EXPERIMENT 4 : TENSILE TEST OF STEEL BAR

a. OBJECTIVE
To test the behavior and characteristic of soft steel specimen under stress test.
b. INTRODUCTION
Results from the stress test (or tension) are always argued in many ways. Stress () is the
force spread averagely along the surface area. Thus,
= Load applied / Surface area
Loads under stress will cause deformation in the length on the specimen. Strain () defined as
the changes of the length/ original length. The changed length is measured on certain length
(known as standard length). Tension, is always small and sometimes translated in percentage.
Result from strain test (or tensile) defined as the tension against tensile. Normally a material
is classified base on this stress-strain graph as shown below.















Diagram 1 : Stress Strain Graph

At first, the entire curve in graph 1 show linear relationship between stress and strain. (OA).
This is the flexibility zone and curve OA is the Young Modulus for the material tested. Under
this zone, if the material can return to the original form when the forces is not applied on the
material. If this specimen passes thru point B, this specimen is said to become Plastic. Stress at
point B is known as Yield Point. Some material breaks at this Yield Point. These are rupture
material. Material which can goes under yield point is categorized as necking material.
Apparatus: (1) Torsees Universal Testing Machine
(2) Puncher
(3) Stress test specimen

c. PROCEDURES
1. A center line is measured persist at few point in the original length. Cross-sectional area is
calculated.
2. Two points is marked at the specimen with puncher. Specimen is placed to the testing
machine.
3. Specimen is loaded slowly and constantly
4. Once it reach the yield point, the load will added onto the specimen slowly and constantly
until it break into two. The reading is recorded for the ultimate load and break load.

d. CONCLUSION
The value for stress and strain is calculated and the curve of stress-strain is drawn.
The values for Young Modulus, Ultimate Strength are calculated.
The percentage of values of decreasing area and length is calculated.
The result is arranged in the table below
Mechanic characteristic Steel specimen (Y16)
Yield strength 4491.8 kgf

Tension stress 5138.1 kgf

Young modulus 318.42 N/mm
Percentage of elongation 23.98%

Original Length = 80 mm
e. CALCULATION
Cross-section area of hard steel
Cross sectional area (S
0
) = M
L x 0.00785

= 367.4
620.23 x 0.00785

= 75.46 mm
2


Diameter of hard steel
Area = d
2

4

d
2
= 75.46 mm
2
4

d
2
= 301.84
d= 9.8 mm


Stress value and strain value
Hard steel
stress,

Formula,() = Load x 9.81(Nmm)
Cross Sectional Area

= 367.4
x 9.81
75.46

= 47.76 N/mm
2
strain,


Formula, () = Elongation
Original Length

= L
1
- L
0


L
0


= 61.99 - 50
80
= 0.15
Young modulus , E
hard steel
Young Modulus, E For Tensile Steel
Formula E = Stress
Strain

=

= 47.76
0.15
= 318.42 N/mm

Yield strength-
hard steel
Yield Stress = Yield Load x 9.81(Nmm)
Cross Sectional Area

= P(Yield) x 9.81
A

= 4491.8 kgf
X 9.81
75.46

=583.95 N/mm
22
2

Tension stress soft steel
Tensile stress =Ultimate/Maximum Load x 9.81(Nmm)
Cross Sectional Area

= P(Ultimate) x 9.81
A
= 5138.1 kgf
X 9.81
75.46

= 667.97 N/mm
22
2
Percentage of elongation


L
1
L
0
61.99-50
X 100 = X 100
L
0
50


= 23.98 %