ozone depleting substances list (montreal protocol)

Description
1.The montreal protocol is the first worldwide agreement designed to
protect human health and the environment against the adverse effects
of the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer.
2. the protocol is administered by the united nations environment
programme (unep), which maintains the list of ozonedepleting
substances that are targeted for control practices, reductions, or total
phaseouts.
!. ozone depleting substances (ods), including chlorofluorocarbons
(cfcs), halons, and several other chemicals, are responsible for
thinning the stratospheric ozone layer.
". when these substances reach the stratosphere, uv radiation from
the sun brea#s them apart to release chlorine or bromine atoms which
react with ozone, starting chemical cycles of ozone destruction that
deplete the ozone layer.
$. stratospheric ozone is a naturallyoccurring gas that filters the
sun%s ultraviolet (uv) radiation.
&. conse'uently, any thinning of the ozone layer allows more radiation
to reach the earth%s surface.
(. in terms of human health, overe)posure to uv rays can lead to s#in
cancer, cataracts, and wea#ened immune systems.
*. in terms of ecological health, increased uv can lead to reduced crop
yield and disruptions in the marine food chain.
+zone depleting potential
ozone depleting substances vary in their capacity to destroy ozone
molecules, so scientists have developed a method for characterizing
the relative depletion caused by different ods. ozone depleting
potential (odp) is the ratio of calculated ozone column change for each
mass unit of a gas emitted into the atmosphere relative to the
calculated depletion for the reference gas cfc 11 (odp , 1.-). this
allows different chemicals to be compared using a common unit (cfc
11e'uivalents). for e)ample, a chemical such as halon 2"-2 (odp ,
&) is si) times more detrimental to the stratospheric ozone layer than
cfc 11.
The montreal protocol divides ozone depleting substances into a
variety of lists of chemicals that are sub.ect to different control
re'uirements. countries that sign the treaty commit to
1) stop consumption or production of chemicals on group 1 of anne) a
after .anuary 1, 1//& (cfc 11, cfc 12, cfc 11!, cfc 11", and cfc 11$).
2) stop consumption or production of chemicals on group 2 of anne) a
after .anuary 1, 1//" (halon 1211, halon 1!-1, and halon 2"-2.)
!) stop consumption or production of chemicals on groups 1, 2 and !
of anne) b after .anuary 1, 1//& (cfc 1!, cfc 111, cfc 112, cfc 211, cfc
212, cfc 21!, cfc 21", cfc 21$, cfc 21&, cfc 21(, carbon tetrachloride,
and 1,1,1trichloroethane)
") reduce consumption or production of hydrochlorofluorocarbons
listed in group 1 of anne) c to 1/*/ levels
$) reduce consumption or production of methyl bromide to ($0 of
1//1 levels beginning in 1///.
123 has issued regulations issued under sections &-1&-( of the clean
air act to implement the montreal protocol and phase out the
production of several ozonedepleting substances.
123 utilizes a different classification system for identifying chemicals
for regulatory controls, dividing the universe of substances covered by
the montreal protocol into class i and class ii ozone depleting
substances.
system operation
Assume that the rooms are all warm and the compressor is running with all the solenoid
valves open supplying refrigerant to the respective expansion valve and evaporator.
should one or two rooms be down to temperature the solenoids close thus reducing the
volume of gas returning to the compressor. the suction pressure drops and the compressor
unloads. if more rooms shut down then the suction pressure will drop to cut out point and
the compressor will stop. when the rooms warm the solenoids open again, refrigerant
passes back to the compressor, the suction pressure rises and compressor starts. with
more rooms opening, the suction pressure increases and the compressor loads up more
cylinders.
Thermostatic expansion valve
The purpose of this valve is to efficiently drop the pressure of the refrigerant. it achieves
this by passing the liquid through a variable orifice giving a constant enthalpy pressure
drop. the refrigerant at lower pressure has a corresponding lower
Boiling point (saturation temperature. undercooling in the condenser increases the
efficiency of the plant by allowing more heat to be absorbed during the vapori!ation
process. in addition it also reduces the internal heat absorption process that occurs during
the expansion stage which is due to a small degree of flash off as latent heat (of
vapori!ation is absorbed from surrounding liquid to reduce the temperature of the bulk
liquid to the new corresponding saturation temperature for the reduced pressure
by this process of boiling (vapori!ation and latent heat absorption i.e. change of state,
the refrigerant removes heat from the cold rooms.
the expansion process is controlled by the action of the bellows and push pins acting on
the orifice valve plate. the bellows is controlled by a bulb which measures the
temperature of the gas at outlet from the evaporator. to ensure no liquid passes through to
the compressor, the expansion valve is set so that the gas at outlet from the evaporator
has " to # degrees of superheat.
$%T&' careful note should be taken that system temperatures are set by the room
solenoid and not by the expansion valve which are generally factory set and do not
require ad(ustment.
Back pressure regulator valve
this valve is fitted to the higher temperature rooms, vegetable and flour ()*oc only and
not to the meat and fish rooms (+",oc.
they serve two main purposes.
-irstly when all solenoid valves are opened they act as system balancing diverters, that is
they restrict the liquid flow to the rooms which can be kept at the higher temperature and
deliver the bulk to the colder rooms.
.econdly they serve to limit the pressure drop across the expansion valve by giving a set
minimum pressure in the evaporator coil. this in turn limits the temperature of the
refrigerant thereby preventing delicate foodstuffs such as vegetables from being damaged
by having air at very low temperatures blown over them.
oil rectifier
in some installations there is a tendency for oil to collect in the evaporator under certain
conditions such as low load when the speed of movement and agitation of the evaporating
refrigerant are insufficient to keep the oil moving. to prevent loss of oil from the sump to
the system, an oil rectifier may be fitted. the oil is automatically bled from the evaporator
to a heat exchanger in which liquid refrigerant mixed with the oil is vapori!ed.. vapour
and oil are passed to the compressor where oil returns to the sump while the freon passes
to the compressor suction. the regulator is thermostatically controlled valve automatically
bleeds the oil from the evaporator so that the gas leaves the heat exchanger in a
superheated condition.
/efrost system
moisture free!es onto the evaporator eventually causing a restriction and reducing the
efficiency of the plant. this must be periodically removed. for veg and flour rooms, were
not restricted to ,oc minimum by the back pressure valve, this is carried out once per day.
for the meat and fish rooms this has to be carried out two or more times. due to the low
temperature in the rooms it is necessary to fit a drain heater.
when on defrost the solenoid valve is shut and the fan is off.
$%T&' care should be taken after loading any great quantity of stores especially into the
vegetable rooms. the fresh stores tend to sweat and icing up of the evaporator can become
rapid. the only solution is constant monitoring and defrosting as soon as necessary.
0%%12$3 1%A/
as the temperature of air is reduced, so too its capacity for carrying water vapour.
temperature drop reduces the capacity of the air to carry moisture in suspension.
further cooling will cause the moisture to be precipitated.
air cooled to a comfortable temperature level of "4
,
c but having a relative
humidity of 4,, 5 would not be able to take up further moisture 6 perspiration
would be evaporated.
people in an atmosphere at "4
,
c with 4,, 5 relative humidity would be
uncomfortable.
the remedy of dehumidifying the air is achieved by overcooling to precipitate
excess moisture, so that when air is brought to the correct temperature, its
humidity will be at an acceptable level.
air could be overcooled to about 4,
,
c dbt so that warming to about "4
,
c, would
bring humidity to about *, 5.
the air is warmed in the trunking or by contact with warmer air in the space. a
!one heater could be used.
an adequate drain is required to remove water from dehumidification of the air.
large proportion of the total cooling load is required to reduce the moisture
content of incoming fresh air 6 the relative humidity as well as temperature of
outside air can be regarded as of the reatest significance in the specification of
outside conditions for design.
the design of the ac plant is made according to the route on which the ship would
be plying 6 the different climatic conditions prevailing in these !ones.
commonly a temperature taken by designers for outside dbt is #"."
,
c, but much
higher temperatures may be experienced in tropical !ones with offshore winds.
these winds are, however usually dry 6 donot impose as high a load on the
cooling plant.
conditions inside the accomodation can be expressed in terms of dbt 6 rh
obtained from psychometric chart.
the ac system is designed for 7, 5 to 8, 5 rh.
the inside design conditions have a very important bearing on the cooling plant
power.
degree of insulation of the surfaces bounding the air conditioned spaces is an
important factor.
a reasonable mean standard would be obtained by assuming the equivalent of "*99 of
high class insulating material, having an insulating value of 4.* w:9
"
:
,
c, over all surfaces
normally treated.
;eating load
when temperature of air is increased, its capacity to carry water vapour increases.
to avoid dryness in air after it is heated from sub !ero temperatures say < *
,
c to
about "4
,
c, it is necessary to humidify it.
humidity may increase upto 4,,5rh.it can be done with the help of hot water or
steam spray.
straight heating by the !one heater bringing air to about "4
,
c, will drop rh to 7,
5.
the humidity will be at an acceptable level but is kept low to minimi!e
condensation on any very cold external bulkhead.
heating moderately cold outside air will not cause a dryness problem because it
mixes with recirculated air 6 air in the space served.
moisture is continuously added to air in accomodation areas from breathing,
perspiration 6 other activities.
the humidifier is likely to be necessary only in extremely cold conditions, the
steam or water flow being controlled by a simple manual valve.