Mi ni mumSl ab Thi ckness

To cont r ol excessi ve def l ect i on, t he f ol l owi ng

sl ab t hi cknesses ar e r ecommended:
( 2)

St eel Spaci ng For mul a
The desi gnof a sl ab wi l l be based ona st r i p of 12 i n. wi dt h wi t h a dept h h. I f S
i s denot e spaci ng of t he r ei nf or cement and Ni s t he Number of bar s used
i n 12"
wi dt h t he one
may
wr i t e
t he
f ol l owi ng:
_
as
p sd
As =as N,

as i s t he ar ea of one bar .
_ AS _

AS

_ Na, _ as
p

bd

( 12) ( d)

Nsd

sd
Ch. 11

Sl ab
Desi gn One Way)
or S
as
=-
pd
h = L/ 20 L/ 24 L/ 28 L/ 10
Temper at ur e/ Shr i nkage t eel
To handl e s t r es s
whi ch may i nduce due t o t emper at ur e
and s hr i nkage, s t eel
pr ovi ded
i n t wodi r ect i ons one i s t he mai n s t eel
car r yi ng t he l oad and t he ot her
i n
a di r ect i on per pendi cul ar and
accor di ng t o ACL, t he r ei nf or cement
r at es f or
t emper at ur e and s hr i nkage pt .
pt =0. 00020
f or Gr ade 40 s t eel
pt =0 . 0018 f or Gr ade 60 s t eel .
and t he s paci ng of t he s t eel
s houl d be cal cul at ed as s =
a,

but s houl d not be
pt d
l ar ger t han t he s mal l er of ( 5
h or 18 i n. ) .
( 4)

Pr ocedur e f or Sl ab
Des i gn ( One
Way)
1)

Comput e s l ab t hi cknes s accor di ng
t o t he t abl e pr ovi ded by
ACI .
2)

Comput e t he t ot al
f act or ed l oad ( dead l oad, s el f
wei ght , and l i ve l oad) .
3)

Comput e
t he ul t i mat e movement ( M) at t he
ends ( negat i ve
moment ) and
t he mi ddl e
( pos i t i ve moment ) us i ng
t he ACI coef f i ci ent s .
4)

Comput e t he r ei nf or cement r at i o
:
a)

Us i ng t abl e B- 2
( f r omMand d) , or
b)

Get

R=bat =
( 12) d
2
and f i nd

p =mI
1- _h- 2f R
Y
m=
f Y
0. 85 f e '
5)

Cal cul at e
t he r equi r ed s paci ng
S
=
ad .
P
46

Rei nf orced Concrete
cri ti cal moment val ues wi thi n 10 or 15%
of
theactual val ues, morethancl ose
enoughf or
prel i mi nary desi gn
purposes. Once an ap-
proxi mate
moment
val ue i s determi ned, the
requi red cross-secti onal di mensi ons
to ac-
commodate that
moment saf el y and eco-
nomi cal l y are f ound.
Other chapters i n thi s
book
are
devoted to procedures and desi gn
ai ds that hel p achi eve thi s next step i n a
strai ghtf orward manner .
4. 5 ACI COEFFI CI ENTS
TheAmeri can Concrete I nsti tute (ACI ) Code
provi des
some coef f i ci ents whi ch
can be
used i n l i eu of an i ndetermi nate anal ysi s f or
bui l di ngs of usual constructi on and com-
monl y encountered l oad and span condi -
ti ons. These are provi ded i n Fi gure 4. 18. I n
most i nstances theytend to be conservati ve.
and theref ore are more appropri ate f or pre-
l i mi nary desi gn than f or use i n the f i nal de-
si gn process. They can be used f or conti n-
uous sl abs or beams, but the Code restri cts
thei r
use
to si tuati ons where:
1.
Two
or
more spans
exi st
.
2. Onl y uni f orml oads are present .
3.

Thel i ve l oaddoes not exceed threeti mes
the dead l oad.
4. The l onger of any two adj acent spans
does not exceedthe shorter by morethan
20%
.
I nFi gure
4. 18thespanl engthL
i s
to betaken
as
the cl ear span f or the posi ti ve moment
andthe
average
of
two
adj acent cl ear spans
f or negati ve moments. When there are
two
di f f erent coef f i ci ents f or negati ve moments
on opposi te si des of a supporti ng el ement,
the l arger moment shoul d be used f or both
because onl y one pattern of negati ve mo-
~,

f G_ 15. _f ~
^vcre~; vo: _ey
FI GURE4. 18

ACI moment coef f i ci ents.
ment
steel wi l l
bepl aced across that support
when
the
desi gn i s f i nal l y executed.
For i nteri or spans the maxi mumsheari ng
f orce maybe takenas hal f thespan l oad, i . e. ,
wU2. For an exteri or span, however, the
11. 1 THI CKNESSof ONE-WAY
SLABS
Theover al l ` i : i ckness of most one-way sl abs
i s establ i shed by the Amer i can Concr ete I n-
sti tute (ACI ; Code pr ovi si ons for mi ni mum
thi ckness .
I n l i eu of pr ovi di ng
accur ate de-
fl ecti on computati ons . the Code i ndi cates
that the mi ni mum"thi ckness of constr uc-
ti on" val ues of Tabl e 11. 1 maybeused. For
many bear ds the pr opor ti ons di ctated by
good desi g_ -i pr acti ce and economi cal con-
str ucti on
c ; i l l r esul t i n
thi cknesses gr eater
than these. However , for sl abs thi s i s usual l y
not the case.
Aone-wa: . - conti nuous sl ab spanni ng 12 ft
wi l l have t . e fol l o. vi ng thi ckness i f di ctated
by
Tabl e I. 1 :
h

1 (12~
=

28

=5. 14
=
5 . 5 i n
The same span i f si mpl y- suppor ted r ather
than conti nuous wi l l have
_ 12(12)
n

20

=i . 2_

=
7. 3 i n
11. 2 TEMPERATURE/
SHRI NKAGESTEEL
Concr ete el ements r equi r e r ei nfor ci ng to be
pl aced
for the contr ol of cr acks due totem-
per atur e
and shr i nkage str esses wher ever r e-
i nfor ci ng has
not been pl aced for str uctur al
TABLE11. 1

Mi ni mumthi ckmesses
Mi ni mumThi ckness, h
Sol i d one-wa_ v
sl abs

L20 U24 U28 L' 10
Beams

L16 U18. 5 U21 L' 8
102

Rei nf orced Concrete
reasons.
I n beams and col umns pl enty of
steel exi sts
to handl e the
temperature and
shri nkage stresses as wel l as stresses f rom
l i ve
and dead l oads. However, i n a one-wav
sl ab
temperature steel i s normal l y requi red
i n the
di recti on perpendi cul ar
to
the mo-
ment steel . I t i s usual l y pl aced between the
negati ve and posi ti ve moment steel . The
Code
requi res that pt f or temperature. ,' shri nk-
age be
at l east as l arge as
0
. 0020f or Grade40steel
0
. 0018 f or Grade 60steel
where
p
;
i s baseduponthef ul l sl abthi ckness
As
P
~
-
6h
11. 3
STEELREQUI REMENTS
FOR
MOMENT
TheCode al so
requi res that bars pl aced f or
temperature or
shri nkage
be no
f arther apart
than the smal l er of
f i ve ti mes
the sl ab
thi ck-
ness. or 18 i n.
Knowi ngthat the pri mary rei nf orci ng steel
f or sl abs i s of ten #4or #5bars andthe cover
requi rement f or sl abs i s i n cl ear, i t i s easyto
get an ef f ecti vedepthval ue. I f weassume the
use
of #4bars, e. g. , i n asl abwhi chi s 5 i n
thi ck, the dval ue wi l l be 5i n l ess 4' -i n cover
l ess i -i n
bar radi us, or 4i n net .
For
conti nuous sl abs the ACI coef f i ci ents
di scussed
i n Chapter 4 are parti cul arl y
usef ul
. For exampl e, i f wecanascertai n that
the sl ab
i n questi on f i ts one of the cases i n
Fi gure 4. 18b,
and the desi gn moments can
thus be
determi ned, then f i ndi ng out the
amount of steel needed at each
cruci al
mo-
ment l ocati on i s not di f f i cul t .
Tabl es B. 2 of the Appendi x provi de
NI ,
val ues f or a one-f oot wi dth of sl ab f or vari -
ous p
and d combi nati ons. Three concrete
strengths f or eachof thetwocommonl yused
steel
strengths are i ncl uded. Thetabl es have
p val ues
bel ow
pmi n
f or beams
because f or
sl abs the mi ni mumamount of f l exural steel
requi red i s governed by temperature and
shri nkage rather than bendi ng, except that
moment bars shal l bepl aced no f arther apart
than the l esser of three ti mes the sl ab thi ck-
ness, or 18
i n.
Oncethep needed has been establ i shed,
i t
i s easy to determi ne the spaci ngrequi red to
provi de the correspondi ngamount of steel .
Exampl e 11. 1

Assume that by usi ng the mi ni -
mumthi ckness requi rements a certai n sl abmust
be
at l east 6 i n thi ck. I f f , =3000psi and
f: .
_
40
ksi , determi ne the requi red spaci ng of #4
bars
i n order to carry a f actored l oad moment of
4. 5 ki p-f t .
Sol uti on:

The ef f ecti ve depthwi l l be 6i n l ess
i n l ess 1 i n, or 5
i n. FromTabl e B. 2( 4013) ,
f or Grade 40steel
and3000psi concrete we f i nd
that a p val ue of 0
. 0055
i s
needed f or an
" V1r
of
4. 3 ki p-f t .
Si nce f or a 12-i n wi dth
and knowi ngthat the number
of bars i n a 12-i n
wi dthi s 12
=
s, then
0. 20
s =
0. 0055( 5)
5
=p( 12) ( d)
cohere as =area of
one bar .
Setti ng these two
expressi ons equal to one an-
other gi ves us
as
pd
Si nce the area
of one #4bar i s 0. 20i n2, weget
=7 . 3

( roundi ngdown)
. -
7 i n
Thi s i s wi t hi n t he Code cont r ol s of 3h, or 18 i n,
f or
maxi mumspaci ng of moment bar s .
Fi nal l y, we need t o check t hi s
r esul t agai nst
t he r equi r ement f or t emper at ur ei shr i nkage . Thi s
i s
based upon t he f ul l t hi ckness, andf or Gr ade 40
st eel
we must pr ovi de a p, of at l east
0
. 0020:
as
pr h
bay,
one-way sl ab.
0. 20
0. 0020(6)
16. 6
=
16. 5 i n
12 . 5(12)
h =

28

=5 . 36 =5 . 5 i n
FI GURE
11. 1

Thr ee-
G
Si nce
7 i n i s l ess t han 16. 5 i n, t he t emper at ur e%
shr i nkage
r equi r ement wi l l not
gover n .
Temper at ur e/ shr i nkage
st eel
wi l l be r equi r ed
at r i ght angl es t o t he
moment
st eel . of cour se, and
i f #4 bar s ar e used, t hey shoul d be spaced no
f ar t her apar t t han 16. 5 i n as comput edpr evi ousl y .
Thi s wi l l al so meet t he Code maxi mumof 5h, or
18
i n.
Exampl e 11. 2 Det er mi ne t he r equi r ed dept h
and speci f y t he r equi r ed st eel f or t he t hr ee-bay,
one-way sl ab of Fi gur e 11. 1 . Use f t . =40ksi st eel
and 3000psi concr et e. Use #4bar s f or al l st eel
par al l el t o t he span and #3 bar s f or t emper at ur e
st eel
i n t he ot her di r ect i on. The l i ve l oad i s 100
psf
and t he onl y dead l oad i s t he sl ab i t sel f .
Sol ut i on:

The r equi r ed t hi ckness f r omTabl e
11
. 1 wi l l be
12' -0'
as
p, h
12
(150) =69 psf
w. =1 . 4(69) +1 . 7(100)
s=
_ 0. 20
0. 0020(5 . 5)
Sl ab Desi gn

103
Knowi ng t hat t he r equi r ed cover i s
+
i n andusi ng
#4bar s, we f i nd t hat t he ef f ect i ve dept h wi l l
be
4. 5 i n. The sel f -wei ght can be det er mi ned
as
Ther ef or e, t he f act or ed uni f or ml oad i s
=267 pl f =
0. 267 kl f
Usi ng t he ACI coef f i ci ent s of Fi gur e
4
. 18b, we see
t hat t he t abul ar f or mat i n Tabl e 11 . 2 i s conveni ent
t o f i nd t he r equi r ed moment st eel . Not e t hat onl y
t he l ar ger of t he t wo moment s c and
d
wi l l be used
si nce t he t wo l ocat i ons ar e r ei nf or ced by t he same
st eel
bar s r unni ng acr oss t he beam. Al so, not i ce
t hat i n
compl i ance wi t h t he pr oper
use
of t he
coef f i ci ent s
t he aver age
of
t he t wo
span
l engt hs
was used i n
det er mi ni ng t hat moment .
The Code st i pul at es
a
maxi mumspaci ng of
3h, or 18 i n f or moment st eel . The val ue of 3h
i n t hi s case i s 16. 5 i n. Thus, t he spaci ng at l oca-
t i on a shoul d be 16. 5 i n unl ess t emper at ur e and
shr i nkage r equi r ement s gover n.
Checki ng t he t emper at ur e/ shr i nkage r equi r e-
ment i n t he di r ect i on of t he span, and usi ng #4
bar s and Gr ade 40st eel , we get
18. 2
=
18 i n
I LZ
~C
10
4

Rei nforcedConcrete
TABLE11. 2
s ( i n)
s
-
Fi gure 11. 2 shows
10 i n
_wL2 _wL2
24

14
0. 267( 12 . 5) 2 0. 267( 12 . 02
M. ( ki p-ft)

1. 74

2 . 98
p [Tabl e
B. 2( 40i 3) ]

0. 0025

0. 00-15
_as

0. 20 0
. 20
pd

0. 0025( -1. 5) 0. 0045( 4. 5)
17. 8

9 . 9
=17. 5

-- 9. 5
For temperature steel the maxi mums are 5h. or
18 i n, but i n thi s case moment control s through-
out
. Usi ng#3 temperaturesteel i n theother di rec-
ti on as
speci fi ed i n the probl emstatement, we
obtai n
0. 11
0. 0020( 5 . 5)
howtherei nforci ngpattern
mi ght be establ i shed. The Code requi res
that at
l east one-fourththeposi ti vemoment steel
be
car
ri ed i nto the support at conti nuous
ends . Si nce
thebars cannot be spacedfarther apart than
18
i n,
i t i s l ogi cal to changethe9. 5-i nspaci ng
to9 i nfor
the posi ti ve moment steel
i n
the
outer spans so
that
al ternate bars
coul d be conti nued i nto the
support .
Al l
of
the
posi ti ve moment steel i n the
mi ddl e span shoul d be conti nued to the beam.
*1~'5

ra
tc pr^~~de9"
s~
ci rg
_wL2 _wL2
10

16
0. 267( 11. 702 0. 267( 11) 2
10

16
3. 68

2 . 02
0. 0055 0. 0030
0. 20

0. 20
0. 0055( -1
. 5) 0. 0030( 4. 5)
Theproper anal ysi s of theforces i n two-Nvay
sl abs
i s not treatedi nthi s basi ctext andonl y
a bri ef
di scussi on i nvol vi ng
behavi or
and
procedures i s
i ncl udedhere.
One-way sl abs
are
usedwhen
thespaci ng
of beams i s rel ati vel y smal l , say, 6 to
16 ft,
andthe sl ab panel s themsel ves are al most
al ways rectangul ar. Thesl ab acti on carri es
thel oads tothebeams, whi chi nturndeposi t
thei r reacti ons as concentratedl oads ongi r-
ders ( Fi gure3. 6) .
=
8. 0

=
14. 5
Thereader i s referred to the Codedi rectl y
for
the
preci se detai l s of steel pl acement .
11. 4 BEHAVIOROFTWO-WAY
SLABS
FIGURE11. 2

Steel
requi rements for Exampl e
11. 2 .
FI GURE11. 3

Sect i on
t hrough t he mi ddl e of
a
t wo- way sl ab syst em;
col umns
shown are i n
t he
background.
Two- wayact i on devel ops i n sl abs t hat are
more square where t he beams f rame di rect l y
i nt o
col umns at t he f our corners of t he sl ab
( Fi gure 3
. 4) . For smal l er spans t he beams can
be omi t t ed
andt he syst emi s t hen
more
prop-
erl y cal l ed a f l at
pl at e ( Fi gure
3
. 2) .
Fl at pl at es
and t wo- way f l at sl abs behave i n much t he
same manner, except t hat pl at e syst ems have
a
probl emwi t h shear around t he base of t he
col umns ( punchi ng shear) . For t hi s reason
f l at pl at es
of t en have a t hi ckened port i on i n
t he i mmedi at e
vi ci ni t y of t he col umns
i n t he
f ormof a drop
panel or coni cal
shear head
( Fi gure 3 . 3) .
Def l ect i on of t en cont rol s t he t hi ckness of
t wo- way sl abs, j ust as wi t h one- way sl abs,
but
t he rul es f or mi ni mumt hi ckness are not
nearl y so
si mpl e. At wo- way sl ab di shes
FI GURE
11. 4

Two- way f l at pl at e.
( a)
col umn
st ri ps andmi ddl e st ri ps
Sl ab Desi gn

105
downward i n t he mi ddl e such t hat a
mi d-
span
sect i on cut t hrough i n
ei t her di rect i on
woul d appear as i n Fi gure 11. 3 . ( The beam
def l ect i ons woul d be rel at i vel y smal l and f or
cl ari t y are not shown. )
Therei nf orcement , of course, runs i n bot h
pri mary di rect i ons and i s l ocat ed near t he
bot t om
of t he sl ab i n areas of
posi t i ve mo-
ment ( t he "di sh")
and near
t he t op of t he sl ab
i n areas of negat i ve moment , where t he sl ab
passes over beams . Thi s i s t rue whet her or
not beams act ual l y exi st because i n t hei r ab-
sence t he port i ons of t he pl at e t hat connect
t he col umns t end t o behave l i ke wi de shal -
l ow
beams ( see Fi gure 11. 4) . These f orm
what are cal l ed col umn st ri ps .
For anal ysi s purposes t he sl ab i s
di vi ded
i nt o an
ort hogonal gri d
of col umn st ri ps and
( b)
di st ri but i on of posi t i ve
moment