2013 Edition Handbook On Climate Change Adapted Urban Planning and Design VIE

Thch ng - TP.
HCMC
Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu cho TP. H Ch Minh/ Vit Nam
Trong khun kh ca D n nghin cu Siu th TP. H Ch Minh Hp tc vi S Quy hoch Kin Trc TP. H Ch Minh
Thch ng - TP. HCMC

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu cho TP. H Ch Minh/ Vit Nam
Trong khun kh ca D n nghin cu Siu th TP. H Ch Minh Hp tc vi S Quy hoch Kin Trc TP. H Ch Minh
Gii thiu
Nh Xut Bn 2013 Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus Khoa Quy hoch v Thit k Khng gian Gio s Frank Schwartze Konrad - Wachsmann - Allee 4 03046 Cottbus, Cng Ho Lin bang c Web: www.tu-cottbus.de Email: ls_stadtplanung@tu-cottbus.de ISBN 978-3-00-042750-3 Cc Tc Gi Chu Hunh, Ronald Eckert, Moritz Maikmper, Barbara Horst, Frank Schwartze Khoa Quy hoch v Thit k khng gian Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus Vi s ng gp ca Trn Ch Dng, Hong Tng, Nguyn Anh Tun, L Khnh Tm Tho S Quy hoch v Kin trc Thnh ph H Ch Minh, Vit Nam (DPA) Gio s Lutz Katzschner Khoa kh tng mi trng, i hc Kassel Robert Atkinson, Antje Katzschner, Hendrik Rujner, Christian Lorenz, Jana Warnatzsch Khoa Quy hoch Mi trng, Khoa a cht mi trng & Khoa Quy hoch v Thit k khng gian Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus v Hagen Schwgerl, Maria Feil, Florian Ibold, David Quinque, Robert Lauke Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus B Cc & Minh Ha Ronald Eckert (B cc. Minh ha trang 9, 74 (pha trn), 76 (pha di), 84, 115, 117). Chu Hunh (trang 12, 16, 17, 20-25, 26 (pha trn), 27-29, 40-44, 46-48, 50, 52, 53 (pha trn), 54-55). Moritz Maikmper (trang 72, 73, 74 (pha di), 75, 87, 88). Maria Feil (trang 71, 84, 85, 103 (pha trn), 109 (pha trn)). Florian Ibold (trang 76 (pha di) & 77) a Ch Ti V Bn Ting Vit: http://www-docs.tu-cottbus.de/megacity-hcmc/public/2013_edition_handbook_on_climate_change_ adapted_urban_planning_and_design_VIE.pdf Bn Ting Anh: http://www-docs.tu-cottbus.de/megacity-hcmc/public/2013_edition_handbook_on_climate_change_ adapted_urban_planning_and_design_ENG.pdf Li Cm n Quyn Cm nang ny c thit k v chun b trong Gi nghin cu 7 - Khu dn c tit kim nng lng v thch ng vi bin i kh hu, trong khun kh ca d n nghin cu Khung quy hoch th v quy hoch mi trng tch hp cho thch ng vi bin i kh hu ca TP. HCM. D n l mt phn ca chng trnh sng kin Pht trin bn vng cho cc thnh ph ln ca ngy mai ca B Gio dc v Nghin cu Cng ha Lin bang c.
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu
Li Gii m thiu u
Li m u
Vi vai tr u tu trong a gic chin lc pht trin kinh t - x hi ca vng, Thnh ph H Ch Minh tr thnh trung tm kinh t v vn ha ln ca c nc. Thnh ph H Ch Minh l thnh ph cng ln nht t nc, l mt u mi giao thng quan trng v ng b, ng thy v ng khng, ni lin cc tnh trong vng v cn l mt ca ng quc t. V v tr a l, Thnh ph nm h lu ca h thng sng ng Nai-Si Gn vi a hnh tng i bng phng, ch thu vn, thu lc ca knh rch v sng ngi khng nhng chu nh hng mnh ca thu triu bin ng m cn chu tc ng rt r nt ca vic khai thc cc bc thang h cha thng lu hin nay v trong tng lai. Trong bi cnh bin i kh hu ton cu, thch ng vi bin i kh hu tr nn mt thch thc quan trng i vi qun l quy hoch th thnh ph. Thc vy, bin i kh hu bt u tc ng trc tip n i sng ngi dn th nh ngp lt, o nhit th, thi tit bt thng Nhng nguy c ny ang gia tng nhanh chng v tr thnh nhn t quan trng i vi quy hoch th. C th l, vn s dng nng lng hiu qu v thch ng vi bin i kh hu cn c ci thin trong quy hoch th. iu chnh Quy hoch chung xy dng thnh ph H Ch Minh n nm 2025 c Th tng Chnh ph ph duyt ti Quyt nh s 24/Q-TTg ngy 06/01/2010. Trong ln iu chnh ny, quy hoch chung thnh ph c xy dng trn cch tip cn i vi cc iu kin t nhin v a cht, thy vn kt hp vi nh hng pht trin kinh t-x hi thnh ph. Tuy nhin cho n nay, cha c cc quy nh hay hng dn c th ha cc nh hng c bn lin quan vn ph hp iu kin t nhin, thch ng bin i kh hu trong quy hoch chung thnh ph. Quyn Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu cho thnh ph H Ch Minh ny l mt trong nhng cch tip cn tin phong a cc nh hng trn thnh hng dn, khuyn ngh cho cng tc lp, thm nh v ph duyt quy hoch phn khu, quy hoch chi tit. Quyn Cm nang ny tp trung vo cc xut cc bin php thch ng i vi ngp lt v kh hu th trong quy hoch th trn a bn thnh ph. Hai thit k in hnh trong quyn Cm nang ny cng minh ha cch p dng cc gii php xut ln cc khu t c th TP. HCM. Kt hp vi Bn Hng dn quy hoch v thit k th thch ng vi bin i kh hu, n phm ny gip h tr vic tch hp cc kha cnh khc nhau, c bit l cc quan tm v mi trng, trong qu trnh lp, thm nh, ph duyt quy hoch th, cng nh phi hp cc loi quy hoch vi nhau. Quyn Cm nang ny l mt trong cc sn phm c c kt t cc nghin cu hp tc gia S Quy hochKin trc v Trng i hc K thut Cottbus trong khun kh D n nghin cu Megacity Thnh ph H Ch Minh. y cng l mt ni dung trong chng trnh hnh ng ca S Quy hoch-Kin trc tham gia vo K hoch hnh ng ng ph bin i kh hu ca thnh ph H Ch Minh, l mt phn ca Chng trnh Mc tiu Quc gia v ng ph Bin i kh hu. Chng ti mong rng ni dung ca quyn Cm nang ny s gip ch cc nh hoch nh chnh sch, cc s ban ngnh lin quan, chnh quyn a phng, ban qun l cc khu chc nng th, cc n v t vn quy hochkin trc, cc nh u t pht trin d n v cng ng ngi dn trong vic hin thc quy hoch th thnh ph theo hng pht trin bn vng, thch ng bin i kh hu. ThS. KTS. Trn Ch Dng
Gim c S Quy hoch-Kin trc Thnh ph H Ch Minh
Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu Thch ng - TP. HCM
Gii thiu Outline
Gii thiu
Thch ng v gim thiu trong quy hoch v thit k th Mc ch ca quyn cm nang S lin h vi cc ti liu khc Ni dung ca quyn cm nang 08 09 10 10
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
t vn Phng php tip cn chung Cc gii php xut Cc d n in hnh Ti liu tham kho & Thng tin b sung Phng php tip cn chung Cc gii php xut Cc d n in hnh Ti liu tham kho & Thng tin b sung Tm tt cc gii php xut A - Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi
11
12 15 16 18 30 36 39 40 42 56 60 63
B - Qun l Nc mt
Thch ng - TP. HCM
NH: Chu Hunh
Gii Mc thiu Lc
II. Qun l Nhit cao

t vn Phng php tip cn chung Cc gii php xut Cc d n in hnh Ti liu tham kho & Thng tin b sung Phng php tip cn chung Cc gii php xut Cc d n in hnh Ti liu tham kho & Thng tin b sung Tm tt cc gii php xut A - Qun l Lm mt th
65
66 69 70 72 78 82 85 86 88 92 96 97
B - Qun l Bc x Mt tri
III. Thit k in hnh

Phng php nghin cu Gii thiu chung v cc khu t th im Khu t 1: i l V Vn Kit Khu t 2: Khu dn c Nhn c
99
100 101 102 108
Kt lun
115
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Gii thiu
Gii thiu
Cun Cm nang v Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu cho Thnh ph H Ch Minh (TP. HCM) / Vit Nam trnh by cc chin lc quy hoch v thit k th i ph vi cc ri ro chnh lin quan n mi trng v bin i kh hu ca thnh ph. Cun Cm nang phc v nh l mt cng c, h tr cho cc c quan chc nng ca TP. HCM trong qu trnh ra quyt nh quy hoch v ph duyt quy hoch cp thnh ph.
Thch ng v gim thiu trong quy hoch v thit k th

S gia tng v cng v tm nghim trng ca cc vn mi trng gn y ti TP. HCM, nh ngp lt th, khin cho nhn thc v bin i kh hu cng nng cao. Tuy nhin, nguyn nhn chnh ca cc vn mi trng ny l do vic pht trin th qu nhanh, ch khng phi l do bin i kh hu ton cu. Do , quy hoch th cng nn c coi l ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh hnh thnh s thch ng ca thnh ph vi cc mi e da v mi trng v thay i kh hu. Hnh thi th ca TP. HCM l mt v d c th ca s pht trin th cha bn vng. Hnh thi pht trin th hin nay hu nh cha ch tm xem xt cc ri ro lin quan n kh hu, mi trng xung quanh v cng ng dn c sinh sng. S pht trin nhanh ca cc khu dn c vo cc vng t ngp nc nn c xem l mt trong nhng mi quan tm ln nht ca thnh ph. Mt khi cc 8
Thch ng - TP. HCM
kha cnh v mi trng ca bin i kh hu c nghin cu v thit lp, vic tch hp cc gii php thch ng vo qu trnh thit k quy hoch th hin hu l ht sc cn thit. Quy hoch th c cng nhn rng ri rng, n nn ng vai tr quan trng trong vic thch nghi vi bin i kh hu v pht trin thnh ph vi t kh thi carbon. Vic thch nghi v gim thiu tc ng ca bin i kh hu b nh hng mnh m bi hnh thi th. Vi hnh thi th nn, khong cch i li c rt ngn v nng lng c phn b mt cch tp trung. Hnh thi th nn ny bn vng hn, kh thi hn, v gip gim lng kh thi ng k. Tuy nhin, hnh thi mt cao c th xung t vi mc tiu thch ng, do chng c th tng hiu ng o nhit th v lm gim kh nng thot nc th. Do , hnh thi Thnh ph nn vi chc nng th hn hp cn phi c tch hp vi khi nim H thng h tng cy xanh v mt nc (Green
Gii thiu
and Blue Infrastructure) cung cp khng gian cho nc l v c cy xanh gim nhit cao. Mt mi trng th thch nghi v bn vng cho TP. HCM phi l mt mi trng ni cc khng gian cy xanh v mt nc c vai tr nh l h thng thng gi, lm mt, gi nc l, v cho nc ma thm thu vo lng t. Cc khng gian xanh ca TP. HCM, khng may thng b mt i trong qu trnh th ha nhanh ca thnh ph. Trong khi , cc th km thch nghi v khng c thit k i ph vi s tng nhit , s i hi tng cng s dng iu ha khng kh c hc. iu ny khng ch gp phn tip tc
gy nn bin i kh hu, m cn lm tng chi ph nng lng tiu th. Cc nh quy hoch, cc nh u t, cc nh thit k th v kin trc s, do , cn phi xem xt cc xung t tim tng gia thch ng v gim thiu ng bo tnh bn vng ca cng ng trong tng lai.
Mc ch ca quyn cm nang
Quyn cm nang ny c thit k nhm mc ch nng cao nhn thc chung v cc chin lc thch ng bin i kh hu trong lnh vc quy hoch v thit k th cho cc nh chc nng, nh mt gii php ngn hn trc mt. Cc kin thc nng cao v thch
Hnh 1: Cc vn chnh lin quan n bin i kh hu
Nguy c ngp lt (Ngp lt th) S nng ln (Kh hu th) S tiu th nng lng (Nng lng th)
Cc vn cp trong Quyn Cm Nang
Kh thi t giao thng (Giao thng th)
Qun l Ngp do Qun l Nc Triu v t Sng mt
Qun l Lm mt th
Qun l Bc x th nn Mt tri
S dng Nng lng Hiu qu
S Phn tn v Khng gian
Giao thng Bn Vng
Thch ng
Gim thiu
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Gii thiu
ng bin i kh hu ca cc t chc lin quan v cc c nhn v qu trnh lng ghp cc kn thc ny vo quy hoch th c xem l tim nng di hn ca cun Cm nang. Cun Cm nang ny c thit k v chun b trong khun kh ca d n nghin cu Khung quy hoch th v quy hoch mi trng tch hp cho thch ng vi bin i kh hu ca TP. HCM. D n l mt phn ca chng trnh sng kin Pht trin bn vng cho cc thnh ph ln ca ngy mai ca B Gio dc v Nghin cu Cng ha Lin bang c. Mc tiu tng th ca d n l pht trin v kt hp cc gii php thch ng bin i kh hu vo qu trnh ra quyt nh v lp quy hoch th, t s lm tng kh nng phc hi cc tn thng v vt cht v x hi lin quan n kh hu cho h thng th ca TP. HCM.
c dng nh mt quyn sch ngun, vi cc thng tin k thut chi tit hn.
Ni dung ca quyn Cm nang

Phn chnh ca cun Cm nang ny th hin menu cc ty chn v gii php thch ng, cung cp ci nhn su vo cc phng php, cc chin lc quy hoch th xut v cc v d d n minh ha tiu biu. Cun Cm nang bao gm cc lnh vc lin quan n thch ng vi bin i kh hu sau y: Qun l ngp lt th: Qun l ngp do triu cng v t sng ngi Qun l nc mt Qun l nhit cao: Qun l lm mt th Qun l bc x mt tri Phn tip theo ca cun Cm nang ny th hin hai thit k in hnh, chng minh v nh gi kh nng p dng cc chin lc thit k th xut, v c th ha kt qu nh gi mi trng ton thnh ph. Cc khu t c s dng trong cc thit k in hnh l: i l V Vn Kit Khu dn c Nhn c
S lin h vi cc ti liu khc

Cun Cm nang ny nn c s dng kt hp vi cc quyn Hng dn Thch ng - TP. HCM, v quy hoch v thit k th thch ng vi bin i kh hu. Trong khi quyn hng dn c thit k h tr cc c quan chc nng nh gi tnh bn vng ca d n pht trin th trong qu trnh ph duyt, v thit lp cc quy nh rng buc v khng rng buc v quy hoch v thit k th, cun Cm nang ny c th 10
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Qun l Ngp lt th
I.
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
Ngp lt th ang l mt trong nhng vn mi trng ni bt ti TP. HCM. Hin tng ngp ca TP. HCM khng ch xut pht t a hnh v iu kin kh hu ca thnh ph, m cn xut pht t nhng h ly nghim trng t vic th ha qu nhanh. Chng ny ca quyn s tay cp n cc gii php thit k v quy hoch th tip cn v gii quyt vn ngp lt ca TP. HCM, bao gm ngp do triu cng, ngp l t sng ngi, v ngp do ma.
t vn
TP. HCM nm pha ra ng bc ca vng ng bng sng Cu Long v kt ni vi Bin ng ti cc Nam. Phn ln cc vng t thnh ph l vng t c a hnh thp v vng m ly, c chia ct bi mt mng li cc dng sng, knh rch phc tp. iu kin a hnh v a l khin cho thnh ph v cng nhy cm vi ngun ngp lt khc nhau, bao gm: l t thng lu sng Si Gn-ng Nai v sng Cu
Long, ngp lt do thy triu v ngp lt do nc ma trong trn ma to hoc bo nhit i. Trc nguy c nc bin dng v cc tc ng khc t bin i kh hu ton cu v khu vc, nhng nh hng trn cn c th nguy him hn v kh c th on trc c. Ngoi ra, s kt hp ca hai hoc nhiu hn hai loi l s dn n nhng bi cnh ngp cc oan hn. Trong khi a th ca thnh ph lm cho thnh ph d b tn thng trc nguy
40%
20%
10%
Hnh I.1: Tun hon nc trong mi trng t nhin v th, th hin s khc nhau ca cc t l nc chy b mt, thm th v bay hi.
75% 5%
50%
12
Thch ng - TP. HCM
c ngp lt, tc th ha nhanh cng gp phn lm tng nguy c ny. Thng k cho thy, trong giai on th ha t 1989 n 2006, din tch b mt khng thm nc ca TP. HCM tng gp i (Trn & H 2007). ng thi cc b mt t t nhin nh rng, cc t nng nghip, t cy xanh v cc vng t ngp nc c hai pha cc khu vc thng lu v h lu TP. HCMC, b gim nhanh chng v thay th bng nh ca v cc c s h tng. Qu trnh btng ho mt t mt cc nhanh chng ny lm gim kh nng thm thu v bay hi ca nc, v l nguyn nhn chnh ca tnh trng ngp do nc chy b mt (Hnh I.2 & Hnh I.3). Bn cnh s gia tng ng ch ca qu trnh b tng ho mt t, nhiu hot ng xy dng tin hnh cc vng t thp v vng t ngp nc cng gp phn lm mt kh nng tr nc t nhin ca lu vc thnh ph. Vic xy dng nh ca, c hp php v bt hp php, trong thnh ph, thng qua vic ln chim b sng lm thu hp sng ngoi, thu hp vng ngp v thay i dng chy t nhin. T , dung lng lu tr trong h thng sng ngoi ca thnh ph b gim ng k, dn n mc nc l ca cc dng sng tng cao, v hin tng ngp lt gia tng, xy ra thng xuyn nht cc khu dn c dc theo h thng ng thy.
NH: Nigel Downes / Chu Hunh
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
Ngoi s ln chim lng sng ca cc ta nh, rc thi cng l mt trong yu t lm hn ch lng lu tr nc v nng lc giao thng trn cc knh rch. Mc d cha c nhng d liu khoa hc v s lng rc thi trong mng li cng rnh v cc knh rch ca thnh ph, rc thi c nhn thy rt thng xuyn ca h ga, cng thot nc v trong cc knh rch. Rc thi gp phn trong vic hn ch kh nng thot nc ca thnh ph, v cng l nguyn nhn dn n ngp lt. Bn cnh , n cng
Hnh I.2: nn t ca TP. HCM. th hin mc nn cao trong khu vc li trung tm (Rujner 2011)
Phn trm nn (%)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
13
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
NH: Chu Hunh
lm nhim ngun nc v mi trng xung quanh. Vic lm dng ngun nc ngm trong thnh ph cng gp phn lm cho nguy c ngp lt ngy cng trm trng hn. Nhiu h gia nh trong TP. HCM s dng nc ngm nh mt s thay th hoc l mt ngun cung cp nc b sung cho nc my. H thng nc ngm trong thnh ph, do b thay i mnh v dn n st ln t. Khu vc trung tm TP. HCM hin nay
ghi nhn hin tng ln t trung bnh mc t 4mm/nm (L & H 2009). Nhng khu vc c hin tng st ln ny s cng nhy cm vi ngp lt. Trong bi cnh , h thng thot nc thnh ph hin nay li khng p ng vi nhu cu, do tc th ha nhanh. S thiu dung tch dn n tnh trng qu ti thng xuyn. Hu ht cc h thng thot nc ca thnh ph c thit k theo thot nc gp ca c nc thi v nc ma. Do vy h thng thot nc ny d dng b qu ti c bit khi c ma ln, v hu qu khng ch l s ngp lt m cn l s suy gim cht lng nc thi. Tm li, vic qun l ri ro ngp lt a n mt thch thc to ln cho TP. HCM, c bit, khi cc gii php chng ngp lt truyn thng nh nng cp h thng cng rnh v h thng p rt tn chi ph v thi gian. Do , chng ny ca quyn s tay, khng nhm vo cc gii php trn, cng nh cc gii php thi cng i hi s u t ln. mt kha cnh khc, n c gng bt u vi cc gii php quy hoch v thit k th quy m nh hn vi chi ph thp hn; cc gii php m bt k cc c nhn, t chc v cng ng trong TP. HCM c th chung tay gp phn gim thiu ri ro ngp lt, nng cao cht lng mi trng v cht lng cuc sng.
Hnh I.3: Nc chy b mt do ma TP. HCM (Rujner 2011)
T l trung bnh (mm/a)
14
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi
I-A.
I-A. Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

Hnh I-A.3: Qun l ngp lt theo phng php tch hp (Phng theo Parkison & Mark 2005)
Thit k v quy hoch th
Phng php tch hp
C s h tng ng v thot nc
Qun l cht thi
Kh tng Thy vn
Rng v Nng nghip

Ngp lt do triu cng v t sng ngoi l hai ngun gy ngp lt ph bin ti TP. HCM. Trong nhng nm gn y, nhng ri ro ny cng ng quan tm. S liu ghi nhn cho thy rng mc nc ti a thy triu vo nm 2012 TP. HCM tng ln 10cm so vi nm 2009 (Hnh I-A.1). Trong khi , nhiu ma ln v bo nhit i xy ra bt ng, lm hn ch kh nng d on l t thng ngun v h lu sng ngi.
1.5 1.45 1.4 1.35 1.3 2009 2010 2011 2012
Phng php tip cn chung

Di s qun l ca Trung tm Chng ngp TP. HCM (SCFC), c nhiu d n kim sot thy triu c trin khai v thc hin. Bo co nh k nm 2012 ca SCFC v vn gim ngp cho thy, mc d, ngp lt bi thy triu cc khu vc ni thnh c du hiu suy gim, nguy c ngp lt li tng nh cc khu vc ngoi thnh vo nm 2011 (Hnh I-A.2). Bo co cng cho thy rng cc phng php tip cn hin thi ch yu da vo cc bin php k thut nh: nng cp h thng thot nc, xy dng cc cng ngn triu, v h thng bm nc, v SCFC cng nhn thy l cc gii php trn vn mang tnh tm thi v vn ngp lt vn cha c gii quyt ti gc (SCFC 2012). Mt cch tip cn thch hp hn l cch Qun L Ngp Lt Theo Cch Tch Hp gia cc ngnh cng nghip v dch v khc nhau (Hnh I-A.3). Cc gii php khng nn ch duy nht da trn ngnh thot nc vi gii php nng cp c s h
tng thot nc, m cn nn lin kt cc ngnh khc nhau (Parkison & Mark 2008). Thng tin gia cc c quan v cc ban ngnh cng phi c s chia s v lin kt cht ch m bo s phi kt hp tt gia cc bn lin quan. Da trn khi nim c bn v Qun L Ngp Lt Theo Cch Tch Hp, phn ny ca quyn Cm nang gii thiu cc phng php quy hoch v thit k th i ph vi ngp lt t triu cng v t sng ngi, trong bao gm c gii php cng trnh v gii php phi cng trnh. y, cn lu rng qun l ngp lt do thy triu v do sng ngi ca TP. HCM cng b nh hng bi vic quy hoch v cc quyt nh qun l nc cc lu vc ln hn nh lu vc sng Si Gn-ng Nai v lu vc ng bng sng Cu Long (Hnh 1-A.5). Tuy nhin, phn ny ca cun Cm nang ny ch trnh by cc gii php quy hoch v thit k th trong phm vi hnh chnh ca TP. HCM.
(m)
Nm
Hnh. I-A.1: Mc triu cao nht trong 2009 - 2012 (SCFC 2012)
24 18 12 6 0 2009 2010 2011 2012
(S ln xz ra)
Nm Vng ngp tng cng Vng ngp trong khu vc trung tm Vng ngp trong khu vc ngoi vi
Hnh I-A.2: S ln ngp trong nm do triu cng t 2009 n 2012 (SCFC 2012)
16
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Hnh I-A.4: Gii php ba bc tip cn
Xc nh vng ngp lt
To khng gian cho nc l
Cng trnh v cu trc bo v
Cc chin lc chung v quy hoch v thit k th ng ph vi ngp lt do thy triu v sng ngi cho TP. HCM c th c phn thnh 3 bc chnh (Hnh I-A.4): (1) Xc nh vng ngp lt: iu quan trng l cc khu vc b ngp lt phi c xc nh u tin. Da trn cc v tr c xc nh, cc bin php qun l cng nh cc quyt nh ng ph vi ngp lt s c ban hnh. Thng tin v v tr khu vc ngp lt cng nh k hoch s tn khn cp phi c ph bin n tt c cng ng, u tin trc ht cho cng ng khu dn c trong vng c nguy c ngp lt cao. (2) To khng gian cho nc l: S ln p ca cc cng trnh xy dng trong qu trnh th ho vo trong cc vng d tr ngp dn n s gia tng mc nc ngp do triu cng v t sng ngoi ca TP. HCM. Do , gim thiu nguy c ngp, khng gian cha nc l b mt i phi c b p. Thng qua chin lc ny, nc l s c gi li hoc c chuyn hng, v t t tr v cho cc h thng sng ngoi v knh rch mt khi hin tng ngp qua i hay khi mc nc sng h thp. (3) Cng trnh v cu trc bo v: p dng cc cng trnh v cu trc bo
v cng l mt cch hiu qu trnh nc l gy hi nh ca v c s h tng, gii php ny c bit p dng vi cc khu dn c hin hu trong vng ngp v khng c kh nng di di. Cc gii php cng trnh v cu trc bo v cng c th p dng cho cc khu vc th quan trng ni c cc cng trnh v c s h tng then cht.
Lu vc a phng
Lu vc th
Lu vc thnh ph
Lu vc sng
Hnh 1-A.5: Qun l l khng nn ch gii hn trong bin gii hnh chnh thnh ph m cn kt hp vi cc lu vc thng ngun ln hn
Thch ng - TP. HCM
17
Cc gii php xut Xc nh vng ngp lt

01 Lp bn nguy c ngp lt
Lp bn nguy c l lt l vic s dng bn mc ch giao tip v truyn thng tin v nguy c v ri ro ngp lt. Lp bn nguy c l lt s to c s cho vic quy hoch trong vng ngp v cc quy hoch s dng t khc. Lp bn nguy c ngp lt khng ch l mt cng c b sung cho vic ra cc quyt nh trong quy hoch s dng t v ln k hoch cu h khn cp, m cn l mt bin php thng tin lin lc thng bo cho ngi dn ch ng i ph vi ngp lt ngn chn c nhng thit hi trong tng lai. Bn nguy c ngp lt thng thng c cc thng tin sau : Cc dng ngp
Vng nh hng ca l chu k 2-10 nm Vng nh hng ca l chu k 50 -100 nm Vng ngp do nc t knh rch ng ranh gii thnh ph
Cc vng ngp lt Chiu su, vn tc v hng ca nc l Bn c xc nh trn chu k lt. V d 1 ln trong 10 nm (1:10), 1 ln trong 25 nm (1:25), 1 ln trong 100 nm (1:100) hoc cc s kin l ln, xy ra ch 1 ln trong 1000 nm (1:1000) (Bng I-A.1) Bn nguy c ngp lt s c cp nht thng xuyn khng ch vi thng tin thy vn, m cn vi cc thng tin v khu vc nh thng tin v cng trnh ln cn, v nh tr l, ng giao thng chnh, v cng nh cc d liu khc nh: thay i v nh l, hoc cc d liu thu thp c t trm kh tng thu vn. Cc thng tin khc nh ti
Bng I-A.1: Mc thng xuyn Chu k lt 1 trong 1000 nm 1 trong 1000 nm - 1 trong 100 nm Mc thng xuyn Thp Trung bnh
Hnh I-A.6: Bn ngp lt ca th Manila, Philippines, truy cp c trn mng (S mi trng v thin nhin, Philippnes)
1 trong 100 nm Cao - 1 trong 20 nm 1 trong 20 nm Vng ngp thng xuyn
(Phng theo World Bank 2012)
18
Thch ng - TP. HCM
GHI CH: Nh tr n Tnh trng c xut Trong tng lai Khu vc ngp Vng ngp l 100 nm n cnh st khu vc
Hnh I-A.7: Bn ngp lt ca Philadelphia, c th hin v tr nh tr l (TP. Philadelphia)
sn thit hi, dn s v s dn b thit hi trong mt trn ngp lt c th cng c th c a vo (Jha, Bloch & Lamond 2012). C su bc chnh thit lp bn nguy c l lt c th hin trong Bng I-A.2. Tuy nhin, lu rng lun tn ti cc ri ro sai s trong cc thng tin ny. Mt s v d v cc ri ro sai s nh: Sai s trong khi dng m hnh Tham s tham kho khng chnh xc Thng s u vo khng chnh xc Hin tng t nhin xy ra khng nh d kin (Jha, Bloch & Lamond 2012) Do vy, iu quan trng l cc cp ra quyt nh hiu rng s c nhng sai s
trong qu trnh d on. V do , bn ngp lt phi nn c cp nht theo d liu u vo mi nht, cng l m bo cc quyt nh tng lai l da trn cc thng tin cp nht mi nht. Bn c th nh dng theo nh hoc vector GIS. Ty thuc vo nhm i tng khc nhau nh chnh quyn a phng hoc h gia nh, bn c th hin mc chi tit khc nhau (Hnh I-A.8). Mc ch chnh ca bn l lt cho i tng ngi dn l nng cao nhn thc ca cng ng v cc quyt nh php l (v d nh s dng t, cch b tr v thit k c th cho khu t), v to iu kin cho ngi dn c s chun b v phn ng thch hp trc l (FLOODsite 2008).
Hnh I-A.8: Cc bn ngp lt khc nhau cho cc i tng s dng khc nhau (B mi trng Baden-Wrttemberg)
Cho ton cng ng
Bng I-A.2: Cc bc thit lp bn ngp lt Bc 1 Thu thp thng tin 2 Tnh ton chu k 3 Dng m hnh 4 Xc nhn kt qu m hnh 5 6 Chun b v bn v pht hnh Kim tra v lin tc cp nht M t Dng a hnh, m hnh b mt, d liu thy vn Lng nc l hng nm chy qua mt khu vc c th M hnh thy lc 1D, 2D hay 1D2D o c v kim tra thc a so snh vi kt qu t m hnh Thng tin u ra c th hin thn thin vi ngi xem, v c phn pht n cc i tng khc nhau Cp nht thng xuyn trn bn vi cc thng tin ca khu vc v thng tin kh tng thu vn
Cho cc s chuyn ngnh Cho cc c quan chc nng a phng
(Phng theo Jha, Bloch & Lamond 2012)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
19
To Khng gian cho Nc l

02 T nhin ha sng ngi v knh rch
Cc con sng v knh trong TP. HCM thng xuyn b thu hp v xm chim bi nh ca v cht thi rn. iu ny dn n s tc nghn v suy gim kh nng chy trong sng. Ngoi ra, cc b k ti TP. HCM thng c lt bng vt liu kn mt nh v b tng. Cc k kn s phn no lm gim kh nng thm nc, tng vn tc chy h ngun v do , tng l lt h ngun. T nhin ha sng ngoi v knh rch l tr con sng tr li trng thi ban u ca n, t , n s khuyn khch qu trnh thm thu, tng kh nng tr nc, v khng gian cho nc l. N cn gip lm gim xi l b k v nng cao mi trng t nhin hoang d dc theo con sng. C bn chin lc chnh t nhin ha sng ngoi, bao gm: (1) Loi b vt cn: cc chng ngi vt chng hn nh cht thi rn, cy , p dng nc v cng trnh ng thy khng cn thit, cn c loi b, nng cao nng lc v duy tr l duy tr vn tc dng chy ban u. Loi b ph sa lng ng, o v m rng knh l gii php c xem nh mt phng sch cui cng v nn gii hn ti thiu do s tc ng to ln ca cc gii php ny n mi trng t nhin ca con sng. (2) Ly li ng cong t nhin ca cc con sng: trong qu trnh th ha, cc con sng v rch thng b nn thng v b k ha. Un khc dng sng tr v ng cong t nhin ca n l nng cao nng lc lu tr nc ca vng ng bng sng v hn ch chiu cao l.
Hnh I-A.9: Cc gii php t nhin ho sng ngi v knh rch 1. Loi b vt cn 2. Ly li ng cong t nhin ca cc con sng 3. Ti kt ni sng vi vng ng bng ngp nc 4. T nhin ha k sng
20
Thch ng - TP. HCM

Hnh I-A.10: Cc v d v thit k k sng theo cch t nhin Tri: K bng cc g Phi: K bng cc ti c trng cy (Phng theo PUB 2011)
(3) Ti kt ni sng vi vng ng bng ngp nc: nc l chy qua vng l thng b chng li do k hoc in t ai v nh ca v dn n suy gim kh nng lu tr. Ti kt ni sng vi vng ng bng ngp nc c th c t c thng qua: h thp b sng, h thp chiu cao k, di lui , iu (Hnh I-A.11), v kt ni li cc knh ni. (4) T nhin ha k sng: ch c cc b sng d b sp nn c k ha, cc b sng t b tn thng nn c t nhin. Vt liu thit k k nn l vt liu kt hp vi cc tnh nng t nhin, chng hn r c trng cy hoc b tng c l, thay v lt bng b tng kn lin mt (Hnh I-A.12). Cc bin php ny gip bo v khi b xi mn, tng
cng s thm thu ca nc l v lm chm tc dng chy. Ngoi ra, cc ph sa tch ng trong vt liu lt k s c thng xuyn cung cp cho thc vt pht trin, v khuyn khch mi trng sng ca ng vt hoang d v tng tnh thm m ca cc con sng v knh rch.
Hnh I-A.11: Li li v tr gip m rng vng ngp nc v tng sc cha nc hn lm ngay st dc theo sng (Phng theo MRC 2007)
mc nc cao mc nc thp
mc nc cao mc nc thp
SAU
TRC
Hnh I-A.12: T nhin ho k sng 1. K sng vi b mt b-tng kn mt (khng khuyn khch) 2. K sng vi b tng c l 3. K sng vi cc ti c trng cy
4. K sng vi cc ti c trng cy v khong li

Thch ng - TP. HCM
21
03 Bo tn vng ng bng ngp nc

Vng ng bng ngp nc l mt khu vc bng phng lin k cc con sng, sui v thng xuyn b ngp lt, v d nh b ngp bi l chu k 10 hay 20 nm. Vng ng bng ngp nc t nhin cung cp khng gian cho sng sui m rng trong qu trnh l v lm gim nh l. Do , vng ng bng ngp nc gp phn kim sot v gim ri ro ngp lt h lu mt cch t nhin. Ngoi ra, vng ng bng ngp nc cng gip lm gim nhim do nc mt v cung cp mi trng sng cho c h thc vt v ng vt (Sipes 2010).
Hnh I-A.13: Phn khu chc nng vng ng bng ngp nc
theo chu k ng bng ngp nc l cha kha duy tr cc h sinh thi quan trng, bao gm c rng ven sng v vng m ly. Chc nng thy vn ca ng bng ngp nc c th c m bo bng cch hn ch pht trin, hoc khuyn khch s dng t thn thin vi l nh t nng nghip, sn chi, t th dc th thao, hoc khu p ng vi l (DCLG 2006). ng bng ngp l, do , c th c phn loi thnh 2 khu vc khc nhau (Hnh I-A.13) Khu cm xy dng: l vng t ven sng, ni thng xuyn b nh hng nng bi thy triu v l u ngun. Trong khu cm xy dng, tt c cc cu trc xy dng s b hn ch. Vng m: ni b nh hng l lt
Vng ng bng ngp nc phi nn c quy hoch k lng nng cao hiu qu cao t s dng. Vic b ngp
Khu cm xy dng Vng ng bng ngp nc
Vng m
Vng an ton vi l
22
Thch ng - TP. HCM
nh k v theo ma, thch hp s dng t cho nng nghip, sn chi, c s h tng khng quan trng, v khu dn c v c s h tng p ng vi l. Trong khu vc TP. HCM, ng bng ngp l ang di nguy c b san lp v chim ng bi cc cng trnh xy dng do th ha v nhu cu cao v nh .
t trong vng ng bng ngp nc b gim nng lc tr l v do to ra cc khu l lt mi. Vic bo v ng bng ngp l, ti kt ni vng ngp vi mng li sng ngoi, thit lp tiu chun s dng t, cng nh tng cng cc quy nh s dng t v kim sot th trong khu vc ng bng ngp l l ht sc cn thit.
TRC
Bng I-A.3: Phn loi theo s dng t theo tnh nhy cm vi tn thng do l Pht trin tng thch vi nc t nhy cm Rt nhy cm Nhy cm nht Cng trnh kim sot v chng l lt Cng trnh dn nc, x l nc thi, v trm bm Bn cng, bn du thuyn, v cng trnh ca ngnh nh bt c Khng gian m, th thao ngoi tri, vui chi gii tr lin quan n nc Khu bo tn thin nhin Ca hng, nh hng v qun c ph, vn phng Kho bi v c s phn phi t ai v nh s dng cho nng lm nghip. Nh my x l nc (vi y cc bin php kim sot nhim) Bnh vin, c s gio dc. Trm y t khu dn c, nh cho tr em, nh dch v x hi, nh t, nh , k tc x v khch sn. Bi rc v cc c s qun l cht thi Cc khu t phc v k ngh l v cc s kin Trm cnh st, trm cu thng, trm cu ha, im di tn khn cp Cng trnh vin thng Nh c tng hm Cc c s c cc cht c hi d C s h tng giao thng vn ti thit yu (bao gm c cc tuyn ng s tn hng lot) C s h tng chin lc, bao gm trm in v li in v trm bin p chnh
SAU
Hnh I-A.14 : Vng ng bng ngp nc trc vo sau khi b xm chim bi nh v h tng, dn n s gia tng ca mc nc l.
Trung bnh
(Phng theo DCLG 2006)

23
04 Mng li h iu tit phn cp

Thng thng, do khng kh nng tr nc trong sng v knh rch, mc nc l s c tng ln nhanh chng v dn n ngp lt. Khi p dng mt mng li h iu tit phn cp trong th, nc l s c chuyn t cc con sng v knh vo cc h iu tit, v t t c lc v chy tr li ra mng li thot nc khi cn l qua i, hoc ra sng khi sng c li nng lc tr nc (Hnh I-A.15).
NH: Ronald Eckert / De Urbanisten
Ngoi ra, trong trn ma, khi m h thng cng thot nc b qu ti, nc chy b mt c th c tr trong cc h iu tit ny v thot ra li h thng thot nc th mt khi h thng thot nc c th tip nhn thm lng chy. Mng li h iu tit phn cp trong cc lu vc khc nhau trong thnh ph s ng vai tr hiu qu trong vic gim ngp lt c ngp t sng v ngp do ma. Khu vc cha c xy dng ti ngoi vi TP. HCM c tim nng c s dng cho cc h iu tit phn cp, v do cn c bo tn.
Ma ln
Hnh I-A.15: Trc v sau khi p dng mng li h iu tit phn cp trong cn ma v triu dng
Triu dng
TRC Ma ln
TRC
GHI CH H iu tit phn cp Nc l b dng nhanh Nc l c thot t t ra sng SAU SAU Triu dng
24
Thch ng - TP. HCM
05 H iu tit tm thi trong khu vc th

Ty thuc vo ngun ti nguyn t, h iu tit c th p dng theo cc kch c khc nhau. Trong khu vc th ng c, h iu tit c th c thit lp bng cch tn dng cc cng trnh c chc nng khc. Chng c gi tn l h iu tit tm thi. Bng I-A.4 v I-A.5 gm cc yu t chnh xc nh a im ph hp cho vic xy dng h iu tit tm thi v dung tch tr nc ty theo. Mt s yu cu c bn cho vic chn v tr ny l: Cng trnh s lun lun trn mt t Cng trnh dnh cho vic tr nc s c mt mc ch s dng khc bn cnh Chc nng s dng khc ny s khng nht thit hot ng thng xuyn v c th b ngt on trong
Bng I-A.4: Cc bc thit lp H iu tit tm thi 1. Xc nh v tr thch hp cho lu vc th 2. Xc nh su ti a ca nc l 3. c tnh lng nc ti a c th lu tr v xy dng m hnh thy lc 4. Ch nh li thot nc 5. Xem xt cc vn sc khe v an ton
(Phng theo Jha, Bloch & Lamond 2012)
thi gian tr l (Balmforth, Digman, Butler & Schaffer 2006).
Hnh I-A.16: Sn chi hot sn th thao c th ph vc nh khu a chc nng: vi mc ch gii tr v lu tr nc tm thi trong thi gian l lt.
Bng I-A.5: Phn loi H iu tit tm thi Loi Bi xe M t v lu su ca nc b hn ch do nguy c nc lm h xe, ng i b v cc cng trnh lin quan. su v dung tch ti a 0.2 m 200 l/m 0.1 m 100 l/m 0.5 - 1.0 m 500 - 1.000 l/m 0.3 m 300 l/m 0.5 - 1.0 m 500-1.000 l/m
ng nh ng c tc gii hn di 50 km/h, ni su ca nc c th c kim sot ty theo thit k Khu vc gii tr B mt cng c s dng cho sn bng r, bng mini v sn qun vt
Sn trng Cn thn trong thit k m bo s an ton cho tr em. Sn chi C th nm thp hn mt t ca khu vc ln cn, v chim mt khu vc rng ln, c th cung cp dung tch ln. Cn cn thn tch nc l ring bit v kim sot ngn chn l h lu Nn cn thn v mt s khu vc c th to ra nhim nc mt.
Cng vin
0.5 m - 1.0 m 500-1.000 l/m 0.5 m 500 l/m
Khu cng nghip
(Phng theo Balmforth, Digman, Butler & Schaffer 2006)

Thch ng - TP. HCM
25
Mt 80%
Mt 50%
Mt 30%
Hnh I-A.17: Cng mt din tch khu t v tng din tch sn, nhng khc t l khng gian m, v mt xy dng
06 Hnh thi th cao tng v nn

Hnh thi th cao tng v nn l khng ch gip p ng khng gian cho mt dn s ngy cng tng, m cn phc v nh mt bin php bo v mi trng t nhin. Hnh thi th cao tng v nn lm gim du chn th v do , lm gim s nh hng n ti nguyn thin nhin. iu ny gip bo v mt nc, t m ly, khng gian xanh, v bo v kh nng tr nc t nhin v do lm gim nguy c l lt. Hnh thi th cao tng v nn c khuyn khch cho s pht trin th ca TP. HCM. i vi cc khu th hin hu, nn khuyn khch tng mt ni c s h tng cn p ng. Mt xy dng ca to nh c th c gim bng cch tha hip ph hp gia:
khng gian xy dng v khng gian khng xy dng, tng din tch sn xy dng v chiu cao xy dng. khuyn khch hnh thi th nn v bo tn khng gian m, cc v d v bin php kim sot th c lit k di y: Thit lp cc tiu chun duy tr khng gian m v gia tng mt xy dng Khuyn khch hnh thc s dng t hn hp Tp trung khu lm vic v khu giao thng trng im ti mt khu vc. Cn bng mt xy dng vi cc u i trong xy dng v u t Nng cao nhn thc v li ch bo qun mi trng ca hnh thi th ny
u im Bo tn khng gian m tr v thm thu nc Bo v mng nc t nhin Gim chi ph xy dng c s h tng thot nc Nng cao hiu qu ca ngun cung cp v x l nc Nhc im Yu cu quy hoch v kim sot th mnh m hn ch pht trin th trn lan Nh cao tng khc bit so vi cu trc nh n l truyn thng ti Vit Nam
Hnh I-A.18: th TP. HCMC nn pht trin theo dng nn gi li cc vng t trng v cn trng (Storch & Downes 2012)
Khu vc khng xy dng di 1.5m AMSL

1.0m - 1.5m 0.5m - 1.0m 0.5m khu khng xy dng trn 1.5m AMSL Khu xy dng khc Khu xy dng trn 1.5m AMSL 1.0m - 1.5m 0.5m - 1.0m 0.5m
Khu xy dng di 1.5 m AMSL
26
Thch ng - TP. HCM
NH: Haffen City Hamburg Gmbh
Cng trnh v cu trc bo v

07 Cu trc bo v ti mt tin sng
Mt tin sng ti khu vc th ho v khu vc quan trng cn c bo v khi l lt nhng cng cn phi c s dng cho cc tin ch cng cng. Cu trc bo v mt tin sng c th c phn thnh hai danh mc khc nhau: Cu trc bo v kh: cng trnh phng th c nh v vnh vin nh , p. Chng c thit k ngn chn hon ton s xm nhp ca nc l vo cc khu vc th. Cu trc bo v t: cng trnh mm hn nh cng vin, vng m ly, hoc sn chi cho php s dng t b sng cha nc l, thay v ngn cch l. Nc l, do , s c gi li v t t thot ra. Ngoi
Loi Cu trc bo v kh u im
ra, khu vc b sng vn c th c s dng nh l khng gian cng cng tip cn, bng cch to ra cc hot ng da trn thi gian l lt. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, cc cu trc bo v t cng c th nng cao tnh thm m bng cch s dng nc nh mt yu t thit k cnh quan. Cu trc l bo v kh thng tn km v i hi phi xy dng cng trnh tn km v cng tc bo tr cht ch. Chng c hiu qu nht c s dng trong cc khu vc c l lt nghim trng thng xuyn, ni c nhiu cng trnh quan trng, v ni m khng th thi gian cnh bo l lt (MRC 2009). Cu trc phng chng l lt t c s dng khi bo v kh l khng cn thit hoc qu tn km.
Nhc im
Tng c tr Mc l 100 nm Mc triu cc i Vng nc ln xung
Tng c tr Mc l 100 nm Mc triu cc i Vng nc ln xung
Chng hon ton nc l Chi ph u t cao p xm nhp khu th i hi cng trnh xy dng Ti ct Tn dng t cho cng s v bo dng nghim Cng chng trnh v h tng ngt l C th lm tng l h ngun Chi ph xy dng c th thp hn Mt tin b sng c th tip cn Tn dng khng gian bng cc tch hp C th tng tnh thm m cho khu vc Ch c mt s chc nng th c th p dng c
Hnh I-A.19: Terrasses ti mt tin b sng (Phng theo KCA Architects)
Cu trc bo v t
ng Qung trng Cng vin Sn chi Vng m ly H ao
Thch ng - TP. HCM
27

Hnh I-A.20: Ca ngn l
Bc ca
Tm che kim loi
Tm che kim loi c chiu cao c th iu chnh c
08 Cu trc bo v nh ca
Cc ta nh v cng trnh lin quan c th b nh hng trc tip v gin tip bi l lt theo nhiu cch khc nhau. nh hng trc tip l nhng thit hi vt cht gy ra cho cc ta nh v cng trnh lin quan. nh hng gin tip l nh hng n cc hot ng cng nghip hoc kinh doanh. Mt thit k xy dng cn thn c th gip gim s
Bng I-A.6: Cc gii php cng trnh chng l cho to nh Loi Chng l t M t Vt liu chng thm trn sn nh v c hai bc tng bn ngoi v bn trong Lp ven thng l Nng cao v tr t ca thit b d b h hi v c s dng in Tng trt hoc kho lng c s dng vi chc nng tm thi Ca ngn l tm thi Vt liu chng thm ch bc tng bn ngoi Nng cao ca s Lp t van chy ngc Nng cao tng trt Nh sn Nng cao t Di di nh u im
tn thng ca cc ta nh do l lt. iu ny c bit quan trng cho cc cng trnh hin hu trong vng l lt v khng th di di. Tng t nh cc chin lc bo v mt tin sng, c chin lc phng chng l lt cho cc ta c th c phn loi nh sau: Chng l t: Gip gim bt s nguy him ca l bng cch cho nc
Nhc im i hi thi gian cnh bo chun b Khu vc sinh hot b hn ch ri ro nhim C th cn thit phi dn dp sau khi l
t tn km Gim tc l Gim thit hi l lt cho cc ta nh
Chng l kh
t tn km Gi sch s cho khng gian bn trong Gim tc ng ca l ln th cht v tinh thn ca ngi c tr Lm gim ng k ri ro ca l lt ln cc ta nh Gim tc ng ca l ln th cht v tinh thn ca ngi c tr
Khng lm gim tc l lt v kh nng thit hi cho cc khu dn c xung quanh
Trnh l hon ton
Tn km, c bit l khi p dng cho cc ta nh hin hu Nng cao t i hi phi nh gi mi trng m bo khu dn c xung quanh khng b tng nguy c ngp lt
(Phng theo CLG 2007)
28
Thch ng - TP. HCM

Tng s dng Tng s dng
Hnh I-A.21: Nh c kho cha l v chi tit ca n (Phng theo FEMA 2008a).
Mc nc bn trong v bn ngoi bng nhau
Mc nc bn trong thp hn, kt cu chc hn cn p dng
l vo ta nh Chng l kh: Tm cch ngn khng cho nc xm nhp vo ta nh gim thit hi bn trong cng trnh, cc c ph kin v ti sn, v gim tc ng ln ngi c tr. Trnh l hon ton: Nhm mc ch trnh nc l hon ton bng cch nng cao cc ta nh ln trn mc nc l, hoc cho cc ta nh dng ln cng vi nc l. S la chn gii php chng l ph hp cho mt ta nh ph thuc vo: Ngun l su ca nc l Thi gian l v chu k iu kin mi trng hin ti, v d kh hu, iu kin t ai, hoc nguy c nhim
Bng I-A.7: Vt liu chng thm B tng, khi b tng, gch lt Gch men , hoc vin (vi va chng thm nc) Kt ni bng thp khng r Ca v khung ca s kim loi Mastic, silicone hoc bng polyurethane Keo chu nc
(Phng theo FEMA 2008b)
Tnh trng ngi nh hin hu Nng lc ti chnh i vi cc cng ng thu nhp thp, sng trong khu vc nguy c l lt cao, nn s dng gii php cng trnh k trn kt hp vi gii php phi cng trnh nh cho vay li sut thp, thit lp h thng cnh bo sm, hun luyn s tn v hun luyn t xy dng cng trnh chng l.
Hnh I-A.22: Gii php chng l kh v chng l t
CHNG L T (Trn) 1. Tng v sn nh chng t 2. t cao cc thit b in t v ng dy in 3. M ca cho nc vo v thot i
CHNG L KH (Phi) 1. Tng ngoi chng t 2. Ca ngn l 3. Ca s nng cao
Thch ng - TP. HCM
29
Cc d n in hnh
01 Chng trnh Nc ABC & Cng vin Bishan, Singapore
Trong nm 2006, c quan qun l nc ca Singapore, S Qun l cng trnh tin ch cng cng (PUB) khi xng chng trnh Ngun nc Si ng, Thm m v Sch s (Active, Beautiful and Clean Waters (ABC Waters)), nhm mc ch chuyn i mng li knh rch chc nng, cng rnh, v cc h cha ca Singapore thnh cc vo dng sng, h sng ng v c chc nng gim thiu ngp lt. Singapore l mt nh quc o, nm gn ng xch o v do nhn c lng ma phong ph (3,550 mm mi nm), tuy nhin li thiu nc sch t nhin. T nhng nm 1970, tnh trng ny buc thnh ph xem xt li h thng nc v p dng mt cch tip cn ton din v chin lc qun l nc sm hn nhiu so vi cc thnh
V tr Lng ma Cng ma Din tch H thng sng ngi Singapore 3,550 mm hng nm 319 l/s/ha 14,000 ha (ton khu) 63 ha (Cng vin Bishan) 7,000 km (ton khu) 3,000 m (Cng vin Bishan)
NH: Ronald Eckert
Ch u t S Qun l cng trnh tin ch cng cng v cng vin quc gia Singapore Nh thit Atelier Dreiseitl k Thi cng Gii php p dng 2006-2008 2009-2010 Ti to t nhin cho lu vc sng, H iu tit phn cp, Lm sch sinh hc, a chc nng.
Hnh I-A.23: M hnh h iu tit phn cp ca Singapore (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
Bishan Park
Hnh I-A.24: Lu vc trung tm ca Singapore v v tr cng vin Bishan (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
30
Thch ng - TP. HCM
ph khc. Quy hoch lu vc nc tng th ton thnh ph ca Singapore nhm mc ch qun l nc ma v nc ni chung ti a phng thng qua mt h thng thot nc th tch hp v phn cp. Mt mng li cc bin php ti a phng ngn chn ti nc cao v lm gim p lc trn cc con sng trong cc s kin ma bo cao im. Nc ma c thu bi mt mng li ton din ca cng rnh, knh rch, sng ngi, h ao, trc khi c chuyn n cc h cha nc ngt lu tr. iu ny gp phn vo mc tiu ca vic s dng 2.400 mm nc ma hng nm cung cp nc ngt (PUB 2011). Cc hot ng t nhin ha cho knh rch tng b k ha bng b-tng trong cng vin Bishan, mt trong nhng d n th im ca chng trnh ABC Waters, nhm mc ch p ng nhng thch thc hin ti v tng lai nh
thiu nc ngt, dn s ngy cng gia tng, nhim ngun nc, cng nh tng lng ma v mc nc bin do bin i kh hu. Vi mt cch tip cn hon ton mi, cng vin Bishan kt hp cc gii php k thut vi thit k cnh quan cht lng cao, v qun l nc ma ti a phng bng cch thm thu, thu gom, bay hi v lm sch sinh hc, cng nh tch hp cc tim nng ca vic thay i mc nc trong thit k. Cc bin php h tr khc nh lm sch v gim nc chy trn c th c tip tc c thng qua cc gii php nh mi nh v mt tin xanh, vn ma, ti s dng nc, mi trng sinh thi sch v lc rc trong cc khu dn c lin k (Dreiseitl & Grau 2009). nh du mc l v h thng cnh bo cng c ci t cnh bo cng ng trong trng hp mc nc gia tng t ngt.
TRC
SAU - KHI NUC THP
SAU - KHI NC DNG
Hnh I-A.25: Sng Kallang trong cng vin Bishan trc v sau khi ti to cnh quan t nhin (lc mc nc thp v cao) (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
Sn chi nc: mc nc thp, sn chi cho tr em
Sng Kallang: trc y b k ho bng xi-mng, gi c t nhin ho, c ti to ng cong v cho nc chy qua
Lm sch sinh hc: m ly nhn to, gip lm sch nc m khng dng ho cht.Nc sch sau c chuyn v sn chi nc
i ti s dng: Cc tng ximng dng k ho sng nay c sp xp li thnh mt sp t mang tnh thm m cao
Hnh I-A.26: Thit k cnh quan cho cng vin Bishan (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
31
02 Sng chung vi l, D n LifE, Vng quc Anh

D n LifE (Sng Kin Di Hn Cho Cc Khu Vc C Nguy C L Lt) c dn dt bi Cng ty kin trc BACA v Hi nghin cu cng trnh kin trc Vng quc Anh. T nm 2005, d n c thc y tm kim cc gii php bn vng cho thch ng vi bin i kh hu, c bit l ri ro l lt, cho ngnh cng nghip xy dng. D n LifE tp trung theo hng tip cn khng phng chng i vi nguy c l lt, gi l Sng chung vi l. tng ny khng nhm mc ch ngn nc l vo khu vc, nhng nhm thit k khu th mi theo cch cho php nc l v nc ma di chuyn trn hoc xung quanh cc khu t mt cch c kim sot, v xc nh trc. D n tp trung u tin vo ba d n th im trong ba lu vc khc nhau: Hackbridge lu vc thng ngun, Peterborough lu vc gia v Littlehampton lu vc thp hn. Tt c ba khu t th im ny u c nguy c ngp lt trong tng lai. Trong cc trng hp nghin cu, quy hoch tng th ven sng c pht trin khc nhau da trn cc nguyn tc chung ca LifE (Hnh I-A.27). Qun l ngp lt, sau c tch hp trong thit k khu t. Phng php tip cn tch hp ny tm cch s dng ti nguyn t ai v
NH: BACA Architects
V tr Lng ma Din tch
Vng quc Anh 650 mm hng nm 24,000 ha (tt c cc d n th im) 800 ha (cho mi d n Hackbridge)
Thng lu: Lm nc ma chm li
Ch u t Defra Research Project, UK Nh thit BACA, Building Research k Establishment, Halcrow, Fulcrum Consulting Thit k Thi cng Gii php p dng 2009 ang thi cng Ti to vng ngp, phn khu vng ngp, Ti t nhin sng, a chc nng
Trung lu: Cho nc sng chy qua
H lu: Cho nc triu chy qua Hnh I-A.27: Nguyn tc chung ca d n LifE cho qun l ngp ti cc lu vc khc nhau (BACA Architects 2009)
nc qua nhiu chc nng, chng hn nh chc nng th chn lc, gii tr, sn xut nng lng ti to, sn xut lng thc a phng, lu tr nc, gim l lt. D n Hackbridge nm London Borough vng Sutton, ng nam nc Anh, trn lu vc thng ngun ca sng Wandle. Sutton d kin s tng 40% s nh theo k hoch ca Borough. Tuy nhin, 5% din tch t ca Sutton c nguy c l lt t sng mc trung bnh, v thm 5% din tch t nm trong vng c nguy c l lt cao hoc vng chc nng ngp. V vy,
32
Thch ng - TP. HCM
y l mt a im l tng cho mt d n th im nhm gim nh ri ro l lt trong lu vc thng ngun. Mt khng gian cng cng trung tm, gi l Lng xanh Blue v Green c thit k nh mt khng gian m cha l nc trong thi gian l lt. Khi l lt qua i, nc c dn tr li sng, v khng gian li c s dng nh mt sn chi cng ng v c s th dc th thao. Cng vi lng Blue v Green, cng c cc khu chc nng xy dng trong sn vn, c chc nng thu gom nc ma t nh , lu tr v cho thm vo t. Trn ton khu t, mt
Lng Blue H kh v m ly cung cp mi trng sng cho sinh thc vt Li i kt ni cc khu tin ch v khu trng hc S dng cc yu t thit k mm, bng cc cy thc vt a phng Vn Khng gian tin ch cng ng Thu hoch v x l nc ma v nc chy b mt t cc khu cn h Chy trn ra sng T nhin ho b sng ng dn Cho php nc l chy trn vo cc khu cy xanh a chc nng To khng gian cho nc l Cc hnh lang cnh quan cung cp ng i b v p xe Thc vt sng c trong mi trng m ly Ci xay gi To ra in Trung tm cho du khch
Sn chi tr em Trng hc Nh Nh
Hnh I-A.28: Phi cnh ca d n Hackbridge v khu Lng Blue (trong vng chm xanh), ni nc l c ch (BACA Architects 2009).
mng li mng c trng c c s dng vn chuyn nc trn t sng vo vng ngp chc nng trong lng Blue. Thit k th cng cho php c b mt m v thm ti a. Cc ta nh nm gn sng c thit k chng l kh. Mi nh nng lng mt tri c s dng to ra in trong thi gian l lt.
Hnh I-A.29: Thit k chi tit ca d n Hackbridge, cho thy nhiu khng gian tin ch cng cng c kt hp vi chc nng cha l (BACA Architects2009)
Lng trung tm Li vo chung cho xe c, ngi i b, ngi i xe p Khng gian a chc nng cho xe, khu mua sm v im tp kt Khu th thao t nn cng, c chc nng cha nc l Bng nng lng mt tri Thit b kim sot chy trn Nh chng l kh
Thc phm sch a phng Vn chung hay vn phong lan

Nh
Lng Green Khu khng gian cng cng m Ni gii tr bnh dn Ni chi th thao Ch cha gim l Nc l t sng c chy vo vng m ly qua h thng mng
River
Thch ng - TP. HCM
33
03 D n lp bn Nguy c l lt, Nht Bn

Nh l mt phn ng vi thit hi nng n t cn bo Tokage trong nm 2003, B t ai, C s h tng v Giao thng vn ti Nht Bn (MLIT) bt u D n kim sot l lt khn cp 2004-2014 vi tng kinh ph l 90 t Yn. T nm 2004 n nm 2005, cc bin php cng trnh, chng hn nh phc hi cc im nt trong k v nng cao con c tin hnh. Sau , d n chuyn sang bin php phi cng trnh, quan trng nht trong s l d n Bn ph thng nguy c l lt. Bn nguy c l lt ca mi thnh ph c thnh lp vi quy m thch hp da trn kt qu nh gi nguy c l lt s b cho mi thnh ph c th. Cc bn bao gm cc kch bn l lt sau y: A) Xc sut thp (1:1000, mt ln trong 1000 nm)
Bng ch dn t trn ct n hay tr in
V tr Lng ma Din tch
Tokyo city, Japan 2,065 mm hng nm 697 km2
Ni tr l
Ch u t B t ai, C s h tng v Giao thng vn ti Nht Bn (MLIT) Nh thit k MLIT Thit k Thi cng Gii php p dng 2003 2004-2014 Lp bn ngp lt, truyn b thng tin v ngp lt
B) Xc sut trung (1:100, mt ln trong 100 nm) C) Xc sut cao (1:20, mt ln trong 20 nm) Cc bn sau c phn phi cho cc nhm i tng khc nhau bao
su ca nc l Hnh I-A.30: Bng ch dn (MLIT 2004)
Bng ch dn t bng ng Bng trong cc qung trng cng cng
Bng ch dn dn trn tng
Hnh I-A.31: V tr c th ng thng tin ngp lt (MLIT 2004)
34
Thch ng - TP. HCM

NH: MLIT Japan
gm c ngi dn a phng v chnh quyn a phng. Sau , cc cuc iu tra c tin hnh nh gi phn hi ca c dn cc vng c lp bn nguy c l lt, nng cao cht lng bn . Bn cnh vic thnh lp bn nguy c l lt, MLIT cng bt u mt chin dch thit lp cc bng thng tin thm ha trong vng c nguy c l lt. Cc bng ny bao gm cc thng tin khc nhau nh lch s ca him ha, su nc l trc y, su d on ca l, v v tr ca cc ni tr n di tn trnh l gn nht (Hnh I-A.32). Nhng du hiu
ny khng ch gip ngi dn, m cn khch du lch trong trng hp phi s tn. Cc kt qu c cng b trong quyn Hng dn lp bn ph thng nguy c l lt, nh mt hng dn cho chnh quyn thnh ph v c quan qun l sng ngoi. Tip theo thnh cng ca d n, ba bng hiu thin tai l lt Chiu su nc l, Ni tr n s tn l lt v Ni c bo v, c chun ha v gii thiu trn ton quc (Hnh I-A.30).
CC KNH THNG TIN
Hnh I-A.32: Mt v d ca bng thng tin ti trung tm cng ng khu dn c Kinosaki (MLIT 2004)
TNG NGM CH DN V CCH DI DI V CC VIC CN LM GHI CH ni c kh nng Ni tr n b ngp khu vc ngp vi im lin lc chiu su khc nhau Khng gian ngm
Hnh I-A.33: V d in hnh cho bn ngp lt cho mt thnh ph (MLIT 2004)

Thch ng - TP. HCM
35
Ti liu tham kho & Thng tin b sung

Balmforth, D., Digman, C.J., Butler, D. & Schaffer, P. (2006). Defra Integrated Urban Drainage Pilots Scoping Study. Communities and Local Government (2007). Improving the Flood Performance of New Buildings. Flood Resilient Construction. Department for Communities and Local Government: London. Department of Communities and Local Government. (2006). Planning Policy Statement 25: Development and flood risk Practice Guide. London. Retrieved from https://www.gov.uk/ government/uploads/system/uploadsv/attachment_data/file/7772/pps25guideupdate.pdf Dreiseitl H. & Grau D. (Eds) (2009). Recent Waterscapes - Planning, Building and Designing with Water. FEMA (2008a). Below Elevated Buildings in Special Flood Hazard Areas Technical Bulletin 1. National Flood Insurance Program. August 2008 FEMA (2008b). Flood Damage-Resistant Materials Requirements. Technical Bulletin 2. National Flood Insurance Program. August 2008 FLOODsite Consortium (2008). Review of Flood Hazard Mapping. Sixth Framework Programme for European Research and Technological Development (2002-2006). Jha, A.K., Bloch, R., Lamond, J. (2012). Cities and Flooding: A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. The World Bank: Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery. Retrieved from https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/gfdrr.org/files/publication/ World_Bank_Cities_and_Flooding_Guidebook.pdf Le, V.T. & Ho, T.M.D. (2009). Monitoring Land Deformation Using Permanent Scatterer INSAR Techniques - case study : Ho Chi Minh City. Hanoi: 7th FIG Regional Conference Spatial Data Serving People: Land Governance and the Environment Building the Capacity, 19-22. Mekong Region Commission (2007). River Awareness Kit. Retrieved from http://ns1. mrcmekong.org/RAK/html/1.12.4c_methods_rehabilitation.html. Accessed date: 20.05.2013 Mekong Region Commission (2009). Best practice guidelines for structural measures and flood proofing. The flood management and mitigation programme component 2: Structural measures and flood proofing. Retrieved from http://ns1.mrcmekong.org/download/fmmp-reports/3C_ BPG_SM_FP_21Dec09.pdf Parkison, J. and Mark, O. (2005). Urban Stormwater Management in Developing Countries. IWA Publishing: London Public Utilities Board Singapore (2011): ABC Waters Design Guidelines. Singapore. Rujner, H. (2011) Investigation of the effects of urban growth and soil sealing on the water
36
Thch ng - TP. HCM
balance of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam - GIS-supported modelling utilising the software ABIMO. Diplom Thesis. Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus: Germany. Sipes, J. L. (2010). Sustainable Solutions for Water Resources : Policies, Planning, Design, and Implementation. Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Son. Steering Center of Urban Flooding Control Program HCMC (2012). Biannual report on flooding mitigation in 2012. Retrieved from http://www.ttcn.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/chuong-trinhdu-an-chong-ngap/-/ext/articleview/article/64476/10182 Storch, H. and Downes, N. (Eds.) (2012) Land-use Planning Recommendations. Adaptation Strategies for a changing climate in Ho Chi Minh City. Summary for Decision-Makers. Upon request of the Planning Division, Department of Natural Resources and Environment Ho Chi Minh City, December 2012. DONRE-HCMC&BTU-Cottbus. Tran, T.V., & Ha, D.X.B. (2007). Urban land cover change through development of imperviousness in HCMC. Asian Conference on Remote Sensing (ACRS) 2007 proceeding. Retrieved from http://www.a-a-r-s.org/acrs/proceeding/ACRS2007/Papers/TS7.4.pdf
Cc d n in hnh
01 Chng trnh Nc ABC & Cng vin Bishan, Singapore Public Ultilities Board Singapore. 2008. Master Plans: Objectives of ABC Programme Retrieved from http://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/abcwatermasterplan/Pages/default.aspx. Public Utilities Board Singapore (2011). ABC Waters Design Guidelines, Singapore: PUB. Retrieved from http://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/ABCcertified/Documents/ABC_ Guidelines_090616.pdf Lai, C.M.L. & Vaishali, K., 2009. CASE STUDY Active, Beautiful and Clean waters programme in Singapore, Singapore. 02 Sng chung vi l, D n LifE, Vng quc Anh www.baca.uk.com/ 03 D n lp bn Nguy c l lt, Nht Bn International flood network. (2007). Best Practice of Flood Hazard Map in Japan. Retrieved from http://www.internationalfloodnetwork.org/common/070806FHM%20Best%20Practice_ Final.pdf Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport Japan. (2003). Flood hazard mapping for technology transfer. International training program on total disaster risk management. Retrieved from www.adrc.asia/publications/TDRM2003June/26hazardmap1.pdf
37
Qun l Nc mt
I-B.
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Trong qu trnh th ha nhanh ca TP. HCM, din tch b mt khng thm nc c tng gp i trong vng 17 nm, 1989-2006 (Trn & H 2007). iu ny dn n mt s gia tng tng ng i vi nc chy b mt. Trong khi , lng ma trong thnh ph tng ln ng k (Hnh I-B.1), ch yu do nh hng ca hin tng o nhit th v bin i kh hu. Nhng s kin ny t ra thch thc to ln trong vic qun l nc mt.
50
S lng xy ra

Mc ch chnh thng thng ca vic qun l nc trong th vi mt mc b mt khng thm cao l thot nc ma cng nhanh cng tt. Trn mt quy m nh, thot nc nhanh c th l mt gii php tt, nhng iu ny thng dn n vic nc chy b mt c di chuyn n mt khu vc khc h lu v gy nn vn mi. Ngoi ra, cch thot nc nhanh cng dn n lm st gim tng nc ngm. Kt qu l, cc vn lin quan n tnh trng thiu nc v xm nhp mn s din ra d dng hn trong ma khan him nc, iu m d kin cng s xy ra thng xuyn hn (MoTPWWM 2000). Mt cch tip cn qun l nc ton din s ngn chn cc vn ny sinh lin quan n nc v nng cao an ton cho qun l nc vng h lu. t c mc tiu ny, Chin lc ba bc c xut (Hnh I-B.3). Chin lc ba bc: Thm thu, Lu tr, v Thot nc l cc chin lc chung cho
46 42 38 34
2009
2010
2011
2012
Nm
Hnh I-B.1: S lng cc s kin ma ln TP. HCM t 2009 n 2012 (SCFC 2012)
vic qun l nc mt lu vc sng. Mc ch l gi nc ma cng lu cng tt ti lu vc xy ra ma bng cch t nhin hoc cc h cha nhn to. Nc tha ch c x khi cc bin php gi nc c s dng ht cng sut. Chng ny gii thiu cc bin php thc hin mt h thng qun l nc ma v nc mt nu trn. Nhng bin php ny c th c phn loi da trn Chin lc ba bc nh sau (Hnh I-B.3): Thm thu Lu tr Thot nc v vn chuyn Nh cp trc , nc s c gi cng lu cng tt, ngay c trong iu kin kh hay bnh thng. Mc ch l ngn chn s suy gim mc nc ngm v hn ch dng chy ra ngoi a phng. Chin lc khng c dng chy ra ngoi i hi n lc ph hp theo tng khu vc. Cc mc tiu hnh ng chi tit ngn nga s st
Hnh I-B.2: H thng thot nc gp ph bin ti TP. HCM
40
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Hnh I-B.3: Chin lc ba bc gim thiu vn nc chy b mt
Thm thu gim tng nc ngm v s nhp mn, cng nh ci thin cht lng nc nn c xc nh (MoTPWWM 2000). Trn th gii, hin c cc phng php Qun l nc ma tch hp ng vi quy m th c t vi nhiu tn khc nhau. Khi nim v H thng thot nc th bn vng (SUDS) c pht trin ti Anh c l l gii php c bit tn nhiu nht (CIRIA 2007). i vi khu vc Chu - Thi Bnh Dng, khi nim v Thit k th nhy cm vi nc (WSUD), c ngun gc c, th ph bin hn. WSUD c th c gii thch cch n gin nht l s tng tc gia cc hnh thi th (bao gm c cnh quan th) v vng tun hon nc th bao gm ba dng nc th l nc sch, nc thi, v nc ma. Cc nguyn tc chung ca WSUD tp trung vo vic t c qun l vng tun hon nc tng hp cho cc khu vc th mi v khu vc th ci to. Mc ch ca nhng nguyn tc ny l: Gim nhu cu nc sinh hot thng qua vic s dng cc thit b v ph kin nc hiu qu, thu gom nc ma v ti s dng nc thi. Gim thiu lng nc thi v x l nc thi ph hp tiu chun cho vic ti s dng, v/hoc thi ra mi trng nc t nhin. X l nc ma v nc mt ph hp tiu chun cho vic ti s dng, v/hoc thi ra mi trng nc t nhin. S dng nc ma v nc mt trong cnh quan th tn dng cho cc hot ng v tin nghi gii tr trong th (PUB 2011).
Lu gi
Thot nc
Hnh I-B.4: Mt ct in hnh ca mt h thng SUDS trong mt khu vc dn c
Thu hoch nc ma
B mt thm thu
Mng
m ly v khu lng ng
Sng ngi
Thch ng - TP. HCM
41
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Cc gii php xut Thm thu

09 Va h thm thu
Dng chy t mt ng v va h lt mt c th c gim bng cch thay th bng vt liu lt mt c kh nng thm nc. Vt liu lt mt thm nc cho php nc c thm thu vo lng t, do chng lm bng vt liu xp, hoc do c cch lt to ra khong trng gia cc n v vt liu. Vt liu lt mt thm nc c th c p dng vo nhng ch t (hoc khng c) lu lng giao thng (v d nh ng li xe vo, khc cua, va h, bi u xe). Phn t nn cng cho php lu tr nc ma, thng thng bng nhng khong trng gia cc ht vt liu nn. Sau khi nc thm qua vt liu lt mt, n tip tc t t thm vo lng t. Ngoi ra, trong trng hp phi bo v nc ngm khi nhim, phn t nn v phn t bn hng c th phi c nim phong, nc c php thm vo ng dn c l, nhng tc chy chm hn rt nhiu so trong mt h thng cng thng thng (Hnh I-B.5). Vic thm nc khng c khuyn khch trong khu vc th c nguy c gy nhim nc ngm (Work Bank 2011). Cu trc in hnh ca mt h thng lt nn thm nc bao gm nhiu lp (Hnh I-B.6). Lp trn cng l lp vt liu lt nn thm thu, c th dy t 10-15 cm. Trong lp ny, cc ht ct c ng knh nh hn 2 mm c loi b, to ra mt khng gian trng trong vt liu n 18-20%. Lp tip theo l mt lp ht nghin vi ng knh khong 2 cm, tip theo l lp lc v b lc bng nhng vt liu lc k nh ct, si. Di cng l lp tr nc nu cn thit, v c th i km vi ng thot nc. Di lp ny s phn t t nhin. Trong trng hp thm thu khng nn c thit lp trong mt khu vc c th, mt lp khng thm nc c th c s dng gia lp tr nc v phn t t nhin, cho php h thng ny hot ng nh mt h cha vi dng chy thot vo cc ng ng thot nc (Novotny et al. 2010). C nhiu li ch cho vic s dng vt liu lt nn thm thu, li ch chnh l
Hnh I-B.5: S kt hp gia cc b mt thm thu v mt cng thot nc b mt ni nhau bi mt ng thot nc thm thu
Vt liu thm thu
Cng ra
ng thm thu
Cho thm thu
42
Thch ng - TP. HCM
NH: Chu Hunh / Ronald Eckert / Chu Hunh
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
gim ln n 30% nc chy b mt so vi thng thng. Nu va h c thit k ph hp, n mt phn ba thi nc chy b mt c th c lu tr v sau thm thu vo mt t t nhin. Kt qu l tng nc ngm c ti b sung ngun nc - y c th coi l li ch quan trng th hai. Nhng li ch khc l vic gim vic xy dng h thng cng thot nc, loi b cc cht gy nhim ca nc chy b mt vo cc lp t (Novotny et al. 2010). Khi thit lp h thng va h thm nc, lu rng mc nc ngm ti v tr thit k phi c chiu cao cao hn 1m ti lp nn ca cu trc (CIRIA 2007). Do va h thm nc ch c hiu qu trong cc khu vc c mc nc ngm thp TP. HCM.
Vt liu lt mt c kh nng thm hoc khng kn mt Lp nn lt Lp nn thm thu Lp nn cht C 3 - 5 cm ct hoc or si vn 20 - 30 cm t tht
t nn
C 3 - 5 cm ct hoc si vn 15 cm Si v t tht hn hp 15 - 30 cm Lp si ln t nn
Gch lt c l hoc c 3 - 5 cm Si v t tht hn hp 15 - 30 cm Lp si ln t nn
Gch lt c l trng c 3 - 5 cm Si v t tht hn hp 15 - 30 cm Lp si ln t nn
Hnh I-B.6: Cu trc in hnh ca cc cch lt gch thm thu (Phng theo BSU Hamburg)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
43
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
10 Cnh quan thm thu

Hu ht cc loi cnh quan, d l t nhin hay nhn to, c tc dng nh mt ming bt bin hp th v lu tr nc ma. Trong cc iu kin t nhin khng c cng trnh xy dng v lt b mt, hu ht lng ma khng bao gi tr thnh dng chy, thay vo l c ngm vo t hoc bc hi. Cy, cy bi, c, b mt cc cht hu c, v tt c cc loi t ng mt vai tr trong cnh quan hp th ny. Cc nghin cu khoa hc ch ra rng mt s lng ng k nc ma c hp th bi cc tn cy (tc l, cha
NH: Ronald Eckert
chm n mt t). Cy c chc nng gi nc ma, lm chm li tc ri xung mt t. Mc d mt s lng nc ma c th tch hp li v ri xuyn qua cc tn, phn ln b tr hon trc khi ri xung mt t, qua l hoc trn cnh cy, to ra nhng git nh. S cn li chy xung cnh v nhnh cy tr thnh thn dng chy thn cy (Lanarc Consultants 2005). t l c ch cnh quan quan trng nht lu tr nc ma. t cnh quan thng lu tr t 7% (i vi ct) n 18% (i vi mn) tr lng nc trc khi tr thnh bo ha vi t t nhin hay kt hp vi dng chy mt. Cu trc
3 1 1 2 3 2 4 10 5 4 7 8 7 8 9 9 5 6 Hp th qua tn l Tch hp v ri xuyn qua tn l Bay hi Lu gi nc ngm Thm thu qua t Thm thu qua lp thm thc vt Dng chy ngm Nc c ci thin cht lng Ngun nc ngm su bn di
Hnh I-B.7: Cc cch hp th nc ma khc nhau ca cnh quan hp th nc
10 B mt khng thm v s chy b mt
44
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
ca lp t b mt ng mt vai tr c bn trong vic qun l nc ma. Trong iu kin t nhin, thc vt b mt cung cp mt lp cht hu c, c ln vi giun t v vi khun. Thm thc vt v cht hu c ci thin cu trc t v gp phn to ra cc khoang trng trong t. y l iu cn thit to iu kin cho vic thm thu v kh nng bay hi. ti u ha qu trnh thm thu, lp t b mt nn c hm lng hu c cao (khong 10-25%). Thm thc vt b mt nn l cy thn tho vi b r chm (cy bi hoc c), cy rng l vi mt l cao, hoc cy rng hn tp. Nc chy b mt khu vc cnh quan c th c gim ln n 50% bng cch cung cp mt lp t 300mm thm nc, ngay c trong iu kin m t, khi kh nng thm ca t thp (Lanarc Consultants 2005). Gim b mt khng thm nc cng l mt chin lc tng cnh quan hp th nc. Da trn bn v thit k th hin ti cho cc khu dn c mi TP. HCM, gii php gim b mt khng thm nc c th t c bi cc chin lc nh: Gim du chn xy dng Gim rng ng Gim tiu chun u xe v din tch xe b mt
Gim b mt vt liu khng thm nc trong cc khng gian m c chc nng gii tr.
Bng I-B.1: H s thm ca cc loi t khc nhau Loi t Cc loi t thm tt Si Ct Ct pha t st t st pha ct t st t st ph sa vi t st pha ct v sn Cc loi t thm yu t st ph sa pha sn Sn t
(Phng theo CIRIA 2007)
T l thm in hnh (m/h)
10 - 1000 0.1 - 100 0.01 - 1 0.05 - 0.5 0.001 - 0.1 0.0005 - 0.05 0.001 - 100 0.001 - 0.1 0.00005 - 0.005 < 0.0001 0.00001 - 0.01 0.00001 - 0.1
Thch ng - TP. HCM
45
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
11 H thm thu
H thm thu l ni c o su lu nc chy trn b mt v nc dn dn thm qua cc lp t ca cc h. Gii php ny gip loi b hiu qu cc cht nhim v b sung vo ngun nc ngm cn bng ti nguyn nc. Tuy nhin, thit k h thm thu ph thuc phn ln vo loi t v dung tch khng gian c sn. Trong trng hp nc chy trn khn cp sau mt trn ma to, ng dn trn c th c b sung cho h thm thu. Cn lu rng h thm thu khc mng dn nc: trong khi h thm thu c hnh dng bt k, mng dn nc c hnh dng tuyn tnh. Nhn chung, cc lu vc xm nhp c th c phn loi thnh:
NH: NCSU-BAE / Atlanta Regional Commission / NCSU-BAE
H t: Vnh vin c nc vi h thy sn v thc vt nc, nm ch yu xung quanh ra h (Hnh I-B.9). Thi gian lu nc qua nhiu ngy to iu kin tt hn cc ao gi nc tm, cng nh v mt x l sinh hc. Cc khi cn c th c s dng trong thit k ca h di hnh thc ca hn o, doi t hoc bi ct ngm. Cc khi cn tng tnh thm m v to ra s thay i trong mi trng sng ca sinh thc vt. H kh: L p kh, thit k nc ma thm thu vo t. Khc vi h t, h kh khng c nc trong sut tt c cc ma, v ch cha y nc tm thi trong v ngay sau cn ma (Hnh I-B.10). H kh c thit k cha nc ma trong khong thi gian t 6 n 12 gi sau khi mt cn ma ln, hoc 12 n 48 gi i vi cc h kh m rng. Yu t ny khin cho h kh c ph bin hn h t, do n khng cho php mui sinh sn. H kh thng c trng vi cc loi thc vt c th tn ti c trong iu kin kh hoc m t trong mt thi gian di. Vi lp t ti xp ca h v h thng r ca thm thc vt, qu trnh thm thu c khuyn khch, tnh m ca t c duy tr v cc vi sinh vt c khuyn khch. Nhn chung, h kh v
Hnh I-B.8: Mt vn ma nh
Hnh I-B.9: Mt ct ca mt h t (Phng theo US. Environment protection agency)
Mc l 100 nm Mc l 10 nm Mc l 2 nm Mc nc bnh thng Dng chy vo B trc Np y
Ct o dng Phn p t cho trng hp cc oan
Ca cng
B lng
Nin st chng thm
ng dn
46
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
h t ph hp nht vi h thng thot nc ca khu vc nh hn 4ha. Vn ma: Quy m nh hn h kh, ph hp c tch hp trong vn nh. Vn ma c thit k x l nc ma ca khu t nh, chng hn nc ma t khu xe, mi nh, v li vo. Vn ma thng nm gn ng thot nc t mi nh. Cc loi thc vt s dng trong vn ma khng ch c la chn h tr vic thm thu m cn tng tnh thm m. Thc vt bn a c khuyn khch s dng gim chi ph bo tr v thu ht sinh vt bn a (Hnh I-B.11). Thit k h thm thu cn phi xem xt cn thn v v tr khu t. T l thm thu km hiu qu ti cc im c mc nc ngm cao, khi khong cch t mc nc ngm cao nht n b mt thm t hn 1,5 m. Tc thm t 2 n 5 cm/ gi c xem l ph hp. t nn c hm lng st t hn 20% v hm lng ct mn nh hn 40% (MDE, 2000). y ca h nn cng phng cng tt ci thin t l thm nc. V tr ca h nn xa ging ung nc trnh nguy c nhim.
Nc chy mt Cy sng c trong c mi trng ngp v kh Ging thm Nc chy mt
G chn c l Cng dn kn mt
Van
Hn hp t ct c kh nng thm tt Khng nn cht t nn
t t nhin hin hu c kh nng thm tt
Hnh I-B.10: Mt ct in hnh ca mt h kh
Mng n
Cy a phng:
hp thu nc ma v cht nhim, ng thi th ht ong bm
Si, / mng c trng cy hoc ng dn nc Ca chy trn (nu

cn thit)
Khu vc h: thm thu
Lp t hn hp: 50-60% ct,

20-30% composit, 20-30% t mt
B r: ly cht dinh
dng, to ra vi sinh v thm thu
Nn si (nu cn)
Hnh I-B.11: Mt ct in hnh ca mt vn ma

47
NCSU-BAE
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Lu tr
12 Vng m ly nhn to
Cc vng m ly pha nam v pha ng ca TP. HCM ng vai tr quan trng trong vic duy tr tun hon nc. Chng gi mt lng ln nc, v thc y qu trnh np nc ngm v bc hi nc (BC MoWLAP 2002). Vic s dng m ly nhn to ci thin cht lng nc ma th c p dng rng ri nhiu ni, trong s , nhiu v d c kt hp thnh cng vi thit k cnh quan th. Vng m ly nhn to c thit k bi mt nc c trng dy c thm thc vt c chc nng lc cn v hp th cht nhim t nc ma.
Hnh I-B.12: Mt ct in hnh ca mt m ly nc chy
NH: HYPSOS / DH Evironmetal Consulting / www.wsud.org / Ronald Eckert
(mt b nng c nhiu thc vt loi b cc ht cn mn) v sau cng l ng dn nc trn ( bo v khu vc thm thc vt nc). Chng c thit k loi b cc cht nhim trong nc ma, t cc ht cn th, mn n cc cht nhim ha tan. Thit k m ly nhn to trong cc khng gian m c th kt hp n tr thnh im n th v ca cng ng. Vic thit k cnh quan trong m ly phi m bo rng m ly va p ng cc chc nng x l nc ma v tch hp hi ho vi mi trng xung quanh. Gii php tng tnh tin nghi v an ton bng cch thit k cc im vng cnh, cc ng i do, cc ni t chc pinic, th dc th thao v.v. Nhn chung, m ly ngp nc c th
m ly nhn to, bao gm mt khu vc u vo (l b lng loi b cn th), tip theo l khu vc thm thc vt nc
overflow
ra h thng thot nc th
Mt nc m
Bi cy su Bi cy lng Bi cy cn Khu thm thc vt nc u vo
ng ph
48
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
c phn loi thnh ba loi chnh: m ly nc chy: c trng vi cc loi cy m ly, mc nc gi su khng i. Cc m ly trng gip loi b cc tp cht trong nc. m ly thm thc vt tri: S dng tm thm thc vt di ng v th ni trn mt nc, c s dng trong trng hp cn lc nc trong cc h b nhim, c gi thnh r hn nhiu so vi cc gii php k thut khc.
m ly nc lng: i vi dng m ny, nc khng th nhn thy trn b mt v n nm bn di b r lc, tuy nhin b mt t nho vn c nhn thy (PUB 2011).
BYPASS SPILLWAY
Bypass Permanent Inlet Zone-Macrophyte Zone Connection channel pool Extended detention Inlet pond INLET ZONE Inlet pond
WETLAND OUTLET
MACROPHYTE ZONE
Hnh I-B.13: Cu trc v vic xy dng mt khu m ly nhn to (PUB 2011)

49
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
13 Thu nc ma v ti s dng
Thu nc ma l mt la chn bn vng tng ngun nc s dng trong khu vc khan him nc hay thiu nc my. Gii php ny c s dng rng ri b sung ngun nc trong khu vc nng thn ca Vit Nam trong nhiu th k (Nguyn 2007). Tuy nhin, gn y n b gim tm quan trng, mt phn l do ngun nc cp th c ci thin v c gi thnh r, mt phn v quan nim cho rng nc ma l ngun nc khng v sinh. Trn mt kha cnh khc, thu gom nc ma c chng minh l mt k thut quan trng gim thiu nc chy trn b mt trn mt din tch rng, v gim thiu p lc trn h thng cng rnh thot nc ra sng. Phng php thu gom nc ma hng lot ti ngun trong mt lu vc, c bit l ti cc khu th ln, bng cch thu gom
NH: Kristin Goldbach / NCSU-BAE
v sau lu tr nc trong cc bn cha gip lm gim dng chy trn cao im trong th (Jha, Bloch & Lamond 2012). i vi mt h thng nh vy, cc phng php tr nc cn phi ph hp i vi nhiu mc ch ti s dng khc nhau. H thng cha cho h gia nh c th l n gin l thng nc, trong khi quy m tr nc ln hn s dng bn cha trn mi, hay bn cha trn hoc di mt t. Chi ph lp t ban u v mua cc thit b ca gii php ny c th l tng i cao. Do vy, i vi TP. HCM, p dng h thng thu gom nc ma kh ln nn u tin trc cho cc ta nh cng cng v cc ta nh c b mt mi nh ln. Nh gia nh c khuyn khch s dng h thu nc n gin nh thng nc phi hoc b trn sn thng. Nc ma c lu tr c th c s
1 2 3 4 2 3 4 5
Nc ma c thu t mi nh Sau khi c thu, nc ma c chuyn n h cha Chy trn c chuyn ra sng rch Nc ma c x l v chuyn v h gia nh ti s dng Nc ma c ti s dng ti cy, di toilet, hay git ra
Hnh I-B.14: H thng thu nc ma trn mt t vi chc nng chy trn v ti s dng
50
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
dng cho cc mc ch khc nhau nh ti vn, x nc nh v sinh hoc ra xe. N cng c th c s dng cho mc ch ung nu c ci t cc bin php thanh lc thch hp. Vic x l nc ma l cn thit khi ti s dng cho mc ch nu n trong sinh hot, hoc trc khi cho thm vo lng t trong trng hp nc ma thu hoch khng t tiu chun cht lng cho php. Cc cch x l nc ma sau cho php ti s dng nc ma cho mc ch nu n v ung: X l vt l: Bng ct hoc cc vi lc thm thu ngc hoc tia cc tm (Hnh I-B.15). Gii php ny c th c s dng thnh cng c trong quy m h gia nh hoc quy m ln hn l mt khu ph. X l sinh hc: Bng cch cho chy qua m ly nhn to, nu cn thit, b sung gii php kh trng. X l sinh hc c kch hot bng cc sinh thc vt t nhin, si, hoc ct mn (Hoyer et al. 2011). Thm vo , vic t tm mn mng xi ngn chn l cy v bi t mi nh nn c p dng, loi b cc ht bi trc khi nc ma chy vo h thng lc.
Hnh I-B.15: Mt ct ca mt h thng lc thm thu ngc (Phng theo GE Applicants)
Bng I-B.2: Ci t v vn hnh h thng thu v ti s dng nc ma Cc bc 1. Xc nh ngun nc ma 2. Thu v phn phi 3. Thit k v lp t 4. Thit b 5. Bo dng Nh lin k, Nh bn lin k Chung c
Kh nng thu nc ma ph thuc vo khng gian lu tr v trn a th ca ngi nh im thu gn im ti s dng Cc gii php c nhn vi h thng t lp t D dng trang b thm Theo chu k im thu phn tn v sau c tp trung cho ti s dng c thit k lp t do cc chuyn gia D lp t khi thit k mi, kh lp t b sung Thng xuyn bo dng do k thut vin
(Phng theo Environment Agency 2004)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
51
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
14 Mi nh & mt ng trng cy
Mi nh trng cy c thit k hn ch tc ng ca b mt khng thm nc trong thnh ph. N l cng gii php thu thp nc ma, ng thi c s dng lm mt v cch nhit mi nh. Mi nh trng cy l mt h thng bt chc mi trng t nhin trong mt th pht trin bng cch kt hp thc vt v t trng cy, t trn mi nh chng thm nc. Mi trng cy c th c s dng trn nhiu loi mi c kch thc khc nhau, mc d din tch mi cng ln th hiu qu u t cng cao. Mi nh trng cy khng yu cu thm khng gian xy dng b sung, do , rt ph hp vi cc trung tm th c khng gian hn ch. i vi mi trng cy tch hp vo cu trc mi, kt cu
NH: Chu Hunh/ Moritz Maikmper
mi cn c lc h tr. Bng cch la chn cn thn vt liu, mi nh trng cy vi trng lng nh c th c thit k ph hp cho hu ht cc ta nh (CIRIA 2007). C ba loi ca mi trng cy: Mi c n gin: c trng trn ton b din tch mi nh vi loi cy tng trng thp v t cn chm sc. Cc mi nh ch c th l mi phng hoc dc, v ch c thm ving khi cn bo dng. Mi nh trng cy n gin thng bao gm mt lp t dy 25-125mm, trn mt lp thm thc vt c chiu cao thp, chu hn v chu iu kin khc nghit pht trin. Thm thc vt ny thng bao gm ru, tho dc hoc cc loi c v c th dng t sng. Chng c trng lng nh v chi ph thp.
Khuyt im Tn km chi ph hn l mi cho nc chy bnh thng Khng thch hp cho mi c dc ln Cy trng trn mi cn bo qun Phi thit k chng thm k lng v mi lc ny nh l mt b nc Cn c cu trc nh v cu trc mi n nh v tt
Hnh I-B.16: Dn nc ma v ti s dng cho vn cy trong ma ma (Trn) Bc hi lm mt v dng nc ma c tr ti cy trong ma kh (Di)
u im Loi b hiu qu cc cht nhim Ph hp cho cc khu xy dng mt cao Mang li li ch sinh thi, thm m v tin nghi Khng tn din tch t xy dng Ci thin cht lng khng kh v vi kh hu Cch nhit cho ta nh Ht m
(Phng theo Livingroofs.org Ltd. 2012)
52
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Mi thc tho dy: Mi c che ph bi thm thc vt vi l c hoc cy bi st mt t. Thm thc vt ny i hi phi bo tr thng xuyn, bao gm ti tiu, bn phn v ct ta. Tuy nhin, yu cu v cu trc xy dng l va phi v do s tn km. Mi trng mt cao: Thng c kt hp vi mi trng cnh quan c tin ch cao. C trng cc loi cy khc nhau v c th tip cn s dng. Mi ny c th c cc h nc trang tr v chc nng lu tr nc ma ti cy. Loi mi ny thng t ti ln vo cu trc mi nh v yu cu duy tr bo dng thng xuyn (CIRIA 2007). Cc mi trng cy theo kiu cu trc trn thng bao gm mt lp thm thc vt, mt lp t gi nc v nui thm thc vt, mt lp thot nc vn chuyn nc d, v mt lp chng thm v chng s xm nhp ca r cy t gia h thng r v cu trc mi (Mentensetal 2003). Tuy nhin, i vi TP. HCM, mi trng cy cng c th lp t n gin bng cc chu cy ri t st cnh nhau, t trn mi hoc sn thng. Hnh thc trng cy trn mi nh ny c gi thnh r hn v d lp t, do rt ph hp cho TP. HCM.
Mt tin c trng cy c to thnh t cc cy leo pht trin trn gin thng ng hoc trc tip trn tng. Cy c trng st bn ta nh, r cm xung mt t. Cc tm khung xng trn tng thng c lm t thp khng r, cc lp t x l, v h thng thot nc, da trn y h thc vt c pht trin.
dy ph xanh:
25 - 125 mm
250 - 350 mm
min. 450 mm
Hnh I-B.17: Mi nh trng cy gip gim tc ng ca b mt lt kn mt
Dung lng nc tr:

25 - 35 l/ m
75 - 115 l/ m
140 l/ m
Hnh I-B.18: Khi lng nc tr trung bnh da trn dy ca mi trng cy (Tri) v cu trc ca cc loi mi trng cy khc nhau (Di) (Phng theo American Hydrotech Inc. & English Nature)
Mi c n gin
Mi thc tho dy
Mi trng mt cao Thch ng - TP. HCM
53
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Thot nc
15 Thot nc thm thu
H thng thot nc thm thu khc h thng thot nc thng thng bi v n va cho thot nc, va cho nc thm thu vo t, do , gip gim ng k dng chy mt. y l gii php c a chung nht qun l dng chy mt v n gip ph hi mi trng thy vn t nhin. Tuy nhin, t l thm s khc nhau vi cc loi t v iu kin t nhin khc nhau, cng nh i vi thi gian khc nhau. Trng hp nguy c nhim trong nc khng cao, qu trnh ny c th c s dng np ngun nc ngm v b sung ngun ti nguyn nc ca a phng. Qu trnh thm thu nn c hn ch nhng ni c nguy c nh hng cht lng ngun nc ngm (CIRIA 2007). C nhng trng hp m thot nc
Bng I-B.3: Hng dn thit k di c lc Tham s thit k Chiu di Chiu su dc Tc chy cao c Phn b dng chy 5 - 10 cm dc ti a 5% Vn tc ti a 0.75 m/s cao ti a 15 - 30 cm Nn b sung mt va phn b dng chy u nc chy v phn b u lng nc vo trong di lc Yu cu thit k Di ti thiu 15 - 23m, vi phn ph 1,2 m mi bn v dc 1%
NH: Hendrik Rujner
thm thu khng nn c p dng l: Ni cht lng nc b mt km c th e da cht lng ngun nc ngm Ni m kh nng thm thu ca t thp Ni c mc nc ngm cao Ni c nguy him v tnh n nh ca nn mng C nhng k thut thot nc thm thu khc nhau: Mng dn nc: Mng tuyn tnh, khng b che kn mt v nng c thit k chuyn nc chy mt v loi b cc cht nhim. Do c dng hnh hc tuyn tnh, chng c kh nng loi b nhim ng k
Hnh I-B.19: Mt ct ca mt di c lc
(Phng theo Novotny et al. 2010)
54
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
trong qu trnh nc chy qua. Mng thch hp c s dng trong khu dn c nh hay khu thng mi, hoc dc theo cc ng tri nha v ng lt mt. Mng cng c th dng cho mc ch lm gim vn tc chy, x l nhim (bng cch cho lng t, hoc lc bng thm thc vt, hoc n gin l cho thm qua nn ca mng). Di c lc L mt di c rng, tng i dc nh c trng c hoc cc loi tho mc dy c khc, dng x l dng chy t cc khu vc xung quanh. Tiu chun thit k chi tit ca di c c th hin trong Bng I-B.3. Cng lc Cng lc l thit b ng b c l hoc lm t vt liu xp t trong mt ho t bao quanh vi cc vt liu lc thch hp v d nh dng ht ri, hoc cc vin si nh. Vt liu lc c th tip xc trc tip vi mt t, hoc ph mt bng lp c hay lp t ph, hoc c ng np y. B cng lc gip thu v ti dng chy t cc khu vc m ln cn, chng cng cung cp ch cho lu tr nc tm thi.
1 2 7
3 6 1 Ni nhn nc 2 H ht nc 4 5 3 Di c 4 Dn nc thm thu 5 Di c ph y bi hoc si 6 Ging thm 7 Mng dn
Hnh I-B.20: Mt h thng thot nc thm thu (Phng theo Blairremy Architects)
Giung thm Nc chy
Di c lc
Vt liu thm
mn hoc si
Lp ct lc hoc vt liu lc khc
Hnh I-B.21: Chi tit ca mt cng lc thm thu (Phng theo Eulie 2010)
55
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Cc d n in hnh
01 Cng vin Telecom, i Bc (i Loan)
L mt phn trong tm nhn mi cho khu th i Bc, d n cng vin Telecom th hin mt cch tip cn vi tng lai bng cch kt hp cc chc nng sinh hot sng ng ca th vi vic qun l nc bn vng cho khu th c mt xy dng cao. Mc tiu chnh ca d n l gii quyt vn qun l nc ma, cung cp ngun nc sch b sung cho sinh hot hng ngy v cho gii tr, cng nh vic cung cp nc sch cho cnh quan th sng ng. Mt mng kt hp gia cc knh thot nc, cc b cha nc ngm v cc lu vc tr nc cho php qun l t nht 50% lng ma ti ch ca mt trn lt 100 nm m khng c thit hi ln. Mi nh c trng cy v va h thm thu cng gp phn lm gim nc ma chy trn. gim s lng nc vi trong qu trnh s
Hnh I-B.22: Thit k cnh quan kt hp vi x l nc ma cho cng vin Telecom (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
56
Thch ng - TP. HCM
NH: Atelier Dreiseitl
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
V tr Lng ma Cng ma Din tch H thng sng ngi
i Bc, i Loan 2,100 mm hng nm 387 l/ s/ ha 24 ha 8,100 m (B mt nc)
Ch u t Far Eastern Resource Development Co. Ltd. Nh thit k Atelier Dreiseitl Thit k Thi cng Gii php p dng 2007-2008 2009-2010 H lu tr, Lm sch sinh hc, Dn nc thm thu, Tr nc ma, Mi nh trng cy
dng cho cc mc ch khng-ungc, nc ma c thu gom v ti s dng dng cho x nc nh v sinh v ti tiu (Giesler 2011). Ti s dng nc cho cc mc ch gii tr v lm sch nc sch v mi trng sinh thi tr thnh c im ni bt ca cng vin. Mi nh trng cy v mt trng cy cao gp phn gip cho khng kh trong lnh v to ra mi trng vi kh hu d chu. thc hin thnh cng chin lc qun l nc tng th, bn hng dn thit k c ng bin son bi cc nh u t bt ng sn v c quan quy hoch a phng. Bn hng dn thit k ny c bt buc p dng cho tt c cc ta nh v thit k khu t trong khu vc (Dreiseitl & Grau 2009).
Hnh I-B.23: Tch hp thit kt ng ph kt hp gia b lc v h thng thot nc thng thng (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
Hnh I-B.24: Chu k tun hon nc d kin ca cng vin Telecom (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
57
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
02 Khu th mi Zhangjiawo, Thin Tn (CHDCND Trung Quc)

Khu dn c Society Hill l mt phn ca khu th mi Zhangjiawo, nm gn Thin Tn pha bc ca Trung Quc. Ngc li vi TP. HCM, khu vc ny phi i mt vi tnh trng thiu nc v hn hn trm trng trong nm, mc d li b ngp nc thng xuyn trong ma h bi v n hai phn ba tng lng ma hng nm ch xy ra trong thng By v thng Tm. V vy, thu hoch nc
NH: Atelier Dreiseitl
ma cng nh thot nc ma l mt thch thc cho vic thit k cnh quan ca khu t ti pht trin ny. Trc khi chuyn i, khu t ny l mt vng t nng nghip b lng qun vi mt dng sng b nhim nng bi cht thi cng nghip. V mt cng ng Society Hill, cc kin trc s cnh quan hng ti pht trin cc gii php da trn nn tng sinh thi hc ca con ngi, trn c s tn trng kt cu vn ha v x hi ca thnh ph. Cc knh thy li lch s ca cc khu trang tri trc y
Hnh I-B.25: Quy hoch tng th khu th mi Zhangjiawo v v tr khu dn c Society Hill (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
Hnh I-B.26: Thit k th v thit k cnh quan cho khu dn c Society Hill (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
58
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
V tr Lng ma Din tch H thng sng ngi
Tianjin, PR China 550 mm hng nm 180 ha (Ton khu) 20 ha (Khu t d n) 1,000 m
Ch u t Shanghai Wisepool Real Estate Co. Ltd. Nh thit k Thit k Thi cng Gii php p dng Atelier Dreiseitl 2005-2008 2006-2009 H lu tr, Lm sch sinh hc, Dn nc thm thu, Thu hoch nc ma
c tn dng trong h thng qun l nc ma phn cp. Mng o sinh hc, knh ngi, v vt th khc gip lm sch nc ma v gip thm thu vo mc nc ngm. Cc sng ngi c phc hi v kt hp vi cc tnh nng x l nc ma to ra mt h thng thy vn nhn to, gip lin kt ni vi yu t t nhin, trong khi cung cp cho c dn tin nghi vui chi gii tr cng cng (Xia 2011). Thu gom nc ma c qun l bng 2 bc. Tng khu t c nhn lu tr hu ht nc ma. Trong trng hp qu ti, nc ma mi c chuyn vo h iu tit phn cp, v sau c lm sch v ti s dng cho ti tiu cho cy xanh cng cng (Dreiseitl & Grau 2009).
Hnh I-B.27: Phi cnh chim bay ca khu th mi Zhangjiawo (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
Hnh I-B.28: Thu nc ma, gi, cho thm thu trong d n Zhangjiawo (Atelier Dreiseitl 2009)
59
I-B. Qun l Nc mt

Balmforth, D.; Digman, C.; Kellagher, R. and Butler, D. (2006): Designing for Exceedance in Urban Drainage Good Practice. CIRIA Report C635. London: CIRIA. Behrde fr Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt (2006): Dezentrale naturnahe Regenwasserbewirtschaftung. Ein Leitfaden fr Planer, Architekten, Ingenieure und Bauunternehmer. Hamburg: BSU. Butler, D. and Davies, J. W. (2004): Urban Drainage. London: Spon Press. Environment Agency UK and South East England Regional Assembly (SEERA); Eds. (2005): A Toolkit for Delivering Water Management Climate Change Adaptation Through the Planning System. ESPACE - European Spatial Planning: Adapting to Climate Events. Environment Agency UK; Ed. (2006): Building a Better Environment. A Guide for Developers. Almondsbury: Environment Agency UK. Fiselier, J. and Oosterberg, W. (2004): A quick Scan of Spatial Measures and Instruments for Flood Risk Reduction in selected EU Countries. RIZA Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment. France, R. L.; Ed. (2002): Handbook of Water Sensitive Planning and Design. Integrative Studies in Water Management and Land Development 1. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, CRC Press Company. Grant, G.; Engleback, L. and Nicholson, B. (2003): Green Roofs: Their existing Status and Potential for Conserving Biodiversity in Urban Areas. English Nature Research Reports 498. Peterborough: English Nature. Hoyer, J.; Dickhaut, W.; Kronawitter, L. and Weber, B. (2011): Water Sensitive Urban Design. Principles and Inspiration for Sustainable Stormwater Management in the City of the Future. Berlin: Jovis. Jha, A. K.; Bloch, R. and Lamond, J. (2011): Cities and Flooding. A Guide to Integrated Urban Flood Risk Management for the 21st Century. Washington: World Bank. Knig, K. W. (1996): Regenwasser in der Architektur. kologische Konzepte. Staufen: kobuch Verlag. Lanarc Consultants Ltd.; Kerr Wood Leidal Associates Ltd. and Goya Ngan (2005): Stormwater Source Control Design Guidelines. British Columbia: Greater Vancouver Regional District. Land Use Consultants; CAG Consultants; Collingwood Environmental Planning and Wilbraham & Co. (2005): A Toolkit for Delivering Water Management Climate Change
60
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Adaptation Through the Planning System. London: Environment Agency. Ministry of Transport, Public Works and Water Management (2000): A Different Approach to Water. Water Management Policy in the 21st Century. The Hague: MoTPWWM. Nguyen Viet Thang (2007): Promoting Rainwaters Harvesting in Vietnam Urban Areas. In: Atkinson, A.; Graetz, M. and Karsch, D.; Eds.: Techniques and Technologies for Sustainability. Proceedings: International Conference and Summer School 2007. TU Berlin. Novotny, V.; Ahern, J. and Brown, P. (2010): Water Centric Sustainable Communities. Planning, Retrofitting, and Building the Next Urban Environment. Hoboken: John Wiley & Sons. Public Utilities Board Singapore (2011): ABC Waters Design Guidelines. Singapore: PUB. Roaf, S.; Crichton, D. and Nicol, F. (2005): Adapting Buildings and Cities for Climate Change. A 21st Century Survival Guide. Oxford: Elsevier; Architectural Press. Stephens, K. A.; Graham, P. and Reid, D. (2002): Stormwater Planning. A Guidebook for British Columbia. British Columbia Ministry of Water, Land and Air Protection. SRV, Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2009): Law on Urban Planning, No.32/2009/QH12. Hanoi. Waterboard Rivierenland; Ministry of Public Housing, Spatial Development and the Environment and Province of Gelderland; Eds. (2004): Guiding Models for Water Storage. Possibilities for Water Storage and Multiple Space Use in the Dutch River Area. ESPACE European Spatial Planning: Adapting to Climate Events. Nijmegen/ Oosterbeek. Woods-Ballard, B.; Kellagher, R.; Martin, P.; Jefferies, C.; Bray, R. and Shaffer, P. (2007): The SUDS Manual. CIRIA Report C697. London: CIRIA.
Cc d n in hnh
01 Cng vin Telecom, Taipei (Taiwan) Dreiseitl, H. and Grau, D. (2009): Recent Waterscapes. Planning, Building and Designing with Water. Basel, Boston, Berlin: Birkhuser Verlag. 02 Khu th mi Zhangjiawo, Thin Tn (CHDCND Trung Quc) Giesler, U.; Ed. (2011): Water - Curse or Blessing?! Encouraging Architectural Projects in Asia-Pacific. Exhibition Catalogue, 9 September - 21 October 2011. Berlin: Aedes Am Pfefferberg.
Thch ng - TP. HCM
61
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Cc ngun thng tin b sung trn Internet

www.rainharvesting.co.uk www.eartheasy.com www.freewateruk.co.uk www.ecoplay-system.com www.underground-tanks.co.uk www.h20-recycling.co.uk www.aqualogic-wc.com www.catchrainwater.com www.thegreendirectory.com www.bracsystems.com www.harvesth2o.com www.greywater.com
62
Thch ng - TP. HCM
I. Qun l Ngp lt th
Tm tt cc gii php xut

Cp
I-B. Qun l Nc mt
Cng cng Cng c

Bn quy hoch chung xy dng
Thnh ph
04 Mng li
03 Bo tn
h iu tit phn cp
06 Hnh 05 H
vng ng bng ngp nc
01 Lp bn nguy c ngp lt
Bn nguy c ngp lt S dng t nh gi tc ng mi trng
iu tit tm thi trong khu vc th
Qun
thi th cao tng v nn

11 H thm
Bn quy hoch chung cp qun/ Bn phn khu xy dng
thu
12 Vng m
ly nhn to
15 Thot nc thm thu 07 Cu trc 13 Thu
02 T nhin ha sng ngi v knh rch
S dng t nh gi tc ng mi trng
Bn quy hoch chi tit

S dng t nh gi tc ng mi trng Hng dn Thit k th
Khu t
14 Mi Cng trnh
bo v ti mt tin sng
nc ma v ti s dng
09 Va h
10 Cnh
thm thu
quan thm thu
Bn thit k cng trnh

Hng dn Thit k th Thit k xy dng nh gi tc ng mi trng
nh & mt ng trng cy
C nhn
08 Cu trc bo
v nh ca
Cng c
63
Qun l Nhit cao
II.
II. Qun l Nhit cao
II. Qun l Nhit cao

i vi TP. HCM, hin tng o nhit th s tr thnh mt trong nhng vn quy hoch th cp bch nht. S pht trin ca thnh ph dn n s tng ca cc b mt ph kn v tng khi lng xy dng, ng thi dn n s gim thng gi v kh nng lm mt. Do , thnh ph nn quan tm n cc tc ng ln kh hu ca pht trin th hin ti v tng lai xut cc gii php qun l nhit cao hp l.
t vn
Cc thnh ph pht trin trong vng nhit i ang b nh hng bi ti nhit cao: Mt mt, khu vc trung tm thnh ph thng m hn so vi vng ngoi , trong trng hp ca TP. HCM, s khc bit ca nhit b mt ln n 10C (Trn & H 2008), mt khc, bin i kh hu ton cu khin cho gnh nng ti chnh trong vic i ph vi s tng nhit cng gia tng (Storch et al 2009). Nhit cao khng ch dn n cng thng nhit cho c nhn m cn lm tng nhim khng kh, v do n e da nghim trng n sc khe ca con ngi v mi trng. Nhn chung, khng c mt gii php duy nht no ngn nga nhng nguy c ny, ngc li phng php tip cn chung phi l mt phng php tch hp trong quy hoch th. qun l nhit th cao, trc ht phi thu thp cc thng tin khc nhau, bao gm cc thng tin: 66
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Cc nguyn nhn chnh ca vn tng nhit Cc iu kin ca khu vc nghin cu, bao gm v thng tin v khng gian xy dng v mi trng t nhin Cc chin lc v cng c i ph vi nhng thch thc v cc vn khc nhau. Bn kh hu th l mt thng tin nn tng hiu cc tnh trng kh hu c th ca mi thnh ph bng cch tch hp cc kha cnh ca kh hu vo quy hoch. Cho n nay, cng nh nhiu thnh ph khc trn th gii, thng tin ny hin cha sn c cho TP. HCM. Trong khun kh ca d n nghin cu Siu th TP. HCM, mt Bn kh hu th cho TP. HCM c thit lp (Hnh II.2). Bn ny l mt c s quan trng c th t chc cc chin lc gim thiu v thch ng vi cng thng nhit trong th. Da trn bn ny, chng ny cung cp mt s chin lc quy hoch v thit k th
II. Qun l Nhit cao

o
92
33 33 31
Hnh II.1: Nhit vo chiu ti ca thnh ph (Phng theo GS. Tim Oke)
85
30
Nng thn
Khu thng mi Trung tm
Khu thnh th Cng vin
Khu ngoi vi Trang tri
Khu ngoi vi
chnh yu. Nhn chung, n c cu trc thnh hai phn: Qun l Lm mt th Qun l Bc x Mt tri Trong c hai phn chng, cc phng php v chin lc c trnh by cho nhng thch thc hin ti v tng lai. C hai phn chng ny lin quan cht ch vi nhau v kh c th p dng mt cch ring bit. iu quan trng l phi xem xt tt c cc kha cnh c th la chn phng php v chin lc ph hp cho tng d n c th. Mt bn kh hu th, cng vi s phn tch hin trng v di s t vn ca cc chuyn gia s gip ng gp cho cc quyt nh pht trin chin lc. Bn Kh hu th
Cc Bn kh hu th kt hp cc thng s kh hu khc nhau nh: hng v tc gi, bc x mt tri, nhit khng kh vi thng tin a hnh thnh ph, cnh quan, cng trnh xy dng, mng li ng ph, v.v. Bn kh hu th gip xc nh nhng hnh lang thng gi, cc v tr c nhit thoi mi, cc khu vc c vn , v s nh hng ca cc cng trnh n s thng gi trong thnh ph nh th no. Vi nhng thng tin ny, cc nh thit k v quy hoch c c s tt hn trong vic ra quyt nh.
(GS. Lutz Katzschner, i hc Kassel)
M t
Vng sn xut gi mt v sch Vng sn xut gi mt Vng hn hp Khng gian m vi cc hot ng kh hu sn xut gi ti mt. Cc khu t m vi chc nng ci thin kh hu tip xc trc tip vi khu . Gip gim nhit hiu qu Khng gian m nhng i t chc nng ci thin kh hu hn, sn xut gi ti mt trong khu . Khng to ra nh hng xu v kh hu Nhit thay i trong ngy ph thuc vo bc x nhit nhng vn c chc nng thng gi tt. C t l mng xanh cao, t hiu ng thi nhit, l khu m gia cc phn vng kh hu. Gip gim nhit tng i tt
nh gi
Rt quan trng, cn c bo v. Rt nhy cm vi s thay i trong chc nng s dng t Quan trng, cn c bo v. Ti pht trin th ch c trin khai khi c cc nh gi v kh hu Khu vc lin kt quan trng, nn c nh hng trc hng th v mt xy dng. Hnh thi cng trnh nhp nh nn c hn ch bo m lu thng gi cho cc khu vc dn c ln cn. Khu vc nhy cm vi nhit , khuyn khch s dng cc l trng trong hnh thi th. Ti pht trin th c php khi c s bo m v thng gi
Nguy c p lc nhit trong tng lai, v hin vn c cc khong xanh tn ti. Cc khong xanh cn c bo qun, gn gi, khng nn lm xu i. Ti pht trin ch cho php khi c bo m v kh hu
Vng th tng Mt s ni gi nhit nhng phn ln l c cch ly bi cy i n ha vi nhit xanh v gi. Khu th xy dng vi nhiu mng xanh. Chc nng gim nhit thp o nhit th ng k o nhit th cao nht Gi nhit ng k, nhng vn c th c kh nng thng gi v lm mt. Khu vc pht trin mt cao vi t mng xanh. Chc nng gim nhit rt thp Gi nhit rt nhiu, kh nng thng gi rt thp. Khu vc pht trin mt cao v kn nn. Chc nng gim nhit rt thp hoc khng c
Cn thit c s can thip ci to tnh trng kh hu. Khng nn c pht trin th trong khu vc ny. Khuyn khch s dng cc thit k thng gi v to bng rm.
Thng gi vng
Trao i gi trong vng
Hnh II.2: Bn kh hu ca TP. HCM (Katzschner, L. 2011)

Thch ng - TP. HCM
67
Qun l Lm mt th
II-A.
II-A. Qun l Lm mt th
Lm mt th nn c tch hp c gim thiu v thch ng vi nhit cao. Quy hoch th, c bit l quy hoch phn khu, phi m bo mt mc ph hp ca khng gian xanh, c lin kt vi nhau, phc v nh l ni sn xut khng kh trong lnh. Bn cnh , vic thng gi tt cng nn c bo m. Lm mt th l mt yu t quan trng ca nng cao s thoi mi v cht lng ca khng gian th.

C cc gii php khc nhau c th c s dng qun l lm mt th. Mt s gii php c tc dng trn tm vi m, trong khi nhng gii php khc phi c quy hoch v trin khai thc hin trn quy m th, c bit l cc gii php lin quan n cc hnh lang thng gi chnh. iu ny c ngha rng cc chin lc thch ng kh hu phi c ng dng vo quy hoch chung v quy hoch cc cp khc (Gill et al 2009). Trong mt siu th nh TP. HCM, chi ph cho iu ha khng kh cp cng trnh cho s gia tng 1C s dn n tht thot hng triu la (Storch et al. 2009). V vy vic nghin cu v p dng cc gii php gim thiu v thch ng vi nhit gia tng th l ht sc cn thit. Mc d vic qun l nhit tng ph thuc nhiu vo cc thng s c th v iu kin a phng, vn c mt s quy tc qun l chung nh sau: 70
NH: Morizt Maikmper
T l b mt trng cy cng ln, khu vc xung quanh cng mt v nhit vo ban m cng gim. Thng gi cng tt, hiu qu lm mt cng cao. Cc b mt c cy m t cng ln, hiu qu lm mt cng cao. Mt nc m cng ln, hiu qu h tr lm mt cng cao. Nu cc iu kin trn cng c tch hp, vic lm mt th cng c th t c. Tuy nhin, bn cnh s phi hp cc gii php, s c mt s mu thun cn c xem xt. V d, trng cy gip gim nhit bng bng v qu trnh bc hi, tuy nhin cc loi cy c tn rng v trng qu dy c c th dn n gim lu thng khng kh, v gia tng cng thng nhit cng nh kh nng tng nhim khng kh. Cc mu thun s c trnh by cng vi cc gii php xut trong cc trang
Thch ng - TP. HCM
sau. Thm vo y, cc bn phn tch nhit cng c th hin ch ra nhng thay i d kin ca nhit trong cc kch bn khc nhau. Vic so snh gia cc m hnh khc nhau theo tng gii php s xc nh tnh hiu qu ca tng gii php v do , h tr s la chn gii php thch hp. Ngoi ra, tnh kh thi v k thut v hiu qu chi ph ca cc gii php cng cn phi c xem xt.
Gi mnh gip gim phng nhit v kch thch s bay hi
Gn mt t, tc gi b gim i S thng gi b gim S bay hi b gim
NNG THN Gi
TH
Hnh II-A.1: S nh hng ca th ho n s thng gi, so snh vi mi trng t nhin vng ngoi (Phng theo Hng Kng Observatory)
GHI CH tc v 2 (m/s) 4 (m/s) 6 (m/s) 8 (m/s) 10 (m/s)
TRC
SAU
Hnh II-A.2: M hnh trn my tnh biu din s nh hng ca s thng gi vi hng cng trnh (Hunh & Eckert)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
71
Cc gii php xut

01 Hnh lang thng gi th
Hnh lang thng gi l s kt ni cc khng gian m trong khu th dy c phc v nh l ni to ra khng kh mt v trong lnh. Tm quan trng ca hnh lang thng gi bao gm c h nhit khu vc th v cung cp khng kh trong lnh cho cc khu vc nhit cao. l l do ti sao chng phi c xc nh v quy hoch r rng cp thnh ph. S trao i khng kh trong mt khu vc cng thp, th tm quan trng ca hnh lang thng gi cng cao. V khng kh trong vng nhit i chuyn ng t, hnh lang thng kh trong lnh rt quan trng cho mt th ln trong vng nhit i nh TP. HCM. Cng cn phi xem xt n s thay i ca hng gi qua cc ma (Emmanuel 2005). nh hng hnh lang thng gi theo hng gi chnh trong c ma kh v ma ma nn c xem xt. Trong cc khu vc cha pht trin th, lu lng gi l ch yu chu nh hng ca a hnh v cc mt nc ln (ib: 116). Trn khu vc pht trin th, cc ta nh v cy ci l nhng yu t chnh lm nh hng n hng gi. Thnh ph cng ln v dy c, th s c mt ca khng gian rng m bn trong v bao quanh thnh ph cng quan trng (MKULNV NRW 2010). Bt k cc xm phm n cc hnh lang thng gi ny nn c gii hn; v bin gii ca cc hnh lang nn c xc nh r trong quy hoch. c, v d, cc hnh lang thng gi ny c quy nh bi quy hoch s dng t. Hnh lang thng gi chnh ca TP. HCM, l hng t pha ty nam n pha ng bc nh c th c nhn thy t cc bn kh hu th (Hnh II-A.4).
Hnh II-A.3: Cc hnh lang thng gi nn c bo v khi cc cng trnh. Ranh gii ca cc hnh lang ny nn c bo m.
72
Thch ng - TP. HCM
NH: Morizt Maikmper
Ngoi vic gi hnh lang thng gi cp thnh ph, cc hnh lang thng gi nh cp khu vc cng nn cn c xc nh v bo v. Ni chung, s cn tr hnh lang thng gi khu vc th ch nh hng n mt b phn ca thnh ph; trong khi, s cn tr n hnh lang thng gi chnh ca th to nn tc ng tiu cc n kh hu ca ton thnh ph. Ngoi ra, cc khng gian ln tuyn tnh cng c th l cc knh dn gi vo thnh ph. Sn bay, ng cao tc cng nh cc cng vin tuyn tnh v knh rch cng c th phc v nh l hnh lang thng gi, do chng nn c xc nh chuyn hng gi
theo hng mong mun vo thnh ph (Watson, Plattus & Shibley 2002). Cc hnh lang m, do vy, nn c thit k tn dng thng gi bng cc cch sau: m rng chiu rng ng ph, y li cc ta nh t ng ph, kt hp khng gian m dc theo hm ni, to ra cc chiu cao ta nh khc nhau, v thit k nt giao thng chnh hng gi (ib.).
Hnh II-A.4: Hng thng gi chnh ca TP. HCM (Phng theo Katzschner, L. 2011)
73
02 Hng cng trnh theo hng gi chnh

m bo cung cp khng kh trong lnh trong khu ph, c ng ph v cc block nh nn c nh hng theo hng gi chnh. Hng gi chnh hp l nht cho TP. HCM l hng gi ma (Hnh II-A.5). ng ph nn c t song song vi hng gi chnh hoc nghing gc t 30 (Emmanuel 2005). Hn na, mt ng ct phi rng v khng nn b chn bi cc cng trnh hoc cy xanh dy c. Khi tnh ton thit k theo hng gi,
NH: Morizt Maikmper/ Chu Hunh
hng tip xc trc tip mt tri cng nn c xem xt, bi v, v d, cc ng ph cht hp gip tng bng . Tuy nhin, ng ph vn nn c thit k rng cho php gi i qua, v ngc li khng to ra mt hiu ng phu ht gi. Do cc cng trnh xy dng xung quanh, hng gi v tc gi c th b thay i v khc vi hng gi chnh ca thnh ph. V vy, mt thit k khng nn c rp khun theo mt nh hng mt, thay vo nn c da trn hng gi c th v vi kh hu ca khu t (Hunh & Eckert 2012).
Ma kh 30O
Hnh II-A.5: Cc hng gi chnh ca TP. HCM, cc ta nh hoc t song song vi hng gi hoc nghing gc ti a 30O
Ma kh
Ma ma Ma ma
60O
Hnh II-A.6: Li ch ca vic b tr cc dy nh song song vi hng gi chnh (Phng theo Ng 2010)
GI B CN
GI C LU THNG
74
Thch ng - TP. HCM
03 Hn ch s cn gi
Ta nh cao tng TP. HCM thng t trn khi cao 5-6 tng. Do vy, lu lng gi c th b hn ch tm cao ngi i b. Vic m bo va phi khong cch gia khi trong lut xy dng do rt quan trng (Ng 2010). Vic s dng ta nh c th tch ln nn trnh. Khi th tch ln gy ra hiu ng chn gi, tuy cng c th gim gi trong trng hp hiu ng phu ht gi. i vi cc ta nh dc theo b sng, cn phi to ra hnh lang tn dng lung gi mt m lu thng t mt nc.
Bng II-A.1: Nhng yu t thit k nh hng ln nht n s lu thng gi Mt xy dng ca khu th Kch thc v chiu cao ca cc ta nh S sp xp ca cc to nh cao tng Hng ca ng ph S lng, kch thc v s phn b ca cc khng gian m v cy xanh
(Phng theo Emmanuel 2005 & Givoni 1989)
04 Hin tng Downwash- s chuyn hng gi do chiu cao cng trnh khc nhau
Ta nh cao tng c kh nng n gi thi tm cao v chuyn hng n. Bng cch ny, khng kh trong lnh c th c chuyn hng v pha mt t. Hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng Downwash. Cc ta nh c chiu cao khc nhau gy ra tc gi khc nhau gia chng v do ci thin h thng thng gi (Ng 2010). Cc ta nh nm trc, theo hng gi nn c chiu cao thp nht (Hnh II-A.7). Hiu ng Downwash nn c t chc trn cp khu vc v p dng trong thit k cc khi ring l.
Hnh II-A.7: Cc to nh phi trc theo hng gi cn c chiu cao thp hn
HIN TNG DOWNWASH - GI C CC TA NH CAO TNG CHUYN HNG XUNG MT T
CC L TRNG TRONG KHI NH V KHONG CCH THCH HP GIA CC KHI
Hnh II-A.8: Hin tng Downwash v cc l trng ca cc khi nh, gia cc ta nh v gia cc khi h tr thng gi (Phng theo Ng 2010)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
75
05 Nng cao mt mng xanh

Khu th c th hng li t cc b mt cy xanh theo cc cch khc nhau. Tng t nh tc ng tch cc ca cc khng gian m ngoi vi thnh ph, cng vin v cy xanh bn trong thnh ph cng c th cung cp khng kh trong lnh v mt m cho cc khu ph lin k.
Hnh II-A.9: Cc mng xanh nn b tr theo hng gi chnh tn dng v h tr s thng gi th
NH: Ronald Eckert
Cc vnh ai xanh gip c lp cc khu cng nghip nng hoc ng cao tc khi khu vc nh v c tc dng loi b cc cht gy nhim v cn tr vic vn chuyn ca khng kh nhim. i vi khng gian xanh khu dn c, nn nh hng chng n hng gi chnh tng cng kh nng phn phi khng kh trong lnh xung quanh. Khi quy hoch v thit k b mt thm thc vt xanh, chi ph vn hnh v bo tr do ti cy v chm sc cng nn c quan tm v xem xt, c bit l trong ma kh. Do vy, khuyn khch hn ch nhu cu ti nc n mc t nht c th. Cc bin php hn ch ti nc ny c th c th l ti s dng ngun nc ma di do trong ma ma ca TP. HCM, hoc x l v ti s dng nc git ra ti cy. Ngoi ra, vic la chn cy bn a c th gip gi lng nc ti tiu cho khng gian xanh thp hn.
Cc cng vin tp trung ln gip cung cp mt lng khng kh trong lnh cho thnh ph v cc khu dn c xung quanh. Trong khi , mt mng li cc khu cy xanh nh v phn tn cng c th c tc dng tng t, bn cnh vic cung cp khng gian cho cc hot ng vui chi gii tr (MKULNV NRW 2010). Ngoi ra, khng gian cy xanh cn c kh nng lu tr l lt, v do chng cn tc ng tch cc v gim nh ri ro l lt (Shaw et al. 2007).
Hnh II-A.10: Mt h thng cc mng xanh nh s c chc nng nh mt mng xanh ln
=
76
Thch ng - TP. HCM
06 Cc mt nc m
Mt nc m ln nh hng n, nhit khng kh xung quanh chng mt cch tch cc bng cch gim nhit v tng cng h thng thng gi. Mt nc chuyn ng thng c li ch hn so vi mt nc tnh (NRW MKULNV 2010). Cn lu rng, ch c din tch mt nc ln nh h c mt tc ng c th o lng trn quy m th. Tuy nhin, i vi cc phng n lm mt quy m nh, cc mt nc nh cng c th c s dng to ra hiu ng bay hn v gim s tch nhit. i vi gii php ny, lu rng cc mt nc phi c trng b mt, khi gy nn hiu ng tch nhit. ng thi h cha ca cc mt nc ny khng nn c mu sng, trnh hin tng tch tr bc x nhit trong khi nc. Cc mt nc lm mt tt nht nn nm pha ng bc v / hoc pha ty nam ca mt khu vc nht nh, ni c gi chnh thi qua. Mt nc v khng gian m c th c bao quanh bi lp cy m gim sc nng ca mt tri (Emmanuel 2005). Lu rng s kt hp ca cc chin lc xut s c th to ra khng gian m thoi mi v sinh ng.
old F. Ib
Hnh II-A.11: Cc mt nc m t pha ng Nam hoc Ty Bc s mang li li ch lm mt ln nht
Hnh II-A.12: Cy xanh kt hp vi h nc s h tr gim nhit mi trng (Photo: Maikmper M.)
Hnh II-A.13: Mt mt nc ng s em li nhiu li ch lm mt hn mt nc tnh (Photo: Eckert R.)

Thch ng - TP. HCM
77
Cc d n in hnh
01 nh gi kh hu v Bn khuyn ngh, Hng Kng
Trong nm 2003, S quy hoch Hng Kng khi xng chng trnh Nghin cu thnh lp h thng nh gi thng gi th (AVA) mt cch kh thi. Nghin cu ny nhm vo vic nh gi iu kin khi hu th hin ti ca Hng Kng v xy dng cc khuyn ngh lin quan v thich ng kh hu trong thit k th. Bn nh gi kh hu th tp trung vo s nng ln v kh nng thich ng mt cch nng ng ca khu vc th. Xut pht t , cc khu vc th c phn loi theo nhu cu ci thin kh hu khc nhau v c chia thnh cc khu vc vi cc gii php tng ng (Bn khuyn ngh). Trc iu kin th ng c ca Hng Kng, AVA c thit k nh mt bn hng dn thc hnh quy hoch th i ph vi s nng ln v s b kh ca th. T nhng gii php v yu cu c th cho thit k th thch ng vi kh hu c xc nh. Phng php tip cn chung y l bo tn, tn trng, v to ra cc khong trng thng gi trong th trn quy m cp thnh ph, qun huyn v cp cng trnh vi nhiu nguyn tc chung khc nhau. Vic m bo tuyn thng gi v mt mng li ng ph tng ng vi hng gi l cc nguyn tc ch o. Nhng ng thng gi cn phi c
V tr Nhit Hng Kng ti a: 32 C (thng 7) ti thiu: 14 C (thng 1)
NH: Marcus Tschaut/ Jana Warnatzsch
BN 1: Bn nhit th hin nhit cao trong khu trung tm
Hng gi Southeast to Southwest; Eastwest (harbour) Din tch 1,100 km
Ch u t S quy hoch Hng Kng Nh t vn ARUP, Hongkong university of Science & Technology, PlanArch Consultants Ltd., Kassel University Thit k Gii php p dng 2003 - 2010 nh gi kh hu, Bn hng dn quy hoch v thit k th
BN 2: Kh nng s trao i nhit thp trong khu trung tm
BN 3: Bn kh hu, phn tch cc khng gian th khc nhau, cn thit phi c s h tr thng gi
BN 4: Bn khuyn ngh, th hin cc phn khu vi cc nhu cu thch ng khc nhau
Hnh II-A.14: B bn nh gi kh hu ca Hng Kng (S Quy hoch Hng Kng)
gi khi b tc nghn nh do nh cao tng, hay ng trn cao. c bit, cc khu t dc b sng c ch to iu kin cho gi bin vo khu vc th su nht c th. Vic b tr cc cng trnh xy dng vi khi nh v chiu cao khc nhau cng cho php n v chnh hng gi to ra s thng kh. Cc khi ca cc ta nh cn phi c m ra v to cc khong ging tri h lung khng kh n khng gian ng ph. Nhng khong trng gia cc ta nh gip cho php nhng cn
78
Thch ng - TP. HCM
gi thi qua ngay c trong khu vc c mt cao. Bng cch gim mt xy dng ca cc ta nh, khng gian m c to ra, v lin kt vi nhau. Trong thnh ph, khng gian xanh c cung cp tng s thng thong, mt m h tr cho s thng gi vi m. Vic s dng vt liu sng mu c th gip tng tc dng lm mt bng cch gim s hp th bc x mt tri.
Bn phn tch kh hu Chuyn giao thng tin kh hu Tm hiu chung v kh hu lnh vc nhit & s trao i nhit Thng tin v gi trm o gi t HKO & m hnh MM5
To khong trng cho gi bin thi vo khu th bn trong
S phi hp gia hng nh v hng gi
Xc nh vng kh hu Xc nh cc lu vc gi Da trn cc nh gi v phn on chuyn mn Phn tch kh hu cho tng phn vng kh hu Da trn cc nh gi chuyn mn Hng dn quy hoch cho tng phn vng kh hu ci thin quy hoch phn khu xut phi hp gia cc chuyn gia v nh quy hoch
Chiu cao nh khc nhau gic kch thch thng gi v chuyn hng gi
Bn khuyn ngh v kh hu Vi cc hng dn ph hp cho tng khu vc kh hu khc nhau
To ra cc l rng trong khi nh gi thi vo cc khu th mt cao
Hnh II-A.15: Phng php thit lp Bn khuyn ngh (S Quy hoch Hng Kng)
Hnh II-A.16: Bn hng dn thit k th thch ng vi kh hu ca Hng Kng (S Quy hoch Hng Kng)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
79
02 Xeritown, Dubai
Tm nhn pht trin th xut cho thnh ph trong sa mc ny l to ra mi trng sng thoi mi, trong khi vn thch ng vi iu kin c th ca mi trng xung quanh. Hi ha vi mi trng t nhin, thit k th c mang phong cch thit k Rp, m bo tnh thng gi v lm mt t nhin. Mc tiu chnh ca d n l bo tn cc hnh lang thng gi v che nng cho cc khu vc cng cng. Cc ng thng gi c to nn da trn vic quy hoch v nh hng cc cng trnh xy dng, hnh thnh nhng hnh lang thng thong tng ng vi hng gi chnh t pha ty v cho php gi bin thi vo gia cc khu vc dn c.
NH: X-Achitects & SMAQ
V tr Nhit Thi gian c nng
Dubai, UAE ti a: 45 C (Thng 7) ti thiu: 27 C (Thng 1) 8 - 11 gi / ngy
Hng gi Ty, Nam Din tch 59 ha
Ch u t Dubai Properties Nh t vn SMAQ - Architecture Urbanism research Giai on Gii php p dng tng Hnh lang thng gi, Kt cu che nng, Hnh thi th cao tng v nn
Hnh II-A.17: Cc tng thit k th ci thin vi kh hu (SMAQ)
Cung cp bng
(Hnh thi th nn)
Thng gi bng cc lung kh mt
(Cc to nh c chia ct theo hng gi)
Tn dng m
(Vt ct bo tn ngun nc hin hu)
Lin kt vi khng gian ca cc i ct (Vt ct gi

nh hnh nh ca cc i ct)
Biu mt tri
Biu gi
Bn phn phi hi m
Bn cc i ct
80
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Vic xy dng cc ta nh vi chiu cao khc nhau gip chuyn hng gi v to nn s thng gi. Cho cc thit k th m rng sau ny, vic bo tn cc hnh lang thng gi nh trong quy hoch ban u c khuyn khch, cng nh vic gi cc hnh lang ny lun trng v khng b xm phm bi cc cng trnh xy dng lun c bo m. Vic to h thng che nng cho cc khu vc cng cng c th t c bng cch thit k mt kt cu th mt cao nhm to ra cc con ph hp che nng, vi nhng cng trnh xy dng cao thp khc nhau v nhng ch li lm, to thnh hnh lang su. Nh , hiu ng nng ln ca do tia bc x nhit c gim xung mc thp nht. Do iu kin kh hu sa mc khng
Sn trong c che nng v dng cho thng gi Mt ng c x l ty theo hng ng vin bao th nhp nh to s lu thng gi
n nh, cc bng cy c thay th bng cc tm pin mt tri va cung cp bng mt trong khu vc cng cng va tn dng nng lng mt tri sn xut ra in nng. ng thi, nc ngm t nhin cng c chy nhng khong xanh gia cc cng trnh gp phn to ra lung khng kh ti mt. iu ny h tr to cc s lu thng khng kh v tng tc gi. Cc bin php thng gi v to bng rm cng c ch cp cng trnh, bng cch xy dng cc mt tin v thp thng gi h tr nhn lung khng kh nng, v gii phng kh mt.
Hnh II-A.18: (Trn) Phi cnh v s ca mt thp thng gi
Hnh II-A.19: (di) mt ct tng th hin s phi hp gia cc yu t ci thin vi kh hu (SMAQ)

Nng lng mt tri c hp thu t cc tm pin mt tri
n LED Cc thit b gia dng tit kim nc hnh lang i b c che nng
Mi che to bng rm cho ngi i b
Mi che gii phng kh nng
S thng gi to thnh t cc hnh lang kh mt
Mt nc gip thu ht sinh thc vt khu vc
Nng lng t tm pin mt tri c s dng chiu sng cng vin v snh
Nc xm c lc v ti s dng cho ti tiu
Nng lng t tm pin mt tri c s dng cho bm nc ti tiu
Lp t ph mt v cc chu t st chng s mt nc do bay hi
Thch ng - TP. HCM
81

Emmanuel, M. R. (2005). An Urban Approach to Climate-Sensitive Design. Stategies for the tropics. Abingdon, Oxon: Spon Press. Huynh C. and Eckert R. 2012. Reducing heat and improving thermal comfort through urban design A case study in Ho Chi Minh City. 4th Journal conference on Environmental Science and Development. Bangkok, Thailand. Katzschner, L. 2011. Urban Climate Strategies Against Future Heat Stress Conditions, in: K. Otto-Zimmermann (ed.), Resilient Cities: Cities and Adaptation to Climate Change - Proceedings of the Global Forum 2010, Local Sustainability 1, DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-0785-6_8, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. p 79 91, 2011. Gill, S., Handley, J., Ennos, R., Nolan, P. (2009). Planning for Green Infrastructure. Adapting to Climate Change. In: Davoudi, S., Crawford, J., Mehmood A. (ed.): Planning for Climate Change. London: Earthscan Ltd. P. 249-261. MKULNV NRW (Ministerium fr Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen) (2010). Handbuch Stadtklima. Manahmen und Handlungskonzepte fr Stdte und Ballungsrume zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Dsseldorf. [In German] Ng, E. (ed.) (2010). Designing High-Density Cities for Social and Environmental Sustainability. London: Earthscan Ltd. Shaw, R., Colley, M., and Connell, R. (2007). Climate change adaptation by design: a guide for sustainable communities. London: TCPA. Storch, H., Downes, N., Nguyen Xuan Thinh, Thamm, H.-P., Ho Long Phi, Tran Thuc, Nguyen Thi Hien Thuan, Emberger, G., Goedecke, M., Welsch, J., Schmidt, M. (2009). Adaptation Planning Framework to Climate Change for the Urban Area of Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. In: Worldbank (Eds.) (2009) Fifth Urban Research Symposium Cities and Climate Change: Responding to an Urgent Agenda Marseille, France, June 28-30, 2009, 24 pp.
Cc d n in hnh
01 nh gi kh hu v Bn khuyn ngh, Hng Kng Planning Department Hong Kong (2011) Urban Climatic Map and Standards for Wind Enviroment - Feasibility Study. Stakeholders Engagement Digest. Available at: http://www.pland.gov.hk/pland_ en/p_study/prog_s/ucmapweb/ucmap_project/content/main/PublicEngagement/Digest_Eng.pdf 02 Xeritown, Dubai Heinrich Bll Foundation. Urban Futures 2030. Urban Development and Urban Lifestyles of the Future. Available at: http://www.boell.de/downloads/ecology_5_-_urban_futures_2030.pdf
82
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Qun l Bc x Mt tri
II-B.
II-B. Qun l Bc x Mt tri

Qun l bc x mt tri l mt cng c quan trng thch ng vi bin i kh hu cp khu th ln cp cng trnh. S dng cc vt liu phn x c th lm gim nhit , trong khi khng gian c bng rm gip nng cao s thoi mi ca con ngi v gp phn to nn mi trng sng d chu. Tc ng ca cc gii php hn ch bc x mt tri trn quy m nh c th gp phn quan trng hng ti mc tiu gim nhit chung cp thnh ph. Phng php tip cn chung
Khc vi thng gi th, chin lc gim thiu bc x mt tri ch yu c p dng quy m nh hn, cp khu th hoc cp cng trnh. Tuy nhin, nhng tc ng c th t c trn mc vi kh hu cng c th ng gp cho ton thnh ph. Phn ny ca cun Cm nang cung cp cc chin lc v qun l bc x mt tri tng s phn x v lm gim s hp th nhit, lu tr nhit v to nhit vo ban m. T
Ban ngy, bc x mt tri lm bc hi nc t cy c v mt t Ban m, nhit c ta ra d dng hn nh cc mi trng thong ng ca vng nng thn
NH: Morizt Maikmper
cc gii php xut, cc lut hoc tiu chun c th ban hnh tng tnh hiu qu hoc thc y vic s dng cc chin lc ny, cng nh yu cu cc nh u t chng minh rng h p dng cc cng c nht nh trnh ti nhit cao. Vic la chn gii php no tt nht qun l bc x mt tri cho mt khu vc c th c th cho cc nh u t quyt nh. Ni chung, nhng mc tiu chnh ca cc gii php qun l bc x mt tri l:
Ban ngy, bc x mt tri b hp th v lu tr bi cc to nh b-tng Ban m, cc to nh thi nhit ra, nhng s dy c ca cc cng trnh hn ch s to nhit ra mi trng khng kh
Hnh II-B.1: S trao i v hp thu bc x mt tri trong ngy v vo ban m ca vng th khi so snh vi vng nng thn (Phng theo Hng Kng Observatory)
NNG THN Cc tia bc x nhit t mt tri vo ban ngy
TH Hi nng ta ra vo ban m
84
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Tng cng s phn x ca bc x mt tri trn cng trnh xy dng v vt liu p lt b mt; Khuyn khch trnh tia bc x mt tri bng cch cung cp bng mt cho cc ta nh v khng gian cng cng. Mt s nguyn tc chung thc hin cc chin lc trn l: Vt liu c mu sc cng sng, c th phn nh cng tt bc x mt tri v cng gi mt (cho chnh n) cng lu. Bc x trc tip t mt tri cng c th trnh c, th ta nh hoc mt phn ca ta nh cng c gi mt. Cng tch hp cc chin lc gim thiu bc x mt tri vi cc hiu ng thng gi, hiu qu gim nhit v lm mt cng tng.
Mc d cc gii php gim thiu bc x mt tri ch yu c p dng cp khu th v cp cng trnh, hiu qu gim nhit trn din rng cp thnh ph vn c th t c. Ngoi cc gii php xut, phn ny ca quyn Cm nang cn a vo cc kch bn m phng s thay i nhit ca cc gii php p dng khc nhau tip tc chng minh mc m cc hiu ng m c th t c trong trng hp c th. Cng cn lu rng hu ht cc cng c c xut c th c p dng khng ch cho cng trnh v khu th mi, m cn p dng c cho cc cng trnh hin hu cn ci to.
Bay hi
Nhit c gim
Nhit ta t cc ta nh
Nhit tng Nhit tng Tia bc x mt tri
Nhit t kh thi giao thng Nhit ta t mt ng
Bay hi
Nhit tng Nhit t my iu ha Nhit c gim
Hnh II-B.2: Cu trc xy dng hp thu nhit v ta ra li mi trng xung quanh, trong khi , kh thi t giao thng v cc thit b my mc ca lm tng nhit mi trng (Adapted from Osaka city official website).
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Nhit t con ngi
85
Cc gii php xut

07 Mt ng v mi nh sng mu v phn chiu
Mi nh v mt tin ta nh l cc b mt tip xc vi nh sng mt tri v do , cn c bo v khi bc x mt tri. Vic s dng cc vt liu xy dng sng mu v phn chiu, do c mt truyn thng lu i cc vng nhit i v cn nhit i (MKULNV NRW 2010). N gip lm gim nhit trong nh ca cc ta nh v ci thin iu kin vi kh hu. Cc thuc tnh chnh ca cc vt liu ny l: c tnh phn chiu tt cc tia bc x mt tri c tnh gii phng nhit cao (Gartland 2010) (Hnh II-B.3). Ngoi vic gip gim nhit ca ta nh, cc vt liu xy dng phn chiu v sng mu cng gip lm gim nng lng lm mt c kh v tit kim chi ph cho cc thit b lm mt. Cc vt liu c tnh hp th nhit cao khi tip xc trc tip vi bc x mt tri nh knh v thp, nn c hn ch s dng nh l vt liu mt ng. Ni chung, s kt hp ca vt liu phn chiu, vt liu sng mu v cc yu t bng s mang li nhiu li ch.
Hnh II-B.3: Mi nh lm mt phn chiu n 60-70% bc x mt tri, gip gim nng lng iu ho c kh v tng chi ph tit kim trong vic mua thit b lm mt (Energy Coordinating Agency, Philadelphia)
phn chiu bc x mt tri
gii phng bc x mt tri
Hnh II-B.4: Vt liu sng mu c nh hng cao n nhit b mt, vi m di mu trng trn tng, s khc bit cho thy n 5 -10F (3-5C) mt hn khu vc sm mu xung quanh (ASU National Center of Excellence).
86
Thch ng - TP. HCM
NH: Morizt Maikmper
08 Vt liu lt mt sng mu v phn chiu

Ln n na b mt th th gii b lt b mt (Gartland 2010). Do , iu ht sc cn thit l phi xem xt v s dng cc vt liu b mt sao cho ph hp. Vt liu b mt phn chiu v c mu sng c th phn nh bc x mt tri vi nhng tia sng ngn tt hn nhng mu ti (Hnh II-B.5). Do n c th gp phn ng k vo vic gim hiu ng o nhit th. t c hiu qu ng k, mt phng cng ln, vt liu lt mt mu sng cho n cng nn c s dng. y, cn lu rng, khng ch c mu sc m cn tnh cht vt liu nh dn nhit cng nh hng n hiu qu lm mt ca mt ng (MKULNV NRW 2010). M phng nhit trn my
tnh ch ra rng: vi b mt nha ng thm nc v va h lt gch mu sng, nhit b mt TP. HCM c th gip gim c 2 - 6C so vi b mt nha ng bazan v cc va h xi-mng truyn thng (Hunh & Eckert 2012) (Hnh II-B.6). C nhiu kh nng tng cng tnh phn quang ca vt liu p lt: v d, hn hp cc vin si sng mu c th lm sng ln nha ng v xi-mng sng mu c th lm sng b-tng (Gartland 2010). Vo ma ma, vt liu lt mt thm thu c th c lm mt bng cch bay hi v do , lm gim lng lu tr nhit. Do , khuyn khch rng cc vt liu p mt khng nn ch c mu sng v phn chiu m cn c th thm thu. iu ny cn ci thin kh nng thm nc ma vo mt t nh mt li ch ph.
75%
25% 25%
75% Hnh II-B.5: Vt liu lt nn sng mu gip phn chiu ti 75% bc x mt tri
S gim ca nhit b mt
di -12 C -12 n -10 C -10 n -8 C -8 n -6 C -6 n -4 C -4 n -2 C -2 n 0 C 0 n 2 C 2 n 4 C trn 4 C
Hnh II-B.6: S ci thin nhit b mt khi thay vt liu lt mt ph bin ca TP. HCM (xi-mng v nha ng khng thm nc) bng vt liu lt mt lm mt (nha ng thm nc v gch lt sng mu). Bn nhit c m hnh bng ENVI-met 04, di cc iu kin thi tit ca TP. HCM (Hunh & Eckert).
87
09 To bng trong khng gian cng cng bng cy xanh v cng trnh
Trnh nh sng mt tri bng cch to bng trong khng gian cng cng bng cy xanh hoc cc ta nh cng l mt chin lc gim ti nhit. Cc cy c tn ln thng c c s dng cho cc khu vc th cc vng nhit i bo v khng gian m v cc ta nh t bc x mt tri trc tip, do hn ch s gia tng ca nhit khng kh vo ban ngy v cung cp mt bu khng kh mt m vo ban m. Tuy nhin, cy c th gy ra tc dng ph tiu cc, chng c th hn ch lu thng gi hoc lm tng m thng qua vic bay hi, do vy, chng c th lm tng cm gic kh chu ca con ngi, c bit l trong trng hp t gi v m cao. V vy, cy khng nn c trng qu dy c nhng ni
NH: Morizt Maikmper
Hnh II-B.7: Ta nh to bng cho khng gian cng cng
thiu thng gi. Cy c la chn nn l cy bn a, va ph hp vi kh hu nhit i v cn t nc ti. Nc ti cy c th tn dng nc xm qua x l hoc nc ma d tr khng nh hng n vic cung cp nc ni chung ca thnh ph. Khng gian cng cng v ng ph cng c th c che bng bi cc ta nh xung quanh. Do cc khi nh khng th d thay i sau khi xy dng, vic b tr tn dng bng ca khi nh cn c tnh ton cn thn. Ty thuc vo chc nng v thi gian s dng chnh ca mt khng gian m, vic tnh ton chiu cao cc ta nh l cn thit. V d, cung cp bng mt cho mt qung trng cng cng vo bui chiu, cc ta nh pha Nam v Ty nn cao nht. ng ph hp vi cc ta nh dc theo hai bn cng gip cung cp bng mt.
Nhit cm nhn
di 23 C 23 to 29 C 29 to 35 C 35 to 41 C trn 41 C Min: 27.75 C Max: 79.59 C

Cc k hiu Cng trnh Special layer Cy xanh
Hnh II-B.8: M phng nhit ca mt khu quy hoch i l V Vn Kit ti lc 2pm, th hin nhng v tr c cy xanh v nm trong bng ca cng trnh c nhit cm nhn thp hn t 6-12C so vi cc vng phi sng khc (Hunh & Eckert).
88
Thch ng - TP. HCM
10 Cu trc che mt cho ta nh

Cc mt ng ta nh cng t b tc ng bi bc x mt tri trc tip, nng lng cn thit cho iu ha khng kh ca ta nh cng thp. Do , cc cu trc che nng cho ta nh l cng c hiu qu cho vic gim nng lng tiu th ta nh. Mt s cu trc thit k c th ng gp hiu qu cho vic bo v nh sng mt tri cho mt tin, chng hn nh mi ua, ban cng, lanh-t, gin treo v mi vm. Tt c trong s ny c s dng trong kin trc nhit i trong nhiu thp k v c th d dng kt hp vi cc gii php che mt khc. Trong khi mt tin pha nam v pha bc c th c che bi cc cu trc lam che nng theo phng ngang, cc cu trc lam theo phng dc nn thit k mt pha ng v pha ty trnh nh sng trc tip (Emmanuel 2005). Thng thng, cc cu trc trn c th c thm vo cc ta nh hin hu v do , rt thch hp cho c d n ci to v d n pht trin mi. Mc d cc gii php trn c th t c cp cng trnh, mt h thng cc mi vm c th tng cng s thoi mi cho ngi i b bng cch iu ha nng, gi v nhit , v do , c th to ra mt khng gian d chu.
11 Cu trc che mt trong khng gian cng cng

Khi vic trng cy che mt trong khng gian cng cng khng cn ph hp (v mt l do g y), cu trc che mt nhn to c th c p dng. Tri, lu v che nng ln c th c s dng cung cp bng mt cho khng gian m th. Ngoi ra, c mt s cng trnh xy dng che nng tm thi khc c th c s dng trong thi gian ngn nh l trong l hi hay trong ma ma v sau c th d b ra sau khi s dng. Tm li, c rt nhiu gii php che bng cho hu ht cc khng gian m.
Hnh II-B.9: Trn: Cc mi ua v hnh lang ti bo tng ngh thut TP. HCMC. Di: S kt hp gia hng cy xanh v cc hnh lang i b (Photo: Maikmper).
Thch ng - TP. HCM
89
Cc d n in hnh
01 Vin nghin cu Masdar, Thnh ph Masdar, Abu Dhabi, UAE
Hng Bc/ Nam Mt tri chiu vo cc khu nh lm tng nhu cu lm mt c kh
NH: http://masdarcity.ae/
V tr Nhit S gi nng Din tch
Abu Dhabi, UAE ti a: 42 C (Thng 7) ti thiu: 11,8 C (Thng 1) 10-11 gi/ ngy
Hng ng/ Ty Mt tri chiu vo v lm nng cc tng ngoi, lm tng nhu cu lm mt c kh
Hng ng Bc/ Ty Nam To ra bng rm tt nht
Vin nghin cu Masdar l mt cng trnh giai on mt v l phn quan trng trong d n pht trin cng ngh sch mang tnh ton cu cho thnh ph Masdar. Vin l mt m hnh thu nh ca thnh ph ni chung. N c chia ct bi cc trc vn v hnh lang. Khng gian cc khu nh c thit k v nh hng mt cch thng minh gip ti u ha s thoi mi vi nhit ngoi tri trong cc khu vc cng cng. Li i trong vin c bng rm nh nhng mi treo v cc con ph hp. Chiu cao cc ta nh v hng cng trnh c thit k kt hp cht ch nhm gim thiu sc nng mt tri trong mi trng a phng, do tc ng trc tip tc th ti mi trng v lng nng lng tiu th iu ha khng kh. Tch hp trong kin
Hng gi Ty Bc 700 ha (Quy hoch tng th) 4000 m2 (khun vin d n)
Ch u t Mubadala Development Company Nh t vn Foster and Partners, Adams Kara Taylor, PHA Consult Thit k Thi cng Gii php p dng 2007-2009 2009-2010 Che bng rm bng cc ta nh, cc kt cu che mt v cy xanh, Xoay hng nh, Vt liu xy dng mt, Thp gi
Hnh II-B.10: Cc cch b tr nh khc nhau theo cc hng khc nhau (Masdar City)
Hnh II-B.11: Thit k tng th ca Vin Masdar (tri) v bn phn tch nhit ca Vin Masdar khi so snh vi mt ng ph trung tm Abu Dhabi (Masdar City)
90
Thch ng - TP. HCM
trc s l nhng thp thng gi theo phong cch rp, gip dn gi vo cc khong sn trong. Cc tnh nng ca m hnh thit k trong Vin Masdar to ra nhng nhit bc x khc nhau: so vi mt ng ph Abu Dhabi in hnh, s khc bit c th t c ln n 20 C (Hnh II-B.13). Hot ng cho ngi i b trn ng ph c kt ni v khuyn khch bng vic to ra cc bng rm trong cc khng gian. Cc dy ct c tch hp vo cc thit k trong tt c cc ta nh c lm mt bng vt liu khi chu nhit cao p dng cho mt trn, tng v trn nh. Nhit khng kh c gim nh vo s dng bng ca cc ta nh v cc cy trng. Cc thc vt bn a c s dng lm p cho thit k,
mang li nhiu li ch, trong gip lm gim nhit khng kh ni cng cng. Cc thit k s dng nc trang tr cng c kt hp mt cch tinh t, gin tip lm mt m v to mi trng thoi mi d chu. Mt tin ca cc ta nh cng c thit k lm gim s hp th nhit. Cc vt liu xy dng vi tnh nng hp th nhit thp hot ng nh mt h thng lu thng nhit hiu qu gip lm mt rt nhanh v m, gim thiu s nng ln trong khu dn c. Cc vt liu vi tnh nng hp th nhit cao c th c s dng nhng ni c bng rm vi tc dng lm mt nhng khu ct.
Sa mc
Trung tm Abu Dhabi khng c che nng
Vin Masdar hon ton c che nng
Vin Masdar vn gii tr
Vin Masdar b sung cnh quan nc ng
Hnh II-B.12: Thp thng gi cao 45m ly kh mt bn trn v chuyn xung pha di cho cc khng gian cng cng (trn) v mt thp thng gi truyn thng Rp (Masdar City)
Hnh II-B.13: Cm nhn v nhit khc nhau cc mi trng khc nhau (Masdar City)
91
02 Vn trong vnh, Singapore

Quy hoch pht trin cho khu pha nam Marina l mt phn ca d n Vn sinh thi mi trong vnh ca Singapore. D n nhm mc ch to ra mt im n mi trong thnh ph, c thit k nh mt mng li cc h sinh thi ring bit vi hiu qu ci thin mi trng ti a. Ti khu vn pha Nam Marina ny mt s cc cu trc ngon mc nht c xy dng: mt khu rng Supertrees vi chiu cao 5-25m v hai my lm mt bng nc, c coi l nh knh kim sot kh hu ln nht th gii. Cc Supertrees l kiu cu trc cy thng tr cnh quan khu
NH: Ronald Eckert
V tr Nhit S gi nng
Singapore ti a: 31 C (Thng 7) ti thiu: 23 C (Thng 1) 4,5 - 6,5 gi/ ngy
Hng gi ng nam, ng Bc, Ty Nam Din tch 101 ha (Master Plan) Ch u t National Parks Board Singapore Nh t vn Grant Associates Thit k Gii php p dng 2006-2012 Supertrees, Cc yu t che nng, Va h phn chiu tt
Ngy
Hnh II-B.14: Giai on hnh thnh tng
Hnh II-B.15: Kt cu ca cc Supertrees
92
Thch ng - TP. HCM
vn. Chng c ln trng nh khu vn thng ng nhm thc hin mt nhiu chc nng, v d nh trng cy, to bng mt v cung cp cc chc nng sinh thi khc nhau cho cc khu vn. Cc Supertrees cng gip khng kh lu thng vi chc nng nh l mt phn ca h thng lm mt. tng kh nng tip cn gia cc khu vn v cc khu vc a hnh xung quanh cho ngi i b v xe c, cc trm giao thng cng cng v pht trin c s h tng c quy hoch. Thit k cnh quan a hnh ha hn s to ra khng gian thng thong vi nhng cn gi nh nhng, mt m. ng thi cng cc tn cy, gin cy v cc cu trc khc nh h thng lm mt bng nc v nhng Supertrees s cung cp bng mt v ni tr n trong hu
ht cc b phn ca khu vn. Lun lun lu ti vn mi trng, cc khu vn c thit k p dng cc cng ngh mi trng bn vng. Mt h thng h c tnh thm m v thy vn cao c tch hp vo cc thit k trong lu vc vn. N c tc dng tr nc thi ra t trong khu vn v hot ng nh mt b lc sinh thi t nhin, lm sch nc bng cy thy sinh. b sung cho cc Supertrees, cc tn v gin cy trng t nhin, cc bin php khc lm mt khng gian m cng c p dng nh ph xanh v che nng cc mi vm i b, hoc dng vt liu phn chiu trn cc va h.
Hnh II-B.16: V d v s dng vt liu sng mu phn chiu nh sng v hnh lang che nng
Hnh II-B.17: Mt hnh lang c mi che cho ngi i b (Photo: Eckert R.)
93

Emmanuel, M. R. (2005): An Urban Approach to Climate-Sensitive Design. Stategies for the Tropics. Abingdon, Oxon: Spon Press. Hunh, C. and Eckert, R. (2012): Reducing Heat and Improving Thermal Comfort through Urban Design A Case Study in Ho Chi Minh City. In: International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 3, No. 5, pp. 480-485. Gartland, L. (2010): Heat Islands. Understanding and Mitigating Heat in Urban Areas. London: Earthscan Ltd. MKULNV NRW (Ministerium fr Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen), Ed. (2010): Handbuch Stadtklima. Manahmen und Handlungskonzepte fr Stdte und Ballungsrume zur Anpassung an den Klimawandel. Dsseldorf: MKULNV NRW. Shaw, R., Colley, M., and Connell, R. (2007): Climate Change Adaptation by Design: A Guide for Sustainable Communities. London: TCPA.
Cc d n in hnh
01 Vin nghin cu Masdar, Thnh ph Masdar, Abu Dhabi, UAE Masdar City. Exploring the Masdar Institute Campus. Available at: http://www.masdar.ac.ae/ data/grkwx8r2t752.pdf Foster and Partners. Projects Masdar Institute, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates 20072010. Available at http://www.fosterandpartners.com/projects/masdar-institute/ 02 Vn trong vnh, Singapore Grant Associates. Project Garden by Bay, Singapore. Available at: http://www.grant-associates.uk.com/projects/85-gardens-by-the-bay/4777-gardens-by-the-bay.aspx
94
Thch ng - TP. HCM
II. Qun l Nhit cao
Tm tt cc gii php xut

Cp
Cng cng Cng c 01 Hnh lang thng gi th

Bn quy hoch chung xy dng
Bn kh hu th S dng t nh gi tc ng mi trng
Thnh ph
02 Hng cng trnh theo hng gi chnh 09 To bng trong khng gian cng cng bng cy xanh v cng trnh 04 Hin tng Downwashs chuyn hng gi do chiu cao cng trnh khc nhau
05 Nng cao mt mng xanh
Bn quy hoch chung cp qun/ Bn phn khu xy dng

S dng t nh gi tc ng mi trng
Qun
06 Cc mt nc m 11 Cu trc che mt trong khng gian cng cng 03 Hn ch s cn gi
Bn quy hoch chi tit

S dng t nh gi tc ng mi trng Thit k th
Khu t
08 Vt liu lt mt sng mu v phn chiu 07 Mt ng v mi nh sng mu v phn chiu 10 Cu trc che mt cho ta nh C nhn
Bn thit k cng trnh

Thit k th Thit k xy dng nh gi tc ng mi trng
Cng trnh
Cng c
95
Thit k in hnh
III.
Gii III. Thit thiu k in hnh
Phng php nghin cu

Hai khu t c la chn trong khu vc hnh chnh TP. HCM kim tra, chng minh, v nh gi kh nng p dng cc chin lc thit k th c xut trong cc trng hp c th. C hai khu t ny l i din cho cc d n pht trin th hin ti ti TP. HCM. Da trn hin ti ca hai khu t v cc phng n thit k th xut bi nh u t v chnh quyn a phng, cc phng n thit k th mi, sau y gi l Thit k Ti u ha c tin hnh, nhm ci thin kh nng thch ng vi bin i kh hu ca hai khu t gim thiu ri ro l lt v nhit cao. Cc Thit k Ti u ha, do , cung cp kh nng so snh vi hin trng v cc thit k c xut ca mi khu t, v t gip nh gi c cc chin lc xut (Hnh III.1). Cc Thit k Ti u ha c a ra vi cng tng din tch sn nh thit k ban u, tuy nhin, chng c tch hp vi cc gii php xut trong Chng I & II bng cch thay i hnh thc xy dng, hng cng trnh, mt xy dng, h thng cy xanh, v vt liu xy dng. Thit k Ti u ha, do s th hin phng cch ng dng cc gii php thit k v quy hoch ra trong chng I & II trn tng khu t c th.
Cc Thit k Ti u ha c tin hnh vi cc lnh vc sau:
Qun l Ngp do Triu v t Sng ngi Qun l Nc mt
Qun l Lm mt th Qun l Bc x Mt tri
Khu t vi tnh trng hin hu
Hnh III.1: Phng php nghin cu ca cc thit k in hnh
Khu t vi thit k th c xut do cc nh u t a c v cc nh chc trch
Khu t vi thit k th thch ng vi bin i kh hu
Hin trng
Thit k Hin ti
Thit k Ti u ha
98
Thch ng - TP. HCM
III. Thit k Gii inthiu hnh
Gii thiu chung v khu t th im

Cc khu t c la chn nghin cu l i l V Vn Kit v khu dn c Nhn c. C hai u l cc i din tiu biu cho s pht trin v ti pht trin th hin ti ca TP. HCM. i l V Vn Kit l mt d n pht trin th cao tng, c chc nng s dng hn hp, nm trong khu vc ni thnh gia qun 6 v 8, ni c lch s b ngp lt. Trong khi , khu dn c Nhn c nm trn mt khu t trng, ngp nc, nm ngoi thnh, v l i din tiu biu cho qu trnh th ha vo cc khu vc trng thp ca TP. HCM. C hai khu t th im u b ri ro cao ca l lt v hiu ng o nhit th. Tuy nhin, cc thit k quy hoch hin nay cho c hai khu t u khng th hin y cc cn nhc v cc ri ro ny. Do , cc Thit k Ti u ha c thc hin nhm mc ch ti u ha kh nng thch ng ca hai khu t vi nhng ri ro bin i kh hu trong tng lai.
Hnh III.2: a im ca hai khu t (Da trn bn cao nn ca: Storch & Downes 2012)
I L V VN KIT
KHU DN C NHN C
Thch ng - TP. HCM
99
Khu t 1: i l V Vn Kit
Khu t u tin, l khu 60ha nm trong ni thnh gia cc qun 6 v 8. y l mt phn trong nghin cu thit k th quy m ln hn do S Quy hoch Kin trc TP. HCM (DPA), nghin cu v tim nng v gii hn trong vic ti u ha s dng t trong n i l ng-Ty (i l V Vn Kit). Mc tiu ca d n ny l iu chnh s pht trin v hnh thc ca th trong tng lai thng qua mt b hng dn thit k th, kim sot mt xy dng, t l din tch sn, v chiu cao cng trnh. Khu vc c la chn hin ang c nhiu nh cng nghip v kho b hoang dc b sng, v cc khu nh quy m nh vi nhng ngi nh ph song song vi cc con ng hp. Khu ny s c chuyn i thnh i khu th mi vi mt cao v cao tng c c chc nng thng mi, vn phng v nh theo bn thit k d tho ca DPA. Khu vc ny nm trn vng t thp trong dc theo lu vc sng Tu H phng Bn Ngh v s phi i mt vi l lt th thng xuyn. Ngoi ra, khu t ny cng l mt phn ca mt hnh lang thng gi cp thnh ph, cung cp khng kh trong lnh cho mt s khu vc ni thnh. Vt liu xy dng hin hu ch yu l tng gch, mi b tng hoc kim loi. Hu ht cc mt ng c nim phong bng nha ng, b tng v xi
Hnh III.3: Phi cnh phc tho ca thit k khu i l V Vn Kit (S Quy hoch Kin trc TP. HCM)
100
Thch ng - TP. HCM
NH: Ronald Eckert
i l V Vn Kit a im Tc gi Hng gi 1044N, 10638E 2 m/s 30 (dc theo knh) Xi-mng Nha ng chng thm B-tng v kim loi Gch t st cao 5-10m cao 5cm Khng c
Tng gch Mi btng
mng. Cy xanh hin hu nm ri rc dc theo cc ng ph c chiu cao t 5-10m, v mt cy xanh hin nay l ch khong 2% tng din tch khu vc. Cc nghin cu v khu quy hoch ny cn nh gi cc cu hi khc nhau, liu mt xy dng cao v cng trnh xy dng cao c nh hng n cc chc nng thng gi ca knh Tu H hay khng, lm th no cc hnh thc quy hoch th c th c ti u ha gim tc ng tiu cc c th c trn h thng thng gi, c cc bin php v chin lc no c th c tch hp vo cc thit k quy hoch th hin hu cung cp kh nng chng ngp lt trong khu vc.
Hnh III.4: Hin trng khu i l V Vn Kit (nh: Eckert R.)
Vt liu v cy xanh hin trng Va h ng Mi nh Tng nh t Cy xanh ng ph C b mt Cy xanh trong nh

Va h xi mng
ng nha
C cao 5cm
Mt nc
Cy cao 5-10m
t st
Thch ng - TP. HCM
101
So snh ba kch bn thit k

Hnh III.5: (Bn cnh) Hin trng khu t (Phng theo Google Earth 2012)
Hnh III.6: (Bn di) Phc tho thit k hin hu (S Quy hoch Kin trc TP. HCM)
50
100
200
300m
50
100
200
300m
102
Thch ng - TP. HCM

Hnh III.7: So snh t l b mt
cy xanh va h, ng ph va h, ng ph
cy xanh
mt nc cng trnh lt gch khng thm cng trnh mt nc lt gch thm thu
THIT K HIN HU
THIT K TI U HA
Thit k phc tho hin hu c trnh by vi cc gii hn di y lin quan n thch ng kh hu: Gii hn lin quan n ri ro l lt: cha chc nng thch ng vi l cho cng trnh v h tng b mt ph kn s lm tng kh nng nc chy b mt cha c khu cha nc ma chy trn v nc l t sng Gii hn lin quan n nhit cao: b mt ph kn s lm tng s hp th bc x mt tri hng cng trnh cha cp n hng gi chnh, s to ra hiu ng
chn gi chiu cao cc to nh cng cha thch hp vi hng gi Thit k ti u ha c ra tng thch ng vi cc iu kin vi kh hu v bo v cc khu t khi cc ri ro ngp lt. Bng cch iu chnh hng v chiu cao cng trnh, thit k nhm kch thch thng gi t nhin vo khu t v khu vc ln cn. Ngoi ra, hu ht cc b mt kn c thay th bng cc b cy xanh, c s dng nh khng gian cng cng va l cc khu cha nc l. Cc bin php p dng chi tit c trnh by trong cc trang sau.
Hnh III.8: Thit k Ti u ha
50
100
200
300m
Thch ng - TP. HCM
103
Gii III. Thit thiu k in hnh Cu trc bo v ti mt tin sng (Bo v t)
I-A.07
I-A.08
Cu trc bo v nh ca
IIA.04
Hi chu
b sng cha nc l, thay v y nc i ni khc khng gian b sng c thit k vi cc terrace hoc nh cc cng vin dc b
Vt liu chng thm trn tng v sn t cao cc thit b in t nng cao tng trt
Bo tn vng ng bng ngp nc
I-A.03
bo v cc khu t phng dc sng dng cho cha nc l vng m c ti u ha s dng bng cch hnh thc nh t nng nghip, sn chi, sn th thao
Hng cng trnh theo hng gi chnh
II-A.02
bo m s thng gi, hng nh nn t song song vi hng gi, trnh hiu ng chn gi gy nn bi cng trnh hoc cy xanh dy c ng ph phi rng cn thit
To bng trong khng gian cng cng bng cy xanh v cng trnh
II-B.09
Mi nh, mt ng v Lt va h sng mu v phn chiu
II-B.07 II-B.08
IIA.05
Nng cao m
cy dc theo ng ph bo v ng ph v cng trnh khi bc x mt tri bng ca cy gip to ra thoi mi v nhit trong khng gian cng cng
vt liu cng trnh v va h sng mu v phn chiu gip gim s hp th bc x mt tri khng ch c mu sc m cn tnh cht vt liu quy nh tnh hp th nhit
b mt ph cc mng ging nh
104
Thch ng - TP. HCM
n tng Downwash Effect - s uyn hng gi
IIA.03
Hn ch s cn gi
I-A.06
Hnh thi th cao tng & nn
cc chiu cao nh khc nhau kch thch s lu thng gi trong th to ra cc khong trng trong th h tr thng gi
cc cng trnh nm n hng gi v dc b sng nn c chiu cao thp nhp
gim ti thiu b mt xy dng dnh khng gian trng cho cha nc l v cy xanh
IIA.01
Hnh lang thng gi th
bo v hnh lang thng gi cp thnh ph gip tng cng tnh thng gi trong th hnh lang c th kt hp vi cc ng ph li cc hnh lang cy xanh v cc knh rch
I L V VN KIT
THIT K TI U HA
0 50 10 200
mt mng xanh
I-A.05 I-B.15
H iu tit tm thi Thot nc thm thu
I-B.09
Va h thm thu
=
cc khng gian m nh cng vin khu , hoc cc sn th thao c thay th vt liu kn mt vi vt thit k i km vi chc nng cha nc l tm thi liu thm thu gip hn ch cc di c lc c trng c c thit k chuyn nc chy b mt nc chy b mt i ni khc ng thi cho nc thm vo lng t
xanh gip gim nhit tt xanh ri rc c hiu ng gn mt mng xanh tp trung
105
Khu t 2: Khu dn c Nhn c

Khu t th hai c din tch 40 ha, nm trong vng t ngp nc pha nam ca TP. HCM, thuc x Nhn c, huyn Nh B. y l mt khu , c quy m va, c u t v thit k bi mt nh u t a c. Ton b khu t c chiu cao nn rt thp, a s l m ly, mt phn s dng cho nui tm nc ngt v hu ht l khng th i li c. S th ha khu t ny chc chn i hi phi nng nn. Cu trc nh hin ti ch l mt vi cn nh tm b, s b di di khi d n c phn duyt v thi cng. t b che ph ch yu bi cy da nc cao 3-5m v rt nhiu ao nh v con rch. Hu ht cc b mt l cc b mt t v cy c t nhin.
Khu dn c Nhn c a im Tc gi Hng gi 1040N, 10641E 3 m/s 135 (theo hng Bc) Cng trnh tm b bng g m ly, t st C cao 10cm Cy da nc cao 3-5m
NH: Ronald Eckert
Vt liu v cy xanh hin hu Vt liu cng trnh t Cy b mt
Hnh III.9: Hin trng ca khu vc Nhn c (nh: Eckert R.)
Cy da nc cao 3-5m
C cao 10cm
Mt nc
t st m ly
106
Thch ng - TP. HCM
D n quy hoch pht trin cho khu Nhn c l mt khu thp tng, trong bao gm nh ph cao 3-4 tng, chung c cao 5-11 tng, mt s chung c cao 11 tng, mt to nh thng mi vn phng, v mt trng tiu hc v trng mu gio. D n pht trin khu dn c ny l in hnh cho qu trnh th ha chnh thc ang din ra mt cch ph bin ngoi
thnh pha Nam v pha ng ca TP. HCM, ni d b ngp lt. Tuy nhin, cng nh cc thit k th trong khu vc nhy cm vi l khc, thit k ny cha c tch hp vi nhng chin lc thch ng vi ngp lt, thay vo , n l mt thit k in hnh tiu biu cho bt k v tr ti TP. HCM.
Hnh III.10: Thit k hin hu c xut cho khu dn c Nhn c (y ban Nhn dn huyn Nh B)
Thch ng - TP. HCM
107
So snh ba kch bn thit k

Hnh III.11: Hin trng (Phng theo Google Earth 2013)
Hnh III.12: Thit k Hin hu (y ban Nhn dn Nh B)
50
100
200
108
Thch ng - TP. HCM

Hnh III.13: So snh t l b mt
cy xanh va h, ng ph cy xanh mt nc cng trnh lt gch khng thm mt nc lt gch thm thu
cng trnh
THIT K HIN HU
THIT K TI U HA
Thit k hin hu c trnh by vi cc gii hn di y lin quan n thch ng kh hu: Gii hn lin quan n ri ro l lt: thiu s cn nhc dnh cho thch ng vi l mt d khu t nm v tr rt nhy cm vi l c s chnh sa h thng knh rch t nhin v san lp nn mnh m Gii hn lin quan n nhit cao: b mt ph kn s lm tng s hp th bc x mt tri mt s cng trnh c hng chn gi
Thit k ti u ha c ra gim nh v thch ng vi cc ri ro ngp lt tng v cc iu kin vi kh hu. Khu cm xy dng v khu m cho php cc cng trnh xy dng thp tng nhng vn tn trng cc chc nng cha l ca b sng. Cc gii php quy m nh cp cng trnh nh thu hoch nc ma v ti s dng gp phn gim nguy c nc chy mt v gim nhu cu nc vi cho h gia nh. Cc khi nh cao tng cng c chnh sa ph hp theo hng gi chnh v to ra cc khong trng cho gi i qua.
50
100
200
Hnh III.14: Thit k Ti u ha

Thch ng - TP. HCM
109
Gii III. Thit thiu k in hnh Mi nh, mt ng v Lt va h sng mu v phn chiu
IIB.03
To bng trong khng gian cng cng bng cy xanh v cng trnh
II-B.01& 02
vt liu cng trnh v va h sng mu v phn chiu gip gim s hp th bc x mt tri khng ch c mu sc m cn tnh cht vt liu quy nh tnh hp th nhit
cy dc theo ng ph bo v ng ph v cng trnh khi bc x mt tri bng ca cy gip to ra thoi mi v nhit trong khng gian cng cng
I-B.13
Thu nc ma v ti s dng
Nc ma c thu hoch x l v ti s dng trong h gia nh v khu
I-B.14
Mi nh & mt ng trng cy
I-A.05
H iu tit tm thi trong khu vc th
I-B.15
Dn n
gim cc mt ph khng thm nc ca thnh ph
cc khng gian m nh cng vin khu , hoc cc sn th thao c thit k i km vi chc nng cha nc l tm thi trong thi gian c l nc l c tr trong cc trong cc h tm ny v sau c chuyn tr li h thng sng rch t nhin
cc d chuyn cho n phn ngm thit k
110
Thch ng - TP. HCM
III. Thit k Gii inthiu hnh Cu trc bo v ti ti mt tin sng (Cu trc bo v kh)
ngn chn hon ton nc l xm nhp vo khu th tn dng t ti a cho pht trin th v h tng cc cu trc bo v v d nh: , p, k, bao ct, tng ngn l, thanh V ghp chn l, v.v
I-A.07
+2,00
I-A.02
V
T nhin ha sng ngi v knh rch
+1,50 +1,00
k sng t nhin v khng bt mt gip tng kh nng thm, tr nc, gip hn ch lng nc l, gim tc chy v l h ngun
+1,00
+1,50
IV
+2,00
II II IV
Cnh quan thm thu
I-B.10
cnh quan c thit k t nhin nht c th bng cch s dng cy v t a phng
I-A.03
Bo tn vng ng bng ngp nc
KHU DN C NHN C
THIT K TI U HA
0 50 100 200
bo v cc khu t phng dc sng dng cho cha nc l vng m c ti u ha s dng bng cch hnh thc nh t nng nghip, sn chi, sn th thao
c thm thu
II-A.05
Nng cao mt mng xanh
I-B.12
Vng m ly nhn to
i c lc c trng c c thit k n nc chy b mt i ni khc ng thi c thm vo lng t ng php ny ch hiu qu nu mc nc y thm hn 1m so vi b mt t
=
b mt ph xanh gip gim nhit tt cc mng xanh ri rc c hiu ng gn ging nh mt mng xanh tp trung landscape design has to ensure that marsh planting fulfils the intended stormwater treatment function accessible as open space areas with viewing areas, pathway links, picnic nodes,..
Thch ng - TP. HCM
111
Kt lun
Kt lun
Kt lun
Trc tnh trng phn ln nn t thp, TP. HCM nn tp trung pht trin v ti pht trin u tin trc cc vng t c nn cao trn 2m so vi mc nc bin trung bnh. Hnh thi th nn l dng th nn, v cao tng, kt hp vi h thng h tng k thut v h thng h tng cy xanh v mt nc hp l. Cc chnh sch quy hoch v thit k th hin hu cn c b sung v sa i khuyn khch hnh thi th ny. Khuyn ngh cho mt thit k th ti u
Ni chung, s pht trin th trn vng t thp ca TP. HCM l khng hon ton trnh c, tuy nhin, cn tp trung pht trin u tin trc trn vng t cao hoc ni c cc ng giao thng nng cao, gim thiu vic ci to v san lp t. Cc thit k nghin cu trnh by cho thy, mt cu trc th ph hp vi bin i kh hu m vi cng mt mt xy dng nh hin hu khng phi l khng th. Cc khng gian m cn c thit k khng nn ch dnh cho mc ch gii tr, m cn nn l cc khu vc phc v cho ci thin kh hu. Thm vo , vic kt ni khng gian xanh, cc hnh lang thng gi, v cc khu vc lu gi nc ma s lm gim mt che ph do cng trnh xy dng. Vic tch hp cc bin php thch ng bin i kh hu l rt quan trng cho vic pht trin thnh ph bn vng v 114
Thch ng - TP. HCM
c tnh thch nghi ca TP. HCM. Mc d vi thit k th hin nay hu nh khng cung cp kh nng cho mt mt xy dng cao hn, cc dng m hnh xy dng khc c th gip tng mt nhng vn ci thin tnh thch ng vi bin i kh hu ca th hin hu, v d nh dng nh ph vi hai n v nh xp chng ln nhau hay dng nh chung c cao tng. i vi cc cu trc nh hin hu, vn c nhiu gii php nng cp v ci to tng tnh thch ng vi bin i kh hu ca chng, v d nh b sung mi nh trng cy hoc mt tin sng mu hoc c trng cy gim thiu bc x mt tri v nng cao kh nng tr nc ma trong th. Trong bi cnh nhu cu nh ca cao nhng li b hn ch t nn cao ca TP. HCM, vic pht trin th vo trong vng t thp dng nh rt kh trnh khi. Tuy nhin, s tng nhit v nhu cu qun l nc ma v triu cng i hi mt dng hnh thi th khc. Hnh thi th c chc nng hn hp
Kt lun
v nh gn kt hp vi h thng h tng cy xanh v mt nc s l hnh thi th thch hp cho TP. HCM. Thng qua hnh thi ny, cc khong trng khng gian dnh cho cy xanh v mt nc s c gn gi v bo v, do gip tng s thch ng ca th thng qua vic gim che ph b mt, v lng ghp cc hnh lang thng gi mt v mt nc. Ni chung, pht trin th p ng vi kh hu ca TP. HCM i hi mt t l thch hp gia cc cng trnh xy
Cp quy hoch
dng v cc b mt khng xy dng. So vi nhu cu cc d n nh hin nay, s tng xy dng phi c tng trn cng mt b mt xy dng, trong khi , khng gian m phi c gi v thit k nh cc khu chc nng ci thin kh hu. S ch nn c da trn nh hng ca ta nh tng cng thng gi a phng, s cung cp thm thc vt tng kh nng lm mt, bay hi cng nh hiu ng bng , v s kt hp ca thm thu v thu hoch nc ma trong khu t. Cng cn lu rng mng xanh th c mt tc ng
Cng c quy hoch tng ng Bn quy hoch chung xy dng
(1:50.000, 1:25.000)
Hnh 2: S lng ghp ca cc gii php xut trong h thng quy hoch hin hu ca TP. HCM
Cp
Th theo lut quy hoch v lut xy dng
Quy & Tiu chun, Lut

Quy chun k thut quc gia v Quy hoch xy dng (04/2008/Q-BXD) Lut quy hoch (30/2009/QH12) N & TT-Quy nh v hng dn v nh gi mi trng chin lc, nh gi tc ng mi trng trong n quy hoch xy dng, quy hoch th (29/2011/N-CP, (01/2011/TT-BXD) Quy hoch TP. HCM n 2025(24/Q-TTg)
Cc vn c th c lng ghp
Thnh ph
Lut ti cp Quy hoch chung xy dng
Qun Huyn Lut ti cp Quy hoch phn khu Lut ti cp Quy hoch chi tit Lut ti cp Cng trnh xy dng
nh gi mi trng chin lc, S dng t, Quy hoch h tng k thut
Hng dn Cp 1
Bn quy hoch chung xy dng cp qun (1:10.000,1:5.000) Bn quy hoch phn khu xy dng
(1:5.000, 1:2.000)
Khu vc
nh gi tc ng mi trng, S dng t, Quy hoch h tng k thut
Hng dn Cp 2
D n Cng trnh xy dng
nh gi tc ng mi trng, S dng t, Hng dn thit k th
Bn quy hoch chi tit (1:500)
nh gi tc ng mi trng, S dng t, Hng dn thit k th
Bn cng trnh xy dng

(1:100, 1:50)
QC XD (04/2008/ Q-BXD) Energy efficiency code (40/2005/Q-BXD)
Hng dn Cp 3
Cc vn c cp trong quyn Cm nang

Qun l Ngp do Triu v t Sng Qun l Nc mt Qun l Lm mt th Qun l Bc x Mt tri th nn
S dng Nng lng Hiu qu
S Phn tn v Khng gian
Giao thng Bn Vng
Thch ng - TP. HCM
115
Kt lun
ng k khng nhng trn phng din tng cng tin nghi v kh hu th v lm gim nhit khng kh, m cn a ra cc c hi tr nc l v gim mt nc chy b mt.
phc v hiu qu tip cn lng ghp cc gii php thch ng vi bin i kh hu vo quy hoch th (Eckert, 2011). lng ghp cc gii php bin i kh hu vo trong h thng quy hoch th v tng kh nng thch ng, mt chin lc kp cn c thc y. Mt mt, tip cn theo cch chnh thc truyn thng t trn xung, trong mc tiu l iu chnh nn tng php l, nh hng cho cc quyt nh v qu trnh ra quyt nh cc cp thp hn. Mt khc, chin lc t di ln cng cn c p dng, nhm nng cao kh nng ng ph ca a phng trong quy hoch th v xy dng thng qua tp hp a dng ca cc bin php phi cng trnh v cng trnh cp cng ng a phng. Trc tin, cc nh hng, phng php quy nh t trn xung c p dng p ng vi vic thiu quy nh php lut v ng ph vi bin i kh hu. lp y khong trng ny, cc cng c nh hng dn thit k th, quy hoch phn khu chc nng v nh gi mi trng chin lc phi c gn kt vo h thng quy hoch. Cc phn tch h thng quy hoch hin hu ca TP. HCM, cho thy vn c nhiu c hi tch hp cc yu t trn. Vic pht trin v tc hp cc hng dn l mt c hi tuyt vi tch hp cc gii php bin i kh hu gia cc cp, cc
Vic tch hp cc chin lc quy hoch v cng c vo h thng quy hoch

Qu trnh ci thin v thch ng ca thit k th hin ti v cc cng trnh xy dng i hi s tch hp ca chin lc quy hoch, cc quy nh v cc bin php mi vo qu trnh quy hoch hin ti. Mc tiu chung ca nhng quy nh ny l hn ch cc tc ng tiu cc bi bin i kh hu ln ngi dn v lm thit hi cho cc ta nh v c s h tng. Tuy nhin, s thiu tnh php l trong quy hoch l mt hin tng ca h thng quy hoch Vit Nam; trong , qu trnh quy hoch v xy dng cng trnh c quy nh bi mt s t rng buc php lut v s tun th php lut khng phi lc no cng t c. Trong bi cnh ny, cc hng dn nn c nh hng nh mt cng c thch hp chuyn giao cc bin php thch ng v gim thiu lng ghp vi qu trnh quy hoch v qu trnh ra quyt nh. S tng s lng quy nh khng ch lm tng cc tiu chun mi trng v cht lng ni chung, n cn c th 116
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Kt lun
a phng. Tuy nhin, vn c bn ca h thng quy hoch Vit Nam dng nh khng ch vic thiu cc quy nh chnh thc, m cn l trong vic p dng v thc hin chnh xc cc quy nh ny. Vn ny c th gii quyt bng cch tip cn t trn xung, b sung vi tip cn t di ln. Cch tip cn t di ln th hin cc gii php tip cn a dng,
bao gm vic p dng cc n tham gia ca cng ng v ph bin kin thc thng qua cc Sch hng dn, S tay hng dn, b cng c v cc chng trnh khuyn khch lin quan n bin i kh hu. V vy, cc hot ng xy dng v ph bin kin thc c coi nh l mt cng c c gi tr truyn b v tho lun nhng thch thc lin quan n bin i kh hu thc y pht trin th bn vng ti Vit Nam.
Qu trnh p dng
Hnh 3: Nhng cng c quy hoch v phng php tip cn hin hu v xut mi (bao gm rng buc v khng rng buc) cho vic tch hp tnh thch ng vi bin i kh hu
Phng php tip cn mi, cn pht huy Phng php tip cn hin hu, cn ci thin
Ni dung
Ngi s dng
Khuyn ngh cho quy hoch v thit k th thch ng vi bin i kh hu
Khng rng buc
Rng buc
Cc tiu chun cp quc gia Cc tiu chun cp a phng Hng dn cho cc c quan chc nng v cho cng ng H thng nh gi Cc hi tho chuyn
Cc quy chun quc gia/ Cc ngh quyt Cc ngh quyt ch o v hng dn Cc ngh quyt cp a phng Quy hoch phn khu Quy chun thit k
Thnh ph
Khu dn c
Cng trnh
Cc khuyn khch, xy dng nhn thc cng ng
iu chnh, nng cao h thng quy hoch hin hu

Thch ng - TP. HCM
117
Kt lun
Ti liu thao khm

Eckert, R. (2012): How Climate Changes Urban Design. Challenges and Consequences for the Urban Fabric of Ho Chi Minh City/ Vietnam. Online-Proceedings of the 10th International Urban Planning and Environment Association Symposium (UPE 10). Sydney: UPE. Eckert, R. (2011): Designing Climate-Compliant and Compact Urban Structures for Ho Chi Minh City. A Contradiction in Terms? In: Gauthier, P. and Gilliland, J. Eds. Urban Morphology and the Post-Carbon City. Proceedings of the 18th International Seminar on Urban Form. Montreal: ISUF.
118
Thch ng - TP. HCM
Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus/ CHLB c Khoa Quy hoch th v Thit k Khng gian y ban Nhn dn Thnh ph H Ch Minh S Quy hoch Kin Trc (DPA) c chun b trong khun kh d n Nghin cu Siu th TP. H Ch Minh Mt phn ca chui d n Nghin cu Siu th c ti tr bi B Nghin cu v Gio dc CHLB c 2013 Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus
ISBN 978-3-00-042750-3
2013 Trng i hc K thut Brandenburg Cottbus
ISBN 978-3-00-042750-3
NH: Ronald Eckert

2013 Edition Handbook On Climate Change Adapted Urban Planning and Design VIE

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Thch ng - TP.

Thch ng - TP. HCMC

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Gii thiu Outline

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

NH: Chu Hunh

II. Qun l Nhit cao

III. Thit k in hnh

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Thch ng v gim thiu trong quy hoch v thit k th

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Hnh 1: Cc vn chnh lin quan n bin i kh hu

Kh thi t giao thng (Giao thng th)

Qun l Ngp do Qun l Nc Triu v t Sng mt

S dng Nng lng Hiu qu

S Phn tn v Khng gian

Giao thng Bn Vng

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Ni dung ca quyn Cm nang

S lin h vi cc ti liu khc

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

NH: Nigel Downes / Chu Hunh

Phn trm nn (%)

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Hnh I.3: Nc chy b mt do ma TP. HCM (Rujner 2011)

T l trung bnh (mm/a)

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

I-A. Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

Qun l cht thi

Rng v Nng nghip

I-A. Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

Phng php tip cn chung

24 18 12 6 0 2009 2010 2011 2012

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

I-A. Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

Hnh I-A.4: Gii php ba bc tip cn

To khng gian cho nc l

Cng trnh v cu trc bo v

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

I-A. Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

Cc gii php xut Xc nh vng ngp lt

1 trong 100 nm Cao - 1 trong 20 nm 1 trong 20 nm Vng ngp thng xuyn

(Phng theo World Bank 2012)

Thch ng - TP. HCM

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

I-A. Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi

Hnh I-A.7: Bn ngp lt ca Philadelphia, c th hin v tr nh tr l (TP. Philadelphia)

Cho ton cng ng

(Phng theo Jha, Bloch & Lamond 2012)

Cm nang Quy hoch v Thit k th Thch ng vi Bin i kh hu

Thch ng - TP. HCM

I-A. Qun l Ngp do Triu cng v t Sng ngi