|

ISSN 1009-6868
CN 34-1228/TN

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

www.zte.com.cn/magazine

2013 2 1

|||

PC

2G/3G

(picocell) Femto
2G/3G/LTE/Wi-Fi

2007 3GPP RAN 3 RAN 5 LTE

SON



3GPP R8R9
R10 R11
SON

2013 16

IPv6

8 SON

SON

3
4

Tb/s

ISSN 1009-6868
CN 34-1228/TN

|
|

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

www.zte.com.cn/magazine

2013 2 1

ZHONGXING TONGXUN JISHU

1995 108
2013 2 19 1

01 4G

05 LTE/LTE-A

09

13 LTE-Advanced
18

21

26

31

Paul Sleswick

35

329 12
230061

39

44

www.zte.com.cn/magazine
www.zte.com.cn/paper
magazinezte.com.cn
(0551)65533356
(0551)65850139

49

2013 2 10
ISSN 1009-6868

CN 34-1228/ TN

53

57 (1)

0058
10.00 60.00

2012 ICT (4)

(25)
(38)

EPC

10G-EPON

GoTa ITU (43)

(48)

CN 34-1228/TN1995b1664zhP10.0015000142013-02

ontents
C

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL Vol.19 No.1 Feb. 2013

Guest Paper
01 Broadband in China and 4G Mobile Outlook YANG Zhen

Special Topic: Self-Organizing Network Technology (SON) and Its Applications

05 Self-Organizing Networks for LTE
and LTE-A: Technologies and Standardization BAO Wei, SUN ShaohuiLI Guoqing
09 Self-Optimization Technology SHAO Zecai, CHEN Yami
13 Self-Healing Network in LTE-Advanced Systems MA Yu, XUE Wenqian, PENG Mugen
18 Mobility Load Balancing Techniques
in Self-Organizing Networks PAN Zhiwen, YOU Xiaohu
21 Simulating Optimal Mobility Robustness
for Heterogeneous Networks JIN Shengyao, CHEN Chen, HU Honglin
26 Managing Interference in Self-Organizing
Heterogeneous Networks WANG Liang, SHENG Min, ZHANG Yan
31 Dynamic Traffic-Aware Reconfiguration
of Efficient Cellular Networks ZHOU Xuan, FENG Gang, QIN Shuang
35 Network Self-Optimization and Intelligence Based
on Data Mining LIU Zhanjun, CHEN Qianbin

Expert View
39 Software-Defined Network:
Ongoing Network Transformation WANG Wendong, HU Yannan

Operational Application
44 Decision-Level Data Fusion Technology
in Remote Medical Care Systems LOU Mengqian, DENG Shuo, SUN Zhixin

Research Paper
49 Visible Light CommunicationCHEN Te, LIU Lu, HU Weiwei

Development Field
53 Architecture and Key Technology of a Data Mining Platform
Based on Cloud Computing DING Yan, YANG Qingping, QIAN Yuming

Lecture Series
57 Big Data (1) YU Yanhua, SONG Meina

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

4G

4G

IT

4G

4G
/YANG Zhen

3D

2008

Haptic Communication

APCC Steering Committee

863
20

200

Big Data

Eric Schmidt

2003

5 EB

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

01

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

4G

2012

2011

2015

2.5

20 Mbit/s

4 Mbit/s

ICT

20%

Siri

ERP

1-2

CRM

CDN Akamai

2011

2012 11 11

1.4 Mbit/s

1111

2012 9

191

2.31Mbit/s 90

1.8 TB

Speedtes

2010

79

IDC 2011

1 800 EB

11.7%

60%

2005 10

2020

13.4

10% 90%

35 ZB

02

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

4G

2012 6

B3G

5.38

IEEE 3GPP IEEE 802.16m

39.9%

WiMAX

3.88

LTE-Advanced

FDD TDD

2012 1

WirelessMAN-Advanced 4G

IMT-Advanced

18

OFDM MIMO

10

4G

4G

GDP

4G

IP

IT

DSL

FTTx

GDP

FTTH

GDP 0.71%

FTTH

WLAN

1%

0.2~0.3%

2.91

2.52

IPTV

1.17

3 4G

GSM

GPRSEAGE3GLTE 4G

B4G

4G

2012 6

45

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

03

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

4G

3G
1.8

2009 3G

4G

15

3G

500

2 GHz

4G

10

2.5~2.69 GHz

190 MHz 4G

4G 4G

4G

MIMO

2012

4G

1 800

4G

4G

3G

SIM

4G

4G

SIM

1-2

4G

4G

SP

5 000

2012-12-02

2012 ICT

John Lee

2012 12 20

Funkschau ICT

ICT

ZXR5250

ICT

Funkschau RalF Ladner

2012

Funkschau
B2B

B2B

2012 4

Ovum 2012Q2

44 000

04

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

21%

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LTE/LTE-A

LTE/LTE-A

Self-Organizing Networks for LTE and LTE-A: Technologies and Standardization

TN929.5

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0005-004

OAM


OAM

2G/3G/4G HetNet

SON LTE/LTE-A

/BAO Wei
/SUN Shaohui
/LI Guoqing

100191
(State Key Laboratory of Wireless Mobile
Communications, Datang Telecom technology
and industry group, Beijing 100191, China)

Abstract: Self-configuration, self-optimization, and self-healing are key
functionalities in a self-organizing network. The eNB can automatically select the
physical cell ID and configure a neighbor relationship within the range allowed by OAM.
The eNB can optimize system performance by automatically adjusting its parameters
according to statistics on system load and performance. Self-healing aims to solve or
mitigate faults that can be solved automatically. The OAM is responsible for monitoring
collected information and detecting faults, and appropriate recovery actions are
triggered. Networks are becoming more complicated with increasing numbers of
eNBs; coexistence of 2G, 3G and LTE/LTE-A; and heterogeneous HetNet architecture.
Manual network planning and optimization is difficult and expensive for operators. To
reduce capex and opex and to improve network deployment and operation, SON is the
inevitable choice for LTE and LTE-A systems.
Key words: self-organization network; self-configuration; self-optimization;
self-healing

eNB

1 SON
LTE SON

SON LTE RAN

SON OAM

SON

LTE SON

Ad Hoc

LTE SON

3GPP RAN3 RAN2/

RAN4

SA5

RAN3 SA5

LTE

LTE SON

SA5

3GPP LTE

RAN TS36.300TS36.423

2007 3GPP LTE

2010ZX03003-001

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

05

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LTE/LTE-A

TS36.413TS36.331TS25.331

TS32.500

TS32.501 TS32.511 TS32.521

TS32.541 SA5
3GPP SON
LTE Rel-8 [1]
Rel-11
1

2 eNB A UE

B PCI

1PCI

eNB A

LTE PCI

PCI

Rel-11

PCI

UE PCI

SON

GCI

MRO

PCI

UE

Intra-LTE

eNB A B

HetNetMRO Inter-RAT

Inter-RAT

ANR

PCI OAM

eNB OAM

SON SA5 RAN

PCI eNB

SA5

RAN

OAM eNB

PCI PCI

PCI

PCI eNB

SON

UE

TR36.902 9

5 4

X2 eNB

eNB

[2-3]

PCI

SON

2.1

2ANR

2.2

MLB RACH
MRO

eNB

LTE

eNB

OAM

PCI ANR

OAM

OAM

OAM

Release 11

1MLB

Release 10

MLB eNB

Release 9

Release 8
2007

2008

2009

2010

2011

2012

MLB LTE

1 3GPPLTE/LTE-A

06

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

Intra-LTE

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LTE/LTE-A

eNB A
Cell A
PCI=3
GCI=17

UE

1.
PCI=5

Cell

eNB

UE
4

3.

2.
GCI
PCI=5

X2 UE

eNB B
Cell B
PCI=5
GCI=19

4. GCI=19

UE
GCI

Inter-RAT
MLB eNB

X2 S1

PCI

2
ANR

UE

RACH

RACH

RACH

UE

3MRO

eNB

MRO

UE

[3-4]

Intra-LTE MLB

UE

eNB

Rel-9 MRO

eNB

Intra-LTE

MRO

Inter-RAT MLB

UE

Rel-9 Rel-10

UE UE

MRO

[5]

MLB

UE

UE

UE Rel-11

2RACH

MRO Intra-LTE

RACH RACH

UE

UE

LTE

RACH

LTE

UE

UE

[6]

UE

RACH

UE

UE

UE

UE

Rel-10 Rel-11

eNB RACH

UE

UE

RACH

3 Intra-LTE MRO

LTE

eNB RACH

3 4 5

UE LTE

LTE

UE

RACH

UE

LTE

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

07

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LTE/LTE-A

RLF

1.

2.RRC

RLF

3.

RRC

3 SON
/

RLF
HO
1.

2.RRC

HO

RLF

3.

SON 2007 LTE

Rel-8 Rel-11 4

LTE SON
3
1

RRC

SON

HetNet

/
/

RLF

HO
1.

2.RRC

HO

RLF

LTE

2SON

2.3

UE LTE

UE LTE
UE

5
LTE

MRO
LTE

3.
RRC

LTE/LTE-A

OAM

LTE

Rel-12 Small Cell

UE UE

UE

UE 16

LTE

SON

UE UE

LTE LTE

SON

UE

LTE

LTE [7]

UE

LTE

SON

3SON

SON

SON

12

08

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Self-Optimization Technology
TN929.5

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0009-004

SON


RACH SON
Inter-RAT

/SHAO Zecai
/CHEN Yami

100053
(China Mobile Research Institute, Beijing
100053, China)

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce self-organization technology for mobile
communication networks. This technology reduces the cost of equipment
deployment, optimization, and operation yet does not affect service quality. We
discuss self-optimization methods such as mobile load balancing, mobile robustness
optimization, random access channel (RACH), and energy saving. In the future, SONs
will be used in inter-RAT scenarios to address energy saving issues.

GSM

Key words: mobile communication; self-organizing; self-configuration;

self-optimization; self-healing

TD-SCDMA LTE

1.1

3GPP/

NGMN

[1]

LTE LTE-A [2]

2008ZX03-003-005

1.2

SON

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

09

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

eNB
PCID

3GPP MLB

LTE Intra-LTE

RAT Inter-RAT

OAM /

SON MLB 1

[3]

S1/X2

MLB

PCID

[2]

LTE Rel-8
2

Intra-LTE X2

2.2

MLB

2G/3G

MRO ES

RACH

TNL

LTE Rel-9

RAT

Inter-RAT S1

Rel-9 MRO

RAT

LTE Rel-10

CCO

RLF

MDT

2
2.1

UE

UE UE

3 /

PCID

C-RNTI

RLF

O&M

10

1
SON

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

RAN
O&M &

RAN

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

[4]
2

RACH

OAM

RACH

IOT UE

2.

3.
PCID C-RNTI

1 OAM

eNB

OAM

eNB

2 IOT

1. RRC
C-RNTI

eNB

RRC

IOT

PCID

2
2

RACH

RACH

3 UE

UE

UE RACH

RACH

UE

RACH

RACH

PCID RNTI

PRACH

RLF

RACH

RACH PRACH

RLF

[5]

UE

2.4

UE

UE

2.3 RACH

* UE

UE

RACH RACH

RACH

UE

RACH

2. RR
C

RACH

RACH

eNB

PUSCH
PUSCH

3GPP

3
PC .
ID

C-R
NTI

eNB

1. RRC C-RNTI

RACH

MBSFN
TDD

3GPP /

UE

C-RNTI

eNB

PCID

RRC

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

11

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

[6] ES

Green Touch EARTH

[8]

SON

LTE

R8 SON

SON

SON

SON

Self-configuring and self-optimizing network

use cases and solutions [S]. 2011.
[6] 3GPP 36.927. Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (E-UTRA); Potential solutions
for energy saving for E-UTRAN(Release 10)
[S]. 2011.
[7] 3GPP 36.839. Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (E-UTRA); Mobility
enhancements in heterogeneous networks
[S]. 2011.
[8] GreenTouch [EB/OL]. [2012-09-08]. http://
www.greentouch.org.
2012-11-09

3
5 3

HetNet
SON [7]
2Inter-RAT
SON
2G/3G 2G/
3G
SON
SON
8

2G/3G/4G
HetNet

SON
LTE/LTE-A
3GPP SON

LTE
LTE/LTE-A
SON
LTE/LTE-A
LTE SON

12

[1] NGMN informative list of SON use cases [R].

NGMN (Next Generation Mobile Networks),
2007.
[2] Self organizing networks: NEC's proposals for
next-generation radio network management
[R]. NEC Corporation, 2009.
[3] 3GPP 36.423. Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); X2
application protocol (X2AP) [S]. 2011.
[4] 3GPP 36.300. Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN); Overall description [S]. 2011.
[5] 3GPP 36.902. Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN);

[1] 3GPP TR36.902. Evolved Universal Terrestrial

Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN);
Self-configuring and self-Optimizing
Network (SON) use cases and solutions [S].
2011.
[2] 3GPP TS37.320. Universal Terrestrial Radio
Access (UTRA) and Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio
measurement collection for Minimization of
Drive Tests (MDT); Overall description; Stage
2 [S]. 2011.
[3] 3GPP TS36.300. Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (E-UTRA) and Evolved
Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network
(E-UTRAN); Overall description; Stage 2 [S].
2011.
[4] 3GPP TS36.423. Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); X2
application protocol (X2AP) [S]. 2011.
[5] 3GPP TS36.331. Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access (E-UTRA); Radio Resource
Control (RRC); Protocol specification [S]. 2011.
[6] 3GPP TS36.413. Evolved Universal Terrestrial
Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN); S1
Application Protocol (S1AP) [S]. 2011.
[7] 3GPP TS32.541. Telecommunication
management; Self-Organizing Networks
(SON); Self-healing concepts and
requirements [S]. 2011.
2012-11-06

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

5
SCI/EI
5

LTE

LTE

10 40

LTE
5
20

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LTE-Advanced

LTE-Advanced
Self-Healing Network in LTE-Advanced Systems
TN929.5

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0013-005

LTE-Advanced

/MA Yu
/XUE Wenqian
/PENG Mugen

100876
(Wireless Signal Process & Network Lab,
Beijing University of Post and Communication,
Beijing 100876, China)

Abstract: In an LTE-Advanced network, the self-healing function detects and locates
faults promptly, accurately, and automatically by processing network statistics. It can
also recover or compensate for any breakdowns for consistent, high-quality
communication. This article introduces outage detection, based on a clustering
algorithm, and compensation based on a genetic algorithm. We simulate these
algorithms to validate their purpose and efficiency.
Key words: self-organizing network; self-healing; cell outage detection; cell outage
compensation

[2]

TE-Advanced 3GPP

3GPP

LTE

TS 32.541

2009 5 Release 9 3GPP TS

32.541 V0.2.0 2012 9 Release 11

MIMO

3GPP TS 32.541 V11.0.0 OAM

CoMP

[1]

3

SON

2011ZX03003-002-01

UE eNodeB
OAM

SON

[3]

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

13

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LTE-Advanced

5
3

A

B C

UE2
eNodeB2

[4]

UE1

eNodeB1
eNodeB4

eNodeB3

UE RSRP RSRQ CQI

UEeNodeBOAM

eNodeB RLF

eNodeB1 UE1 eNodeB1

UE2 eNodeB2

OAM

eNodeB1

1.1

RSRP
eNodeB2
CQI eNodeB1
2
UEeNodeBOAM

1.3

OAM

CQI
eNodeB
RSRP

7
18

8
1

17
6

9
2

16
5

Tdetect -Tfail

RSRQ

UE

10
3

15
14

Ndetect / Nfail

11
12

13

Nfalse /Nfalse +

Ndetect

1.2

14

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LTE-Advanced

RB

T fail

T detect

RB RB

RB
[6]
RB

[7]

7 3
1

RB

A3

RB

32

RB

A3

2.1

8 01

50 dBi

A3

4 A3

41

100 dBi

AP

AP [5]

AP

A3
RSRP RSRQ X Y

2.2

OAM A3

KPI

2 KPI
AP

AP

AP
RSRP

RSRQ
X Y

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

15

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LTE-Advanced

19 3 /

500 m

5 MHz
20 dB

L=128.1 + 37.6log10R
R km

8 dB

46 dBm

0.5 dB

80 ms

RB

3 000
Y

-60

10 A3

-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80
RSRP/dBm
RSRP

RSRP/dBm

2 500

2 000

1 500

RB

18
1

17

0(1)

16

A3
KPI

4(1)

15
14

3 000

2
10
3
11

4(2) 4(3)

1 500 2 000 2 500

X

11 A3

0(2) 0(3)
5

AP

1 000
8

12
13

A3 3

8
0.7

0.6

A3 11

10 3

0.5

*
*

12

0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0

-0.1
0

**
*
**
****
****************** * ** *
* *
**

RB

10 15 20 25 30
AP
AP

35

40

5.03 Mb/s
5.36 Mb/s
RB

12

14 4

RB

RB 13

16

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LTE-Advanced

A3

2012-11-02

RB

RB

15

96%

LTE-Advanced

83%

93%

1.0

5.40

0.95

5.35

/ Mb/s

detection and diagnosis framework for mobile

communication systems [J]. IEEE
Transactions on Network and Service
Management, 2012,9(2): 184-197.
[4] AMIRIJOO M, JORGUSESKI L, LITJENS R, et
al. Cell outage compensation in LTE
networks: Algorithms and performance
assessment//Proceedings of the 73rd
Vehicular Technology Conference
(VTC-Spring11), May 15-18, 2011,
Budapest, Hungary. Piscataway, NJ,USA:
IEEE, 2011: 5p.
[5] FREY B, DUECK D. Clustering by passing
messages between data points [J]. Science,
2007, 315: 972-976.
[6] XIA Lingfeng, LI Wenjing, ZHANG Heng, et al.
A cell outage compensation mechanism in
self-organizing RAN [C]//Proceedings of the
7th International Conference on Wireless
Communications, Networking and Mobile
Computing (WiCOM11), Sep 23-25, 2011,
Wuhan, China. Piscataway, NJ,USA:IEEE,
2011:4p.
[7] AMIRIJOO M, JORGUSESKI L, LITJENS R, et
al. Effectiveness of cell outage compensation
in LTE networks [C]//Proceedings of the 8th
IEEE Annual Consumer Communications and
Networking Conference (CCNC11), Jan
9-12, 2011, Las Vegas, NV, USA. Piscataway,
NJ, USA: IEEE, 2011: 642-647.

5.45

5.30
5.25
5.20
5.15

0.8
0.75
0.7

5.10
5.05
5
0

0.9
0.85

0.65
0.6
50

100

150
200

250

300

13

15

5.72 Mb/s 2

/ Mb/s

4.97 Mb/s 3

6.0
5.8
5.6
5.4
5.2
5.0
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.2
4.0

14

[1] 3GPP TS 32.541 V11.0.0. Telecommunication

management; Self-Organizing Networks
(SON); Self-healing concepts and
requirements [S]. 2012.
[2] AMIRIJOO M, JORGUSESKI L, KRNER T, et
al. Cell outage management in LTE network
[C]//Proceedings of the 6th International
Symposium on Wireless Communication
Systems(ISWCS09), Sep 7-10,2009,
Siena(Tuscany), Italy. Piscatawaw, NJ,USA:
IEEE, 2009:600-604.
[3] SZILAGYI P, NOVACZKI S. An automatic

IEEE

973

TDD

TDD
TD-SCDMA

180 SCI
38

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

17

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Mobility Load Balancing Techniques in Self-Organizing Networks

TN929.5

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0018-003

LTE


QoS
QoS

/PAN Zhiwen
/YOU Xiaohu

210096
(National Mobile Communications Research
Laboratory, Southeast University, Nanjing
210096)

Abstract: Artificial network optimization does not adequately allow networks to adapt
to future developments. In this paper, we introduce self-organizing network (SON)
technology in LTE systems. SONs are involved in all aspects of network deployment
and operation, and mobility load balancing is a key technology in an SON. The load can
be transferred by switching users between different cells. In this way, MLB can
distribute the load in a balanced way and can improve network performance. In this
paper, a QoS-guaranteed MLB scheme is introduced in detail.

[2-3]
3

Key words: self-organizing networks; MLB; handover

3GPP
LTE LTE-A
[4-5]
3GPP R8R9R10R11

Infonetics Research

GSM

70%

WCDMALTE

UTRAN WLAN

2011ZX03003-002-02
2012ZX03003-010-002

18

[1]

NGMN

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

A
B C

QoS

A B C

2.1

[14]

3 QoS

QoS

QoS

GSM 3G

CBR

[10-13]

[6-9]

GBR BE
GBR k

2.2

i l

PRB SINR

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

19

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

QoS

GBR 5%

max[(t ),(t )]T

6

I i , m (t )W i , k (t ) s iN
I i , m (t )=1k K

iN

I i , k (t ) R i , k (t )k kC

iN

kK

3 4

BE
CBR
BE

CBR

SINR i , l , k () =

g i , l , k ()p i , l ()
N + g i , l , k ()p j , l ()

ji

LTE LTE

QoS

[15]

30

g i , l , k ()p i , l ()
i k

4.0%

N
[t -1t ] k

CBR

3.0%

1 L t
log
2 1
L l =1 t -1
+SINR i , l , k ())d[bps/Hz]

ei , k (t ) =

R i ,k (t )=w i ,k (t )e i ,k (t )

s (t ) kc I i , k (t )w i , k (t )
i (t ) =
=
si (t )
si (t )

2.0%

Ii , k (t )

BE 5% /(kb/s)

GBR
(i (t ))2

N (i (t ))2

N
GBR
GBR

(t ) = Um (I i , m (t )R i , m (t ))

Um ( ) GBR

GBR

20

* *

1.3

1.6

*
1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1
CBR

CBR

LB

400

BE

k i 1

1.5%

0%
1.0

0.5%

c
i

iN mB

2.5%

1.0%

w i ,k (t )

(t )=

3.5%

: N/A
: CBR LB
: CBR+BE LB

* *

350

3.4

3.7

4.0

N/A

: N/A
: CBR LB
: CBR+BE LB

*
300

*
250

*
*

200

* *
* * *

150

4
GBR
5%

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

1.0

1.3

BE

1.6

1.9 2.2 2.5 2.8 3.1

CBR

CBR

LB

3.4

3.7

N/A

4.0

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Simulating Optimal Mobility Robustness for Heterogeneous Networks

TN929.5

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0021-005

/JIN Shengyao
/CHEN Chen
/HU Honglin

200335
(Shanghai Research Center for Wireless
Communications, Shanghai 200335, China)

Abstract: In this paper, we run a large number of simulations to find problems with
detailed mobility robustness in heterogeneous networks. We also provide solutions to
such problems. After comparing mobility robustness in a heterogeneous network with
that in a homogeneous network, we found that the mobility parameters in a
heterogeneous network should be selected according to different switching targets. By
setting different mobility parameters in heterogeneous network simulation, we found
that the trade-off between mobility robustness and system overheard should be taken
into account.
Key words: heterogeneous network; mobility robustness; mobility parameter;
handover; radio link failure

SON
[3]

NGMN

3GPP

[4]

SON LTE/

LTE-Advanced

SAE

[1]

1
MRO LTE

[2]

IMT-Advanced

2012ZX03001-029-004
2010DFB10570

2G/3G

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

21

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

HOF RLF

RLF

RLF

TTT

2.2

[7]

A3

A3

[5]

A3

A3

Mn >Ms +Hysts -CIOs,n

Ms

Mn

RLF

Hysts

RLF

CIOs,n

3GPP

MRO

[7-8]

T310

RLF

A B

2.1

CIOA,B A

[7] 1

RLF B

[6]

2
A B

CQI

CIOA,B A

22

[7] 5 1

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

500 m

HOF

19/57

15 dB

5 dB

0 dBi

0 dBi

8 dB

10 dB

25 m

25 m

0.5 /1

0.5

3D

2.0 GHz/10 MHz

2.0 GHz/10 MHz

46 dBm

30 dBm

20 dB

20 dB

1x2

1x2

40 m

75 m

35 m

10 m

4 5

2.3.2

HOF/HO

HOF/UE

A B
B
A A
B A
[7]

2.3
2.3.1

2 HOF

6 5

/ km/h

30

30

30

30

30

/%

100

100

100

100

100

TTT/ms

480

160

160

80

40

A3 /dB

-1

L1 L3 /ms

200

200

200

200

200

/ms

50

/ms

40

2 3

2 3

12

10

8
6
4

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

23

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

0.005

0.0045
0.004

0.0035

0.003
0.0025

0.002

0.0015
0.001
0

0.0005

25
20
15
10
5
0

HOF

HOF

TTT

16 000

14 000

0.014
0.012
0.01
0.008
0.006
0.004
0.002
0

12 000
10 000

8 000
6 000

4 000

2 000

7 1

0.01

0.005

HOF

: 1
2
3
4
5

HOF

/%

70

24

80

90

5 5

0.015

4 RLF

0.02

RLF

HOF

0.025

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

60

50
40

30
20
10
0

: 1
2
3
4
5

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

2 1 RLF
HOF
1

3 5

[6] , , , .
[J]. ,
2012, 38(1): 37-41.
[7] 3GPP TR36.839 V11.0.0. Mobility
enhancements in heterogeneous networks
[S]. 2012.
[8] 3GPP TR36.814 V9.0.0. Further
advancements for E-UTRA physical layer
aspects [S]. 2010.
2012-11-06

RLF HOF

2 3
2
18
42
12

4 RLF
HOF

T310
RLF 7

RLF
T310 1 s

[1] HU Honglin, ZHANG Jian, ZHENG Xiaoying, et

al. Self-configuration and self-optimization
for LTE network [J]. IEEE Communications
Magazine, 2010, 48(2):94-100.
[2] ITU-R M. 1645.Framework and overall
objectives of the future development of
IMT-2000 and systems beyond [S]. 2000.
[3] 3GPP TR36.902 V9.3.1. Self-configuring and
self-optimization network use cases and
solution [S]. 2011.
[4] Enhanced inter-cell interference coordination
challenges in heterogeneous networks [J].
IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine,
2011,18(3):22-31.
[5] , , . LTE-A
[J]. , 2011,37(5):
88-90.

4 1
SCI 30
10

EPC

2012 H3G

2012 1 14

CONNECT

Current AnalysisCA LTE EPC

EPC

CA

EPC

EPC

LTE/EPC

LTE/EPC uMAC

2012 4 EPC

ATCA

35 100

VodafoneKPNTelenorAM

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

25

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Managing Interference in Self-Organizing Heterogeneous Networks

TN929.5

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0026-005

/WANG Liang
/SHENG Min
/ZHANG Yan

710071
(State Key Lab of Integrated Service Networks,
XidianUniversity, Xi an 710071, China)

Abstract: Heterogeneous networks (HetNets) have been developing rapidly, and the
number of HetNet applications have increased markedly. However, the interference
between network elements is still a bottleneck, HetNets is a hot topic in the study of
cellular self-organizing networks. In this paper, we suggest that WLAN and femtocell
should be applied together in the same practical scenarios and complement each other.
Combining WLAN and femtocell is a natural and feasible approach to reducing the
interference and enhancing QoS in HetNets.
Key words: heterogeneous networks; femtocell; interference management; QoS;
resource allocation

Relaycell

HetNets

LTE-Advanced

HetNets[1]

HBS

MBS

MIMO

Picocell Femtocell
61172079
61201141
973 2009CB320404
2011ZX03003-002-02
2012ZX03004-002-003

26

HetNets
4
1

LTE MBS HBS

1

3GPP

Release8 Release9

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

MBS

MUE2

MUE1

MBS

MUE2

MUE1

HBS2

HBS1

HUE2

HUE1

(a)

HBS2

HBS1

HUE2

HUE1

2.5
6

(b)

HBS

HUE

MBS

MUE

1 LTE MBS HBS

ICIC

HetNets

HetNets

HUE

3GPP

SINR MUE SINR

2.6

Release10

eICIC

[3]

[7]

[2]

2.1

HBS MBS HBS

[8]

MUE HBS

ABSF

[9]

2.2

2.4

HBS

CR[4]

MBS

HBS

RB

UE

MBS

[5]

MBS RB

Femtocell RB
2.3

3 Wi-Fi

HetNets

HBS

Femtocell

[6]

MBS HBS

HBS MBS

HBS

HBS

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

27

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Femtocell Wi-Fi

Femtocell Femtocell

i-Femtocell Wi-Fi

3.4 Femtocell WLAN

Wi-Fi Femtocell
Femtocell WLAN
2
MBS Wi-Fi LTE

WLAN

Cisco

FemtocellHBS

HetNets Femtocell

2010World Mobile Congress

HBS MUE HUE

WLAN

HBS MUE HBS

Cisco Wi-Fi Femtocell

3.1 Wi-Fi

HBS MBS

Wi-Fi

PicoChip InterDigtal

World Femtocell Summit 2011

3GPP

Wi-Fi HBS

Release 7 HSPA + 3G Femtocell

IEEE 802.11 b/g/n Wi-Fi

HBS MBS

4G

Demo

Wi-Fi

Femtocell

Wi-Fi Wi-Fi

Ubiquisys

Femtocell

Femto RB

MBS RB

3.2 Femtocell

MBS

i-Femtocell

Femtocell

MBS Femtocell
3GPP

Wi-Fi Femtocell

Femtocell

Back Off

Wi-Fi Femtocell
Femtocell Wi-Fi

28

DATA

ACK

MUE

MBS

i-Femtocell

Wi-Fi

i-Femtocell MBS

3.3 Femtocell Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi
RTS CTS

Femtocell

ACK
Femtocell
Back off HBS Femtocell

HUE
CTS
i-Femtocell Wi-Fi Femtocell
DATA
MBS MeNB

2 i-Femtocell MBS

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

MUE
RB
RTS

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

1 Femtocell

WLAN

Femtocell WLAN

HetNets

2 Femtocell

MBS

Femtocell MBS

Femtocell

Femtocell WLAN

3
Wi-Fi

HetNets Femtocell
3 HBS

Femtocell MBS

50 m

Femtocell

PL=127 dB+30log10R/km

ABSF

4 dB

i-Femtocell MBS

20 dBm

0 dBi

4 Wi-Fi

Wi-Fi

20

36

2 /

6 /

MUE Femtocell

3 2 3 4

1.5

MBSHBS

1.4
Femtocell /106 b/s

[10-11]
4 5
(0,0)

HUE

55 m

HBS
50 m

500 m

PL=15.3 dB+37.6log10R/m
8 dB

14 dBi

23 dBm

9 dB

40
60
MBS /%

80

100

3.0

Femtocell /106 b/s

46 dBm

20

MBS MeNB
MUE

2 MBS

5 dB

: ABSF
:
: ABSF
:

ABSF

1.0

0.8

(300,300)

1.1

MBS
MUE

HBS HeNB
HUE

1.2

0.9

(55,55)
HUE

1.3

2.8
2.6
2.4
2.2
2.0
0

: ABSF
:
: ABSF
:
20

40
60
MBS /%

80

100

ABSF

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

29

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

HetNets

HetNets

[1] DAMNJANOVIC A, MONTOJO J, WEI Y, et

al. A survey on 3GPP heterogeneous
networks [J]. IEEE Wireless
Communications, 2011,18(3):10-21.
[2] 3GPP TR36.922 V10.0.0. TDD Home eNode B
(HBS) Radio Frequency E-UTRA (RF)
requirements analysis [S]. 2011.
[3] LOPEZ-PEREZ D, GUVENC I, DE LA ROCHE
G, et al. Enhanced intercell interference
coordination challenges in heterogeneous
networks [J]. IEEE Wireless
Communications, 2011,18(3):22-30.
[4] CHENG Shin-Ming, LIEN Shou-Yu, CHU
Feng-Seng, et al. On exploiting cognitive
radio to mitigate interference in macro/femto
heterogeneous networks [J]. IEEE Wireless
Communications, 2011,18(3):40-47.
[5] LIEN Shao-Yu, LIN Yu-Yu, CHENK
Wang-Cheng. Cognitive and
game-theoretical radio resource
management for autonomous femtocells
with QoS guarantees [J]. IEEE Transactions
on Wireless Communications, 2011,10(7):
2196-2206.
[6] KAIMALETU S, KRISHNAN R, KALYANI S, et

20

[1] Infonetics research [EB/OL]. [2012-09-18].

http://www.infonetics.com.
[2] NGMN recommendation on SON and O&M
requirements [R]. NGMN (Next Generation
Mobile Networks), 2008.
[3] NGMN use cases related to self organising
network: Overall description [R]. NGMN (Next
Generation Mobile Networks), 2007.
[4] 3GPP TS32.500. Telecommunication
management; Self-Organizing Networks
(SON): Concepts and requirements [S]. 2009.
[5] 3GPP TR36.902. Self-configuring and
self-optimizing network (SON) use cases and
solutions [S]. 2011.
[6] DAS S, SEN S, JAYARAM R. A structured
channel borrowing scheme for dynamic load
balancing in cellular networks [C]//
Proceedings of the 17th International
Conference on Distributed Computing
System (ICDCS97), Mar 27-30,1997,
Baltimore, MD, USA. Piscataway, NJ,USA:
IEEE,1997: 116-123.
[7] KIM Sungwook, VARSHNEY P K. Adaptive
load balancing with preemption for
multimedia cellular networks [C]//Proceedings
of the 2003 IEEE Wireless Communications
and Networking Conference (WCNC03):Vol
3, Mar 16-20, 2003, New Orleans, LA, USA.
New York, NY, USA: IEEE, 2003: 1680-1684.
[8] DAS S K, SEN S K, JAYARAM R. A novel load
balancing scheme for the tele-traffic hot spot

30

al. Cognitive interference management in

heterogeneous femto-macro cell networks
[C]//Proceedings of the IEEE International
Conference on Communications(ICC11),
Jun 5-9,2011, Kyoto, Japan. Piscataway, NJ,
USA: IEEE, 2011:6p.
[7] SUH Changho, TSE D. Interference alignment
for cellular networks [C]//Proceedings of the
46th Annual Allerton Conference on
Communication, Control, and Computing,
Sep 23-26, 2008, Monticello, IL, USA.
Piscataway, NJ,USA: IEEE, 2008:1037-1044.
[8] SUH Changho, HO M, TSE D. Downlink
interference alignment [J]. IEEE Transactions
on Communications, 2011,59(9):2616-2626.
[9] JUNG Bang-Chul, SHIN Won-Yong.
Opportunistic interference alignment for
interference-limited cellular TDD uplink [J].
IEEE Communications Letters, 2011,15(2):
148-150.
[10] Alcatel-Lucent. Simulation assumptions and
parameters for FDD HBS RF requirements
[C]//3GPP TSG RAN WG4 #51 Meeting, May
6, 2009, San Francisco, CA, USA.2009:
R4-092042.
[11] SIMSEK M, AKBUDAK T, BO Zhao, et al. An
LTE-femtocell dynamic system level
simulator [C]//Proceedings of the 2010
International ITG Workshop on Smart
Antennas (WSA10), Feb 23-24,2010,
Aachen, Germany. Piscataway, NJ,USA:
IEEE, 2010:66-71.

10
70
SCI/EI 50
2

8
20
SCI/EI 10

2012-11-06

problem in cellular networks [J]. Wireless

Networks, 1998,4(4):325-340.
[9] TONGUZ O K, YANMAZ E. The mathematical
theory of dynamic load balancing in cellular
networks [J]. IEEE Transactions on Mobile
Computing, 2008,7(12):1504-1518.
[10] FUJII T, NISHIOKA S. Selective handover for
traffic balance in mobile radio
communications [C]//Proceedings of the IEEE
International Conference on Communications
(ICC92):Vol 3, Jun 14-18, 1992, Chicago, IL,
USA. Piscataway, NJ, USA: IEEE, 1992:
1840-1846.
[11] SON K, CHONG S, VECIANA G. Dynamic
association for load balancing and
interference avoidance in multi-cell networks
[J]. IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communications, 2009, 8(7): 3566-3576.
[12] WANG Hao, DING Lianghui, WU Ping, et al.
Dynamic load balancing and throughput
optimization in 3GPP LTE networks [C]//
Proceedings of the 5th International
Conference on Communications and
Networking in China (CHINACOM10), Aug
25-27, 2010, Beijing, China.Los Alamitos, CA,
USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2010:5p.
[13] SANG A, WANG X, MADIHIAN M, et al.
Coordinated load balancing, handover/
cell-site selection, and scheduling in
multi-cell packet data systems [J]. Wireless
Networks, 2008,14(1):103-120.
[14] 3GPP TS36.331. RRC protocol specification
[S]. 2010.
[15] WANG Hao, DING Lianghui, WU Ping, et al.
QoS-aware load balancing in 3GPP long term
evolution multi-cell networks [C]//
Proceedings of the IEEE International

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

Conference on Communications(ICC11), Jun

5-9, 2011, Kyoto, Japan. Piscataway, NJ,
USA: IEEE, 2011:5p.
2012-11-06

10

1
20
30

863

IEEE Fellow

20

1 100
40

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Dynamic Traffic-Aware Reconfiguration of Cellular Networks

TN929.5

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0031-004

DTR
DTR

SE EE SE-EE

/ZHOU Xuan
/FENG Gang
/QIN Shuang

611731
(National Key Lab of Science and Technology
on Communications, University of Electronic
Science and Technology of China , Chengdu
611731, China)

Abstract: In this paper, we propose a dynamic traffic-aware reconfiguration (DTR)

scheme that can maximize average system energy efficiency (EE) and guarantee
system performance. The system can be configured to achieve maximum spectral
efficiency (SE), EE, or hybrid SE-EE according to the DTR traffic load. The key criterion
for reconfiguring the system is the queuing model.
Key words: cellular networks; spectral efficiency; energy efficiency; traffic-aware
reconfiguration; queuing model

SE

EE

10

EE SE

EE

3GPP LTE 4G

OFDM

[1]

MIMO

4G

[2] OFDM

[3]

SEEE SE-EE

bits-per-Joule [4-5]

[8] (0,t 0) (t 1,t 2)

min max

SE

[6]

(t 0,t 1) (t 2,T ) ,

[7]

863
2012AA011402
973 2012CB316003

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

31

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

*SE aSE <*SE aSE

(t )

SE EE
*SE a

max

a
EE

a
SE

min
t0

t1
t2

aSE

b
b EE

bSE *SE bSE>*SE

SE EE *SE

a
SE

*
SE

b
SE

SE

bEE

bSE *SE

1/

aSE

M/M/N/K

bSE SE EE

RE

EE SE

OPE

p 0, 1 j <C
j!
Pj =

j
p
,
C

j
<
K
0
C !C j-C
n =C -1
n n =K n -1
p 0 = q +
,
n-C
n = 0 n!
n =C C !C

RE

*SE

SE EE RSE

REE

SE EE

SE EE

SR

[9]

K j -C +1
pj
T d = C * 1-p
K
j =C

a b
EE

SE

*
SE

*
SE

SE

=/ K = arg{T d =t }

EE SE-EE

SE EE
3.2

Td

K n =C-1n n =K n -1
+

p out = C !C K-C
n-C
n =C C !/C
n =0 n!

EE

SE
, SE =R /B B

3.1

SINR :

SINR < pout1 = p [SINR <]

n =C
R
1
EE =
= r i

n =1
P T (R )+Pc
P T (R )+Pc
(I i +N0Wi )
n r /W
P T (R )=2 -1*G (c,p e)*

gi
i =1

P T (R ) R

DTR 3

( )

2 T d = t
Td
SE
P out
P0

r i R =(r 1,r 2 r n)

RSE, REE

SE
EE
P out, P out

EE
P out
P0

SE

EE

SE
P out
P0
EE
P out
P0

SE

32

3
DTR

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

SE-EE

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

p out 2

g -1() g ()

p out = 1-(1-p out1)

(1-p out 2)

4
LTE

SINR pout1 = P [SINR ] =0

3.3

[10]

180 kHz

p out =p out 2

SEEE SE-EE

DTR

7a

SEEE

SEEE DTR

SE-EE

EE

SE

3 DTR

N =32

SE EE

p 0 = 0.1 SE

SE

R SE R EE R

N N

R r

125

R min

SE EE

R max 5

DTR

SE EE

EE

pSEout = g (RSE, )pEEout =g (REE, )

7b

DTR

SE EE DTR

Ri
1 C
maxSE = i =1 = W *log2(1+HiPi ) ,
B
B i =1
C

s.t. P i = P PT
i =1

EE

PEE EE

:
1. Pi R EEi =log2(1+HiPi EE ),

2.
3.

SE-EE

4.

maxEE =

Ri
i =1

=
Wi *log2(1+HiPi ) ,
PC +PT (
R ) PC +PT (
R ) i =1

REE = R EEi
i =1

p0 R0
R =R 0-REE i Ri =Rj Ri =R/C
R iEE /W

s.t. P i = P PEE
i =1

EE

Pi =2
(2R /CW -1)/Hi
i P iEE +Pi

SE
(pEEout >p 0, pSEout <p 0)
SE-EE
pout (t )=p 0
SE-EE

R (t )dt s.t.p
=
P (t )dt

g I Rr

SINR
SINR min = P min *g
I +NW 0

GABS BSAA R*

maxEE
C

out

(t ) = p 0

R min =WC log2 1+

Pi (t )= p 0 PT

ln(5pe )SINR min

-1.5

if R max<R*

i =1

SE-EE

PiSE

p 0
SE

R 0 p 0 =g (R 0,)

i =C

R SE =R max =W *log(1+HiPiSE )

R 0 = g -1( p 0,)
K n =C-1
(D/R) n n =K (D/R) n
g (R,)= p out = (D/KR)

+
n -C
n =C C !C
C !C -C n = 0
n!

if R r <R*

REE = R*

REE = R max

REE = R r

RSE REE

i=1

-1

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

33

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

(RES SEEE RSE REE

SE EE RSE REE
p EE
6
out p 0
p EE
p SE
7
out >p 0
out <p 0
SE
p i p 0 8
EE
SE-EE
SE

6
1

EE

SE

2 666*6 bit

3 DTR

5 ms

EE

128.1+37.6 log(d/1 000)

0.1

min/max

0.1/1.0 per ms

SE 7c SE

t0

2 000 TTI

Pc

100 mW

1.4 MHz

SE

500 m

DTR EE

4 000 TTI
0.7

0.6

0.5

:SE
:EE
:DTR

DTR

0.4
0.2

0
0

5 000
4 000

1 000

/ Mb/s)

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

b
2.5

2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5

:SE
:EE
:DTR

0
0

50
100

150

DTR EE SE

34

SEEE SE-EE

:SE
:EE
:DTR

150

3 000
2 000

50
100

6 000

2012-11-05

0.3
0.1

/ bps/w

EE DTR

2011:5p.
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[1] MIAO Guowang, HIMAYAT N, LI G Y.

Energy-efficient link adaptation in
frequency-selective channels [J]. IEEE
Transactions on Communications, 2010,58(2):
545-554.
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2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

140 ,
SCI 40 ,EI 60

10
8
SCI/EI 7

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Network Self-Optimization and Intelligence Based on Data Mining

TN929.5

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0035-004

C-RAN

/LIU Zhanjun
/CHEN Qianbin

400065
(Key Lab of Mobile Communication
Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and
Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065,
China)

C-RAN
Abstract: In this paper, we propose a self-optimization method based on data mining.
With this method, mass data can be processed and laws can be found for
self-optimization. We analyze call service prediction and show that using data mining
to predict services is more accurate than using statistical methods to predict services.
We present data mining technology that can be used for network prediction in a
C-RAN architecture.
Key words: self-optimization; data mining; C-RAN networks; baseband resource
pool

[3]

Self-organizing

[3]

eNodeB

[1]

[2] Christian Prehofer

Christian Bettstetter

2010ZX03003-008-004

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

35

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

C-RAN

1.1

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K-

1.2 C-RAN

[4]

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2 [5]

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RRU

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2 C-RAN

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

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ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

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C-RAN

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0 1

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2.2 C-RAN

2 K n

K-means

3 K K-means

11

K-means

C-RAN

C-RAN

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

37

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

0.90
0.88

/%

0.86

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0.84

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[1] H. , :
[M]. ,
, , , . : , 1984.
[2] PREHOFER C, BETTSTETTER C.
Self-organization in communication
networks: Principles and design paradigms
[J]. Communications Magazine, 2005,43(7):
78-85.
[3] , . IMT_Advanced
[J]. , 2011,17(5):1-4.
[4] . [M].
, 2002.
[5] , , , . C-RAN
[J]. , 2010
(3):107-112.

2012-11-05

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0.78

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10G-EPON

2012 12 26

EPON/10G-EPON

PON

2010 10 10G-EPON

38

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Software-Defined Network: Ongoing Network Transformation

TN91

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0039-05

: SDN

SDN

: OpenFlow
Abstract: In software-defined network (SDN) architecture, the control and forwarding
planes are decoupled, which abstracts the underlying network infrastructure from the
applications. This allows for manageable, programmable, flexible networks that are
adaptable to changing business needs. Future networks will rely more and more on
software. New, dynamic software-defined architecture will be widely adopted and will
revolutionize networks and applications.
Key words: software-defined networking; OpenFlow; future network

/WANG Wendong
/HU Yannan

100876
(State Key Lab of Networking and Switching
Technology, Beijing University of Posts and
Telecommunications, Beijing 100876)

SDN

SDN

Clean State

- (GENI)

SDN

SDN

1 SDN

1 SDN
SDN

SDN [3]

1.1 SDN

SDN

SDN

OpenFlow[1]

Ethane 2008

Nick Mckeown

OpenFlow

SDN

[2]

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

39

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

OpenFlowSDN

OpenFlow

API

API

3 OpenFlow

API

SDN

OpenFlow

OpenFlow

OpenFlow

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sw

nFlo

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hw

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IT/

40

2 OpenFlow

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

OpenFlow

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Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

41

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

AP

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2011

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2012

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SDN

NOX

API

42

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

SDN

SDN

2.3 SDN

VPN

SDN

OpenFlow

[10]

SDN

SDN

SDN

SDN

SDN

VPN

SDN

SDN

SDN

SDN
SDN

[3] GREENE K. R10: Software-defined

networking[R]. MIT Technology Review ,2009.
[4] ANDERSON T, REITER M K. GENI: Global
Environment for Network Innovations[R].
GENI Facility Security, GDD-06-23.2006.
[5] OFELIA. OpenFlow in Europe: Linking
infrastructure and applications[EB/OL].
[2012-10-10]. http://www.fp7-ofelia.eu/
[6] SPARC: Split Architecture Carrier Grade
Networks[EB/OL].[2012-10-10]. http://www.
fp7-sparc.eu/
[7] CHANGE Project[EB/OL]. [2012-10-10]. http:
//www.change-project.eu/
[8] ONRC: Open Networking Research Center
[EB/OL]. [2012-10-10]. http://onrc.net/
[9] ONF.Open Networking Foundation[EB/OL].
https://www.opennetworking.org/
[10] IETF 82 Proceedings: Software Driven
Networks (SDN) (BoF) [EB/OL].
[2012-10-10]. http://www.ietf.org/
proceedings/82/sdn.html
2012-12-12

[1] MCKEOWN N, ANDERSON T,

BALAKRISHNAN H, et al. OpenFlow: Enabling
innovation in campus networks[J]. ACM
SIGCOMM Computer Communication
Review, 2008, 38(2): 69-74.
[2] CASADO M, FREEDMAN M, PETTIT J, et al.
Ethane: Taking control of the enterprise[J].
ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication
Review, 2007, 37(4): 1-12.

GoTa ITU

2012 12 13

ITU

GoTa ITU

GoTa

GoTa

2008

3G

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

43

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Decision-Level Data Fusion Technology in Remote Medical Care Systems

:

LSSVM

: SVM
Abstract: In this paper, we summarize the latest research and propose a general model
for a data-fusion system for remote medical care. Mainstream decision-level
data-fusion technology is classified as knowledge-based or sample-data-based. Here,
we analyze both of these subtypes. We also suggest that the least-squared support
vector machine (LSSVM) is the most appropriate technology because of its high

/LOU Mengqian 1
/DENG Shuo 2
/SUN Zhixin 1

1. 210003
2. 210093
1. College of Internet of Things, Nanjing
University of Posts and Telecommunications,
Nanjing 210003,China;
2. ZTE Corporation, Nanjing 210093,China

performance and efficiency.

Key words: decision level; knowledge based system; support vector machine (SVM);
data fusion; medical care
TN929.5

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0044-05

[1-2]

IEEE 1999

40

44

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

[6] -

[7]

[8]

[9]

beat-to-beat ,HR
ABP

[4]

[10] ECG R

95.8%

PTT

[5]

[11]
1.2

[12]

- -

1.1

ABP ECG

[3]

2000

[14]

AND/OR

[13]

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

45

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

[15]

[16]

ECG

[17]

[21]

PPG

NN

SVM SVM

LSSVM

2.1

2.2

SVM

SVM

Mercer

[18]

1.3

[22]

SVM

[19]

HFECG

[23-24] SVM

HFECG NN

[20]

[25] SVM

CCU

46

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LSSVM

LSSVM

SVM

[26] SVM

SVM

2.4

SVM

2.3 LSSVM

SVM

Suykens LSSVM

SVM

LSSVM

[27]

[28] LSSVM

[29]

90

SVM

[30]

[31]

MR

SVM LSSVM
,

[32]

OSAS

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2012-12-03

USSD M2M

50

A1

48

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Visible Light Communication

/CHEN Te/LIU Lu/HU Weiwei

LED

( 100871)
(State Key Laboratory of Advanced Optical Communication Systems and Networks, Peking University,
Beijing 100871, China)

TN92; TN929.11

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0049-04

LED

LED

LED

Abstract: In this paper, we review the status of visible light communication and discuss
research trends in this field. We suggest that illumination and communication can be
achieved simultaneously, and this has the advantages of high bitrates, enhanced
security, abundant spectrum resource, and no electromagnetic interference. Visible light
communication will be an important part of future communication, and will greatly
promote the development of information society.

Key words: light-emitting diode (LED); visible light communication; orthogonal

frequency division multiplexing (OFDM)

(LED)

(VLC)

1.1

1
[1]

LED

LED
2021 LED
52%
[2-3]
LED

61071084

( 973 ) 2012CB315606

LED /1

6 000

5 000

30

LED
4 782

4 000

2 847

25
20

15.8%
3 000

10.3%
2 000
1 000
0

11.1%

1 095

13.8%

12.8%

1 347

2 075

10

1 605

750

2006

3
2007

2008

15

2009

2010

2011

2012

LED

LED

1 LED

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

49

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LED

OMEGA

[7]

1.2

OMEGA

20

OMEGA

2006

2009

LED

Dominic OBrien

LED

100 Mbit/s [8] 2010

(MIMO)

(PON)

(OFDM)

220 Mbit/s 2010

2010

OMEGA

Intel

[9]

100 Mbit/s

LED

2000

16 LED

5 6 m

Tannaka Yuichi

3 Mbit/s

LED

2010 1 Heinrich Hertz

LED

[4] 2002

LED

513 Mbit/s

IEEE 2003

2011

700

IEEE 802.15.7[13] VLC

2003

Mbit/s 1 000 Mbit/s

(VLCC)

[6]

Heinrich Hertz

(RGB) LED

LED IEEE

NECSonyToshiba

(WDM) 803

802.15.7

Samsung VLCC

Mbit/s [11]

[5]

[10]

2011

1.3

VLCC

UC-Light[12]

UC-Light

(IrDA)

4 1

VLCC

VLCC

2009

Samsung

IrDA

1 m 100 Mbit/s

UC-Light

LED

IrDA

50

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ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LED

LED

(4) MIMO

(1)

(1) LED

LED

LED

LED

3~50 MHz

MIMO

[14]

LED

(5) OFDM

OFDM

LED

OFDM

(2)

(2) LED

LED

LED

LED

OFDM

(3)

LED

[15]

(3) LED

(6)

LED

LED

LED

LED LED

(4)

LED

MIMO

LED

LED

[17] VLCC

[16]

LED

(7)
LED

LED

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

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ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

LED LED

LED LED

LED

MIMO

OFDM

OFDM

OFDM

(8)

300 Mbit/s

10 m

380~780 nm

LED

(PLC)
LED

52

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3

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3
9

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Architecture and Key Technology of a Data Mining Platform Based on Cloud Computing
TN393.03

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0053-04

/DING Yan
/YANG Qingping
/QIAN Yuming

210012
(Communication Service R&D Institute, ZTE
Corporation, Nanjing 210012, China)

:
Abstract: There are performance bottlenecks and scalability problems when a
traditional data-mining system is used in cloud computing. In this paper, we present a
data-mining platform based on cloud computing. Compared with a traditional data
mining system, this platform is highly scalable, has massive data processing capacity,
is service-oriented, and has low hardware cost. This platform can support the design
and applications of a wide range of distributed data-mining systems. It can greatly
decrease the amount of investment needed by telecom operators and enterprises on
data mining technologies. It can also shorten the development cycle, speed up the
launch of mining services, and improve product revenue.
Key words: data mining platform; cloud computing; the cloud of data mining; massive
data

(SaaS)

1.1
[4-6]

IDC

2011

1.8 ZB

1 ZB

Facebook

Amazon

[1]

[2-3]

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

53

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

(1)

[7]

SaaS 1

(2)

MBGB

TBPB EBZB

TB

(3)

40

Google

AmazonIBM

[8]

(4)

(5)

1.2

1.3

IaaS

PaaSSaaS IaaS

SaaS

SaaS

54

[10-11]

[9-10]

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

( )

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

Google (GFS)

Hadoop (HDFS)

Kosmos (KFS) 3
Goolgle

Google GFS
HDFS

KFS GFS

Google

PC

MapReduce MapReduce

3.1

WekaMathout

MapReduce

Pregel Pregel Google

(SOAP) Webservice

Pregel

RestfulHTTPXML

(API)

WEB

Dryad Dryad

(SQL)

windows

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

55

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

2011
Dryad

Hadoop MapReduce
OLTP

Hadoop HDFS
MapReduce

OLAP

[12]

3.2

(OLTP)

OLAP

(OLAP)

K-means

MapReduce

[13]

socket
(FTP) 3

OLTP

3.4.1 K-means
K-means

4 K

3.3

(1)

E = p-mi

i =1 pCi

4 K-means

mi Ci

k (Mapper)

O S

O i (0 i

3.4

3.4.2 K-means

k -1) <i , O S >

(Reducer) MapReduce

K-means

O i (0 i k -1)

[14]

56

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

60

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

1

/YU Yanhua/SONG Meina

100876

[]
3 1
2
3

TN91

A 1009-6868 (2013) 01-0060-04

1.8 ZB
1 021 75%

[1]

200 PB

MapReduce

2008 9

400 PB

Big Data:

PB Facebook

Science in the Petabyte Era [2]

10 10

300 TB

2011

3.7

8.8

1020 TB

100 PB[3] .

2012 3

IDC

18 10

CPU

50

2009

1993

GB

540 eBay

TB

2007

PB1 015

eBay

PB

[3]

99%

IT

IDC 2011

32%

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

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ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

IBM

Oracle Facebook

1 PB

2012

BigTableMapReduce

3.1 Google
Google GFS

Google

Google

IMS

200 100

Research

GFS Google

4 V

Volume Variety

Value Velocity

BigTable Google

Forrester

2020 220

GFS

MapReduce

Volume

Variety Velocity

Google

Variability

1 IDC

2011

Google GFSBigTable

1.8 ZB 9 GB DVD

MapReduce Apache

DVD

Java

260 000 km

Hadoop

2/3 1 TB 2.5

Hadoop

17 000 km

2012

IDC 2020

Hadoop Google

50

TB PB

Dremel [4]

58

2013 2 19 1 Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1

ZTE TECHNOLOGY JOURNAL

1

SQL

Hadoop

PB

Dremel Google 2011

IBM

InfoSphere Streams

NoSQL Hadoop

BigQuery

HBase

BigQuery UI REST

Hadoop

IBM

HDFS MapReduce

InfoSphere Warehouse

3.2 IBM
IBM

Netezza Netezza

2005 IBM

160 30

2005

ETL DataStage

TB Cognos SPSS

Ascential 2007

IBM

BI Cognos

2009

[5]

SPSS2010

3.3 Microsoft

Netezza IBM

IBM

SQLServer

SQL

Server Windows

Azure Hadoop

IBM

SQL Server 2012

2011

IBM

SQL Server

Bernard S. Meyerson

Hadoop

BI

IBM
Hadoop

3.4

NoSQL

IBM Hadoop

InfoSphere

BigInsightsIBM

Feb. 2013 Vol.19 No.1 2013 2 19 1

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GFSBigTable

MapReduce 3 Google

AaaS)

Cloud 2.0

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. 2012, 8(6): 17-21.
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16(1): 57-60.
2012-12-03

10
10

Google

[6]

56

Reducer
k (2)

Oi =

Oj
j =1

(2)
n
MapReduce

SaaS

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