Thematic Article

Tectonic implications of new age data for the Meratus Complex

of south Kalimantan, Indonesia
KOJI OJI WAKITA AKITA
1
, KAZUHIRO AZUHIRO MIYAZAKI IYAZAKI
1
, ISKANDAR SKANDAR ZULKARNAIN ULKARNAIN
2
, JAN AN SOPAHELUWAKAN OPAHELUWAKAN
2
AND AND
PRIHARDJO RIHARDJO SANYOTO ANYOTO
3
1
Geological Survey of Japan, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305 Japan,
2
Research and Development Centre for Geotechnology, Bandung 40135 and
3
Geological Research and Development Centre, Bandung, 40122, Indonesia
Abstract Cretaceous subduction complexes surround the southeastern margin of Sun-
daland in Indonesia. They are widely exposed in several localities, such as Bantimala
(South Sulawesi), Karangsambung (Central Java) and Meratus (South Kalimantan).
The Meratus Complex of South Kalimantan consists mainly of me lange, chert, sili-
ceous shale, limestone, basalt, ultramac rocks and schists. The complex is un-
comformably covered with Late Cretaceous sedimentary-volcanic formations, such as
the Pitap and Haruyan Formations.
Well-preserved radiolarians were extracted from 14 samples of siliceous sedimentary
rocks, and KAr age dating was performed on muscovite from 6 samples of schist of the
Meratus Complex. The radiolarian assemblage from the chert of the complex is assigned
to the early Middle Jurassic to early Late Cretaceous. The KAr age data from schist
range from 110 Ma to 180 Ma. Three samples from the Pitap Formation, which un-
conformably covers the Meratus Complex, yield Cretaceous radiolarians of Cenomanian
or older.
These chronological data as well as eld observation and petrology yield the following
constraints on the tectonic setting of the Meratus Complex.
(1) The me lange of the Meratus Complex was caused by the subduction of an oceanic
plate covered by radiolarian chert ranging in age from early Middle Jurassic to late
Early Cretaceous.
(2) The Haruyan Schist of 110119 Ma was affected by metamorphism of a high
pressurelow temperature type caused by oceanic plate subduction. Some of the
protoliths were high alluminous continental cover or margin sediments. Intermediate
pressure type metamorphic rocks of 165 and 180 Ma were discovered for the rst time
along the northern margin of the Haruyan Schist.
(3) The Haruyan Formation, a product of submarine volcanism in an immature is-
land arc setting, is locally contemporaneous with the formation of the me lange of the
Meratus Complex.
Key words: accretionary complex, chert, Cretaceous, Indonesia, Kalimantan, me lange,
Meratus, radiolarian, schist, ultramac rocks.
INTRODUCTION
The southeastern spur of the pre-Cretaceous
continental basement of Sundaland extends into
West Kalimantan (Hutchison 1989). Cretaceous
granites were intruded into the basement of
central and western Kalimantan, Sumatra and
the western part of the Java Sea (Hamilton
1979).
Cretaceous subduction complexes surround
the southeastern margin of Sundaland. Cenozoic
sedimentary and volcanic cover rocks are
The Island Arc (1998) 7, 202222
Accepted for publication May 1997.
extensive, and the complexes are exposed only in
the Bantimala (South Sulawesi), Karangsambung
(Central Java) and Meratus (South Kalimantan)
areas (Fig. 1).
Prior to Neogene foreland subsidence of the
Makassar Strait (Bergman et al. 1996), the Cre-
taceous complexes of the Meratus and Bantimala
areas were located close together. Tertiary sub-
duction complexes and obducted ophiolite are
distributed to the east in Central and East Sul-
awesi (Simandjuntak 1990; Parkinson 1991; Cof-
eld et al. 1993; Bergman et al. 1996), and the
Late Miocene collision of the BanggaiSula
Platform has resulted in west-directed over-
thrusting throughout Sulawesi (Fig. 1).
Cretaceous subduction complexes of the In-
donesian region are characterized by ultramac
rocks, metamorphic rocks and me langes con-
taining radiolarian chert. These complexes have
not previously been studied in detail.
The joint GSJLIPI research on Indonesian
Cretaceous subduction complexes has been con-
ducted since 1993. During 1993 and 1994, the age,
petrology, geochemistry and structures of the
complexes of Central Java and South Sulawesi
were investigated (Wakita et al. 1994a,b; 1996;
Miyazaki et al. 1996). The differences and simi-
larities between the two subduction complexes of
Central Java and South Sulawesi were noted.
Wakita et al. (1994a) determined the history of
the accretionary process to form the LukUlo
Me lange Complex of the Karangsambung area,
central Java on the basis of radiolarians ex-
tracted from siliceous and argillaceous rocks. The
detailed age data of the sedimentary rocks sug-
gests that subduction continued from Early to
Late Cretaceous. Oceanic materials such as
chert, limestone and pillow basalt travelled on
the oceanic plate, and were accreted with ter-
rigenous materials at the `Karangsambung
Trench'. Wakita et al. (1994b; 1996) studied ages
and the stratigraphical relationship of radiolarian
chert, metamorphic rocks and other components
of the Bantimala Complex of South Sulawesi, and
reported the mid-Cretaceous collision of a mic-
rocontinent covered by Jurassic sedimentary
rocks, the exhumation of very high pressure
metamorphic rocks (1824 kbar: Miyazaki et al.
1996), and successive chert sedimentation
(Wakita et al. 1996).
Although various authors have discussed the
relationship between the three complexes of
Fig. 1 Distribution of Cretaceous subduction complexes in Indonesia.
Tectonic implications for the Meratus Complex 203
Central Java, South Sulawesi and South Kali-
mantan, detailed data on the subduction complex
of South Kalimantan are sparse compared with
that for the other complexes. Detailed inv-
estigation of the complex is very important to
understand the tectonic setting of the Indonesian
region in Cretaceous times, and to understand
the type of orogenic belts in this region.
In this paper new data of radiolarian
biostratigraphic and KAr age data for the pre-
Tertiary complex in South Kalimantan are pre-
sented, and tectonic development of this region is
discussed.
OUTLINE OF GEOLOGY
The Meratus Mountains and Laut Island (Me-
ratus area) are located in the South Kalimantan
province of Indonesia (Fig. 2). Few works on the
geology of these areas have been published ex-
cept for the geological 1:250 000 sheet maps of
the Geological Research and Development Cen-
tre (GRDC); for example those of Supriatna
(1989) Supriatna et al. (1983), Heryanto & San-
yoto (1994), Heryanto et al. (1994) Rustandi et al.
(1981; 1984; 1995) among others. We also have a
short description of the geology of Hamilton
(1979), and Sikumbang (1986, 1990).
The basement in the Meratus area, namely the
Meratus Complex is composed of high pressure
metamorphic rocks (Hauran Schist and Plaihari
Phyllite), ultramac rocks (Meratus Ophiolite)
and me langes including clasts of chert, limestone
and basalt within shale matrices. These rocks are
uncomformably overlain by Late Cretaceous
formations, such as the Pitap and Haruyan For-
mations, or the Alino and Pudak Groups (Fig. 3).
Fig. 2 Geologic map of the Meratus
area, South Kalimantan, Indonesia.
Upper left inlet shows the localities of
schist samples for KAr age dating
(BB30A, BBII30A, BBII5, BBII3B,
BBII8A, BBII11) and locality of SK6A,
a chert clast in tuff breccia of the Ha-
ruyan Formation. Stars indicate the
localities of radiolarian occurrences in
melanges of Laut Island.
204 K. Wakita et al.
All these Mesozoic rocks are unconformably
covered by Tertiary formations. These comprise
in ascending order: the Tanjung Formation (Eo-
cene), the Berai Formation (Oligocene to Early
Miocene), the Warukin Formation (Middle to
Late Miocene), the Dahor Formation (Pliocene to
early Pleistocene) and Quaternary sedimentary
cover. Although the Dahor Formation uncon-
formably overlies the Warukin Formation, the
other Cenozoic formations lie conformably on the
older formations. The Tanjung, Berai and
Warukin Formations are tectonically deformed,
and are locally overturned near the lithotectonic
units of the Meratus Complex.
PITAP AND HARUYAN FORMATIONS
The Pitap and Haruyan Formations (Heryanto &
Sanyoto 1994; Heryanto et al. 1994) are Late
Cretaceous sedimentary and volcanic covers of
the Meratus Complex. They are unconformably
underlain by ultramac rock, metamorphic rocks
and me langes of the Meratus Complex.
The Haruyan Formation in this paper includes
Late Cretaceous basic to intermediate volcanic
rocks distributed in the Meratus Mountains and
Laut Island. Therefore, the Pitanak Group in the
southwestern part of the Meratus Mountains
(Sikumbang & Heryanto 1994) are described as
the Haruyan Formation in this paper. The Ha-
ruyan Formation consists mainly of basic to
andesitic volcanic rocks, such as lava, tuff and
tuff breccia (Fig. 4a,b). Lava sometimes shows
pillow structures indicating submarine vol-
canism. The Haruyan formation is interngered
with the Pitap Formation.
Although volcanic breccia and lavas in the
southern part of the Meratus Mountains are de-
scribed as the Alino Group (Sikumbang &
Heryanto 1994), they belong to the Haruyan
Formation in this paper. The tuff breccia consists
of feldspar crystals, pumice, lava fragments and
irregular-shaped fragments of pale-colored chert
within a light purple colored tuff matrix
(Fig. 4b). One of the chert samples, SK6a, yields
Cenomanian radiolarians.
In this paper, the Pitap Formation (sensu
lato) includes all Late Cretaceous marine sedi-
mentary formations in the Meratus area, since
the Alino Formation (Supriatna 1989) or the
Alino Group and Batununggal Formation in the
Banjarmasin area (Sikumbang & Heryanto 1994)
are equivalent to the Pitap Formation in the
Kotabaru, Amuntai, and Sampanahan areas
(Rustandi et al. 1981; Heryanto & Sanyoto 1994;
Heryanto et al. 1994). The Pitap Formation
consists mainly of ysch type sedimentary rocks
such as sandstone, siltstone, conglomerate and
shale with subsidiary limestone layers and
Fig. 3 Summary of the stratigraphy in
the Meratus area based on the chro-
nological data of this work.
Tectonic implications for the Meratus Complex 205
blocks (Fig. 4c). The limestone contains fora-
minifera Orbitolina cf. oculata of AptianAlbian
age (Sikumbang & Heryanto 1994), and occurs as
olistostromal blocks.
This formation includes various rock facies
such as deep marine turbidite, shallow marine
calcareous mudstone with Cenomanian molluscs
(Turritella: Sikumbang & Heryanto 1994), and
Fig. 4 Photographs showing lithology: (a) pillow lava of the Haruyan Formation, east of Kandagan; (b) tuff breccia with chert clasts in the
Haruyan Formation; (c) ysh of the Pitlap Formation, east of Kandagan, Mandikapau, southeast of Marutapura; (d) melange of the Meratus
Complex, including angular chert blocks, Sekoyang, Laut Island; (e) bedded chert of the Meratus complex, Sekoyang, Lauf Island; (f) bedded
very siliceous shale of the Meratus Complex, Sekoyang, Laut Island.
206 K. Wakita et al.
conglomerate rich in clasts of ophiolite origin.
Volcanic lava and breccia in the Alino Group
(Sikumbang & Heryanto 1994) are excluded from
the Pitap Formation of this paper.
MERATUS COMPLEX
The Meratus Complex is a tectonic assemblage of
slabs and blocks consisting of sandstone, shale,
conglomerate, chert, siliceous shale, basalt, ul-
tramac rocks and schist. The ages of compo-
nents range from Jurassic to early Late
Cretaceous.
ME

LANGE
Me langes do not occur in the Meratus area but
are distributed on Laut Island (Fig. 2). The
me langes are dened as assemblages of tectonic
slabs with various lithologies and stratigraphic
formations ranging in age from Jurassic to Cre-
taceous. The me langes are unconformably over-
lain by or in fault contact with Late Cretaceous,
Tertiary and Quaternary formations.
The most distinct outcrop of me lange occurs
along the southwestern coast of Laut Island
(Fig. 5). The me lange includes clasts and blocks
of chert, siliceous shale, basalt, limestone, marl
and manganese carbonate nodules embedded
within a sheared shale matrix (Fig. 4d). It is
signicant that sandstone or other coarse-
grained detrital sediments are lacking in the
me lange. The detailed structure of the me langes
are unclear, because of limited exposures in this
region. The shale matrix is usually sheared to
some degree. In the Sekoyang area, tectonic
slabs and blocks are tectonically mixed with
mudstone dominant matrices. The dip of the fo-
liation of sheared matrix ranges from 20 to 80
toward the northwest or north (Fig. 5).
Major clasts include chert, siliceous shale,
limestone and basalt. Chert and limestone are
thinly bedded. Basalt is mainly lava, and pillow
structures are sometimes preserved. Limestone
clasts are locally dominant in the me lange.
Fragments of manganese carbonate nodules oc-
cur rarely. The clasts are subrounded to suban-
gular, lenticular to blocky in shape. Clast size
ranges from several millimeters to several hun-
Fig. 5 Geologic sketch map of the melange, Sekoyang, Laut lsland. Shore line is subparallel to the general trend of the melange. The melange
is folded in a meter to several tens of meters order.
Tectonic implications for the Meratus Complex 207
dred meters long. Clasts in the me lange are
usually less than 1 m in long axis, but sometimes
reach several metres long.
Chert is the dominant rock type in the me lange.
Chert layers range from 1 to 20 cm thick and are
interbedded with <1 cm thick shale layers
(Fig. 4e). The bedded chert is mostly red or red-
dish-brown in color, and sometimes light gray or
greenish-gray in color. The chert is composed
mainly of skeletons of radiolarians, their frag-
ments and a small amount of shale. The chert
sometimes includes well-preserved radiolarians
ranging in age from Middle Jurassic to Early
Cretaceous (late Albianto earlyCenomanian) age.
Siliceous shale clasts are light gray, gray or
reddish brown in color, and composed of ter-
rigenous fragments, radiolarian skeletons and
other detrital materials (Fig. 4f). Some of them
(SK60A, B) include radiolarians of Early Creta-
ceous age.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
Metamorphic rocks are distributed in the south-
western part of the Meratus Mountains. They
occur as wedge-shaped tectonic blocks in fault
contact with ultramac rocks and Cretaceous
formations. The metamorphic rocks include
glaucophane schist, garnet mica schist, quartz
mica schist, piemontite schist, amphibolite and
phyllite. Lower grade metamorphic rocks called
Pelaihari Phyllite (poorly distributed around
Pelaihari village) and higher grade schist, called
Hauran Schist, are rather widely distributed in
the southern part of the Meratus Mountains. The
metamorphic rocks include schists of high pres-
surelow temperature type, consisting of glau-
cophane (crossite), quartz and small amounts of
epidote, apatite and hematite.
The major protoliths of the metamorphic rocks
were pelitic and basic rocks. Chloritoidequartz
schist and kyanitequartz schist are character-
istic of the Haruyan Schist. Chloritoidequartz
schist consists only of chloritoid and quartz,
while kyanitequartz schist contains kyanite,
quartz, hematite and small amounts of white
mica. These mineral assemblages indicate that
protoliths of the schists had enormously high
contents of aluminium. The origin of high alu-
minous metamorphic rocks could be high alumi-
nous detrital sediments derived from a tropical
continent covered by laterite.
KAr age date for muscovite was obtained
from six samples of (garnet)quartzmuscovite
schist from the Meratus Mountains (Fig. 2, Ta-
ble 1). These samples were analyzed by Keith
Noyes of Teledyne Brown Engineering. KAr
age data of micas from the schists range from 110
to 180 Ma. The samples yield KAr ages between
110 and 119 Ma except for BB-30a and BBII-30a.
These data are consistent with data previously
reported (113 Ma: KAr age of hornblende
schist; Sikumbang & Heryanto 1994). Older ages,
such as 165 and 180 Ma were obtained from the
samples BB-30a and BBII-30a which were col-
lected at the same locality on the northern mar-
gin of the schist distribution. The apparently
older metamorphic rocks may belong to a dif-
ferent tectonic block from the main part.
ULTRAMAFIC ROCKS
Ultramac rocks are widely distributed in the
Meratus area (Fig. 2). The ultramac rocks are
dark green in color, are mostly serpentinized,
sheared and faulted. They comprise serpentin-
ized peridotite, harzburgite and dunite with mi-
nor pyroxenite, and are intimately associated
Table 1 KAr age data of schist of the Meratus Complex. See Fig. 2 for the sample localities
Sample no. Material analyzed Rock type Locality Isotopic age (Ma) Average age (Ma)
BB-30a White mica Schist Batuditabang 181. 9. 180. 9.
180. 9.
BBII-30a White mica Schist Batuditabang 165. 8. 165. 8.
165. 8.
BBII-5 White mica Schist Manunggul 119. 6. 119. 6.
118. 6.
BBII-11 White mica Schist Damargusang 116. 6. 116. 6.
116. 6.
BBII-3b White mica Schist Tiwingan 116. 6. 115. 6.
115. 6.
BBII-8a White mica Schist Pamaton 112. 6. 110. 6.
108. 6.
208 K. Wakita et al.
with gabbro and amphibolite. The ultramac
rocks are variably affected by low grade meta-
morphism. Chromite is sometimes present but is
a minor constituent. The KAr radiometric age
of a metadolerite dyke in the upper stream of the
Satui River was reported as 116 Ma (Sikumbang
1986).
The ages of ultramac rocks in Laut Island are
estimated from the age of chert which originally
overlay the ultramac rock, together with basic
igneous rocks such as basalt and gabbro. The
oldest chert in Laut Island, of early Middle
Jurassic, indicates the age of ultramac rocks
is older than early Middle Jurassic at Laut Is-
land.
INTRUSIVE ROCKS
Leucocratic rocks in an ultramac unit include
quartz diorite and trondhjemite which are closely
associated with dolerite and gabbro (Sikumbang
1986). These rocks are classied as `Plagiogran-
ite'.
Granite and granodiorite have been recorded
from a few localities in the Meratus Mountains
(Sikumbang & Heryanto 1994). Granodiorite in-
truded into the Pitap Formation. KAr dating of
the granite yields an age of 115 Ma (Heryanto
et al. 1994).
RADIOLARIAN BIOSTRATIGRAPHY
The following samples and extracted radiolarians
were collected: one sample from the Haruyan
Formation at Mandikapan and three from the
Haruyan Formation near Mount Baturung, 16
samples from the Pitap Formation along the road
between Kandagan and Batulicin, ve samples
from the Pitap Formation east of Kotabaru, Laut
Island, one shale sample from the Haruyan
Formation east of Kotabaru, Laut Island, three
samples from chert on the ophiolite at Batricin,
three samples from chert east of Kotabaru, 20
samples from chert in me lange at Sekoyang, 10
samples from siliceous shale in the me lange at
Sekoyang, nine from a shale matrix of me lange at
Sekoyang and ve samples from manganese
carbonate nodules in me lange at Sekoyang.
Among the samples mentioned above, 14 sam-
ples in the Laut Me lange, one sample from the
Haruyan Formation and two from the Pitap
Formation yielded diagnostic radiolarians for age
determination. Radiolarians were chemically ex-
tracted from chert and siliceous shale using hy-
drouoric acid as discussed by Pessagno &
Newport (1972). The associations recognized are
shown in Figs. 713 and the Appendix. These
associations range in age from early Middle Jur-
assic to late Early Cretaceous (Fig. 6) based on
Fig. 6 Age of chert and siliceous shale based on the ranges of yielding radiolarians.
Tectonic implications for the Meratus Complex 209
Fig. 7 (1) Archaeodictyomitra sp.; (2) Hsuum sp.; (3) Hsuum sp.; (4) Transhsuum hisuikyoense (Isozaki and Matsuda); (5) Transhsuum
hisuikyoense (Isozaki and Matsuda); (6) Unuma sp.; (7) Nassellaria gen. and sp. indet.; (8) Tricolocapsa sp.; (9) Hsuum sp.; (10) Cyrtocapsa sp.
aff. mastoidea Yao; (11) Cyrtocapsa sp. aff. mastoidea Yao; (12) Archicapsa (?) pachydema (TAN); (13) Archicapsa (?) pachyderma (Tan); (14)
Eucyrtidiellum sp.; (15) Tricolocapsa sp.; (16) Praeconocaryomma sp. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
210 K. Wakita et al.
numerous bio-stratigraphic works (Pessangno
1976; 1977a, b; Schaaf 1981; 1984; Taketani 1982;
Matsuoka 1983; 1986; Isozaki & Matsuda 1985;
Matsuoka & Yao 1985; 1986; Teraoka & Kurimoto
1986; Aita 1987; Carter et al. 1988; Tumanda 1989;
Hori 1990; Qun 1993; Gorican 1994; Jud 1994;
O'Dogherty 1994; Baumgartner et al. 1995a,b).
ME

LANGE AT SEKOYANG
Figure 6 is a geologic sketch map indicating fossil
localities and fossil ages. The components of the
me lange such as chert, limestone and basalt are
tectonically disrupted, and are fault bounded.
Diagnostic radiolarians were extracted from one
or two chert samples in one tectonic slab of the
me lange. Therefore the occurrence of radiolari-
ans does not show the biostratigraphic relation-
ship in the me lange. What we can interpret from
the radiolarian data, however, is a reconstructed
succession of the protolith which was dismem-
bered during me lange formation.
The oldest radiolarian assemblage in this me l-
ange is of early Middle Jurassic (Fig. 6; Fig. 7).
The assemblage from the sample SK47C includes
Transhsuum hisuikyoense Isozaki & Matsuda
and Archicapsa (?) pachyderma (Tan). Unuma
sp. A. (?) pachyderma is restricted to the early to
late Bajocian (Baumgartner et al. 1995a).
Sample SK52A is from the red shale matrix of
chert breccia, while Sample SK52B is a red chert
Fig. 8 Thanarla sp.; (2) Thanarla
sp.; (3) Thanarla sp.; (4) Arch-
aeodictyomitra apiarium (Riist); (5)
Archaeodictyomitra minoensis Mizu-
tani; (6) Archaeodictyomitra apiarium
(Rust); (7) Cinguloturris cylindra
Kemkin and Rudenko; (8) Cingulo-
turris cylindra Kemkin and Rudenko;
((9) Xitus sp.; (10) Pseudodictyomitra
carpatica (Lozyniak); (11) Parvicingula
mashitaensis Mizutani; (12) Par-
vicingula mashitaensis Mizutani; (13)
Protunuma japonicus Matsuoka and
Yao; (14) Stichocapsa sp.; (15) Tri-
colocapsa (?) sp.; (16) Podobursa sp.;
(17) Podobursa sp.; (18) Sethocapsa
sp.; (19) Eucyrtidiellum pyramis (Aita);
(20) Eucyrtidiellum pyramis (Aita);
(21) Stichocapsa sp.; (22) Saitoum
sp.; (23) Pseudoeucyrtis (?) sp.; (24)
Pantanellium sp.; (25) Pantanellium
sp.; (26) Spumellaria gen. and sp.
indet.; (27) Spumellaria gen. and sp.
indet.; (28) Stichocapsa sp.; (29)
Sethocapsa sp. Scale bar 0.1 mm.
Tectonic implications for the Meratus Complex 211
clast of the same chert breccia. The former in-
cludes a late Tithonian assemblage such as
Archaeodictyomitra apiarium, Cinguloturris
cylindra, Eucyrtidiellum pyramis, Par-
vicingula mashitaensis, and Protunuma japo-
nicus (Fig. 8, Appendix), whereas the latter
yields a Middle Jurassic assemblage such as
Eucyrtidiellum unumaense, Protunuma c.f.
turbo, Stichocapsa himedaruma and Hsuum spp
(Fig. 9, Appendix).
Fig. 9 (1) Archaeodictyomitra sp.; (2) Archaeodictyomitra sp.; (3) Parvicingula sp.; (4) Hsuum sp.; (5) Hsuum sp.; (6) Hsuum sp.; (7)
Nassellaria gen. and sp. indet.; (8) Parvicingula sp.; (9) Eucyrtidiellum unumaense (Yao); (10) Eucyrtidiellum unumaense (Yao); (11) Unuma sp.;
(12) Hsuum sp.; (13) Unuma sp.; (14) Protunuma cf. turbo Matsuoka; (15) Stichocapsa himedaruma Aita; (16) Tricolocapsa sp.; (17)
Tricolocapsa sp.; (18) Parvicingula sp.; (19) Sethocapsa (?) sp.; (20) Sethocapsa (?) sp.; (21) Cryptamphorella sp.; (22) Cryptamphorella sp.
Scale bar 0.1 mm.
212 K. Wakita et al.
A chert sample SK41X includes a variety of
Spumellaria showing delicate structures: these
include Tritrabs, Triactoma, Emiluvia, Higm-
astra and Alievium together with species of
Nassellaria, such as Eucyrtidiellum ptyctum
(Fig. 10, Appendix). The dignostic species,
E. ptyctum and Emiluvia prenyogii indicate the
age of the sample is Middle Jurassic (Fig. 6).
Samples of SK47B, SK57 and SK58 are Middle
Jurassic based on the radiolarian assemblages.
Samples of SK47A, B and C are obtained from
south to north with about 1 m distances in a
continuous sequence.
The me lange locally includes light gray chert
with rough surfaces, although most of the chert
is red or reddish brown in color. The former
contains various obscure fragments which might
be components of ash. It has been termed, `tuff-
aceous chert'. The beds of the chert are rela-
tively thicker than in the reddish brown bedded
chert.
The samples, SK50A and SK50B, contain
Pseudodictyomitra carpatica, Sethocapsa ut-
erculus, Xitus gifuensis, Pantanellium lanceola
and others ranging in age from late Kimme-
ridgian to late Valanginian (Fig. 11, Appendix).
Fig. 10 (1) Thanarla brouweri (Tan);
(2) Archeodictyomitra sp.; (3) Eycyrti-
diellum ptyctum (Riedel and Sanlippo);
(4) Podobursa sp.; (5) Podobursa sp.;
(6) Nassellaria gen. and sp. indet.; (7)
Parvicingula sp.; (8) Parvicingula sp.;
(9) Mirifusus sp.; (10) Triactoma sp.;
(11) Tritrabs rhododactylus Ba-
umgartner; (12) Pantanellium sp.; (13)
Archaeospongoprunum sp.; (14) Pant-
anellium sp.; (15) Emiluvia sp.; (16)
Emiluvia prenyogii Baumgartner; (17)
Spumellaria gen. and sp. indet.; (18)
Alievium sp.; (19) Higmastra sp.; (20)
Nassellaria gen. and sp. indet.; (21)
Spumellaria gen. and sp. indet. Scale
bar 0.1 mm.
Tectonic implications for the Meratus Complex 213
Fig. 11 (1) Thanarla brouweri (Tan); (2) Archaeodicyomitra sp.; (3) Archaeodicyomitra sp.; (4) Pseudodictyomitra carpatica (Lozyniak); (5)
Pseudodictyomitra carpatica (Lozyniak); (6) Pantanellium lanceola (Parona); (7) Xitus gifuensis Mizutani; (8) Xitus sp.; (9) Pseudodictyomitra
sp.; (10) Cryptamphorella shpaerica (White); (11) Cryptamphorella sp.; (12) Cryptamphorella sp.; (13) Paronaella (?) sp.; (14) Sethocapsa cf.
uterculus (Parcona). Scale bar 0.1 mm.
214 K. Wakita et al.
SK50B is sampled at about 3 m north of SK50A
with a 2 m lack of outcrop in between.
Demonstrably the youngest rock in the me -
lange at Sekoyang is a very siliceous shale. The
shale consists of light greenish gray very sili-
ceous beds of 115 cm thick interbedded with
thinner dark gray shale partings. The sample
SK60A is a very siliceous shale part, while
SK60B comes from a dark gray shale parting.
They yield similar Early Cretaceous assemblag-
es ranging from late Valanginian to early Aptian.
The assemblage contains Acaeniotyle umbili-
cata, Cyptamphorella shaerica, Pantanellium
lanceola, Pseudodictyomitra carpatica, Setho-
capsa uterculus, Stichomitra dediocris and
Thanarla lacrimula (Fig. 12, Appendix).
The shale matrix of the me lange and manga-
nese carbonate nodules show a lack of radiolari-
ans or include only very poorly preserved
radiolarians.
ME

LANGE AT EAST OF KOTABARU

Sample SK34, pale green chert, was obtained
east of Kotabaru (Fig. 2). It includes Rho-
palosyringium adriaticum which ranges from
Middle Albian to Cenomanian (Fig. 6).
HARUYAN FORMATION
Fragments of light yellowish or milky colored
chert are embedded in basaltic tuff breccia south
Fig. 12 (1) Thanarla pacica Nak-
aseko and Nishimura; (2) Thanarla
broweri (Tan); (3) Thanarla broweri
(Tan); (4) Thanarla lacrimula (Fore-
man); (5) Pseudodictyomitra carpatica
(Lozyniak); (6) Pseudodictyomitra sp.;
(7) Stichomitra mediocris (Tan); (8)
Parvicingula sp.; (9) Dictyomitrella (?)
puga Schaaf; (10) Dictyomitrella (?)
puga Schaaf; (11) Nassellaria gen. and
sp. indet.; (12) Stichocapsa cf. japo-
nica Nakaseko and Nlishimura; (13)
Cryptamphorella shpaerica (White);
(14) Cryptamphorella shpaerica
(White); (15) Cryptamphorella cf. cli-
vosa (Aliev); (16) Nassellaria gen. and
sp. indet.; (17) Sethocapsa sp.; (18)
Pseudoeucyrtis cf. hanni (Tan); (19)
Eucyrtidiellum sp.; (20) Arch-
aeodictyomitra sp.; (21) Hiscocapsa
grutterinki (Tan); (22) Pantanellium
lanceola (Parona); (23) Acaeniotyle
umbilicata (Rust); (24) Deviatus sp.;
(25) Sethocapsa uterculus (Parona);
(26) Sethocapsa uterculus (Parona);
(27) Bistrkum sp.; (28) Crucella sp.;
(29) Crucella sp. scale bar 0.1 mm.
Tectonic implications for the Meratus Complex 215
of the Meratus Mountains (Fig. 2). Chert sample,
SK6A, which occurs at the foot of Mount Batu-
rung, includes Dictyomitra cf. formosa, R. ad-
riaticum, Stichomitra communis, Thanarla
brouweri, Xitus sp. and other species (Fig. 13,
Appendix). The assemblage indicates an Early
Cretaceous to Cenomanian age (Fig. 6).
PITAP FORMATION
Two samples, SK24E and SK36B of shale alter-
nating with thinner sandstone beds in the Pitap
Formation contain Cretaceous radiolarians
(Nassellaria).
DISCUSSION
The Meratus Complex is characterized by high
pressurelow temperature metamorphic rocks,
ultramac rocks, and me langes including clasts of
radiolarian chert, pillow basalt and limestone.
The chronological, stratigraphical and petrologi-
cal data presented in this paper give us the new
Fig. 13 (1) Archaeodictyomitra sp.; (2) Thanarla sp.; (3) Dictyomitra sp.; (4) Dictyomitra sp.; (5) Stichomitra (?) sp.; (6) Thanarla brouweri
(Tan); (7) Dictyomitra sp.; (8) Dictyomitra sp.; (9) Dictyomitra sp.; (10) Xitus sp.; (11) Stichomitra communis Squinabol; (12) Eucyrtidiellum sp.;
(13) Thanarla sp.; (14) Rhopalosyringium sp.; (15) Rhopalosyringium sp.; (16) Stichomitra communis Squinabol; (17) Archaeodictyomitra cf.
obesa (Squinabol); (18) Thanarla sp.; (19) Dictyomitra sp.; (20) Novixitus sp. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.
216 K. Wakita et al.
view of tectonic evolution of the Meratus Com-
plex in Cretaceous time.
Radiolarian biostratigraphic studies on the
me lange in Laut Island revealed that the cherts
in the me lange range in age from Bajocian to
Cenomanian, although previous works recog-
nized only cherts including Early Cretaceous
radiolarians. The data suggests that the sub-
ducted oceanic plate covered by these cherts was
at least older than early Middle Jurassic. The
oceanic plate evolved at some time before early
Middle Jurassic, migrated toward the Sundaland
Continent, and nally subducted in middle Cre-
taceous time.
Granite, granodiorite, diorite and gabbro in-
truded the Meratus Complex. The radiometric
age of granite is 115 Ma (Heryanto et al. 1994).
These igneous rocks may have been caused by
the subduction of the oceanic plate already
mentioned beneath the marginal sea along the
Sundaland margin.
Basaltic to andesitic lava and tuff breccia of
the Haruyan Formation and Pitanak Group are
products of submarine volcanism, because chert
fragments in the tuff breccia include deep marine
fauna, radiolarians. These submarine volcanic
products are often recognized near immature
island arcs caused by the interaction between
two oceanic plates. The lower part of the Ha-
ruyan Formation and Pitanak Group are formed
in an immature island arc setting. Contempora-
neously, the me lange of Laut Island was formed
by the subduction of the oceanic plate during late
Early Cretaceous time.
The me lange of Laut Island is characterized by
a lack of coarse-grained detrital clastic sediments
such as sandstone and conglomerate. The sedi-
ment supply fromthe continental side is absent or
very poor, although pelagic sediments to trench
and fragments of seamounts were derived from
the oceanic plate and accreted on the continental
margin. This evidence suggests that the trench
was far from the continent and that mountain
building did not proceed near the trench.
In the Late Cretaceous, detrital clastic sedi-
ments of the Pitap Formation covered the me -
langes, metamorphic rock and ultramac rocks in
a shallow marine environment. This signies that
the Meratus Arc was mature enough to provide
coarse-grained detrital clastic rocks on the con-
tinental slopes and in the forearc basins.
Glaucophane schist of the Hauran Schist is
caused by oceanic plate subduction along the
trench. Judging from the petrological studies,
however, the protoliths of some schists are dif-
ferent from the products of normal subduction
metamorphism such as the Sambagawa Meta-
morphic Rocks in Japan. The presence of schist
consisting only of quartz and chloritoid and the
common occurrence of kyanite in the schists in-
dicate that some of the protoliths had high alu-
minium contents. The origin of highly aluminous
metamorphic rocks could be continental cover or
margin sediments. Various sizes of continental
fragments drifted northward and accreted along
the Asian continental margin following the
break-up of the Gondwanaland (Nur & Ben-
Avraham 1983; Maruyama et al. 1989). The high
Fig. 14 Middle to Late Cretaceous
tectonic setting of the Meratus area
(South Kalimantan).
Tectonic implications for the Meratus Complex 217
aluminous sediments could have been derived
from the surface of a continental fragment (a
microcontinent), detached from the margin of the
Gondwana super-continent. This is a similar sit-
uation to that of the Bantimala Complex, South
Sulawesi (Wakita et al. 1996). The Jurassic
shallow marine sedimentary rocks incorporated
in the Bantimala Complex were evidence of the
microcontinent collision and accretion (Wakita
et al. 1996).
The older metamorphic rocks of 165 and
180 Ma occurred as a small tectonic block along
the northern margin of the Hauran Schist Block.
They are not high pressure type metamorphic
rocks like the other metamorphic rocks, but of
intermediate pressure type. They were exhumed
and tectonically mixed with other components of
the Meratus Complex during the processes of
subduction, collision and accretion of oceanic
plate and micro-continent.
Major tectonic events are recorded in three
stages of unconformity in the Meratus area; that
is the Middle Cretaceous, Paleocene and Late
Miocene (Fig. 14). Ultramac rocks, high-pres-
sure schist and me langes were locally exhumed
and provided their fragments into the Pitap
Formation.
Before the deposition of the Eocene Tanjung
Formation, ultramac rocks, schists and me -
langes were tectonically juxtaposed with Late
Cretaceous sedimentaryvolcanic formations
such as the Pitap and the Haruyang Formations.
This CretaceousPaleocene event is contempo-
raenous with rearrangement of the components
of Cretaceous island arc systems along the Sun-
daland margin such as Karangsambung, Central
Java (Wakita et al. 1994a) and Bantimala, South
Sulawesi (Wakita et al. 1994b; 1996).
Finally, Tanjung, Berai, and Warukin Forma-
tions were tectonically deformed until they were
covered by the Pliocene Dahor Formation. The
latest tectonism could be related to the west-
ward obduction of the East Sulawesi ophiolite in
Oligocene time and Miocene to Pliocene collision
of the Sula microcontinent (Parkinson 1991;
Cofeld et al. 1993, Bergman et al. 1996).
SUMMARY
(1) The Meratus Complex is a product of oceanic
plate subduction and successive collision of mic-
rocontinents during Cretaceous time.
(2) Radiolarian biostratigraphic studies reveal
that the me lange of the Meratus Complex in-
cludes chert ranging in age from early Middle
Jurassic to late Early Cretaceous.
(3) The Haruyan Schist of 110119 Ma was a high
pressure-low temperature type caused by oce-
anic plate subduction. Some of the protoliths
were high alluminous continental cover or mar-
gin sediments. Intermediate pressure type
metamorphic rocks of 165 and 180 Ma were dis-
covered along the northern margin of the Hau-
run Schist.
(4) The Haruyan Formation is a product of sub-
marine volcanism in an immature island arc
setting, locally contemporaneous with the for-
mation of the me lange of the Meratus Complex.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is one of the results of the joint pro-
ject between the Research and Development
Centre for Geotechnology (RDCG) in Bandung,
University of London and the Geological Survey
of Japan (GSJ) under the ITIT program `Re-
search on Mineral Resources Assessment of
Oceanic Plate Fragments'.
The authors wish to thank to Ir. S. Suparka,
vice president of LIPI for his helpful support
during our geological survey. We also express
thanks to Dr A. J. Barber of Royal Holloway,
University of London for his effective sugges-
tions and discussion of the geology of this area.
We are grateful to Dr C. D. Parkinson, STA
fellow of GSJ, and Dr C. Kurimoto for their
critical review of our manuscripts.
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APPENDIX 1. Fossil details
Tectonic implications for the Meratus Complex 221
222 K. Wakita et al.