Modern Physics

Instructor: Tung, Hsin-Han

Room: 6210-2
Phone: 381358 or ext-1358
Email: hhtung@nuu.edu.tw
website: web.nuu.edu.tw/~hhtung/

text book:
Beiser Concept of Modern Physics, McGraw Hill, ( TEL:
02-2311-4027)
1
Student Solution Manual (odd-numbered problems)
Reference books:
1. Eisberg & Resnick, Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids,
Nuclei and Particles, Wiley
2. Feynman and R. Phillips, The Feynman lectures on Physics,
Addison-Wesley
3. Taylor, Zafiratos and Dubson, Modern Physics for Scientists and
Engineers, Prentice Hall ( TEL: 02-2290-0318)
4. P. A. Tipler, R. A. Llewellyn, Modern Physics, Freeman 4
th
ed.(
)
5. S. T. Thornton, A. Rex, Modern Physics for scientists and engineers
2
nd
ed. Thomson( )
6. D. C. Giancoli, Pyhsics for scientists and engineers with Modern
Physics, Prenticd Hall, 3
rd
ed. ( )
2
7. H. C. Ohanian, Modern Physics, Prentice-Hall (1987)


Grading:
1. Attendance and Participation: 10%
2. Class test: 20%
3. Midterm exam: 30%
4. Final exam: 40%




What is Modern Physics
Modern physics begain in 1900 with Max Planks discovery of the role
3
of energy quantization in blackbody radiation.


Contents
1. Relativity
2. Particle Properties of Waves
3. Wave Properties of Particles
4. Atomic Structure
5. Quantum Mechanics
6. Quantum Theory of The Hydrogen Atom
7. Many-Electron Atoms
8. Molecules
9. Statistical Mechanics
10.The Solid State
4
11.Nuclear Structures
12.Nuclear Transformation
13.Elementary Particles
14.Astrophysics and Cosmology


Ch1. Relativity

Introduction
1. Einstein Special Relativity
2. Time

:
5
6
The answer is:????

A B C
1 10 10 10 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 30
3 0 0 0 5 25
4 1 1 1 2 25
7


A B C
10:00 AM 9 9 9 0 0
2:00 PM 0 0 0 2 25
4 :1+1+1+2+25 9x3+2
( ) 27 25
:
1. ( )
2.


:
5 10
8
The answer is: ?????









5 ( ) 10 ( )

time,length,mass

9

:


c v >
Sol:
10


p.s. t=t
ether wind ?
ether wind v

11

The Michelson-Morley Experiment (1887)

:
1.
2.
12
3.

:
viewing screen
destructive interference pattern

:
To their surprise: none was found

:
1. The ether wind does not exist. And
2. Maybe the speed of light is the same for all observers

Frames of Reference
13
Any frame of reference that moves at constant velocity relative to an
inertial frame is itself an inertial frame.
All inertial frames are equally valid:
1. All constant-velocity motion is relative:

2. no absolute motion

The first postulate of Special Relativity:
The law of physics are the same in all inertial frames of reference (or
must be the same for all observers moving at constant velocity with
respect to each other).

The second (most important) postulate of Special Relativity:
14
The speed of light in free space has the same value in all inertial frames
of reference, independent of their motion.



: ( )
15


:
Apollo 11
10.8X10
3
m/s( 39 )

1909
16

1864 Maxwell
source velocity


Clock and Time dilation
clock clock
: clock clock atomic clock light clock:
17


light clock v rocket ( A) (B)
:

18


19

:


:
1. time interval A
20
B
2. B A
Time dilation
3. light clock A B
4. light clock life clock clock

5. Every observer finds that clocks in motion relative to him tick more
slowly than clocks at rest relative to him
21


6. clock ? The answer is: both observers are correct, in
their own reference frame There is nor preferred inertial frame of
reference ( clock !)
22
7.
0
2
2
1
t
t
v
c
=

t real v c Nothing can move faster than

the speed of light :

Example:
A spacecraft is moving to the earth. An observer on the earth finds that,
between 1 P.M. and 2 P. M. according to her clock, 3601s elapse on the
23
spacecrafts clock. What is the spacecrafts speed relative to the earth?
sol:
1pm 2pm( tick 3600 )
3601

0
3600, t = 3601 t =
0
2 2
2 2
6
3600
3601
1 1
7.1 10 /
t
t
v v
c c
v m s
= =

=

:proper time is the minimum time (
)
1972 The phenomenon of time dilation was measured by comparing very
stable atomic clock in jet flight with reference clocks on the ground.
Time differences of the order of 10
-9
s were observed, in agreement with
24
the prediction of Einstein theory.
25
26


Doppler Effect
Doppler effect for sound wave
27

Doppler effect for light wave:
28



29


30


Example: A driver is caught going through a red light. The driver claims
to the judge that the color she actually saw was green (f=5.6X10
14
Hz)
and not red (f
0
=4.8X10
14
Hz) because of the doppler effect. The judge
accepts this explanation and instead fines her for speeding at the rate
of $1 for each km/h she exceeded the speed limit of 80km/h. What was
the fine?
31


sol
32
Honest is the best policy!



Doppler Effect


33

The speeds of recession are observed to be proportional to
distance, which suggests that the entire universe is expanding. This
proportionality is called Hubbles law.

34


Example:
A distant galaxy in the constellation( ) Hydra( ) is receding
from the earth at 6.12x10
7
m/s. By how much is a green spectral line
of wavelength 500 nm emitted by this galaxy shifted toward the red end
of the spectrum ?
sol:
35


v The galaxy is believed to be
2.9 billion light-year away.

Simultaneity
1. :
36
:


37
Simultaneity is a relative concept and not an absolute one.





Length Contraction
:
38

39




:
40

muon cosmic ray 4500 atmosphere
collide muon 0.995c muon life time
2.2us( decay into an electron or positron) muon
(2.2us)x(0.995c)=657
muon ????
41
:


42
43


Twin Paradox:

Example:
Dick and Jane are twins. Dick is 20y old when he takes off on a space
voyage at a speed of 0.8c to a star 20 light-years away. Dick and Jane
each send out a radio signal once a year while Dick away. How many signals
44
does Dick receive? How many does Jane receive?
sol:

45

46




47


Galilian Transformation

:
1. S v
x
=c, v

x
=c-v, v

x
=c
2. Maxwells equations Galilian Transformation



48


Lorentz Tranformation
49



50

51

Example:
Derive the relative length contraction using the Lorentz transformation.
sol:
52

Example:
Derive the time dilation using the inverse Lorentz transformation.
53
sol:

54
55


Velocity Addition

:
56
57


Example:
Spacecraft Alpha is moving at 0.9c with respect to earth. If spacecraft
Beta is to pass Alpha at a relative speed of 0.5c in the same direction,
what speed must Beta have with respect to the earth?
sol:

58

Electricity and Magnetism
Electric charge is relativistically invariant
from Maxwells Eqs.

m
H dl I and F I L B = =


DC current
(Length contraction)

59

Relativistic Mass & Momentum

60


61

: as Einstein wrote, the idea of relativistic mass is not good
because no clear definition can be given. It is better to introduce no
other mass concept than the rest mass.

Example
Find the acceleration of a particle mass m and velocity v when it is
62
acted upon by the constant force F, where F is parallel to v.
sol:



Mass and Energy:
63

2
E mc =
:
64



65
1. If m
0
=1g=10
-3
kg (10
-3
)x(3x10
8
)
2
= 9x10
15
J.
2. Mass can be created or destroyed, but when
this happens, an equivalent amount of energy simultaneously vanishes
or comes into being, and vice versa. Mass and energy are different
aspects of the same thing.
3. H He 4x10
-11
J
4.44x10
-28
kg.
4. E=mc
2


Example:
A stationary body explodes into two fragments each of mass 1.0kg that
move apart at speeds of 0.6c relative to the original body. Find the
mass of the original body.
sol:
66



Example
Solar energy reaches the earth at the rate of about 1.4kW per square
meter of surface perpendicular to the direction of the sun. By how much
does the mass of the sun decrease per second owing to this energy loss?
67
The mean radius of the earths orbit is 1.5x10
11
m.

sol:

: 2x10
30
kg, 2x10
30
/4.4x10
9
=
68
4.5x10
20
=1.43x10
13
= 143000

Kinetic Energy at Low Speeds
v c

69

v < 1x10
7
m/s 0.08%


Energy & Momentum
E P
70
:

Massless Particles:
Can a massless particle exist?
:
71

Example:
An electron (m = 0.511 MeV/c
2
) and photon both have momentum of 2.000
MeV/c. Find the total energy of each.
sol:
72


General Relativity
1916 Einstein
Einstein Equivalent Principle
An observer in a closed laboratory cannot distinguish between the effects
produced by a gravitational field and those produced by an acceleration
73
of the laboratory.

F( )/m=a F( )/m=a a


1. space and time spacetime
74
2. Picture gravity as a warping of spacetime due to the presence of
a body of matter. Gravitational field of sun cause a curvature of
space.


3. Bending of light by gravity: E= mc
2
, m=E/c
2
.

75

4. Gravitational lens: deflected by 1.75 arc seconds
76

77


5. The precession of Mercury orbit
78

6. Gravitational Red Shift: finding the black hole.
7. GPS: Global Position System
79

The GPS system has an accuracy of about a meter.
the speed of light is a constant, independent
of the relative motion of the source; time dilation of the moving
satellite clocks and general relativity effect)would lead to positioning
errors of a few hundred meters.

80
81
The Grand Unification Theory:
Bring gravitational force, electromagnetic force, weak force and strong
force into a single picture.
Still unsolved to this day.