Dr.

Ray Kwok
SJSU
Fall 2013
Z Transform
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Z-Transform
The z-transform is the most general concept for the
transformation of discrete-time series.
The Laplace transform is the more general concept for the
transformation of continuous time processes.
For example, the Laplace transform allows you to transform a
differential equation, and its corresponding initial and boundary
value problems, into a space in which the equation can be solved
by ordinary algebra.
The switching of spaces to transform calculus problems into
algebraic operations on transforms is called operational calculus.
The Laplace and z transforms are the most important methods
for this purpose.
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Dr. Ray Kwok
The Transforms
The Laplace transform of a function f(t):
The two-sided z-transform of a function x[n]:

d e F t f
dt e t f F
t j
t j

=
=
) (
2
1
) (
) ( ) (
The Fourier Transform of a function f(t):
ds e s F
j
t f
dt e t f s F
j
j
st
st

=
=

) (
2
1
) (
) ( ) (
0

d e e X n x
e n x e X
n j j
n j
n
j

=
=
=
) (
2
1
] [
] [ ) (
The DTFT of a function f(t):

=
=
=
dz z z X
j
n x
z n x z X
n
n
n
1
) (
2
1
] [
] [ ) (

j s + =
j
re z =
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Equivalence
j j s
e e e e = =
+
j
re z =
Z Transform 4

r =
Dr. Ray Kwok
Basis Function
j
re z =
= Fourier Transform.
Good for steady-state,
Time invariant signal.
Exponential decay
Exponential growth
Z Transform is particularly useful for transient signal analysis.
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Region of Convergence
The z-transform of x[n] is an infinite sum, it only exist if the sum converges
<

n
n
r n x ] [
With an appropriate choice of r, the Z Transform can converge even
though the Fourier Transform does not.
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Convergence, continued

=
n
n
z n x z X ] [ ) (
The power series for the z-transform is called a Laurent series:
The Laurent series, and therefore the z-transform,
represents an analytic function at every point inside the
region of convergence, and therefore the z-transform and
all its derivatives must be continuous functions of z inside
the region of convergence.
In general, the Laurent series will converge in an annular
region of the z-plane.
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Example - impulse
] [ ] [ n n x =
Z Transform
1 ] [ ] [ ) ( = = =

=

n
n
n
n
z n z n x z X
ROC is the entire z plane.
Fourier Transform is when r = 1.
1 ) ( = =
j
e z X
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Example delayed impulse
] [ ] [ k n n x =
Z Transform
k
n
n
n
n
z
z k n z n x z X
1
] [ ] [ ) ( = = =

=


ROC is the entire z plane except z = 0.
Fourier Transform is when r = 1.
k j j
e e z X

= = ) (
X[n]
n
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Example left-shifted impulse
] [ ] [ k n n x + =
Z Transform
k n
n
n
n
z z k n z n x z X = + = =

=

] [ ] [ ) (
ROC is the entire z plane except z =
Fourier Transform is when r = 1.
k j j
e e z X

= = ) (
X[n]
n

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Dr. Ray Kwok
Example sum
] [ ] [ ] [ k n k n n x + + =
Z Transform
k k n
n
n
n
z z z k n k n z n x z X

=
+ = + + = =

]) [ ] [ ( ] [ ) (
ROC is the entire z plane except z =0 and z =
Fourier Transform is when r = 1.
k j k j j
e e e z X

+ = = ) (
X[n]
n

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Dr. Ray Kwok
Example right_side sequence (decay)
n
a n x = ] [
Z Transform
n
n
n
n
z a z n x z X ) ( ] [ ) (
1
0

=

= =
ROC is the |z| > |a| and |a| < 1
Fourier Transform is when r = 1.
n
n
j j
ae e z X ) ( ) (
0

= =

X[n]
n
0 , 1 < n a
Converge if
1
1
<

az
RSS
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Example left_side sequence
n
a n x = ] [
Z Transform
n
n
n
n
n
n
z a z a z n x z X ) ( ) ( ] [ ) (
0
1 1
0


=

=

=
= = =
ROC is the |z| < || and || < 1
Fourier Transform is when r = 1.
n
n
j j
e a e z X ) ( ) (
0
1

= =

X[n]
n
0 , 1 < < n a
Converge if
1
1
<

z a
LSS
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Example both sides
] [m x
Z Transform
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
z z z X
z z z n x z X
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ] [ ) (
1
1 1
0
1
1
1
0

=
+ =
+ = =


ROC is the || < |z| < ||
X[m]
m
1 , 1 < <
Converge if 1
1
<

z
and
1
1
<

z
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Summary of ROC properties
Bounded by circles (dependent only on |z|).
Connected and bounded by poles or by infinity. It cant contain any pole.
If x[n] is absolutely summable, then the ROC contains the unit circle, the system has a
DTFT and is said to be stable.
A stable and causal sequence has all its poles inside the unit circle.
RSS (right-sided sequence): ROC lies outside the outermost pole. |z| > R. If also
causal, then the ROC includes |z| = infinity.
LSS (left-sided sequence): ROC lies inside the outermost pole. |z| < R. If also anti-
causal, then the ROC includes |z| = 0.
Two-sided infinite sequence: ROC lies between the 2 poles. R

< |z| < R

+
. The ROC
does not include |z| = 0 or |z| = infinity.
Finite-length sequence: Always converges. ROC always covers the entire z-plane.
ROC includes 0 if the sequence is anti-causal, or includes infinity if causal.
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Dr. Ray Kwok
Transfer Function
h(n)
h(n)
x(n)
y(n)=x(n)*h(n)
X(z) Y(z)=X(z)H(z)
H(z)
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) (
) (
) (
z X
z Y
z H =
Transfer Function
Dr. Ray Kwok
N
th
-Order Difference Equation

=

=
M
m
m
m
N
k
k
k
z b z X z a z Y
0 0
) ( ) (
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= =
=
M
m
m
N
k
k
m n x b k n y a
0 0
) ( ) (
) (
) (
) (
0
0
m
m
N
k
k
k
M
m
m
m
p z
z z A
z a
z b
z H


= =

poles
zeros
Dr. Ray Kwok
Example
Consider the causal system characterized by
) ( ) 1 ( ) ( n x n ay n y + =
Re
Im
1
a
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1
1
1
1
) (
1 ) ( ) (
) ( ) 1 ( ) (

=
+ =
+ =
az
z H
z H az z H
n n ah n h
pole at z = a
Recall if
1
1
0
1
1
) ( ] [ ] [ ] [
] [ ] [

=

= = = =
=

az
z a z n u a z n h z H
n u a n h
n
n
n
n
n n
n
n
ROC: |z| > |a| which is the outermost pole.
Dr. Ray Kwok
Table 3.1 SOME COMMON z-TRANSFORM PAIRS
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Dr. Ray Kwok
20
Inverse z-Transform
The inverse z-transform can be derived by using Cauchys integral
theorem. Start with the z-transform

=
n
n
z n x z X ) ( ) (
Multiply both sides by z
k-1
and integrate with a contour integral for
which the contour of integration encloses the origin and lies entirely
within the region of convergence of X(z):
transform. - z inverse the is ) ( ) (
2
1
2
1
) (
) (
2
1
) (
2
1
1
1
1 1
n x dz z z X
i
dz z
i
n x
dz z n x
i
dz z z X
i
C
k
n
C
k n
C
n
k n
C
k
=
=
=

=
+

=
+

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Dr. Ray Kwok
21
Properties
z-transforms are linear:
The transform of a shifted sequence:
Multiplication:
But multiplication will affect the region of convergence and
all the pole-zero locations will be scaled by a factor of a.
[ ] ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( z bY z aX n by n ax + = + Z
[ ] ) ( ) (
0
0
z X z n n x
n
= + Z
[ ] ) ( ) (
1
z a Z n x a
n
= Z
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Dr. Ray Kwok
22
Convolution of Sequences
both. of e convergenc of regions the inside of values for ) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
let
) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
Then
) ( ) ( ) (
z z Y z X z W
z z m y k x z W
k n m
z k n y k x
z k n y k x z W
k n y k x n w
k
k m
m
n
k n
n
n k
k
=

=
=
=

=
=

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Dr. Ray Kwok
To be continue.
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