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Figure 9& 'eat *ntent f Air as Functin f .e$perature
'%ere are a num2er o4 sim0li4yin assum0tions an1 cavea"s 4or t%e relations%i0 in t%e calculator(
'%ere are no wall losses assume1 in t%e recu0erator an1 1uctin.
'%ere is no am2ient air in4iltration assume1. All o4 t%e e.cess air is assume1 to come
4rom t%e com2ustion air.
Enery losses in t%e 4urnace )0rocess, itsel4 are assume1 to 2e unc%ane1 A 4urnace wall
losses, ra1iation losses, etc. '%ese losses 1o not a44ect t%e value o4 t%e %eat recovery
measure, 2ut may 2e o00ortunities 4or ot%er e44iciency measures.
'%e calculation tool 1oes not measure t%e e44ectiveness o4 t%e 0ro0ose1 %eat recovery
e?ui0ment. '%e 0er4ormance, inlet an1 outlet tem0eratures must come 4rom t%e customer
or ven1or. :t is im0ortant t%at realistic values 2e entere1 4or 4lue as tem0erature an1
com2ustion air 0re%eat.
'%e calculations are 2ase1 on a 4i.e1 as com0osition an1 stoic%iometric air to 4uel ratio.
'%e results are relatively insensitive to assum0tions rear1in 4uel com0osition. 5oin
4rom 100E met%ane to 100E 0ro0ane only c%anes t%e availa2le %eat estimate 2y 1E.
.
EEA A-3 B-REP-06-599-13
The Gas Company
Appendi, B )all 'eat /ss *alculatins
3onsi1er t%e 0rocess %eater s%own in Fiure 10. Durin o0eration, t%e e.ternal sur4aces o4 t%e
0rocess %eater are %ot, an1 enery is trans4erre1 to t%e surroun1in environment t%rou% t%e 0rocesses o4
con1uction, convection, an1 ra1iation. For 0ractical 0ro2lems suc% as t%e 0rocess %eater s%own in Fiure
10, enery is trans4erre1 4rom t%e %ot e.ternal soli1 sur4ace o4 t%e 0rocess %eater to t%e surroun1in air.
For %eat trans4er 4rom soli1 sur4aces to a surroun1in 4lui1 suc% as air, t%e con1uction an1 convection
terms are 4re?uently com2ine1 an1 e.0resse1 as 4ollows(
T A h
A
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8
c
c
c
E(uatin 1
w%ere
?c A %eat trans4er 0er unit area )#tu=%r-4t,
N
c
A %eat trans4er rate )#tu=%r,
A A sur4ace area )4t
2
,
%
c
A %eat trans4er coe44icient, inclu1in 2ot% convection an1 con1uction )#tu=%r-4t
2
-F,
O' A tem0erature 1i44erence 2etween 0rocess %eater wall an1 surroun1in air )F,
Figure 10& -i$plified 5iagra$ f 'eat /ss fr$ E,ternal -urface f Prcess 'eater
8a1iation %eat trans4er 2etween two 2o1ies is 0ro0ortional t%e 1i44erence o4 t%e 4ourt% 0ower o4
t%e a2solute tem0erature o4 eac% 2o1y. <owever, to 0reserve similarities wit% t%e 4orm o4 t%e convection
%eat trans4er e?uation, t%e ra1iation %eat trans4er is o4ten e.0resse1 as
T A h
A
@
8
r
r
r
E(uatin 2
EEA B-1 B-REP-06-599-13
&rocess ;eater
Conduction
Con!ection
)adiation
T A h
A
@
8
r
r
r
T A h
A
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8
c
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c
The Gas Company
w%ere
?r A %eat trans4er 0er unit area 1ue to ra1iation )#tu=%r-4t,
N
r
A %eat trans4er rate )#tu=%r,
%
r
A ra1iation %eat trans4er coe44icient )#tu=%r-4t
2
-F,
'%e %eat trans4er 4rom t%e soli1 sur4aces o4 a 0rocess %eater, suc% as t%at 1e0icte1 in Fiure 10,
vary 4or %ori@ontal an1 vertical sur4aces, an1 4or 1i44erence ty0es o4 materials )emissivity c%anes, w%ic%
c%anes ra1iation,. '%e %eat trans4er 4rom soli1 sur4aces is also stronly 1e0en1ent on e.ternal air 4low.
For e.am0le, i4 t%ere is 4orce1 convection )e.., a 4an t%at moves air across t%e 0rocess %eater,, t%e %eat
trans4er rates can 2e sini4icantly %i%er com0are1 to natural convection )air movement only occurs 1ue
to natural 2uoyancy e44ects t%at occur 4rom tem0erature variations o4 t%e air,. '%ere will also 2e
variations in %eat trans4er across t%e e.ternal sur4ace 1ue to tem0erature variations on t%e wall )e.., t%e
e.ternal sur4ace o4 t%e 4urnace roo4 may 2e %otter t%an t%e si1es,.
For 0ractical 0ro2lems suc% as t%e %eat loss 4rom t%e e.ternal walls o4 0rocess %eaters, several
sim0li4yin assum0tions are enerally set suc% t%at an estimate can 2e o2taine1. '%e sim0li4yin
assum0tions use1 in t%is wor/0a0er inclu1e(
Mo1el e.ternal 4urnace area as a vertical wall. E.clu1e t%e 4loor area o4 t%e 4urnace an1 only
inclu1e t%e si1es an1 roo4 t%at are in contact wit% t%e surroun1in air.
:sot%ermal wall tem0erature
No 4orce1 convection
;sin t%ese sim0li4yin assum0tions, enineers %ave 1evelo0e1 em0irical %eat trans4er e?uations
t%at are enerally vali1 4or a rane o4 wall tem0eratures an1 am2ient air tem0eratures. 7ne suc%
em0irical e?uation 1evelo0e1 4or wall tem0eratures in t%e rane o4 a00ro.imately 1-0 to -00
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F an1 an
am2ient air tem0erature o4 *5
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