Lenses

Lenses
Objectives
describe the action of thin lenses (both converging and diverging) on a beam of light.
define the term focal length.
*draw ray diagrams to illustrate the formation of real and virtual images of an object by a
converging lens, and the formation of a virtual image by a diverging lens.
define the term linear magnification and *draw scale diagrams to determine the focal
length needed for particular values of magnification (converging lens only).
describe the use of a single lens as a magnifying glass and in a camera, projector and
photographic enlarger and draw ray diagrams to show how each forms an image.
draw ray diagrams to show the formation of images in the normal eye, a short-sighted eye
and a long-sighted eye.
describe the correction of short-sight and long-sight.
Action of thin lenses on a beam of light
onve! lens
Action of thin lenses on a beam of light
oncave lens
Focal length
Convex lens
Concave lens
Focal length
Focal length
"n #!periment $, you will use the convex lens to
produce a real image of a distant object and
capture the image on a screen.
Focal length
"n #!periment %, you will locate the focus of the
convex lens using no-paralla! method with the
help of a plane mirror.
Focal length
"n #!periment &, you will use graphical method to
determine the focal length of the convex lens
Focal length
"n #!periment ', you
will use a paper and
sunlight to determine
the focal length of
the convex lens
with the help of a
conve! lens.
Focal length
"f you slowly pull the magnifier away from the face, you
will see that the magnification steadily increases until the
image begins to blur. (ulling the magnifier even farther
away produces an inverted image as seen in the ne!t
slide. )he distance at which the image blurs, and beyond
which it inverts, is the focal length of the lens. )o use a
conve! lens as a magnifier, the object must be closer to
the converging lens than its focal length.
Think different and act different
Focal length
Think different and act different
Focal length
"n #!periment $, you
will measure the
focal length of the
concave lens using
the reversibility of
light.
Focal length
"n #!periment %, you
will use graphical
method to determine
the focal length of
the concave lens
with the help of a
conve! lens.
onve! *ens +ay ,iagram
-hen an object is placed in front of a lens, light rays coming from
the object fall on the lens and get refracted. )he refracted rays
produce an image at a point where they intersect or appear to
intersect each other. )he formation of images by lenses is usually
shown by a ray diagram. )o construct a ray diagram we need at
least two rays whose path after refraction through the lens is
.nown. Any two of the following rays are usually considered for
constructing ray diagrams
)he nature of images formed by a conve! lens depends
upon the distance of the object from the Optical enter of
the lens. *et us now see how the image is formed by a
conve! lens for various positions of the object
onve! *ens +ay ,iagram
An incident ray parallel to the principal a!is
after refraction passes through the focus.
onve! *ens +ay ,iagram
A ray of light passing through the Optical
enter of the lens travels straight without
suffering any deviation. )his holds good
only in the case of a thin lens.
onve! *ens +ay ,iagram
An incident ray passing through the focus
of a lens emerge parallel to the principal
a!is after refraction.
onve! *ens +ay ,iagram
A ray of light passing through the Optical
enter of the lens travels straight without
suffering any deviation. )his holds good
only in the case of a thin lens.
An incident ray parallel to the principal a!is
after refraction passes through the focus.
An incident ray passing through the focus
of a lens emerge parallel to the principal
a!is after refraction.
Refraction at the surface of the lens in
ignored
When the Object is Placed between F and
O:
)he image is -

/ormed on the same side of the lens

0irtual

#rect

1agnified
When the Object is Placed between F and
O:
)he image is -

/ormed on the same side of the lens

0irtual

#rect

1agnified
Magnifying Glass
When the Object is Placed at F
)he image is -

/ormed at infinity

real

"nverted

1agnified
When the Object is Placed at F
)he image is -

/ormed at infinity

real

"nverted

1agnified
!ot light
When the Object is Placed between F and
"F
)he image is -

/ormed beyond %/

+eal

"nverted

1agnified
When the Object is Placed between F and
"F
)he image is -

/ormed beyond %/

+eal

"nverted

1agnified
Projector
When the Object is Placed at "F
)he image is -

/ormed at %/%

+eal

"nverted

2ame si3e as the object

When the Object is Placed at "F
)he image is -

/ormed at %/%

+eal

"nverted

2ame si3e as the object

Photoco!ier
When the Object is Placed beyond "F
)he image is -

/ormed between / and %/

+eal

"nverted

,iminished
When the Object is Placed between F and
"F
#a$era
% &ye
)he image is -

/ormed between / and %/

+eal

"nverted

,iminished
When the Object is Placed at 'nfinity
)he image is -

/ormed at /%

"nverted

+eal

4ighly diminished
When the Object is Placed at 'nfinity
)he image is -

/ormed at /%

"nverted

+eal

4ighly diminished
(strono$ical )elesco!e
When the Object is Placed at 'nfinity
)he image is -

/ormed at /%

"nverted

+eal

4ighly diminished
*inocular
*inocular is a device which is used the far off objects
clearly. "ts principle of wor.ing is e!actly same as that
of a telescope. )he only difference is that objects on
finite distances on earth are viewed by binoculars.
)elescopes are used to study objects that are at
infinite distances. 1ostly they are used studying
astronomical objects
'$age for$ed by a #onvex lens + u$$ary
Magnification or Linear Magnification
Magnification or Linear Magnification is the ratio of
the image si3e to the object si3e or the image distance
to the object distance. "t can be showed as follows
Magnification ,
'$age i-e
'$age .istance
Object i-e
Object .istance
or
Magnification or Linear Magnification does not
carry any unit it is always given with a 567 sign.
'$age for$ed by a #oncave lens
)he image is always

8pright

,iminished

0irtual

/ormed between / and

O
'$age for$ed by a #oncave lens
)he image is always

8pright

,iminished

0irtual

/ormed between / and

O
oncave lens as ,oor #ye
4uman #ye
An image is formed on the retina with light rays converging most at the
cornea and upon entering and e!iting the lens. +ays from the top and
bottom of the object are traced and produce an inverted real image on
the retina. )he distance to the object is drawn smaller than scale
4uman #ye
2ince light rays from a nearby
object can diverge and still enter
the eye, the lens must be more
converging (more powerful) for
close vision than for distant
vision. )o be more converging,
the lens is made thic.er by the
action of the ciliary muscle
surrounding it. )he eye is most
rela!ed when viewing distant
objects
Long sight
hort sight
4uman #ye
orrection of *ong sightedness
A person who is long sighted can focus
clearly on distant objects but cannot focus
on near objects. )his is because the eyeball
is too short. *ight from near objects is
focused at a point behind the retina
resulting in a blurred image.
)his defect can be corrected by wearing a
conve! (converging) spectacle lens. )he
rays of light from a near object are
converged before entering the eye so that
the cornea and eye lens can direct the
focal point onto the retina
4uman #ye
A person who is short sighted can focus
clearly on near objects but cannot focus on
distant objects. )his is because the eyeball
is too long. *ight from distant objects is
focused at a point in front of the retina
resulting in a blurred image.
)his defect can be corrected by wearing a
concave (diverging) spectacle lens. )he
rays of light from a near object are
diverged before entering the eye so that
the cornea and eye lens can direct the
focal point onto the retina
+ay diagrams for the correction of eye sight
2hort sighted eye and the
correction of short
sightedness by a concave
lens
*ong sighted eye and the
correction of long
sightedness by a conve! lens