How To Catch A Liar

Unmasking smiling Beauty, Revealing Hidden Beast : How to Catch a Liar Like ABC
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2014 Human Behaviour Acacdemy www.hbacademy.org.uk
miling eauty, idden east
How to Catch a Liar

Published by
Human Behaviour Academy Ltd,
6 2 Larch Gardens, Manchester.
C.S. Leow (Ph.D)
Published By

Human Behaviour Academy, United Kingdom


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Tel : + 44 1617 681 055
E-mail : info@hbacademy.org.uk
Copyright 2014 Human Behaviour Academy Ltd.
This book is sold subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be
lent, re-sold, hired out, or otherwise circulated without the publisher's prior consent in any
form of binding or cover other than that in which it is published and without a similar
condition including this condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser.
First published in Great Britain 2012
Second published in Great Britain 2013
Third published in Great Britain 2014
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Chee Seng, Leow;
1. Lie Detection 2. Non Verbal 3. Communication 4. Gesture
BF 637 N66


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Contents

Introduction 4

Nonverbal Cues 10

Verbal Cues 19

Maximizing Cues by
Increasing Cognitive Overload 24

Key to Catch a Liar 26

Conclusion 27

About Writer 28


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You can fool some of the people all the time, and all
of the people some of the time, but you cannot fool all of
the people all the time.

Abraham Lincoln

Introduction

I started writing this book after several years of research on analysing body language and
encountered with different people throughout the world. It is so interesting to identify how
deception goes and the inconsistency between verbal and nonverbal communication. This
observation is so obvious among Asians who apply the concept of give face. As the result,
it is not easy to understand the peoples heart and their real intention. Hence, I would like to
share my experience and observation on human deception so that we are able to protect
ourselves and reach their heart.

Most liars reveal themselves by behaving nervously and avoiding eye contact. And so, we are
able to spot a liar as simple as observing their behaviour. I started my training as a lie
detector by observing mendacity in our children, partners and close friends. I had difficulties
to read their mind to find the real answers. You have to be very patience and calm when
observing their attitude and behaviour. I always have to pretend innocent in most scenario
during observation. Masking my face helps me to get valuable observation.
D
o we need to learn how to lie? Absolutely NOT! We are born a liar! In fact,
everyone knows what it is to lie. Lying is not acceptable in our society and we
do not want to be lied to. As the result, we try to avoid liars and minimise
communication with them.


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A microexpression is a flash of emotion that tells what you are really feeling. For instance, if
you ask someone how they are feeling and they reply they are doing great, when let's say they
are dying inside, people who can see microexpressions will potentially see a flash of pain or
fear or sadness, regardless of what this person is actually saying.

The skills of identifying deception enhance our daily life. By learning how to identify
deception, we are able to realise a person real intention. The right intention identification
helps us to save time, money, energy so that we will never be lied to again. When you have
identified clues of deception, you are able to avoid misleading decisions made among us. In
addition, we could reduce emotional disappointment when we can successfully identify the
cues of deception.


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It is very difficult for a children to lie. Children seldom mask their face. All emotions appear
on their face. Parents routinely use facial expressions to attribute personality and intellectual
characteristics to a young baby.

In our daily life, we can use the techniques to detect deception to cover up ourselves when we
encounter a person that we do not trust. For instance, I would try to freeze my upper body and
mask my face when encounter with stranger. With this technique, the level of deception
reduces because the person would not be able to read and understand my expressions. In Sun
Tzu, a principle, If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a
hundred battles. If you know yourself but not the enemy, for every victory gained you will
also suffer a defeat. If you know neither the enemy nor yourself, you will succumb in every
battle


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In contrast, some of them apply this technique in a negative way to manipulate loved ones
and business associates. They would practise the speech to avoid the pitfall of deception
identification during their conversation. Do you know that men tend to lie in an attempt to
appear more powerful, interesting, or successful than they are? In contrast, women lie more
often to protect others feeling or emotions so other feel better about themselves. BBC news
reported that, 25 percent of men have admitted lying to their mothers but only around 20
percent of women said they have lied to their moms.

Lets take another example. A sales consultant usually focuses on the benefits of his products
instead of the limitation of the products. Before sales presentation is conducted, they would
conduct as many mock sales sessions as possible and the marketing team has prepared the
question and answer for him to handle customer. According to research, all sales consultants
claim they would not disclose the limitation and deficiency of the products unless they are
asked by the customers. Unfortunately, customers are able to read their gesture and facial
expression especially when the sales consultant starts to feel guilty and tension.
No matter the type of lie or which
sex tells it, psychologists say that
lying stresses out the deceiver
physically or psychologically. Lips
biting is a sign of having stress.
Observing micro gestures help you to
spot a liar. Trained observers can
probably spot the signs of tension in
someone telling an outright lie.


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In contrast, using the technique of deception wisely enable me to understand I have
entitlement the right to humane treatment, honesty, fair play. By understanding the law of
deception, we would eliminate the suspicious among us and trust is built based our own
observation. I have encountered clients with relationship problem because they do not have
trust towards their partner. She feel worry, uneasy if the partner is sincere to them. She even
checked the husbands phone and all her actions irritate and spoil the relationship. I believe,
if this lady mastered the skills of identifying deception, she could eliminate those unnecessary
anxiety.

A lot of my colleague claimed that I would be a sociopath after completing research on
deception. However, I found could it to be interesting and opposite. I have learnt the
technique I need to protect myself in the situation I may be falsehood or obfuscation. As a
consultant, entrepreneur and educationist help me to free from deception when I start
applying what I learned to shield myself from deception. Besides, these skills help me to
enhance relationship with the people next to us.

A contempt smile (Asymmetrical
smile) is observed among liars
especially after he has finished a
statement. Psychologically, he
feels happy because he is able to
deceive you. Observe the micro
expression during conversations
and also the expression once they
have complete their statement
helps us to discover the possibility
of deception.


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The person puts his hand inside the pocket while presentation, it is an indicator he is trying
to hide something. This gesture appears subconsciously. Studies agree that as nonverbal cues

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are sent and received, they are more strongly influenced by modules of the right-side
neocortex (esp. in right-handed individuals) than they are by left-sided modules.
Traditionally accepted indicators of lying, such as gaze aversion, fidgety hands or feet, vocal
stress, and body posture, in fact only weakly correlate with deception. Training in such
behavioral detection techniques has rarely led practitioners to exceed 50% accuracy in lie
detection; even if training increases their level of confidence, practitioners rarely outperform
non-trained individuals in their lie-detection capabilities. Practitioners who learn to watch for
these combinations and interactions of deception cues have been known to significantly
increase their accuracy in detecting deception.

Nonverbal Cues

The first behavioral area is directly linked with identifying and interpreting microexpressions.
Then non-trained would observe the whole response of facial expression after the question is
posted. For a trained lie specialist, they would observe the human facial expression within 5
seconds once a new statement is quoted. Facial expression can be observed only as short as
1/25
th
of a second.

The most significant as a lie catcher expression include
Smile (Happiness)
Anger
Fear
Surprise
Happiness

A positive wave is delivered to others intuitively as people respond positively to positive
behaviour. Happiness is the easiest expression to falsify and it is commonly used for social
deception. Most of us use smile to cover our negative emotions such as sadness, disgust and
contempt. When evaluating the happiness emotion, we always try to evaluate the congruency
of tones and gesture if you suspect the subject is not happy.
N
onverbal communication cues are the fundamental to detect deception.
According to nonverbal scientist, Prof. Matsumoto, there are five
behavioural areas that provide cues to deceit: facial expressions, gestures,
body language, voice, and verbal style.

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The corners of the mouth are pulled back in a smile while the eyes are narrowed as the
cheeks are pushed up from the mouth.
A happy face can be detected easily. For instance, when you experience pure happiness, your
eyes involuntarily twinkle and become deep. The corners of our lips are drawn back and up.
The mouth may or may not be parted, with the teeth either exposed or not. At the same time,
your cheeks rise when you are happy and a wrinkle runs down from the nose to the outer

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edge beyond the corners of the lips. Not only that, the eyes may narrow as the cheeks get
pushed up from the mouth. For some people, you can even observe wrinkles beside the eyes.
The most common method to mask an expression and emotion a smile. Unfortunately,
smile could betray us when people observe our forehead, the upper eyelids and on the cheek.
A genuine smile is observed when a person presses the lips together and push the chin muscle
up. The clue of deception appears when a person use the antagonistic muscles and the face
look unnatural, stiff or controlled.
You can spot a genuine smile by looking at the fleshy part of the eyes between the brows and
the eyelids. If it moves downwards and the end of the eyebrows dips slightly, the smile is
real and genuine.

Sadness
Sadness is one of the longer-lasting emotions. We feel a period of resigned sadness when we
are totally helpless. However, sometimes sadness may be mistaken for boredom or tiredness.
Our facial features will slack and sag, our lips frequently tremble and our mouth may be
pulled down in a frown. In some cases, the jaw may drop open. Besides that, our eyes will
look dull and lifeless or even moist.

When sad, the mouth pulls down
in a frown, the eyelids droop, the
eyebrows are pulled together and
the eyes look down.


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Perhaps, we can observe this facial expression when a person feels sad or distress especially
the person with guilt, despite attempts to conceal those feelings. The eyelids may droop with
the eyebrows pulled together and drawn up. The skin below the eyebrows may become
triangulated, with the inner corner up. The upper eyelid inner corners may be raised and the
eyes may look down. This will usually triangulate the upper eyelid and produce some
wrinkling in the center of the forehead.

Disgust and Contempt

Disgust and contempt can be observed clearly through the mouth, nose, chin and eyes.
Contempt may be spotted as unilateral expressions especially as the sides of the face become
uneven with the tightening of the corner of the lips into a crooked smile. In the business
world, the emotion of contempt is very common especially when one highflyer attempts to
dispose of another.
In contempt, the sides of the face
are uneven and the corners of the
lips tighten into a crooked smile.


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In contrast, disgust is a dangerous emotion because the subject feels very little compassion.
At that moment, the lips may part slightly with the upper lip pulling upwards. The lower lip
may be raised and pushed up to the upper lip, or lowered and slightly protruding. The nose
may wrinkle and flare and the cheeks are raised. The eyes may narrow, pupils may constrict
and the eyebrows may drop. The eyelid muscles are relaxed rather than tensed. Lines may
show below the lower eyelid as the eyelid is pushed up and the brow is lowered, lowering the
upper lid.

Anger

The face of violence is anger. Anger is the most dangerous emotion because we may try to
harm the target of our anger. It may be only angry words or a shout, deliberately delivered,
but the motive is the same which is to harm the target.
In disgust, we can observe a
scrunched nose, raised cheeks
and upper lips.


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When angry, the lips become thin, pressed together and stretched tighter. The jaw thrusts or
juts forward. The eyes may narrow and the eyebrows are pulled down together.
The face of violence is anger. Anger is the most dangerous emotion because we may try to
harm the target of our anger. It may be only angry words or a shout, deliberately delivered,
but the motive is the same which is to harm the target.
When a person is angry, you can observe the eyebrows being pulled down and together and
the inner corners going down towards the nose, causing the forehead to furrow. At the same
time, the lips tighten and turned down at the corners, or opened stiffly as if in a frozen shout.

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To be specific, the upper lid is tensed and may or may not lower. The eyes have a hard stare
and may have a bulging appearance.
The lips are in either of two basic positions: pressed firmly together, with the corners straight
or down; or open, tensed in a squarish shape as if shouting. The nostrils may be dilated, but
this is not essential to reflect anger as it may also be present during sadness. For some of us,
our face can turn pale because the blood drains from the epidermis (skin). However, there is
ambiguity unless anger is registered in all three facial areas. The effect of anger can be
enhanced with the raising of the upper eyelids to produce a stare.
Surprise

In fear, the lips stretch outward towards the ears. The jaw tucks back in towards the throat
and the eyes widen with the lower lid tensed.
Surprise is the briefest of all the emotions, lasting for a few seconds at most. After we have
figured out what has happened to us, the next emotion would be fear, anger, disgust,
happiness or relief, depending on the scenario. The picture of surprise is difficult to capture
because it happens spontaneously without prior notice. Fear often follows surprise which can
be extremely brief, but it can also endure for a long time. Both surprise and fear are closely
connected and in both expressions, the eyes widen and the mouth opens.

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When you are surprised, the lips may part loosely and the jaw may drop. At the same time,
the eyes may widen, the eyelids are open; the upper lid is raised and the lower lid drawn
down. Besides that, the white of the eyes the sclera shows the iris, and often below that as
well. The pupils may dilate; and the eyebrows rise directly upwards so that they are curved
and high. The skin below the brow is stretched and horizontal wrinkles may appear across
the forehead.
Fear, Worry, Terror
We can identify sensation of fear when our lips stretch outward towards the ears, the jaw
tucks back in towards the throat, the eyes widen and the lower eyelids become tense and
eyebrows pull up and together. The wrinkles in the forehead are in the centre, not across the
entire forehead. The upper eyelids are raised, exposing sclera, and the lower eyelids are
tensed and drawn up. The mouth opens and the lips are either tensed slightly and drawn back
up or stretched and drawn back. Sometimes we may become pale. Kuhne (2010)
In surprise, eyebrows rise upwards, eyes
widen and mouth opens briefly. Horizontal
wrinkles across forehead. Open eyelids,
dropped jaw so lips and teeth are apart,
with no tension around mouth.
Surprise with happiness. It happens
when you receive an unexpected good
news.


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summarises the telltale signs of a fearful expression as a tensely pulled back open mouth,
raised eyelids and exposed whites of the eyes.

In fear, the lips stretch outward towards the ears. The jaw tuck back in towards the throat
and the eyes widen with the lower lid tensed. We should aware of Othello errors. She feels
scared and worry because he is afraid of being falsely accused. The worried is shown as fear
in facial expression. As the result, she tries to conceal her fear but the signs of fear still
remain in her eyebrows that are difficult to inhibit.
You should try to observe the sign of deception when the liar tries to conceal his fear. When a
person try to conceal fear, the eyelid action may drop out and these are not difficult action to
control. The eyebrow position is more likely to remain. The sign of deception reveals.

An alert observer will be able to detect such a facial expression unless the observer blinks
at the exact moment the microexpression appears. For example, students at the FBI National
Academy and the U.S. Coast Guard have been trained to recognize the occurrence of
microexpressions at a real-time rate of more than 70% and 80%, respectively.

The liars often suppress nervous behaviors when lying, partly because the individual may
self-consciously try to control movement and partly because lying may create a greater

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cognitive burden than telling the truth. When one concentrates on a complicated task, other
movements frequently cease, particularly motions of the feet, legs, hands, and fingers. Other
possible bodily indicators of deception include compressed lips, chin withdrawal, and ventral
denial (turning the front of the body away from the speaker), among many other signs of
bodily discomfort.
Some scientists used the observations of head and hand interactions to detect deception,
citing a correlation between deception and various movements. In his study, researchers
videotaped participants and analyzed frames to examine the relationship between hand
movements and the distance from ones head. Certain nonverbal indicators of nervousness
and possible deception cues highlighted in this study include rubbing, scratching, or preening
around the head. This method of deception detection had a reported accuracy rate of 95.2%;
however the study is only preliminary and still requires further in-depth analysis.

Verbal Cues

Detection of verbal cues is especially important when conducting an interview remotely, such
as by phone. In this case it is crucial for the interviewer to establish a baseline of the
interviewees verbal speech pattern on neutral topics.

As the interview progresses, the interviewer should be wary of repeated clusters of deviations
from the baseline pattern. Typical deceptive indicators include speech stumbles, increased
pauses between answers or sentences, filler words such as umm, ahh, and uh huh
before responding to a question, and stalling for time by answering a question with a question
or by asking the speaker to repeat the question. In the case of an evasive answer, a useful
technique may be to ask for clarification with direct yes or no questions.

If the interviewee pauses before answering, continues to avoid giving a direct answer, or
begins an answer with the word well, the probability of deception increases. Clusters of
these verbal cues indicate an increased probability of deception, although all indicators are
more likely to be relevant when compared with the subjects verbal and nonverbal baseline.

I
f one is forced to rely only on either nonverbal or verbal cues for detection, verbal
cues are generally recognized as the more reliable indicator. There is a stronger
positive relationship between deceptive detection accuracy and vocal cues such as
speech errors, speech fillers, pauses, and voice tone. The more attentive the listener,
the more effective a detector he will be.

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Statement Structure
The lie detection exercise would not be completed without analysis of statement structure.
There are statement structures need clearly indicate deception
Parrot Statement
Dodgeball statement
Guilt-trip statement
Protest statement
Too little/ Too much statement
Bolstering Statement
Distancing Statement
Euphemisms
Parrot Statement
If you ask a question and someone repeats it back to you. The person could be thinking how
to reply to you. With this parrot method, he would be able to capture more time to think.
Example:
Wife , Where did you go last night until you forgot to celebrate birthday with me?
Husband, Where did I go last night until I forgot to celebrate birthday with you? Well, I
stayed in company to finish up my report.
Repeating the question in its entirety suggest that he doesnt want to answer.

Dodgeball Statement
When people ignore or deflect your question, and lob a new one right back at you, its often
an attempt to find out how much you know before volunteering an answer.
Example:
Husband, Do I have to come up with an explanation for something? or Are you suspecting
me?


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Guilt-Trip Statement
A guilt-trip statement is an evasive tactic that tries to put you, the interrogator on the
defensive.
Example
Husband, I am very sure you must think I have nothing to do in the company. Wife always
think husband forgets the birthday is a sign of having another lady out there!.
He hopes that his wife would abandon the question while defending himself or getting caught
up in proving that youre not based.

Protest statement
This technique is used to put you on defensive, a liar is using a protest statement will respond
to questioning by reminding you that nothing about her track record indicate that he is
someone capable of deceit.
Husband, I went many places. Look, I am a good father, I go to church, I donate. I do not
understand why you are talking to me like a criminal!

Too much / Too little statements
Answering too details or too little are also sign of deception. A person speak less to avoid
more information was disclose to others. Similarly, a person explain in details to confuse you
when explaining to you.
Example 1 (Too little)
Husband, Office
Or
Example 2 (Too much)
Husband, It was a busy day, the company where I work provides four-foot-high cubicles so
each employee can have some privacy. One day a co-worker had an exasperating phone
conversation with one of her teenage sons. After hanging up, she heaved a sigh and said, "No

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one ever listens to me." Immediately, several voices from surrounding cubicles called out,
"Yes, we do." Because if this, I have to test each of the cubicle to ensure the privacy. I started
with the red colour cubicle followed by blue one. Then, I moved to the purple That
is why I didnt come back to celebrate with you.

Bolstering statement
Liars always sound convincing and earnest, so they will often add emphatic phrases to their
speech to reinforce their credibility.
Example
Husband,
I swear to god, I stayed in company last night or
I tell you the truth, I stayed in company last night or
I stayed in company last night, to be honest
There are two methods to use bolstering statement
Qualifying phrase
Religious phrase

Qualifying phrase

Religious phrase

Youll never belief this, I stayed in company last night

As far as Im concerned, I stayed in company last night

As far as I recall, I stayed in company last night

You know, I am concerned, I stayed in company last night

Honest to God, I stayed in
company last night

I swear on a stack of Bibles, I
stayed in company last night

Honest people turn to their religious faith for personal support and comfort not for public
proof of their honesty. They usually do not feel the need to remind you that they are religious,
because your opinion on the matter is irrelevant.


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Distancing Statement

A person tries to minimize the value of something or impersonalizes another person. A
person could purposely avoid personal pronoun. Actually, he avoid any possessive language
at all its as though he wants to take himself entirely out of the conversation.
Example
Wife , Where did you go last night? Did you have dinner with Nancy?
Husband, No. You can talk to that lady of you want to clarify

Euphemisms

It is a form of distancing language. When people know their actions will be met with critism,
they will choose words they use to describe that action very carefully. When confronted with
a direct question, they could choose the different terms. For example,
Wife, Did you date the lady?
Husband, I didnt date with anyone! (Innocent)
Husband, I didnt go out with anything! (Guilty)
Can observe that the emotion of denial replace the word date with the far gentler go out
a red flag that this is a lie.


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Maximizing Cues by Increasing Cognitive Overload

Additionally, during an interview liars must inwardly suppress the truth and may also
outwardly monitor their movements in order to appear honest (e.g. maintaining eye contact
and trying to avoid other traditional giveaways). The combination of these factors forces
liars to utilize more cognitive resources than truth tellers in order to maintain their story,
thus leaving them with fewer available cognitive resources and increasing their vulnerability.
If cognitive demand is raised, liars may be unable to effectively cope with additional requests
and inadvertently reveal their deception.

An interviewer may manipulate this process to possibly detect deception, placing extra
cognitive demand on the interviewee in order to increase the likelihood that noticeable verbal
and nonverbal cues to deception will manifest. Some common cognitive stress/overload
techniques include the reverse order strategy, asking unexpected questions, and establishing a
high expectation of detail.

Reverse Order
The interviewer may ask the interviewee to describe events in reverse order. The effort
required to maintain a consistent lie combined with the mentally-taxing task of describing it
in reverse order should, in theory, make deceptive verbal and nonverbal cues more obvious
and foster more opportunity for mistakes by the interviewee in the storys timeline.
Describing an event in reverse increases cognitive load because (a) it runs counter to the
natural forward-order coding of sequentially occurring events and (b) it disrupts
reconstructing events from a schema.
In a psychology deception study, for example, college student participants were interviewed
by a police officer about a staged theft. The video-taped interviews, in which the reverse
order strategy was utilized, were later played for police officers. The officers were able to
detect lying 60% of the time compared to 42% of the time in the control condition
C
ognitive overload occurs when the mental load of an individual becomes too
large for the working memory, thus decreasing ones performance of complex
tasks. Maintaining a lie is cognitively more demanding than telling the truth; e.g.

it is more difficult to maintain consistency and demonstrate detail in an imagined story. The
mental strain posed by lying can lead to increased pauses between answers or sentences and
speech stumbles. When liars are presented with complex questions, they tend to hesitate
[more so than a truth teller] in order to give themselves time to formulate an appropriate
answer.

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(chronological order), consistent with the greater verbal and nonverbal cues determined to be
present in the first group.

Unexpected Questions
Another method of increasing cognitive overload is by asking irrelevant questions.33 A liar is
less likely than a truth teller to answer irrelevant questions accurately and with ease because
maintaining the fictional story causes other cognitive processes (e.g. the ability to quickly
process and respond to unexpected questions) to become more difficult.
Relevant to revealing a persons true motivation, the devils advocate approach was
developed to detect deception in expressing opinions. An interviewer (after listening to the
subjects opinion) might unexpectedly ask the person to argue against his stated personal
view. Playing devils advocate, the interviewer might ask, is there anything you can say
against?
An example of this in practice would be an interviewer first asking a question that forces the
interviewee to argue for his personal view - What are your reasons for supporting the
Americans in the war in Afghanistan? The interviewer then asks the interviewee to argue
against his personal view - Playing devils advocate, is there anything you can say against
the involvement of the Americans in Afghanistan? Generally, people will have given more
thought to and will find it easier to generate reasons supporting their underlying beliefs rather
than reasons opposing them.

Expectation of Detail
As stated, truth tellers are usually able to relate events in much greater detail and with greater
plausibility than liars. Therefore, an interviewer may increase the observable differences
between truth tellers and liars by establishing an expectation that the interviewee will offer a
high level of detail. In this case, interview style plays an important role in encouraging
interviewees to talk. Vrij et al. found that among police officers interviewing suspects, an
accusatory interview style contained the fewest verbal cues to deceit, partly because it led
suspects to make short denials.37 Information-gathering interviews and behavior analysis
interviews led to better results in lie detection.38 In other words, a cooperative, truthful
witness is more likely to give greater detail when speaking with an encouraging interviewer
rather than one who appears neutral or suspicious.39 Ostensibly, this expectation of detail
will increase cognitive demand on liars trying to reach and maintain the higher standard.


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Key to Catch a Liar
The following scheme helps you to catch a liar

Initial Observation:
Understand the baseline of Nonverbal Cues
Baseline help you to understand the basic pattern of communication
and increase the accuracy during observation
Ask Basic Questions
Verbal
Deception Cues
Repeated
deviations
Speech stumbles
Increase pauses
Increase filler words
Stalling for time
Statement
Structure
Nonverbal
Deception Cues
Microexpression
Sign of Body
language discomfort
Open or closed
palms
Leg and arms
extended or
withdrawn
Further Baseline
observation
Establish
Relationship
Ask Directed
Questions
Increase Cognitive
Overload
Reverse Order
Unexpected
Questions
Irrelevant
Questions
Devils
advocate
Questions

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Conclusion
Recent research on deception, while demonstrating improvements in detection accuracy,
nonetheless highlights the difficulty and complexity of interpreting cues correctly. While
verbal cues are independently more reliable, the presence of both types of cues increases the
ability of the interviewer to assess deception, particularly when the cues are compared with
an established baseline unique to each individual.

There are many deception behaviour. (1) Failure to answer the question. (2) Attacking
behaviour There are people who are going to want to try to distract (3) Non answer
statements. (4) Inappropriate level of politeness Apologizing, Sir. (5) Refusal to answer
the question. (6) Referral statement. (7) Exclusion qualifier All I can tell you. (8)
Convincing Statement Hes championing the fight against such social problems as the
disparity between rich and poor.


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About Writer
Dr Leow Chee Seng is the director of multiple companies and also a well-known mentor. His
specialized areas of research include human attitude, behaviour, management and marketing.
Dr Leow has a Master of Business Administration (MBA), Master of Counselling and a
Doctorate of Business Administration (DBA). He also holds a Certificate in Quantitative
Research from the University of Georgia and is a Certified Professional Marketer (Asia). He
is the founder of Social Responsibility Asia (SR-Asia). He has published more than 50
articles and journals on attitude and behaviour. He is currently an adjunct professor at HELP
University and Lecturer at Putra Business School. In addition, he is also a speaker of China
Productivity Center (CPC), Taiwan, Panel Expert for Asian Productivity Organisation (APO),
certified trainer of International Micro Expressionists Association (IMEXA) and Editorial
Board Member for Body Language Journal (http://www.bljournal.us/).

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