Current Transformer FAQ

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Why sec ondr y of c ur r ent t r ansf or mer shoul d not be
open?
A current transformer will always attempt to push a ratio of the primary current
through the secondary. So if there is primary current flowing, and you open circuit the
secondary, the CT will attempt to build up voltage to the point where the correct
amount of secondary current can flow through the open circuit (meaning you will get
an arc). If it succeeds, you'll have a bright light, and some melted copper, and a very
startled person who was unfortunate enough to open circuit the CT. This high voltage
can also damage or ruin the CT.

Why c ur r ent t r ansf or mer i s st ep dow n t r ansf or mer ?
Current transformers ('CTs') are used in high-voltage systems to allow the currents
flowing in these systems to be measured or to operate protective systems. A CT's
secondary winding is isolated from the high-voltage system, allowing measurements
to be made, or protective devices to operate, safely.
Actually, a CT is a 'step up' transformer, because the terms 'step up' and 'step
down', refer to voltages, not currents. For this reason, a CT should NEVER be
allowed to have its secondary winding open circuited.

What i s a c ur r ent t r ansf or mer and how c an a c ur r ent
t r ansf or mer be used t o ex t end t he r ange of a w at t met er ?
A current transformer (CT) works just like any other transformer. It is important to
note it is not referenced to ground. It reflects current flow, not phase to ground
voltage, so it attempts to hold current constant, not voltage.
There is usually one primary "winding": one large cable through a donut CT, and
multiple secondary windings. If a secondary winding is shorted (a wire placed across
its terminals), the voltage built up in the secondary will be equivalent to V =I*Z,
where I is the secondary current, and Z is the impedance of the secondary winding,
usually specified as some flat value plus so many ohms per winding.
If too big of an impedance is placed on the secondary, a voltage will build up to the
point that the donut CT saturates, resulting in an output wave that has a large
amount of harmonics. If the CT is open circuit\'d, voltage will build up until it is high
enough to arc over (usually where it should have been shorted). CT\'s can be
damaged by open circuiting them, so don\'t do it.

What i s t he di f f er enc e bet w een c ur r ent t r ansf or mer and
neut r al c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
Current transformer is measured a positive current flow. we used in neutral ct for
measure the unbalance load
What i s a c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
Current transformers (together with voltage, or potential, transformers) are classified
as 'instrument transformers'. A current transformer is used to enable conventional
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How do you c hange a l ow c ur r ent
t r ansf or mer t o a hi gh c ur r ent
t r ansf or mer ?
In: El ec t r i c al Engi neer i ng
What i s di f f er enc e bet w een i nt er posi ng
c ur r ent t r ansf or mer and c ur r ent
t r ansf or mer ?
In: The Di f f er enc e Bet w een
What ar e c ur r ent t r ansf or mer s?
In: Tr ansf or mer s
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ammeters to be used to measure the large currents flowing through high-voltage or
heavy-current circuits, while electrically isolating (for the purpose of safety) the
instruments from those circuits. Current transformers are also used to provide the
input to high-voltage protection relays which control the operation of circuit breakers.

Can w e dr i ve r el ays by c ur r ent t r ansf or mer s?
Yes, certain types of relays can be activated by current transformers.

What i s pr i nc i pl e of Cur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
why does have to short-circuit secondary wire of current transformer ?

What i s magnet o opt i c c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
Magneto optic current transformer is a protective device. It measure electric current
by means of faradays effect

Why i s t he neut r al c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
A current transformer is primarily used at the neutral point of a transformer for earth
fault protection.
A neutral current transformer will measure any ground fault current which will
essentially flow from the star point of the transformer. A fault-detection device other
devices is connected to the current transformer and, if the fault current exceeds a
certain trigger value, the fault-detection device will give a trip command to an earth-
fault relay to disconnect the supply of electricity to the transformer.

Can I c onnec t c ur r ent t r ansf or mer i n ser i es ?
The output of a current transformer must be shorted. Otherwise it will not operate in
current transformer mode and it could potentially generate dangerously high voltages.
Nothing stops you from connecting the inputs of two current transformers in series.
They would simply measure the same thing.

When c ur r ent t r ansf or mer i s over l oaded?
when your current transformer is over loaded make sure it turns back into a car and
drives away
Wor k i ng of c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
The current transformer is used to measure the line current special transformer.
Direct measurement of the current large and small need to range from a few security
until tens of thousands of security many ammeter. This gives the instrument
manufacture a great deal of difficulty. In addition, some lines are high voltage, direct
electricity meter to measure the current of the power lines on the road is extremely
dangerous. The current transformer is used to solve these two problems of
equipment.

The current transformer has two windings insulated from each other, set in a closed
core column. At runtime, the primary winding and the measured line in series, the
primary and secondary windings connected measuring instruments (eg, ammeter,
power meter and power meter current coil, the low impedance of the relay coil, etc.).
Therefore. Measuring the current of the power lines on the road, despite the
transformer primary voltage is high, then face transformer secondary voltage is very
low, the operator and instrumentation are safe.

What i s a c 200 c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
This is a class of current transformers, and is a fairly low class. This has to do with
what kind of burden can be placed on the secondary. A general rule is a C200
current transformer can supply ~200 volts at full ratio to its' secondary. If the burden
(the CT resistance +cable resistance +relay or instrument resistance) times the
maximum expected current is higher than 200 volts, the CT is likely to saturate.
During multiple fault events, a CT may keep some magnetizing current causing CT
saturation to be higher on a reclose event. Typically CT's are sized and their ratios
are chosen to minimize saturation when feasible.

How c ur r ent t r ansf or mer measur e c ur r ent ?
A current transformer doesn't 'measure current'. It merely reduces a large current
flowing through its primary to a smaller current which can be read by an ammeter
connected to its secondary. At the same time, it electrically isolates the secondary
circuit from the primary circuit, which is essential if the primary circuit is part of a
high-voltage system.

What ar e t he bushi ng i n t he c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
A 'bushing' is a hollow insulator. It allows an energised conductor to pass through
components operating at different potentials. In the case of a current transformer, it
provides the insulation between a 'bar' primary and the secondary windings.

When w oul d you use c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
A 'current transformer' (CT) is classified as an instrument transformer, which means it
is used to provide a small secondary current that is in proportion to its large primary
current, for purposes of metering or protection. At the same time, it electrically-
isolates the secondary (metering) circuits from the primary circuits (which are often
high-voltage circuits) for the purpose of safety.

What ar e t he f unc t i ons of c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
Measurements of electric currents
Answ er
A current transformer allows high values of a.c. current to be measured using an
ammeter designed to measure lower-values of a.c. current. At the same time, it
electrically isolates the primary circuit from the secondary circuit -essential if the
primary circuit is part of a high-voltage system. CTs are also used to monitor primary
currents for the operation of high-voltage protection relays.
How do you mul t i pl y c ur r ent t r ansf or mer out put ?
There are many ways but never can you multiply the power.
<<>>

A current transformer is specifically designed, by amp turns, to only output 5 amps.
Meters that are connected to CT's have a full range deflection (scale) of 5 amps. To
do what you are asking seems pointless as there are no meters with 10 amp full
scale deflection.

What happen i f c ur r ent t r ansf or mer i s shor t ed?
A current transformer (or CT) is constructed in a specific way so as to step down the
current in a high power circuit for measuring or protective relaying purposes.
Typically, it will have a toroidal-shaped iron core with the secondary windings
wrapped around it. the primary "winding" is usually the conductor of the main power
system passing directly through the hole in the center of the CT. As a result of this
construction, if the secondary windings are left open, a very large flux can develop,
resulting in damage to the CT and possibly even the other equipment it is attached
to. As such, if the CT is not going to be used, its secondary windings need to be
shorted.

What i s TPS c l ass c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
TPS Class CT is used for transient performance (TP). TPS class Current Transformer
has Low Leakage Flux and there is no limit for remanent flux) further there are also
TPX,TPY and TPZ class CTs
1. TPX- No Limit for remanent flux due to nil air gap in the core
2. TPY - remanent flux does not exceeded 10 % due to less air gap in the core
3. TPZ- Having practically null remanent flux because there is large air gap is provide
in the Core
Er. Anil Prajapati, Protection Engineer,J aipur RVPNL

How does a c ur r ent t r ansf or mer w or k ?
A current transformer (CT) works just like any other transformer. It is important to
note it is not referenced to ground. It reflects current flow, not phase to ground
voltage, so it attempts to hold current constant, not voltage.
There is usually one primary "winding": one large cable through a donut CT, and
multiple secondary windings. If a secondary winding is shorted (a wire placed across
its terminals), the voltage built up in the secondary will be equivalent to V =I*Z,
where I is the secondary current, and Z is the impedance of the secondary winding,
usually specified as some flat value plus so many ohms per winding.

What ar e t he appl i c at i on of c ur r ent t r ansf or mer s?
Current transformers are used to monitor the current flow through larger diameter
wires. They are rated in ratio of 1: to the ampacity of the wire they are monitoring.
They are used in electrical distribution services over 200 amps. Maximum current
produced is 5 amps. eg. A conductor has a maximum capacity of 500A and you want
to see how much current is going through the wire at any one time. You have a
meter mounted in a control panel with main graduations of 100A, 200A, 300A, 400A
and 500A. The same hold true on a distribution service where the CT is connected to
the meter base. The specs on the meter says full scale deflection 5 amps. The CT is
mounted on the conductor like a do-nut and has a ratio of 1:500. 500A through the
conductors induces 5 amps in the CT, full scale deflection of the meter to the 500A
position. The current through the CT is in direct porportion to the current through the
conductor. 250A through the conductor, induces 2.5 amps in the CT, half deflection of
the meter to a position halfway between 200A and 300A, or 250A.
Ex pl ai n di f f er anc nc e bet w een i nst r ument c ur r ent
t r ansf or mer and measur i ng c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?

Instrument current transformer is used to adjust the output voltage from power source
to be conveniently used by instrument.
Measuring current transformer is used to measure AC currents.

What ar e t he f unc t i ons of c ur r ent t r ansf or mer s and t he
di f f er enc e bet w een c ur r ent t r ansf or mer s and vol t age
t r ansf or mer s?
To sense the current flow across the current transformers and to monitor the current
ratings.
In current transformers no voltage variations occurs. but in voltage transformers it is
mainly used to increase or decrease the voltage value.

Can a c ur r ent t r ansf or mer be used as a vol t age
t r ansf or mer ?
Current Transformers cannot be used as a voltage transformers, they are used to
measure large electrical currents. They are manufactured in the shape of a dough
nut, round with a single hole in the middle. The conductor carrying the current
passes thru this hole. the CT has two terminals, these would be connected to a
ammeter or can be shorted together. When they are shorted together you can use a
standard clamp on ammeter by passing the wire shorting the CT terminals together
thru the meter jaws. The CT is sized by ratio of turns for the current is measuring,
standard ratios of 200 to 5 or 500 to 5 .So if you were meassuring a current of 200
amps, your clamp on meter would read 5amps. A panel ammeter would be set up to
display the amps as 200 amps. Current transformers, when installed should always
have their ouput termianls shorted together or attached to an ammeter, to do so
otherwise will damage the CT.

What i s t he r eason f or usi ng a c ur r ent t r ansf or mer i n an
el ec t r i c al ser vi c e subst at i on?
A current transformer is primarily used at the neutral point of a transformer for earth
fault protection.
A neutral current transformer will measure any ground fault current which will
essentially flow from the star point of the transformer.
A fault-detection device other devices is connected to the current transformer and, if
the fault current exceeds a certain trigger value, the fault-detection device will give a
trip command to an earth-fault relay to disconnect the supply of electricity to the
transformer.

Cor e bal anc e c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
whats a core balance current transformer?
Core Balance CTs are special CTs used to detect Earth faults & usually used for
Restricted Earth Fault Protection.
It is a ring type CT through which the cables carrying current of all the three phases
(R,Y & B) are passed through. (In a 3phase 3 wire system)
Under normal operating conditions, summation of current through the three phases
shall be equal to zero. In event of a fault, the summation of the current shall no
longer remain zero (zero sequence current shall flow during earth fault) & thus the
fault can be detected.

Di f f er enc e bet w een c ur r ent t r ansf or mer and c ur r ent
t r ansduc er ?
Current transformer is a device used to measure the flow of current through a power
system and the measured current is inputted to a protective relay system. It is used
to detect system malfunction.
Current transducer is a device used to measure AC and DC current based on the
halt-effect technology.

How do you c al c ul at e VA bur den of Cur r ent Tr ansf or mer ?
The method I have seen employed is to estimate the maximum current that will flow
in the secondary side of the CT due to fault currents on the primary side, and
calculate the total load (resistance) on the secondary side, including the CT
resistance, cable resistance (2 way for ground faults, 1 way for three phase and L-L),
resistance of any meters/relays connected to the CT. Once this is known, the voltage
rise in the CT can be determined to see if the CT is likely to saturate.
Alternately, you can determine the VA burden by the above, VA =V*I =(I*R)*I, using
Ohm's law.
The above answers the question of how to calculate the VA burdon on a current
transformer. The VA burden of a CT is determined by the resistivity of the CT,
multiplied by the current squared through the secondary. In general, this will be
provided by the manufacturer in the form of a CT burden characteristic, developed
through testing of the CT in question, not through calculations.

Why c ur r ent t r ansf or mer s sec ondar y i s al w ays shor t
c i r c ui t ed?
Unless a burden (i.e. meters, relays, etc.) is connected to the CT, current
transformers should always be shorted across the secondary terminals. The reason is
very high voltages will be induced at the terminals. Think of the CT as a transformer,
with a 1 turn primary and many turns on the secondary. When current is flowing
through the primary, the resulting voltage induced in the secondary can be quite high,
on the order of kilovolts. When a CT fails under open circuit conditions, the cause of
failure is insulation breakdown, either at the shorting terminal strip, or at the
feedthrough (in the case of oil filled apparatus), because the distances between
terminals are not sufficient for the voltages present.

What i s t he di f f er enc e bet w en c ur r ent t r ansf or mer and
pot ent i al t r ansf or mer ?
A current transformer is a donut (toroidal) shaped transformer. You use it to measure
current (expressed in amperes). You run your wire to be measured through the
transformer and it produces a variable output based on the current.
A potential transformer is basically a high ratio transformer that is used to measure
voltage on high-voltage lines. For example: They will use a 10:1 ratio potential
transformer to convert 4160v to 416v. Then they can measure this lower voltage with
a meter. The meter then applies a user programmed multiplier (10) to this number to
calculate the voltage.
What i s di f f er enc e bet w een a c ur r ent t r ansf or mer and a
pow er t r ansf or mer ?
A transformer is an electromagnetic device which often consists of two separate
windings around the same iron core. The two windings are called the primary and the
secondary and normally they are electrically insulated from each other. Current in the
primary is normally driven by the circuit to which it is connected. Current in the
secondary normally drives the circuit to which it is connected. Many variations of this
theme exist and most of them aren't relevant here.
A power transformer is intended to transform large amounts of power at one voltage
to a very similar amount of power at a different voltage. A little power will always be
lost in the transformer core and windings, and good transformer design keeps that
loss very small. You will most often come across 'step-down' transformers, where the
voltage on the primary is high and the voltage on the secondary is low. For example
if you have a model train set with electrically driven trains, for safety reasons the
voltage on the rails has to be quite low - a few volts. Unfortunately for efficiency
reasons the voltage of the power delivered to your home has to be quite high - one
or two hundred volts. A power transformer is used to transform the voltage from the
dangerous levels delivered to your home to a few volts, which is much safer. Nobody
cares very much how accurately the transformer does this, so a cheap transformer
with a turns ratio of the order of a hundred (on the primary) to one (on the
secondary) will do. Note that in a power transformer, the voltage ratio from primary to
secondary is approximately the same as the turns ratio of primary to secondary. The
primary winding will usually be placed on the core first, then the secondary winding
will be wound on top of that.
A current transformer is usually a measurement device. The emphasis here is on
measurement, not on power transformation, and on accuracy, not on efficiency. If you
work in a power station and you want to measure a current of tens of thousands of
amperes you might not have a multimeter which has a range that high. So you can
use a current transformer to make the measurement. The current transformer will
(usually) mirror the flow of current in its primary with a current in its secondary which
is exactly proportional to the flow in the primary but very much smaller. For example
a current transformer with a turns ration of one (on the primary) to ten thousand (on
the secondary) will produce a current in the secondary of one ten-thousandth of the
current in the primary. Then your multimeter, connected directly across the secondary
of the transformer and set to measure current, will register only 100 milliamps when
there is a current in the primary of a thousand amps. Do not connect a multimeter on
a current range to the secondary of a power transformer!
When a power transformer is not being used, the primary winding can be left
connected to the power supply and the secondary winding can simply be
disconnected. The transformer itself will consume very little power. With a current
transformer, if it is left in circuit when it is not being used then the secondary winding
must be short-circuited; otherwise dangerous voltages will be developed in the
winding which may destroy insulation. Do not short-circuit the secondary of a power
transformer!
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current_transformer
-- GWH --
CURRENT TRANSFORMER:
Think firstly of ac current indication on a distribution switchboard incomer - maybe on
a power condition monitoring relay or an incomer protection relay.
For a low voltage board ( 400V ) it may be several hundred amps or more.
This current cannot flow directly through the relays, due to a number of reasons of
practicality.
The size of terminations & separation are not suitable for starters - consider the csa
of bus bars carrying a few hundred amps....
A current transformer is an interface device which will provide a secondary winding
current, proportional to that a) in its primary winding if wired or b) the conductor
passing through its centre ( torroidal CT ), which can be used for metering, protection
& indication purposes. CTs have standard ratios available, ie 100:5 & 2000:1 are
common, & are also accuracy classed. Certain protection applications will require
matched pairs of CTs to be used at higher accuracy levels.

CTs are tested to demonstrate their kneepoint, which is the point at which they
saturate, electromagnetically.
A typical application of CTs would be on a large motor feeder circuit. At the MCC, the
outgoing cable ends wound each pass through perhaps a 100 : 5 CT, & then all
three cables would pass through a common CT for earth fault detection which maybe
2000:1 ratio.
POWER TRANSFORMER:
Changes voltage level up for distribution or down for consumption.
Range from a few VA rated, to several hundred MVA.
Can be tapped to control voltage.
May be star or delta connected on each winding, and give phase shift depending on
this connection & resultant vector group. eg Dyn11
May be air or oil, forced or natural cooled - ONAN, ONAF ( with fans ), OFAF ( fans
and pumps )
Are protected for over temp, over pressure, over current, gas in oil etc.
CTB.

How c ur r ent t r ansf or mer w or k s ex pl ai n w i t h c i r c ui t
di agr am?
Current transformers are used to transform high currents to standardized values for
control equipment as relays and meters.The primary winding in a current transformer
is incorporated in the line and carries the current flowing in the network. The
magnitude of the secondary current is dependent of the ratio of the transformer.A
current transformer (CT) is a type of instrument transformer designed to provide a
current in its secondary winding proportional to the alternating current flowing in its
primary. They are commonly used in metering and protective relaying in the electrical
power industry where they facilitate the safe measurement of large currents, often in
the presence of high voltages. The current transformer safely isolates measurement
and control circuitry from the high voltages typically present on the circuit being
measured.The most common design of CT consists of a length of wire wrapped many
times around a silicon steel ring passed over the circuit being measured. The CT's
primary circuit therefore consists of a single 'turn' of conductor, with a secondary of
many hundreds of turns.The CT acts as a constant-current series device with an
apparent power burden a fraction of that of the high voltage primary circuit. Hence
the primary circuit is largely unaffected by the insertion of the CT.UsageCurrent
transformers are used extensively for measuring current and monitoring the operation
of the power grid. The CT is typically described by its current ratio from primary to
secondary. Often, multiple CTs are installed as a "stack" for various uses (for
example, protection devices and revenue metering may use separate CTs). Similarly
potential transformers are used for measuring voltage and monitoring the operation of
the power grid.
What i s t he r el at i onshi p bet w een a c ur r ent t r ansf or mer
and a vol t age t r ansf or mer ?
A transformer is a device that steps up, or steps down voltage. During this process
current is also stepped up or down:however, voltage and current are inversely
proportional ( meaning an increase in voltage results in a decrease in current and
vice versa ) As an example: A step up transformer of 10:1 ratio with 12 volts and 10
amper of current applied to the primary will have ten times the voltage ( 120 volts )
and ten times less current ( 1 amrere ) at the secondary...and a step down
transformer with the same turns ratio with 120 volts and 1 ampere applied to the
primary will have 12 volts and ten ampere available at the secondary. The electricity
supplied into homes and business uses wires carrying very high voltage and low
current over long distances, then uses step down transformers to step down the
voltage and step up the current.
However, in power engineering and protective relaying applications, there are what
are called "instrument transformers" which have the specific purpose of providing

information to devices (such as relays or meters) about the voltages or currents in
the power system. Therefore, there are some differences in construction and
connectivity between a Current Transformer (CT) and a Voltage (or Potential)
Transformer (PT).
A CT will typically have a toroidal core and evenly distributed secondary windings so
as to minimize leakage reactance. The primary is typically the main power line
conductor, which passes directly through the toroidal core. This type of transformer is
specifically for the purpose of measuring current values, and the secondary windings
cannot be left open-circuited, or a large voltage will be produce, resulting in dielectric
failure (and often an explosion). If a device is not connected to the CT, its secondary
must be short-circuited.
A PT is connected between the main conductor and ground and can be either wound
in the normal way, or the voltage can be taken from a subsection of a string of
capacitors (this is called a Capacitive Voltage Tansformer or CVT, and is usually
cheaper than the wound type, but is typically not as accurate). This type of
transformer measures voltage values, and the secondary winding cannot be short-
circuited, as this will produce excessively high currents, resulting in the failure of the
PT or the wires it is connected to. A PT can be left open-circuited.

How do you di sc onnec t ammet er f r om c ur r ent
t r ansf or mer ?
A CT's secondary winding must never be open circuited as it may provide a shock
hazard to the user. The terminals to which an ammeter is connected to a CT is
normally provided with a set of links that must be closed, short-circuiting the CT,
before the ammeter can be removed. The ammeter must the be reinstalled before
the shorting links are reopened.

Why you must never l eave t he sec ondar y of a c ur r ent
t r ansf or mer open c i r c ui t ed?
If current flows in the primary with the secondary open circuit, a large voltage will be
produced on the secondary most likely causing it to burn up. The condition is very
dangerous and should be avoided.so,the secondary of the current transformer should
be
always close circuited.
What happen w hen c ur r ent t r ansf or mer sat ur at e?
I am assuming that we are referring to an ordinary power transformer working at 50-
60 Hz of alternating current circuit system. Saturation in these transformers is the
result of the magnetic field in the iron core reaching the saturation phase. At low
current levels on the input side (currents are measured in amperes or amps) the
magnetic filed produced in the core increases linearly with the current. Consequently,
the current produced in the output coils is proportional to the input currents. If the
amount of current in the input coil is large, the magnetic field in the core will not be a
smooth sine wave, but a sine wave with tops and bottoms chopped as the magnetic
core reaches saturation at the peak current level. This happens even if the input
current remains a sine wave. The current induced in the output is directly proportional
to the magnetic field and hence has the same shape - chopped off sine wave. Here
are some of the implications:
1. Energy transfer from input to output is now limited by the chopping process which
limits the peak current that can be induced into the output coil.
2. Energy transfer efficiency goes down - more energy may be poured in, but output
energy does not increase significantly. Transformer will heat up as input coils
experience greater currents. There will also be greater heating of the magnetic core
due to magnetic hysteresis effects.
3. The output current has a chopped sine wave shape and hence has more

'harmonics' - waves with frequencies that are multiples of the input waves. The output
current wave shape resembles a square wave more than the input sine wave. This is
akin to waves produced by electric guitar distortion equipment. While this may not be
important in some applications such as heating, it is usually unacceptable in audio
transformers.

How do you do a megger t est on a c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
to perform insulation test on the ct
you need a conductor on the primary side.
connect the equipment test lead one o the coductor on primary and the other to the
secondary

What i s magnet o opt i c al c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
moct is device measure the current by means of faraday's effect..

What i s t he di f f er enc e bet w een 5P10 and 5P20 c ur r ent
t r ansf or mer s?
PS c l ass means pr ot ec t i on
c l ass CT. 5P10 means 5% er r or
show n w hi l e 10 t i mes f aul t c ur r ent f l ow s.and 5P20
5% er r or
show n w hi l e 20 t i mes f aul t c ur r ent f l ow s
henc e 5P20
super i or c ompar i ng t o 5P10

What i s k nee poi nt vol t age of c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
10 % increase in voltage gives you 50 % increase in excitation current is called knee
point voltage.To measure this first demagnetise the CT and applyvoltage gradually
from secondary keeping primarywinding open circuited. while doing this above
phenomeneo will be obsesrved.

Why sec ondar y of c ur r ent t r ansf or mer not t o be k ept
open?
The secondary of a CT must always have a load connected. An open circuit
secondary can result in the development of a dangerously high secondary voltage. If
a CT is energized but is not used, the output terminals of the CT must be shorted
out.

Cur r ent t r ansf or mer s vs pot ent i al t r ansf or mer s?
Current tranformers transform amps(current) and usually have ratios of 100/1 or
2400/1. They come in different classes and accuracy factors depending on the
application which can be for instrumentation or protection.
Voltage transformers transform voltage. Either up, like at power stations for
transmission to distribution, or down, like your cellphone charger from your house
supply to the low voltage your cellphone needs. Ratios are for example 6600/400
Volts or 110/12 Volts. they also come in different classes and ratings as needed.

What i s Rat i o er r or and phase er r or i n a Cur r ent
Tr ansf or mer ?
RATIO ERRORThe secondary current is less than the expected value. The
secondary is less in magnitude. This diffence is known as ratio error.PHASE
ERRORThe angle between the expected and actual secondary current is known as
phase error.

What i s c ur r ent t r ansf or mer and i t s f unc t i on ?
A current transformer is used in high voltage circuits where it is not possible to
measure current directly. A CT is a step up transformer with only one turn in primary.
There will be as many cores based on the purposes like metering, protection etc. The
secondary of a CT should never be kept open circuited bcoz very high flux will be
developed in the secondary and hence it may be damaged.

How t o c al i br at e a c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
how to calibrate current transformer ?
What t ypes of c ur r ent t r ansf or mer ?
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS ARE BROADLY CLASSIFIED AS
RING TYPE CTs : A CT which has an opening in the center to accommodate a
primary conductor (busbar or cable) through it.
BAR -PRIMARY CTs A CT in which the primary winding consists of bar of suitable
size and, material forming an integral part of the CT.
WOUND TYPE CTs : A CT having a primary winding of more than ane full turn
wound on the core.
Ring type (or rectangular type) CTs are normally preferred over other types of CTs.
because they are simple in construction, mechanically stronger and cheaper. In a ring
type/bar primary type CTs the working ampere-turns are determined by the primary
current and therefore necessarily, the accuracy that can be offered with these CTs
becomes progressively inferior as the rated primary current decreases.'-If higher
accuracy and burdens are required for CTs of low primary current wound types CTs
are used.
Current transformers are also classified in accordance with their nature of application,
i.e.
MEASURING CURRENT TRANSFORMER & PROTECTIVE CURRENT
TRANSFORMER. CTs can be manufactured to suit above individual application or
combined dual purpose application.
FOLLOWING ARE FEW GENERAL TYPES
OF CTs.
1) INTERPOSING CTs. : These CTs are used in conjuction with main CTs to alter
the ratio of main CT or to provide isolation to meters or relays from main CTs
secondary circuit. Primary current of these CTs are generally lower than 1 0 amp.
Due to which they are always wound primary types.
2) SUMMATION CTs : 'When current flowing, in more than one feeder is required to
be meteredi summation current transformer are used. These CTs are provided with
more than one primary winding and one common secondary. The standard primary &
secondary currents are 5 or 1 amp. Summation current transformers are generally
manufacture-confirming to ISS 6949.
3) BUSHING TYPE OR BUSDUCT CTs These CTs are Ring type construction & can

be mounted on Busduct or Bushing turrert of power transformer.
4) CORE BALANCE CTs : These are ring type CTs & suitable for the measurement
of the sum of three phase currents in a 3-ph cable. Under normal operating
conditions this sum is zero. In the event of an earth-fawt the sum of the current is
equal to the zero sequence current. These CTs are generally used with English
Electric make CTUM 15 static relay. It is necessary to specify leakage current to be
detected along with minimum setting of the relay and size of cable at the time of
ordering CT.
5) FURNACE TRANSFORMERS : These transformers are generally split core type
which can be easily mounted on the bus of furnace transformer. Primary current of
these transformers are o value 10,000 Amp & above.? Special precaution is
necessary to reduce the heat de@eloped in the transformers due to eddy current
during design and manufacture.
6) PRECISION GRADE CURRENT TRANSFORMERS : These CTs are of accuracy
of 0.1, 0.2 or 0.5 and used as a standard current transformer to check
accuracies of other transformer. These current transformers are either wound primary
or ring type and manufactured -in. teakwood cases.

What i s c l ass PS i n c ur r ent Tr ansf or mer ?
What is class PS in current transformer. application

How does c ur r ent t r ansf or mer w or k s i n a subst at i on?
A current transformer works on the same principle as that of a simple transformer
however it steps down the high current into a low level so that it can be measured
using an ammeter of a suitable range. In some current transformers extra cores are
provided. This is done in order to prevent the faulty currents i.e. the over currents,
earth faults, differential protections. The extra cores of a C.T. gets saturated as soon
as the faulty currents starts flowing and thereby does not harm the main core of the
transformer and the ammeter connected. The C.T. is always connected in the line
carrying current. It first steps down the current to a measureable form and further
gives this current to the ammeter.

Why c ur r ent t r ansf or mer c onnec t i n ser i es i n pow er
syst em equi pment ?
CT(Current Transformer) is used to measure current flowing in the circuit. Current
can be fully drawn or sensed in series condition. That's why , it is connected in
series.
In parallel , the current is divided; and hence the total current cannot be measured)
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