Oems strive to reduce resource consumption and to lower the environmental load of their products. Identification and product disassembly make up 35% and 20% respectively of the processing costs for closed loop plastic recycling of LCD TVs. Novel fasteners, which can be simultaneously disassembled by the application of an external trigger, are presented.
Oems strive to reduce resource consumption and to lower the environmental load of their products. Identification and product disassembly make up 35% and 20% respectively of the processing costs for closed loop plastic recycling of LCD TVs. Novel fasteners, which can be simultaneously disassembled by the application of an external trigger, are presented.
Oems strive to reduce resource consumption and to lower the environmental load of their products. Identification and product disassembly make up 35% and 20% respectively of the processing costs for closed loop plastic recycling of LCD TVs. Novel fasteners, which can be simultaneously disassembled by the application of an external trigger, are presented.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainable Systems
and Technologies, v2 (2014)
Design for Closed Loop Recycling of Housing Plastics
Jef R. Peeters, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Belgium, jef.peeters@cib.kuleuven.be Paul Vanegas, University of Cuenca, Ecuador, paul.vanegas@cib.kuleuven.be Tom Devoldere, TP Vision Bruges, Belgium, tom.devoldere@tpvision.be Wim Dewulf, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Belgium, wim.dewulf@kuleuven.be Joost R. Duflou, KU Leuven University of Leuven, Belgium, joost.duflou@kuleuven.be
Abstract. In response to increasing material prices and consumer awareness, Original Equipment Manufacturers (OEMs) strive to reduce resource consumption and to lower the environmental load of their products. One of the particular technical challenges that recycling companies and OEMs of electronic products face is closing material loops for plastic housings, which is impeded by the increasing presence of additives, such as flame retardants (FRs). Performed analyses indicate that the reliability of plastic identification techniques requires further improvement and that identification and product disassembly make up 35% and 20% respectively of the processing costs for closed loop plastic recycling of LCD TVs. To facilitate and increase the reliability of plastic identification, the incorporation of a knowledge based decision tree in the software of plastic analyzers is proposed. In addition, novel fasteners, which can be simultaneously disassembled by the application of an external trigger and have the potential to substantially lower the disassembly costs, are presented.
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technologies (ISSN 2329-9169) is published annually by the Sustainable Conoscente Network. Melissa Bilec and J un-Ki Choi, co-editors. ISSSTNetwork@gmail.com.
Copyright 2014 by J ef R. Peeters, Paul Vanegas, Tom Devoldere, Wim Dewulf, J oost Duflou Licensed under CC-BY 3.0. Cite as: J ef R. Peeters, Paul Vanegas, Tom Devoldere, Wim Dewulf, J oost Duflou, Design for Closed Loop Recycling of Housing Plastics, 2014, Proc. ISSST, San Francisco, If applicable, page number will go here after aggregating all papers Design for Closed Loop Recycling of Housing Plastics
Introduction. Approximately 2.4 million tonnes of plastics per year are destined for Electric and Electronic Equipment (EEE) production and 3.8 million tonnes per year for the automotive market (Plastic Recycling Europe, 2012). However, only less than 12% of the collected plastics from Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and End-of-Life Vehicles (ELVs) are currently recycled and reapplied in new products in Europe (EuPR, 2012). The main reason for this low recycling efficiency compared to other sectors, such as packaging and agriculture, is the increasing complexity of the plastic mix with up to 300 different plastic types which are commonly applied in WEEE and ELVs (Peeters et al. , 2014b). As a result, most plastics are only present in relatively small amounts, which impede recyclers to achieve the economies of scale that are required for recycling non-commodity plastics in a shredder based treatment. In addition, many plastics in WEEE and ELVs cannot be separated post-shredder with commonly applied density based separation techniques, such as sink float techniques. This because, most plastics in WEEE and ELVs have overlapping densities due to a high concentration of additives, such as FRs (Peeters et al., 2014b). Moreover, automated sorting of shredded plastics based on identification with Near Infrared (NIR) is impeded by the large fraction of black colored plastics in WEEE and ELVs. As a result, all FR plastics and non- commodity plastics are commonly incinerated with energy recovery or landfilled, and only the decreasing share of commodity non- FR plastics, such as PolyPropylene (PP), PolyEthylene (PE), High Impact PolyStyrene (HIPS) and Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), are currently recycled {Al-Salem, 2009 #4}. Prior research demonstrated that disassembly of Printed Wiring Boards (PWBs) significantly improves the recycling efficiency of the Precious Metals (PMs) present in these PWBs (Meskers et al. , 2009). As a result of the rise in PMs prices over the last decade, End-of-Life (EoL) electronics are increasingly being disassembled to increase value recovery. In consequence, plastic housings are also systematically disassembled to access the PWBs, which facilitate plastic separation based on advanced optical identification techniques. Since plastic identification allows sorting out and recycling multiple plastics including FR and non-commodity plastics, in a single step, the adoption of systematic disassembly and plastic identification processes have the potential to bring plastic recycling to the next level. Within an industrial collaboration, it has been demonstrated by means of practical experiments that close loop recycling of the blend of PolyCarbonate (PC) and ABS with FRs from housings of LCD TVs after manual disassembly and plastic identification is technically feasible (Peeters et al., 2014b). Peeters et al. conclude that the processing costs for closed loop recycling of PC/ABS with FRs from LCD TVs can be significantly reduced by facilitating material identification and product disassembly, which account for roughly 35% and 20% of the total processing costs respectively (Peeterset al., 2014b). Since existing techniques for plastic identification all have their advantages and disadvantages, an overview of the commercially available plastic identification techniques is presented in the next section and their applicability for identifying LCD TV housing plastics is discussed. In the third section, opportunities to improve the efficiency and reliability of these plastic identification techniques for the purpose of closed loop plastic recycling are discussed. Thereafter, novel fasteners which can be simultaneously released by means of an external trigger are presented. If applicable, page number will go here after aggregating all papers J . R. Peeters et al. Research Questions - How can recyclers cluster non-commodity and FR plastics from the current WEEE and ELVs to recycle those plastics in a closed loop system? - How should OEMs adapt product design to facilitate plastic identification and to improve the disassemblability of plastic components for closed loop plastic recycling? Anal yzers to identify the plastic types and FRs After disassembly, plastic components can be sorted based on the plastic type and FR indicated in the mold. However, prior studies, as well as plastic analyses performed by the authors, indicate that a substantial share of plastic components is mismarked (Gent et al. , 2011, Xiuli et al. , 2006). Plastic component producers often have the possibility to choose to produce a component from different types of plastics and foresee, therefore, often a possibility in the mold to easily adapt the in mold indication by turning a mold insert with an arrow indication which can be pointed to the correct description of the applied plastic and FR type. The reason why some plastic components have a wrong in mold indication is that that these producers sometimes dont adapt this in mold indication when switching from one plastic type to another. In addition, the in mold marking of plastic components is often difficult to retrieve and indecipherable. Consequently, the best option to correctly sort disassembled components, as required for closed loop plastic recycling, is to perform plastic and FR analyses. To evaluate the technical feasibility of plastic and FR identification in EoL housing plastics of LCD TVs, series of experiments are set up with different identification techniques. The tested plastic analysis techniques are the following: - Near InfraRed (NIR), this technology analyzes the near infrared absorption spectrum of the plastic and compares it with those of reference samples stored in a library. The tested NIR scanner is a hand held device which has a relatively low cost and can analyze the plastic type in less than a second. Unfortunately, NIR scanners can only be used for white, light colored plastics and in some cases black plastics with a low soot concentration. Since 93% of the analyzed LCD TVs are black, the applicability of NIR scanners is limited for the identification of LCD TVs housing plastics. - Fourier Transform InfraRed (FTIR), which analyses the mid-infrared absorption spectrum of the plastics and compares it with those of reference samples stored in a library. FTIR analyzers are able to identify the plastic type of black plastics, since absorption bands in the region of mid-infrared depend on molecular composition and structure. The evaluated FTIR scanner is a lab scale device which requires multiple seconds for performing the plastic identification, but nowadays also hand held FTIR scanners exist. Normally, the used reference sample library can be enhanced with analyses of reference plastics under study. However, this was due to software limitations not possible during the performed experiments. - An X-Ray Transmission (XRT) analyzer, which analyzes the extent to which X-rays are absorbed by the material to determine the plastic density. The tested XRT scanner demonstrated to be capable of differentiating FR from non-FR plastics. However, since PFR and BrFR plastics have overlapping densities (Peeterset al., 2014b), XRT cannot be used to differentiate phosphor based (P)FR from Bromine based (Br)FR plastics. - X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), which uses electromagnetic radiation to activate the different elements in the plastic. The activated elements emit a radiation of which the spectrum and intensity are analyzed to determine the concentration of these elements. XRF scanners are claimed to be able to detect all elements from the periodic table with an atomic number higher than 13 (Aluminum) ,depending on the concentration of the If applicable, page number will go here after aggregating all papers Design for Closed Loop Recycling of Housing Plastics
element. However, with the tested XRF hand scanner the phosphor present in PFR was not detected. This is in line with findings of other companies who tested XRF scanners and who indicated that only the elements with an atomic number higher than 22 (Titanium) can be detected with XRF. Accordingly, only BrFR content in plastics can be analyzed with this technique - Sliding-Spark SPectroscopy (SSSP), which thermally vaporizes a small amount of the plastic surface by using high-voltage sparks to activate the different elements present in the plastic, which emit a specific and measurable radiation. According to manufacturers information, SSSP scanners can also be used to determine the plastic type based on spectrum analysis or based on the shape of the burn mark. However, the tested SSSP hand scanner proved to be unreliable for differentiating HIPS from ABS based plastics. On the other hand, SSSP successfully differentiated PFRs and BrFRs. - Lased Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS), which uses a high energetic laser beam to form a plasma and to excite a range of elements to emit light with an element specific wavelength. The tested LIBS scanner was able to identify both the presence of PFRs and BrFRs, as well as the identification of most plastic types used in housings of LCD TVs. Only the identification of co-polymers, such as the blend 6575 wt% PC and 1525 wt% ABS, the blend 1060 wt% HIPS and 3070 wt% Poly (p-Phenylene) Ether (PPE) and the blend 80% ABS and 20% Poly(Methyl MethAcrylate) (PMMA) (L et al. , 2001), proved to require further improvements in the spectral library. To evaluate the reliability of the tested plastic identification techniques the plastic analyses are cross-checked and compared with the plastic types indicated in the molds, results of plastic density analysis and with available manufacturers information, as shown in Table 1. In total, 506 samples from EoL LCD TVs were analyzed with XRF and 26 of these samples were also analyzed with LIBS, 480 of these samples with FTIR, and 239 of these samples with SSSP. XRT and NIR were not tested on a larger number of samples, due to their limited applicability. Based on the available information a decision could be made on the type of plastic and FR for 93% of the plastics samples, but comparison of these results indicated multiple inconsistencies. Due to a lack of good reference samples of a known plastic type with different types of FRs it was not possible to statistically quantify the reliability of the tested plastic identification techniques. Table 1 Cross checking of the analysis results and comparison of these results with in mould indication and density anal ysis (n.a.: not analyzed) Brand In mold marking Density FTIR 1 FTIR 2 XRF SSSP LIBS Decision Philips PC/ABS FR40 n.a. n.a. PC/A BS PC/ABS PFR PC/ABS PFR PC/ABS PFR Philips n.a. 1.096 PPO (possibly with PS) HIPS Br FR n.a. PC/ABS HIPS/PPE PFR Panasonic PS/PPE FR40 n.a. n.a. HIPS PC/ABS PFR HIPS PFR HIPS/PPE PFR Samsung n.a. 1.037 PS HIPS Br FR n.a. HIPS HIPS LG PS n.a. n.a. HIPS Br FR ABS BrFR HIPS Br FR HIPS BrFR Seettech n.a. 1.043 ABS PC/A BS Br FR n.a. HIPS ABS Targa ABS V0 n.a. n.a. ABS Br FR ABS Br FR ABS Br FR ABS BrFR Samsung ABS/PM MA n.a. n.a. ABS PBT PC/ABS ABS/PMMA
If applicable, page number will go here after aggregating all papers J . R. Peeters et al. Nonetheless, based on a better understanding of the underlying technology of the evaluated identification techniques and a comparison of the limited set of analysis results, it can be concluded that either further enhancements of the spectral libraries stored in the LIBS or FTIR devices are required or that a combination of multiple identification techniques is needed to properly sort housing plastics of LCD TVs. A decision tree to improve plastic identification and clustering Besides improving the spectral libraries or the identification technology, one of the possibilities to improve plastic identification reliability is to include a knowledge based decision tree in the software of the plastic identification equipment. The implementation of a decision tree will facilitate plastic and FR identification by limiting options and indicating the most likely analysis results and will increase the reliability of plastic identification by enabling to discover analysis errors. In addition, information, such as product brand, can be taken into account with such a decision tree to determine the plastic and FR type. A decision tree for plastic identification can first of all be based on product and market knowledge, since FRs are only used when a power (and potential ignition) source is present in EEE. In addition, the application of FRs strongly depends on possible legislative requirements. For example, the European legislation (EN 60065:2002/A11:2008) obliges the use of fire safe housings in LCD TVs from 2010 onwards, which is mostly achieved by applying FRs. As a result, the concentration of FRs is known to strongly dependent on the EEE category (Bni et al. , 2010, Moy, 2005). Furthermore, brand policies have been demonstrated to have a significant influence on the application of FRs and the selection of FR type (Peeters et al. , 2013). Consequently, a decision tree can be constructed based on this knowledge to indicate the FR type that is used depending on the product category and brand, as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 Decision tree for plastic identification and sorting for LCD TV housings based on waste analysis of LCD TVs produced between 2002 and 2011 Furthermore, due to incompatibility of specific plastic types and types of FRs, the possible combinations of plastic types and FR types are limited. Accordingly, by combining this knowledge of polymer chemistry with the market knowledge the decision tree can be further extended. In addition, information obtained by visual inspection should not be ignored. Therefore, a decision tree should enable to include either information provided by the operator or from an automated visual inspection system to determine the type of plastic and FR. For If applicable, page number will go here after aggregating all papers Design for Closed Loop Recycling of Housing Plastics
example, ABS/PMMA is characterized by a very unique high gloss and can, therefore, be visually distinguished from ABS or HIPS. Finally, the compatibility of plastics should also be taken into account to cluster plastics for further processing and to limit the number of batches, which allows to profit from economies of scope (Peeters et al., 2014b). In addition, if no markets exist for specific plastics, these plastics can be clustered as well to be sent to either chemical recycling, incineration or landfill. For example, recycling of BrFR plastics for the European market is only rarely performed. This is mainly due to the fact that BrFR plastics are mostly only present in low concentrations and this in a broad range of WEEE streams. On the other hand, when markets for BrFR plastics recyclates emerge further separation and recycling of BrFR plastics could become an option, since the concentration of the restricted BrFRs PBDE and Octa BDE in most waste streams is below the allowed concentration of 1000 ppm for reapplication in Europe (Leslie et al. , 2013, Wger et al. , 2011). Since it is not economically viable to remove colorants from plastic recyclates, plastics with high concentrations of colorants can only be applied for black components. Whereas this restriction does not hinder closed loop recycling of plastics, it is often economically preferable to cluster non-black components based on visual identification due to their wider application range. Therefore, it is advised to also cluster plastic components based on their dark or white color and to incorporate this in the decision tree. It should be noted that, as a result of the recent developments in legislation, the introduction of eco-labels and the awareness campaigns of NGOs, the type of plastics and FRs applied in EEE by OEMS is shifting (Wgeret al., 2011). Therefore, continuous updates of the knowledge based decision tree are required. Labeling to facilitate sorting of the future plastic waste The required investments for plastic analyzers are limited compare to those required for automated processes to sort shredded plastics (Peeterset al., 2014b). In addition, sorting based on plastic analysis after disassembly can be started up at a relatively small scale, which is expected to facilitate an early implementation. However, the economic viability of the application of these techniques at recycling facilities with low capacity is still uncertain, whereas 95%of the recycling companies in Europe are small or medium sized enterprises (EU Commision, 2014). In addition, plastic analyzers are expected to remain too expensive for recycling companies in developing countries, whereas 54% of the European WEEE was treated in substandard processes likely outside Europe (EU Commision, 2008). Therefore, an alternative approach is required to facilitate closed loop plastic recycling for small scale recycling companies possibly in developing countries. One of the options is to provide recyclers the required plastic information for large plastic components by marking them in line with the ISO 11469 and associated standards. This will enable to sort plastics even faster compared to sorting based on plastic identification. Moreover, this will allow sorting plastics with a higher accuracy, since the ISO 11469 standard allows to provide detailed information on the adopted plastic type, plasticizer, filler and flame retardant. However, to avoid the problems currently faced with in mold indications, it is advised that the required verification of the markings is performed or that these markings are applied based on the results of accurate material characterization. In addition, it is of importance that such markings are made with sufficient contrast and a high resolution to facilitate both visual and automated plastic identification, If applicable, page number will go here after aggregating all papers J . R. Peeters et al. Novel fasteners to facilitate plastic disassembly of the future was Besides facilitating the identification and clustering of disassembled plastic components, also a reduction of the disassembly costs will contribute to closed loop plastic recycling, since it will make it economically viable to also disassemble smaller plastic components and those located deeper in the assembly. Prior research demonstrated that the time to localize and identify fasteners covers approximately 30% of the total disassembly time (Willems et al. , 2005). Therefore, new fastening techniques, which can simultaneous unfasten without the need to identify the location of the individual fasteners, are required to significantly increase the disassembly efficiency (Duflou et al. , 2008, Peeters et al. , 2012). The most advanced research on such fastening techniques for Active Disassembly (AD) has focused on the use of Shape Memory Polymers and Alloys (SMP and SMA) which are able to return to an initial shape when heated above their trigger temperature (Chiodo et al. , 2002, Nick J ones, 2003). In addition, temperature sensitive tapes have been developed which contain thermoplastic expandable microspheres which encapsulate a hydrocarbon liquid, volatile agent, sublimation agent or water which gasifies and expands when exposed to heat (Bain et al. , 2006, Kawaguchi, 2004). The disadvantage of temperature sensitive fasteners is that a dedicated disassembly setup and a substantial amount of energy is required for heating up electronic products above the upper limit of the maximum temperature during the use phase. In addition, the maximum surrounding temperature during the use phase can in extreme conditions almost reach the temperature at which electronic components start to fail and plastic components start to soften, which leaves only a small temperature range to trigger temperature sensitive fasteners. Since the fasteners are often insulated by the product housing, a temperature triggered disassembly process is generally slow and can only be accelerated by submersion of the product in a hot liquid (Carrell, 2010). Furthermore, pressure sensitive fasteners have been developed within prior research [US005102253A] [US2003/0044229] (Duflouet al., 2008, Neubert, 2000). Within the performed research, the next generation of pressure sensitive snap-fits is developed, which make use of a closed cell elastomer foam that contracts under increased surrounding pressure and will cause the snap-fit to release, as shown in Table 2 (Peeters et al. , 2014a). An advantage of using pressure increase as a trigger for AD is that it requires substantially less energy compared to applying heat. In addition, there is a wide trigger range for pressure sensitive fasteners, since pressure increases during the lifetime of an electronic product are very limited and different electronic components have been evaluated to maintain full functionality after a pressure increase of 7 bar (Peeterset al., 2014a). On the other hand, one of the disadvantages of using pressure as a trigger for AD is that it requires a costly and dedicated disassembly setup. Within the performed research also fasteners made from elastomer material have been developed which can be released by the application of an external force (Van den Bossche et al. , 2014).The working principle of these fasteners is based on the mechanical properties of elastomer materials, which can undergo large elastic deformations. Because of the damping capacity, elastomer material behavior is time dependent in such a way that fasteners can be constructed to withstand high-frequency vibrations applied over a short period of time, such as impact caused by an accidental product drop. On the other hand, these elastomers will easily deform when a load is applied over a longer period of time. Accordingly, these fasteners can only be released when a force is applied with an energy content that surpasses a predefined level, for example by smashing the product in a rotating drum or by exerting a force on the product housing with a lever. The main advantage of these fasteners is that they can be released without the need of dedicated disassembly setups. On the other hand, it is only If applicable, page number will go here after aggregating all papers Design for Closed Loop Recycling of Housing Plastics
possible to simultaneously release multiple fasteners, but not to simultaneously disassemble multiple products in a non-destructive manner. Table 2 Overview of triggers, working principles and embodiments for fasteners for Active Disassembly To evaluate the applicability of the discussed fasteners it should first of all be considered that it is too costly for recycling companies to either apply a trigger to all products or sort out all products to differentiate the EoL treatment, if only a small share of the treated products can be actively disassembled. In addition, recyclers are not likely to invest in dedicated disassembly installations for AD if the quantity of products that can be processed by this installation, even if it is only a small quantity, cannot be guaranteed. Hence, the application of pressure and temperature sensitive fasteners is only interesting for products which will be separately collected with a high collection rate for the purpose of repair, component reuse or recycling. Such high collection rate for EoL products by OEMs is, for example, often the case for products sold in a time- or performance-based Product Service Systems (PSS). This because in PSS business models the OEM remains owner of the product and revenue is generated per time unit the customer has a product at his disposal or based on the functional performance of a product (Van Ostaeyen et al. , 2013). Since products sold in a PSS are likely to be collected by the OEM when they reach their EoL, the implementation of fasteners for AD will also result in direct benefits of reduced disassembly costs for OEMs. On the other hand, the application of elastomer fasteners is interesting for products collected together with products of different brands and processed either in a disassembly or smashing based process. Since WEEE and ELVs are generally processed by independent recycling companies, the implementation of such elastomer fasteners does not result in direct benefits for OEMs. Trigger Temperature Pressure Force Working principle SMP, SMA and phase change materials Compression of cavity or closed cell foam Damping by elastomer and creep in polymer Example of embodi- ment (of working principle) 1. 2. 3. Component A Component B Microspheres Double sided tape
1. 2. Component A Component B Closed cell foam Snap-fit
Component A Component B Elastomer Screw 1. 2. 3.
Trigger boundaries 90C (max. use temp.) - 110C (plastic softening temp.) 1,5 bar (max. use pressure) - 7 bar (max. tested pressure) Dependent on point of impact and impulse of force Required installation Costly oven / high energy intensity Costly pressure room / low energy intensity Low cost hand tools / very low energy intensity Trigger time Slow due to insulation of fasteners / multiple products simultaneously Very fast / multiple products simultaneously Fast / multiple fasteners simultaneously but product per product If applicable, page number will go here after aggregating all papers J . R. Peeters et al. Conclusion To facilitate plastic identification from the current WEEE and ELVs, and to increase plastic sorting reliability, the authors propose to include a knowledge based decision tree in the software of plastic identification equipment. By taking into account information of product brand, production year and knowledge of the EEE market, polymer chemistry and plastics compatibility, such a decision tree will facilitate the plastic analysis by limiting options and indicating the most likely analysis results. In addition, such a knowledge based decision tree will increase the reliability of plastic identification by enabling to discover analysis errors and can assist in clustering plastics that are compatible for recycling. In addition, fasteners which can be simultaneously released by the application of either an increase in temperature or an increase in pressure are presented. These fasteners have the potential to drastically reduce the processing costs of closed loop plastic recycling from products which are separately collected, such as products sold in a PSS. In addition, fasteners made from an elastomer material are presented, which have the potential to drastically reduce the disassembly costs for products which are jointly collected and processed in a disassembly based treatment. Future research will focus on evaluating the reliability of plastic analysis on an industrial scale and their applicability for multiple pass closed loop plastic recycling. In addition, the improvement in separation efficiency by the adaptation of a knowledge based decision tree will be assessed. Furthermore, to stimulate the implementation of fasteners for AD opportunities to generate incentives for OEMs and new business models in which manufacturers and recyclers can cooperate are being explored. Besides improving identification and disassembly efficiency, one of the main obstacles that needs to be tackled for closed loop plastic recycling of FR and non-commodity plastics to become an industrial reality, is that recyclers will not invest in recycling processes unless they are certain that there is a market for these plastic recyclates. Likewise, OEMs will not use recycled materials if there is uncertainty on the supply of high quality plastics. To overcome this chicken and egg dilemma, the initial risk of investment should be lowered for recyclers, as well as the risk of using recycled plastics for OEMs. To achieve this, more knowledge on the feasibility of plastic recycling and close collaboration between all stakeholders involved in the lifecycle of plastics is required. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the Flemish Environmental Technology Platform (MIP) and the Agency for Innovation by Science and Technology in Flanders (IWT) for funding this research. The authors also like to acknowledge the companies TP Vision, Van Gansewinkel, Bertin Technologies, Nitto Denko Europe, Recycling Consult B.V. and Lein Tange ICL-IP Europe representing EFRA for their cooperation. References Bain P, Manfre G. Method and apparatus for bonding and debonding adhesive interface surfaces. US2006. Bni HW, Hischier R, Wger P. Incineration vs. recycling of WEEE plastics results of a life cycle assessment study. 9th International Electronics Recycling Congress Salzburg 2010. Carrell J . Robust analysis of the active disassembly process. IEEE International Symposium on Sustainable Systems and Technology2010. p. 1. If applicable, page number will go here after aggregating all papers Design for Closed Loop Recycling of Housing Plastics
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