James Ryan B.A.

The Medical Model Perspective: objective

measurable data; scientific method
The Intrapsychic Perspective: phenomenological
experiences of the individual
The Cultural Perspective: shared beliefs and
worldviews of groups of humans
The Social Perspective: the structure and impact
of social institutions and policies
Used since prehistoric times (Ingersoll & Rak,
2006).
First utilized by the Chinese medically to treat
beri-beri, constipation, female weakness, gout,
malaria, rheumatism and absentmindedness
(Geller, 2008 ).
A key non-food crop of Revolutionary America.
1943 U.S. slogan: Hemp for Victory (Ingersoll &
Rak, p.235, 2006).
Believed to be used recreationally throughout
history- George Washington (toothache and
entertainment) (Geller, 2008 ).
Pigeon candy- loved by birds and well-known to
Skinners famous pigeons (Ingersoll & Rak, p.
236, 2006).


Phytocannabinoids- occur uniquely in the
Cannabis sativa plant
Endogenous Cannabinoids- produced in the
bodies of humans and other animals (ENS)
Synthetic cannabinoids- compounds similar to
either phyto or endocannabinoids, produced in a
laboratory
Definition: any plant-derived natural product capable
of either directly interacting with cannabinoid receptors
or sharing chemical similarity with cannabinoids or
both (Gertsch, Pertwee & Di Marzo, 2010).
Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and Cannabidiol
(CBD) are the most well-known and well-researched.
Others include: cannabinol, cannabichromene,
cannabigerol, tetrahydrocannabivarin, and delta-8-
THC
Various cannabinoids have shown promise, and in
many cases significant success, in the treatment of a
wide-array of disorders from cancer to schizophrenia
Cancer is characterized by the uncontrolled division of cells
and their ability to spread
Apoptosis- programmed cell death (fingers and toes in
infants)
Anticancer effects of cannabinoids were shown as early as
1975 in Lewis lung carcinoma (Sarfaraz, et al., p. 339, 2008)
Cannabinoids inhibited tumor cell growth and induced
apoptosis by modulating different cell signaling pathways in
gliomas and lymphomas, prostate, breast, lung, skin, and
pancreatic cancer cells (Sarfaraz, et al., p. 339, 2008).
Paradoxically some cannabinoids administered to cancer
cells in low-doses in vitro have been shown to stimulate
growth


Both (9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (phyto) and WIN-55,212-2 (synthetic) have
shown promise in the treatment of Glioblastoma multiforme (a particularly
nasty form of cancer) (Sarfaraz, et al., p. 339, 2008).
WIN-55,212-2 has performed extremely well in trials for prostate cancer
treatment (Sarfaraz, et al., p. 341, 2008).
Anandamide, an endocannabinoid, has shown promise in the treatment of
breast-cancer cells (Sarfaraz, et al., p. 341, 2008).
Activation of CB1 and CB2 receptors has been shown to slow, and in some
cases inhibit, Melanoma.
Two studies have shown potential efficacy for the treatment of pancreatic
cancer (one of the most deadly forms of the disease).
Targeting CB1 and CB2 receptors by their agonists may have therapeutic
potential for the treatment of lymphoma (Sarfaraz, et al., p. 341, 2008).
Extremely diverse methods of action, including: inhibiting tumor growth,
modulating apoptosis, accumulation of ceramide, which resulted in
sustained activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, and the
inhibition of DNA synthesis (Sarfaraz, et al., p. 341, 2008).
Schematic representation of signaling pathways associated with cannabinoid receptor
activation induced by its agonists.
Sarfaraz S et al. Cancer Res 2008;68:339-342
2008 by American Association for Cancer Research


http://www.thctotalhealthcare.com/video/

PTSD Schizophrenia
47 patients diagnosed with
PTSD having continuing
nightmares in spite of
conventional
antidepressants and
hypnotics
The majority of patients
(72%) receiving nabilone
experienced either
cessation of nightmares or
a significant reduction in
nightmare intensity.
Subjective improvement in
sleep time, the quality of
sleep, and the reduction of
daytime flashbacks and
nightsweats were also
noted by some patients.
Taken from (Fraser, 2009).
The Endocannabinoid System
(ENS) is believed to play an
important role in schizophrenia
(THC and cannabis use have
been linked to the onset of the
disease in individuals
predisposed to psychosis;
THC can produce psychotic
symptoms in normal
individuals).
Cannabidiol may have
antipsychotic potential
(particularly in Antipsychotic
resistant patients).
CB1 receptors could be useful
in the treatment of the
negative symptoms of the
disorder.
Taken from (Kunos, Btkai &
Pacher, 2006).
Respiratory: high-levels of tar (significantly higher
than cigarettes)
Cardiovascular: tachycardia, transient
hypertension
Psychiatric: Panic and anxiety, exacerbation of
psychotic symptoms
Possible Drug Interactions
Contaminated Crop
Impaired Motor
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) is a rather complex
lipid signaling network in which different proteins play
distinct roles in the control or in the modulation of
numerous physiological and pathophysiological processes
(Gertsch, Pertwee & Di Marzo, 2010).
Normally bound to Gproteincoupled receptors
Two specific types of receptors have been cloned from
mammilian tissue:
CB1- the central receptor; found primarily in the brain; in the
basal ganglia and in the limbic system including the
hippocampus, the cerebellum and in both male and female
reproductive systems (Sarfaraz, et al., p. 339, 2008).
CB2- the peripheral receptor; almost exclusively found in the
immune system, with the greatest density in the spleen
(Sarfaraz, et al., p. 339, 2008).
It has been recently demonstrated that the
endocannabinoid system drives neural progenitor cell
proliferation, and cannabinoids promote neurogenesis
(Kunos, Btkai & Pacher, 2006).

Cannabinoid Receptors and the Brain

They work backwards
and as a result,
cannabinoids
(particularly THC) play
an active role in the
release of various other
neurotransmitters.
A. Diseases of Energy Metabolism
1. Appetite Regulation.
2. Peripheral Energy Metabolism.
3. Obesity and Associated Metabolic
Abnormalities.
4. Cachexia and Anorexia
B. Pain and Inflammation
C. Central Nervous System
Disorders
1. Neurotoxicity and Neurotrauma.
2. Stroke.
3. Multiple Sclerosis and Spinal Cord
Injury.
4. Movement Disorders (Basal Ganglia
Disorders).
a. Parkinson's disease and levodopa-
induced dyskinesia.
b. Huntington's disease
c. Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, tardive
dyskinesia, and dystonia.
5. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis.
6. Alzheimer's Disease.
7. Epilepsy.
8. Mental Disorders.
a. Schizophrenia.
b. Anxiety and depression.

9. Insomnia.
10. Nausea and Emesis.
11. Drug Addiction and Alcohol
Disorders.
a. Opiates.
b. Nicotine.
c. Cocaine.
d. Alcohol.
e. Psychostimulants.
D. Cardiovascular and Respiratory
Disorders
1. Hypertension.
2. Circulatory Shock.
3. Myocardial Reperfusion Injury.
4. Atherosclerosis.
5. Asthma.
E. Eye Disorders (Glaucoma and
Retinopathy)
F. Cancer
G. Gastrointestinal and Liver Disorders
1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease.
2. Acute and Chronic Liver Disease
(Hepatitis and Liver Cirrhosis).
H. Musculoskeletal Disorders
1. Arthritis.
2. Osteoporosis.
I. Reproductive Functions
http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vvVo4uIm2YM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qKgY5eOlhEc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cjDvcngwykk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0_5MhuTHvI








Siegels fourth drive- seeking mind-altering or
intoxicating states (Ingersoll & Rak, p. 242, 2006)
Cannabis Culture in the U.S.
Started during Vietnam
Still a very prevalent antiestablishment symbol (420)
Cannabis subculture becoming increasingly more relevant
Used throughout history as an aid in spiritual practices
Meditative practices: Samadhi
Bhang
Rastafarians
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H8g4tg3WREY&list
=PL421491FA0B8542CA

Fraser, G. A. (2009), The Use of a Synthetic Cannabinoid
in the Management of Treatment-Resistant Nightmares in
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). CNS Neuroscience
& Therapeutics, 15: 8488. doi: 10.1111/j.1755-
5949.2008.00071.x
Geller, T. (2008 , July 07). Cannabinoids: A secret history.
Curezone.com: Educating instead of medicating, Retrieved
from http://curezone.com/forums/fm.asp?i=1209599
Gertsch, J., Pertwee, R. G., & Di Marzo, V. (2010).
Phytocannabinoids beyond the Cannabis plant do they
exist?. British Journal of Pharmacology, 160(3), 523-529.
doi: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.00745.x
GW Pharmaceuticals. (2012). Cannabinoid compounds.
Retrieved from http://www.gwpharm.com/types-
compounds.aspx

Ingersoll, R. E., & Rak, C. F. (2006). Psychopharmacology for
helping professionals: An integral exploration. (pp. 235-245).
Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Thomson Brooks/Cole.
Kunos, G., Btkai, S., & Pacher, P. (2006). The endocannabinoid
system as an emerging target of pharmacotherapy.
Pharmacological Reviews, 58(3), 389-462. doi: 10.1124/pr.58.3.2
San Fransico Patient and Resource Center. (2013). Spiritual use of
cannabis. Retrieved from http://sparcsf.org/spiritual-use-of-
cannabis
Sarfaraz, S., Adhami, V. M., Syed, D. N., Afaq, F., & Mukhtar, H.
(2008). Cannabinoids for cancer treatment: Progress and promise.
Cancer Research, (68), 339-342. Retrieved from
http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/2/339.full.pdf html
United States Drug Enforcement Agency. Department of Justice,
Drug Enforcement Agency. (2013). Drug Scheduling. Retrieved
from U.S. Department of Justice website:
http://www.justice.gov/dea/druginfo/ds.shtml