | ) ( { M Tor m m = } , 0 ) ( | ) ( {
1 1 1
R r for m r m =
= } ) ( , 0 ) ( ) ( | ) ( {
2 1 1
R r for m r m = (m)[ ) (
2
N Tor
R
] ) (
2
N Tor
R
[ as, ) (
1
M
R
N
R
2

Thus, ) ( )) ( (
2 1
N Tor M Tor
R R
.// Note: For ) , (
1
M R and ) , (
2
N R two left ring modules,
if ) , ( ) , (
2
) , (
1
N R M R

is a left module morphism, with N M : ,
2 1
: R R .Then (r
1
x)+y)=(r
1
) (x)+(y),
for all x,yM and for all r
1
R
1

Now
3.8 Theorem
We consider each of R
1
and R
2
is with unity. If R
2
is an integral domain with unity, then for a
N M : ,
2 1
: R R , ) , ( ) , (
2
) , (
1
N R M R

is a left module morphism if (r
1
x) +y) = (r
1
) (x) +(y).
Proof: Taking r=1, we get (x+y) = (x) +(y) [only when R
2
is an integral domain] And, for y=0, (r
1
x) =
(r
1
) (x). Therefore, is an -R
1
-R
2
homomorphism. i.e., ( ) ) , ( ) , ( : ,
2 1
N R M R is a left module morphism.//
52 Maitrayee Chowdhury

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.2949 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
3.9 Example
A left module morphism, -epi[
2 1
: M M f ,
2 1
: R R If M
1
is simple, then f(M
1
) is a simple
R
2
-submodule of N and if f(M
1
)0 then f is one-one.
Proof: Here, clearly f(M
1
) is an (R
1
) ( if it is not epi) R
2
-submodule of N-as -epi. Now let T
2
be an
R
2
-submodule of f(M
1
) Claim: ) (
2
1
T f

is an R
1
-submodule of M
1
. Now, } ) ( | { ) (
2 1 1 1 2
1
T m f M m T f =

.
For
2 1 1 2
1
1 1
) ( ), ( ) ( , T n f m f T f n m


2 1 1
) ( T n m f ) (
2
1
1 1
T f n m

And for m
1
M
1
, r
1
R
1
,
f(r
1
m
1
)= (r
1
)f(m
1
) T
2
r
1
m
1
f
-1
(T
2
) f
-1
(T
2
) is an R
1
-submodule of M
1
. Since M
1
is simple, so either f
-1
(T
2
) is 0 or
M
1
.Thus T
2
=f(M
1
) or, T
2
=f(0)=0 f(M
1
) is simple [R
2
-submodule of M
2
]. If f(M
1
) 0 then T
2
0. We have, f
-1
(0) f
-
1
(T
2
)[=M
1
or (0)] f is a monomorphism.
3.10 Example
An R
1
-submodule <S> of M
1
generated by a non-empty subset S
1
of M
1
[
1 1
M S ] such
that } , | { S x R r x r S
i i
i
i i
>= <

. Consider two modules
1 1
, N M with morphism ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
f

And
) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
g

If f(x)=g(x) for all xS, then f and g agree on the R

1
-submodule > < S . To show that f and g
agree on > < S i.e., f(s)=g(s) for all sS For sS , we have
t t
x r x r x r .....
2 2 1 1
+ + , t=1,2, Now,
) ..... ( ) (
2 2 1 1 t t
x r x r x r f s f + + = = ) ( ..... ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 t t
x r f x r f x r f + + +
= ) ( ) ( ..... ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 t t
x f r x f r x f r + + + = ) ( ) ( ..... ) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 t t
x g r x g r x g r + + +
= ) ( ..... ) ( ) (
2 2 1 1 t t
x r g x r g x r g + + + = ) ..... (
2 2 1 1 t t
x r x r x r g + + =g(s)
Therefore, f and g agree on the R
1
-submodule > < S //
3.11 Theorem
Let A
1
and A
2
be R
1
and R
2
submodules of M
1
and M
2
respectively. Then,
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

2
2
1
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
, ,
2 1
A
M
A
M
R R
A A
M M
R R

, where, ) , ( ) , (
1
1
1
) , (
1 1
1 1
A
M
R M R
i

and ) , ( ) , (
2
2
2
) , (
2 2
2 2
A
M
R M R
i

are left module morphisms with

1
1
1 1
:
A
M
M and
2
2
2 2
:
A
M
M as natural additive
group epimorphisms and i
1
, i
2
are respective identity homomorphisms with

1 1 1
: R R and
2 2 2
: R R be any ring homomorphisms.,
Some Aspects of Module Theoretic Homomorphisms 53

www.tjprc.org editor@tjprc.org
Proof: Here, the corresponding homomorphisms are as follows:
2 1
M M and
2
2
1
1
A
M
A
M
are both
) (
2 1
R R R = -modules with rm= r ( )
2 1
, m m =( )( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
, , , m r m r m m r r = and
= ( ) ( )( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
, , , , m r m r m m r r m m r = =
Define
2
2
1
1
2 1 2 1
: ) (
A
M
A
M
M M = such that
( ) m =( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )] , , [ , ,
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
A m A m m m m m m m + + = = = .
[where m=m
1
m
2
] Clearly,
2 1
= is well defined as well as onto. Moreover it is
2 1

[:
2 1 2 1
R R R R ] homomorphism. For ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ]( ) ( )( )
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
, , , m r m r m m r r rm = =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 1 1 1
, , m r m r m r m r = =

Here, ( ) ( )] , , [
2 2 1 1 2 1
A m A m m m + + = =

( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) m r m m r r m r m r = =
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1
, ,

Thus, ( ) ( ) ( ) m r rm = Now ( ) ( ) { } ) , ( ) 0 , 0 ( , | , ker
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
A A m m m m = = =

= ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
2 1 2 1 2 1
0 , 0 , | , = m m m m = ( ) { }
2 2 1 1 2 1
, | , A m A m m m =
2 1
A A And by fundamental theorem
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

2
2
1
1
2 1
) (
) (
2 1
2 1
2 1
, ,
2
` 1
2 1
A
M
A
M
R R
A A
M M
R R


or
|
|

\
|

|
|

\
|

2
2
1
1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
, ,
A
M
A
M
R R
A A
M M
R R

4. SOME CATEGORICAL OBSERVATION
4.1 Every left morphism has a kernel in categorical sense [1]. . ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
f

is a left module
morphism, where
2 1
: M M f is group homomorphism and
2 1
: R R is ring homomorphism. We write
Kerf M = and Ker R = Then we have ) , ( ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
) , (
M R M R M R
f j i



, M M i : and
1
: R R j are
natural inclusion maps such that ) 0 , 0 ( ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( = = j a i f j i a f We assume that
) , ( ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
) , (
3 3
M R M R M R
f b g


with ) 0 , 0 ( ) , ( ) , ( = b g a f .
Then ) 0 , 0 ( ) , ( ) , ( = b g a f ) 0 , 0 ( ) , ( = b a g f 0 = g f , 0 = b a ------ (i) We consider
) , ( ) , (
) , (
3 3
M R M R
c h

with h(m
3
)=g(m
3
) and c(r
3
)=b(r
3
) As 0 ) )( ( )) ( (
3 3
= = m g f m g f M m g ) (
3
and
54 Maitrayee Chowdhury

Impact Factor (JCC): 4.2949 Index Copernicus Value (ICV): 3.0
0 ) )( ( )) ( (
3 3
= = r b a r b a R r b ) (
3
. Thus (h,c) is well defined. Now g(m
3
)=h(m
3
)=i(h(m
3
))= ) )( (
3
m h i for all m
3

M
3
. Thus g h i = . Similarly, b c j = . Therefore, ) , (( ) , ( c j h i b g = ) , ( ) , ( ) , ( c h j i b g = . Also (h,c) is
unique. Hence (f,a) has a kernel in categorical sense.//
Note: One may look into the possibility of some approach for another interesting isomorphism character as
described below. However this is our suggestion only. If we have a left module morphism of the type
) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
f

, where
2 1
: M M f is an additive group homomorphism and
2 1
: R R is a ring
homomorphism with f(r
1
m
1
)= (r
1
)f(m
1
), with r
1
R
1
, m
1
M
1
Then we may give the following definitions: The left
module morphism ) , ( ) , (
2 2
) , (
1 1
M R M R
f

is an f-isomorphism if
2 1
: R R is bijective. We denote it by
) , ( ) , (
2 2 1 1
M R M R
f
]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We would like to acknowledge Professor K.C. Chowdhury of Department of Mathematics, Gauhati University for
his new suggestion, guidance and encouragement towards the finishing of the paper.
REFERENCES
1. Behrens, E.A. : Ring theory, New York, Academic press;1972
2. Bourbaki, N. : Algebra, Paris : Hermann & Cie, 1958
3. Faith, C. : Lectures on injective modules and quotients rings., Lecture Notes in Mathematics, Springer
verlag-1967
4. Fuller, K.R. : Rings and category of modules Springer-Verlag Newyork1973 Anderson, F.W.
5. Lembak, J : Lectures on Rings and modules: Waltham-Toronto-London: Blaisdell,1969