II.

Theory
Light is a part of the energy cycle, it can produced from heat or electricity and yet it can do
otherwise. Visible light is a narrow part of the electromagnetic spectrum which covers the colors violet
to red. In vacuum the speed of visible light is equal to

. [1] The speed of light can vary when

it is produced into a medium; the speed is inversely proportional to the density of the medium.
Light can be propagated via refraction, which is the bending of light when it enters a medium
and its speed differs. It bends the light toward the normal to the boundary between the two media; the
amount of bending depends on the indices of refraction of the media. The index of refraction can be
defined as:

This is the velocity of the light in a vacuum over the speed of light in a medium. Snells Law relates the
index of refraction: n of the two media to the direction of the propagation in terms of the angles to the
normal. [2]

Another way to propagate light is via reflection which is the kind when the image or the light itself is
reproduced. The angle of incidence and the angle of reflection are equal to each other. This is referred
by the Law of reflection. [3]

Light intensity is a characteristic of light which is very useful in photography. The Inverse square
Law states that the distance has a inverse square proportion with light intensity and can be described as:
[4]

Formula:
1.

2.

)
3.

4.

5.

6.

Symbols:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
Reference:
[1] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/cspeed.html#c1
[2] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/geoopt/refr.html#c1
[3] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/phyopt/reflectcon.html#c1
[4] http://photo.tutsplus.com/articles/lighting-articles/rules-for-perfect-lighting-understanding-the-
inverse-square-law/

Conclusion
The experiments successfully gave the relationship the index of refraction, angle of
incidence, angle of refraction and the angle of emergence. The image of an object changes its
position because the velocity of light decreases when it enters a medium with much higher
index of refraction than the former media. The thickness of the medium affects the depth of
the light produced also with the dependence of the index of refraction. There are two general
types of lens: Concave and Convex. Concave diverges the light producing a virtual and
diminishing image while a convex lens converges the light producing inverted and big image.
The angle formed of a reflected light is equal to the angle of incidence and lastly as the body
goes away from the light, the intensity of light decreases inversely squared. [1]
Reference:
[1] http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/HFrame.html