Professional Documents
Culture Documents
The cost of a plant asset includes all normal, reasonable, and necessary costs of getting the
asset in place and ready for its intended use.
2.
A plant asset is tangible; it is used in the production or sale of other assets or services; and
it has a useful life longer than one accounting period.
3.
Land held for future expansion is classified as a long-term investment. It is not a plant asset
because it is not being used in the production or sale of other assets or services.
4.
Land is an asset with an unlimited life and, therefore, is not subject to depreciation. Land
improvements have limited lives and are subject to depreciation.
5.
The Modified Accelerated Cost Recovery System is not generally acceptable for financial
accounting purposes because it allocates depreciation over an arbitrary period that is
usually much shorter than the predicted useful life of the asset.
6.
7.
The materiality principle justifies charging low-cost plant asset purchases to expense
because such amounts are unlikely to impact the decisions of financial statement users.
8.
Ordinary repairs are made to keep a plant asset in normal, good operating condition, and
should be charged to expense of the current period. Extraordinary repairs are made to
extend the life of a plant asset beyond the original estimated life; they are recorded as capital
expenditures (and added to the asset account).
9.
A company might sell or exchange an asset when it reaches the end of its useful life, or if it
becomes inadequate or obsolete, or if the company has changed its business plans. An
asset also can be damaged or destroyed by fire or some other accident that would require its
disposal.
10. The process of allocating the cost of natural resources to expense over the periods when
they are consumed is called depletion. The method to compute depletion is similar to unitsof-production depreciation.
11. An intangible asset: (1) has no physical existence; (2) derives value from the unique legal
and contractual rights held by its owner; and (3) is used in the companys operations.
12. No, depletion expense should be calculated on the units that are extracted (similar to the
units-of-production basis) and sold.
13. Intangible assets are generally recorded at their cost and amortized over their predicted
useful life. (However, some costs are not included, such as the research and development
costs leading up to a patent.) The costs of intangible assets are generally allocated to
amortization expense using the straight-line method over their useful lives. If the useful life
of an intangible asset is indefinite, then it is not amortizedinstead, it is annually tested for
impairment.
14. A company has goodwill when its income return rate is greater than the income return rate
normally earned in its industry. (Alternatively, goodwill is when the value of a company
exceeds the value of its individual net assets [assets less liabilities].) Goodwill appears in
the balance sheet when one company acquires another company or separate segment and
pays a price that exceeds the combined values of all its net assets (assets less liabilities)
excluding goodwill.
15.
No; this type of goodwill would not be amortized. Instead, the FASB (SFAS 142) requires that
goodwill be annually tested for impairment. If the book value of goodwill does not exceed its
fair (market) value, goodwill is not impaired. However, if the book value of goodwill exceeds
its fair value, an impairment loss is recorded equal to that excess. (Details of this two-step
test are in advanced courses.)
16. The statement of cash flows is potentially impacted in three ways when accounting for longterm assets. If there are (1) additions or (2) disposals of long-term assets, these transactions
(assuming they involve cash) are reported in the investing activities section of the statement
of cash flows. Also, if the indirect method is used to prepare the statement of cash flows
see Chapter 12then depreciation, depletion, and amortization of long-term assets are
reported in the operating section of the statement of cash flows as adjustments to net
income. (3) Cash payments for capital and revenue expenditures can also impact the
statement of cash flows.
17. Total asset turnover is calculated by dividing net sales by average total assets. Financial
statement users can use total asset turnover to evaluate the efficiency of a company in using
its assets to generate sales.
18. Krispy Kreme titles its plant assets "Property and equipment, net." The book value of its
property and equipment as of February 2, 2003, is $202,558,000 and as of February 3, 2002, is
$112,577,000.
19. Tastykakes plant assets are categorized as Property, plant and equipment and are
reported at their gross values separately under Land, Buildings and improvements, and
Machinery and equipment. The accumulated depreciation amount is deducted from the
gross value of the long-term assets. The net value (book value) of the property, plant, and
equipment on its 2002 balance sheet is $58,391,222.
20. The December 31, 2002, long-term assets of Harley-Davidson, Inc., are reported in its Note 2
as follows:
Under property, plant and equipment, at cost (in thousands):
Land and land improvements....................... $ 20,674
Buildings and improvements........................
273,959
Machinery and equipment............................. 1,448,312
Construction-in-progress.............................
263,311
Total property and equipment...................... 2,006,256
Less accumulated depreciation...................
973,660
Property and equipment, net........................ $1,032,596
157
QUICK STUDIES
Quick Study 8-1 (10 minutes)
Recorded cost = $180,000 + $18,000 + $3,000 + $12,600 = $213,600
Note: The $2,250 repair charge is an expense because it is not a normal and reasonable
expenditure necessary to get the asset in place and ready for its intended use.
158
159
First year:
$930,000 x 25%
= $232,500
Second year:
($930,000 - $232,500) x 25%
= $174,375
Third year:
($930,000 - $232,500 - $174,375) x 25%
= $130,781* (rounded)
Capital expenditure
Revenue expenditure
Revenue expenditure
Capital expenditure
2. (a)
Building................................................................
Cash..............................................................
250,000
250,000
(d) Equipment............................................................
Cash..............................................................
50,000
50,000
Machinery..............................................................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery..............
Loss on Exchange of Assets..............................
Machinery.....................................................
Cash..............................................................
48,000
20,400
2,000
38,400
32,000
2.
Machinery..............................................................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery..............
Machinery.....................................................
42,000
20,400
38,400
160
Cash..............................................................
24,000
161
Ore Mine................................................................
Cash................................................................
1,500,000
1,500,000
2.
Depletion per unit =
$1,500,000 - $150,000
500,000 tons
243,000
243,000
95,000
95,000
2.
Dec. 31 Amortization ExpenseLeasehold Improvements.......
Accumulated AmortizationLeasehold
Improvements....................................................
11,875
11,875
$13,557
($14,968 + $18,810) / 2
= 0.80 times
162
($ millions)
163
EXERCISES
Exercise 8-1 (15 minutes)
Invoice price of machine......................
Less discount (.02 x $11,500)..............
Net purchase price...............................
Freight charges (transportation-in).....
Mounting and power connections......
Assembly...............................................
Materials used in adjusting..................
Total cost to be recorded.....................
11,500
(230)
11,270
260
795
375
30
12,730
$ 225,000
120,000
34,500
51,000
$ 430,500
430,500
85,500
1,354,500
1,870,500
164
$368,250
19,600
$387,850
Appraised
Value
Percent
of Total
Applying %
to Cost
Apportioned
Cost
$166,320
55,440
174,240
$396,000
42%
14
44
100%
$387,850 x .42
$387,850 x .14
$387,850 x .44
$162,897
54,299
170,654
$387,850
Journal entry
Land.....................................................................
Land Improvements...........................................
Building...............................................................
Cash.............................................................
162,897
54,299
170,654
387,850
165
Year-End
Book Value
$73,500
36,750
30,000
30,000
Total.......
$117,000
* Do not depreciate more than $6,750 in the third year since the salvage
value is not subject to depreciation.
166
$ 75,000
$175,000
$ 70,000
Alternate calculation
2004 depreciation ($250,000 x 40% x 9/12)................................
2005 depreciation
$250,000 x 40% x 3/12.............................................................
($250,000 - $75,000 - $25,000) x 40% x 9/12..........................
Total 2005 depreciation...............................................................
$ 75,000
$ 25,000
45,000
$ 70,000
$21,750
$12,000
167
(9,750)
$12,000
(1,800)
$10,200
168
Year 1........
Year 2........
Year 3........
Year 4........
Year 5........
Totals......
$ 85,500
85,500
85,500
85,500
85,500
$427,500
Depreciation
Expense*
$ 36,540
36,540
36,540
36,540
36,540
$182,700
Net
Income
$ 48,960
48,960
48,960
48,960
48,960
$244,800
2. Double-declining-balance depreciation
Year 1........
Year 2........
Year 3........
Year 4........
Year 5........
Totals.....
Income
before
Depreciation
Depreciation
Expense*
Net
Income
$ 85,500
85,500
85,500
85,500
85,500
$427,500
$ 94,080
56,448
32,172
0
0
$182,700
$ (8,580)
29,052
53,328
85,500
85,500
$244,800
**Must not use $33,869; instead take only enough depreciation in Year 3 to reduce
book value to the $52,500 salvage value.
169
Building........................................................................
Cash......................................................................
67,200
67,200
3.
4.
Cost of building
Before repairs...................................................
Add cost of repairs..........................................
Less accumulated depreciation........................
Revised book value of building.........................
$561,000
67,200
$628,200
420,750
$207,450
$207,450
12 years
$17,287.5
17,287.5
17,287.5
To record depreciation.
Equipment...................................................................
Cash......................................................................
21,000
21,000
To record betterment.
2.
Repairs Expense........................................................
Cash......................................................................
5,250
5,250
3.
Equipment...................................................................
Cash......................................................................
13,950
13,950
170
95,000
82,000
Cash...................................................................
Loss on Sale of Machinery..............................
Accumulated Depreciation--Machinery..........
Machinery.....................................................
16,250
3,125
22,625
42,000
Jan. 2
Machinery*........................................................
Accumulated Depreciation--Machinery..........
Machinery.....................................................
Cash**...........................................................
57,875
22,625
42,000
38,500
171
Machinery..........................................................
Loss on Exchange of Machinery....................
Accumulated Depreciation--Machinery..........
Machinery.....................................................
58,500
4,375
22,625
42,000
Cash*.............................................................
43,500
172
July 1
Depreciation Expense...........................................
Accumulated Depreciation--Machinery..........
6,625
6,625
Cash......................................................................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery............
Gain on Sale of Machinery..............................
Machinery..........................................................
35,000
59,625
1,875
92,750
Cash......................................................................
Loss from Fire......................................................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery............
Machinery..........................................................
30,000
3,125
59,625
92,750
398,310
398,310
Dec. 31
18,744
18,744
173
1 Copyright.............................................................
Cash.................................................................
236,700
236,700
19,725
19,725
$437,000
x 10%
43,700
85,000
$ 41,300
$4,862,000
($1,586,000 + $1,700,000)/2
= 2.96
$7,542,000
($1,700,000 + $1,882,000)/2
= 4.21
Analysis comments. Based on these calculations, Joy turned its assets over 1.25
(4.21 2.96) more times in 2005 than in 2004. This increase indicates that Joy
became more efficient in using its assets. Moreover, Joy has improved its
Solutions Manual, Chapter 8
174
efficiency in using assets relative to its competitors who average 3.0. Together,
these results based on total asset turnover indicate that Joy has markedly
improved its performance and is currently superior to its competitors.
175
PROBLEM SET A
Problem 8-1A (50 minutes)
Part 1
Appraised
Value
$408,000
289,000
42,500
110,500
$850,000
Percent
of Total
48%
34
5
13
100%
Building........................
Land..............................
Land improvements....
Vehicles........................
Total..............................
......................................
2005
Jan. 1
Building..........................................................
Land................................................................
Land Improvements......................................
Vehicles..........................................................
Cash..........................................................
Apportioned
Cost
$378,000
267,750
39,375
102,375
$787,500
378,000
267,750
39,375
102,375
787,500
Part 2
Year 2005 straight-line depreciation on building
[($378,000 - $25,650) / 15 years] = $23,490
Part 3
Year 2005 double-declining-balance depreciation on land improvements
(100% / 5 years) x 2 = 40% rate
$39,375 x 40% = $ 15,750
Part 4
Accelerated depreciation does not lower the total amount of taxes paid over
the asset's life. Instead, it defers or postpones taxes to the later years of an
assets useful life. This is because accelerated methods charge a higher
portion of asset costs against revenue in earlier years and a lower portion in
later years. The result is to reduce taxable income more in earlier years but
less in later years. [Note: From a present value perspective, there is a tax
176
savings from use of accelerated depreciation. The company gets to use the
tax deferred amounts for investment purposes until they are due.]
177
Building
3
Land
Improvements 1
Land
Improvements
2
Land
Purchase price*....... $1,792,000
Demolition................
422,600
Land grading............
167,200
New building............
New improvements.. _________
Totals....................... $2,381,800
_______
$616,000
$2,019,000
_________
$2,019,000
Appraised
Value
Percent
of Total
Apportioned
Cost**
Land.....................................
Building 2............................
Land Improvements 1.........
Totals...................................
$1,865,600
641,300
408,100
$2,915,000
64%
22
14
100%
$1,792,000
616,000
392,000
$2,800,000
$616,000
$392,000
_______
$392,000
$158,000
$158,000
Part 2
2005
Jan. 1
Land..................................................................... 2,381,800
Building 2............................................................
616,000
Building 3............................................................ 2,019,000
Land Improvements 1........................................
392,000
Land Improvements 2........................................
158,000
Cash...............................................................
5,566,800
Part 3
2005
Dec. 31 Depreciation ExpenseBuilding 2.......................
Accumulated DepreciationBuilding 2.........
26,800
26,800
65,156
65,156
28,000
28,000
7,900
178
7,900
179
Jan.
Jan.
3 Equipment..............................................................
Cash.................................................................
3,660
3,660
60,238*
60,238
To record depreciation.
*
$273,140
3,660
276,800
35,850
240,950
$ 60,238*
2005
Jan. 1 Equipment..............................................................
Cash.................................................................
4,500
4,500
920
920
37,042*
37,042
To record depreciation.
*2005 depreciation after January 1st extraordinary repair
Total cost ($276,800 + $4,500)..............................................
Less accumulated depreciation ..........................................
Book value.............................................................................
Less salvage..........................................................................
Remaining cost to be depreciated.......................................
Revised remaining useful life (Original 4 years - 1yr. + 2yrs.)
Revised annual depreciation ($185,212 / 5 yrs) (rounded).
$281,300
60,238
221,062
35,850
$185,212
5.0 yrs.
$ 37,042
180
Jan. 1 Trucks.......................................................................
Cash....................................................................
20,580
20,580
3,516
3,516
4,521*
4,521
To record depreciation.
*
2005 depreciation
Total cost....................................................................
Less accumulated depreciation (from 2004)............
Book value..................................................................
Less revised salvage value.......................................
Remaining cost to be depreciated............................
Revised useful life.....................................................
Less one year used in 2004.......................................
Revised remaining useful life...................................
Total depreciation for 2005 ($13,564/3)(rounded)....
$ 20,580
3,516
17,064
3,500
$ 13,564
4.00 yrs.
1.00 yrs.
3.00 yrs.
$ 4,521
2006
4,521
4,521
Dec. 31 Cash..........................................................................
Accumulated DepreciationTrucks......................
Loss on Disposal of Trucks....................................
Trucks.................................................................
6,200
12,558**
1,822***
20,580
181
$ 3,516
4,521
4,521
$12,558
$20,580
(12,558)
$ 8,022
$ 1,822
Part 1
Cost of machine....................................
Less estimated salvage value..............
Total depreciable cost..........................
Year
Straight-Linea
1..................
$ 47,500
2..................
47,500
3..................
47,500
4..................
47,500
Totals .........
$190,000
$210,000
20,000
$190,000
Double-DecliningBalancec
$105,000
52,500
26,250
6,250
$190,000
Units-of-Productionb
$ 48,560
48,960
47,840
44,640
$190,000
Straight- line:
Cost per year = $190,000/4 years = $47,500 per year
Units-of-production:
Cost per unit = $190,000/475,000 units = $0.40 per unit
Year
1.............
2.............
3.............
4.............
Total.......
*
Units
121,400
122,400
119,600
118,200
Unit Cost
$0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
Depreciation
$ 48,560
48,960
47,840
44,640*
$190,000
Double-declining-balance:
(100%/4) x 2 = 50% depreciation rate
Year
1.........
2.........
3.........
4.........
Total...
Beginning
Book
Value
$210,000
105,000
52,500
26,250
Annual
Depreciation
(50% of
Book Value)
$105,000
52,500
26,250
6,250*
$190,000
Accumulated
Depreciation
at the End of
the Year
$105,000
157,500
183,750
190,000
182
167,000
167,000
Jan. 3 Machinery.............................................................
Cash................................................................
3,420
3,420
Jan. 3 Machinery.............................................................
Cash................................................................
1,080
1,080
b. First year
Dec. 31 Depreciation ExpenseMachinery....................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery......
26,150
26,150
Fifth year
Dec. 31 Depreciation ExpenseMachinery....................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery......
26,150
26,150
$130,750
$171,500
(130,750)
$ 40,750
Dec. 31 Cash.....................................................................
Loss on Sale of Machinery................................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery...........
Machinery.......................................................
13,500
27,250
130,750
171,500
Dec. 31 Cash.....................................................................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery...........
Machinery.......................................................
Gain on Sale of Machinery............................
45,000
130,750
171,500
4,250
(iii) Destroyed in fire and collected $24,000 cash from insurance company
Dec. 31 Cash.....................................................................
183
24,000
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery...........
Loss from Fire.....................................................
Machinery.......................................................
130,750
16,750
171,500
184
185,000
185,000
(b)
July 1 Prepaid Rent.......................................................
Cash...............................................................
70,000
70,000
(c)
July 5 Leasehold Improvements..................................
Cash...............................................................
129,840
129,840
(d)
Dec. 31 Rent Expense......................................................
Accumulated AmortizationLeasehold.....
9,250
9,250
(e)
Dec. 31 Amortization ExpenseLeasehold Improvements. .
6,492
Accumulated AmortizationLeasehold
Improvements...................................................
6,492
(f)
Dec. 31 Rent Expense......................................................
Prepaid Rent.................................................
35,000
35,000
185
4,836,000
4,836,000
(b)
July 25 Machinery.......................................................
Cash..........................................................
390,000
390,000
(c)
Dec. 31 Depletion ExpenseMineral Deposit..........
Accum. DepletionMineral Deposit......
248,000
248,000
(d)
Dec. 31 Depreciation ExpenseMachinery..............
Accum. DepreciationMachinery.........
20,000
20,000
Analysis Component:
SimilaritiesAmortization, depletion, and depreciation are similar in that
they are all methods of allocating costs of long-term assets to the periods
that benefit from their use. DifferencesThey are different in that they
apply to different types of long-term assets: amortization applies to
intangible assets with (definite) useful lives; depletion applies to natural
resources; and depreciation applies to plant assets. Also, amortization is
typically computed using the straight-line method, whereas the units-ofproduction method is usually used in depletion.
186
$395,930
x 20%
$ 79,186
$100,000
79,186
$ 20,814
$138,760
Part 2
Potential Buyers proposal
Goodwill ($20,814 x 5)...............................................................
$104,070
Part 3
Net assets without goodwill (equals equity)............................
Cost of goodwill acquired by buyer (from part 1)...................
Purchase price (buyers investment).........................................
$395,930
138,760
$534,690
Part 4
Net income divided by buyers
Investment ($100,225 / $534,690)..........................................
18.7%
187
PROBLEM SET B
Problem 8-1B (50 minutes)
Part 1
Building........................
Land..............................
Land improvements.....
Trucks...........................
Total..............................
2005
Jan. 1
Appraised
Value
$ 784,800
540,640
226,720
191,840
$1,744,000
Percent
of Total
45%
31
13
11
100%
Buildings...................................................
Land...........................................................
Land Improvements.................................
Trucks........................................................
Cash.....................................................
Apportioned
Cost
$ 724,500
499,100
209,300
177,100
$1,610,000
724,500
499,100
209,300
177,100
1,610,000
Part 2
Year 2005 straight-line depreciation on building
[($724,500 - $100,500) / 12 years] = $52,000
Part 3
Year 2005 double-declining-balance depreciation on land improvements
(100% / 10 years) x 2 = 20% rate
$209,300 x 20% = $41,860
Part 4
Accelerated depreciation does not increase the total amount of taxes paid
over the assets life. Instead, it defers or postpones taxes to the later years of
an assets useful life. This is because accelerated methods charge a higher
portion of asset costs against revenue in earlier years and a lower portion in
later years. The result is to reduce taxable income more in earlier years and
less in later years. [Note: From a present value perspective, there is a tax
savings from use of accelerated depreciation. The company gets to use the
tax deferred amounts for investment purposes until they are due.]
188
Allocation of
purchase price
Land..................................
Building B.........................
Land Improvements B.....
Totals................................
Building
B
Land
Improvements B
Building
C
$459,000
$121,500
$1,356,000
_______ _________
$459,000 $1,356,000
_______
$121,500
Appraised
Value
$ 792,585
472,770
125,145
$1,390,500
Percent
of Total
57%
34
9
100%
Land
Improvements C
$101,250
$101,250
Apportioned
Cost
$ 769,500
459,000
121,500
$1,350,000
Part 2
2005
Jan. 1
Land....................................................................... 1,059,000
Building B..............................................................
459,000
Building C.............................................................. 1,356,000
Land Improvements B.......................................... 121,500
Land Improvements C.......................................... 101,250
Cash.................................................................
3,096,750
To record cost of plant assets.
Part 3
2005
24,600
24,600
53,025
53,025
189
20,250
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
...........................................................................
Accum. Depreciation--Land Improvements B....
20,250
10,125
10,125
190
Jan. 1 Equipment................................................................
Cash....................................................................
26,900
26,900
Jan. 3 Equipment................................................................
Cash....................................................................
1,550
1,550
4,970*
4,970
To record depreciation.
*
$26,900
1,550
28,450
3,600
$24,850
$ 4,970
2005
Jan. 1 Equipment................................................................
Cash....................................................................
1,970
1,970
600
600
3,642*
3,642
To record depreciation.
*2005 depreciation after 1/1 extraordinary repair
Total cost ($28,450 + $1,970)...............................................
Less accumulated depreciation..........................................
Book value............................................................................
Less salvage.........................................................................
Remaining cost to be depreciated......................................
191
$30,420
4,970
25,450
3,600
$21,850
6.0 yrs.
$ 3,642
17,200
17,200
2005
Dec. 31 Depreciation ExpenseMachinery.....................
Accum. DepreciationMachinery.................
27,583*
27,583
To record depreciation.
*
2005 depreciation:
Total cost.......................................................................
Less accumulated depreciation (from 2004)...............
Book value.....................................................................
Less revised salvage value..........................................
Remaining cost to be depreciated...............................
Revised useful life.........................................................
Less 1 year in 2004.......................................................
Revised remaining useful life.......................................
$113,000
17,200
95,800
13,050
$ 82,750
4.0 yrs.
1.0 yrs.
3.0 yrs.
$ 27,583
2006
Dec. 31 Depreciation ExpenseMachinery.....................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery.......
27,583
27,583
To record depreciation.
Dec. 31 Cash.......................................................................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery.............
Loss on Disposal of Machinery...........................
Machinery........................................................
25,240
72,366**
15,394***
113,000
$ 17,200
27,583
27,583
$ 72,366
192
193
Total cost......................................................................
Less accumulated depreciation.................................
Book value ..................................................................
$113,000
(72,366)
$ 40,634
$ 15,394
Year
1....................
2....................
3....................
4....................
5....................
Totals...........
Straight-Line
$312,000
28,000
$284,000
Units-of-Production
$ 56,800
56,800
56,800
56,800
56,800
$284,000
Double-DecliningBalancec
$ 61,400
57,600
56,750
58,150
50,100
$284,000
$124,800
74,880
44,928
26,957
12,435
$284,000
Straight- line:
Cost per year = $284,000/5 years = $56,800 per year
Units-of-production:
Cost per unit = $284,000/1,136,000 units = $0.25 per unit
Year
1...............
2...............
3...............
4...............
5...............
Total........
*
Units
245,600
230,400
227,000
232,600
211,200
Unit Cost
$0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
0.25
Depreciation
$ 61,400
57,600
56,750
58,150
50,100*
$284,000
Beginning
Year
Book Value
1............ $312,000
2............ 187,200
3............ 112,320
4............
67,392
5............
40,435
Total......
Annual
Depreciation
(40% of
Book Value)
$124,800
74,880
44,928
26,957
12,435**
$284,000
Accumulated
Depreciation
at the End of
the Year
$124,800
199,680
244,608
271,565
284,000
194
**
195
Jan. 2 Machinery................................................................
Cash...................................................................
3,390
3,390
Jan. 2 Machinery................................................................
Cash...................................................................
4,800
4,800
b. First year
Dec. 31 Depreciation ExpenseMachinery......................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery........
17,170
17,170
Sixth year
Dec. 31 Depreciation ExpenseMachinery......................
Accumulated DepreciationMachinery........
17,170
17,170
$103,020
$138,190
(103,020)
$ 35,170
Dec. 31 Cash.......................................................................
Solutions Manual, Chapter 8
20,000
196
197
30,000
30,000
(b)
Jan. 1 Prepaid Rent..........................................................
Cash.................................................................
26,400
26,400
(c)
Jan. 3 Leasehold Improvements.....................................
Cash.................................................................
18,000
18,000
(d)
Dec. 31 Rent Expense........................................................
Accumulated AmortizationLeasehold.......
6,000
6,000
(e)
Dec. 31 Amortization ExpenseLeasehold Improvements..
3,600
Accumulated AmortizationLeasehold
Improvements.....................................................
To record leasehold improvement amortization
($18,000/5 years remaining on lease).
(f)
Dec. 31 Rent Expense........................................................
Prepaid Rent....................................................
3,600
26,400
26,400
198
4,450,000
Mar. 21 Machinery........................................................
Cash...........................................................
200,000
200,000
313,280
313,280
14,080
14,080
Analysis Component:
SimilaritiesAmortization, depletion, and depreciation are similar in that
they are all methods of allocating costs of long-term assets to the periods
that benefit from their use. DifferencesThey are different in that they
apply to different types of long-term assets: amortization applies to
intangible assets (with definite useful lives); depletion applies to natural
resources; and depreciation applies to plant assets. Also, amortization is
typically computed using the straight-line method, whereas the units-ofproduction method is usually used in depletion.
199
$667,375
x 32%
$213,560
$230,000
213,560
$ 16,440
Packs proposal
Goodwill ($16,440 / 10%)..........................................................
$164,400
Part 2
Buyers proposal
Goodwill ($16,440 x 8)...............................................................
$131,520
Part 3
Net assets without goodwill.....................................................
Cost of goodwill acquired by buyer (from part 1)...................
Purchase price (buyers investment).........................................
$667,375
164,400
$831,775
Part 4
Net income divided by buyers
investment ($200,175 / $831,775)...........................................
24.1%
200
Serial Problem
Serial Problem, Success Systems (45 minutes)
1.
For the three months ended March 31, 2005, depreciation expense was
$400 for office equipment and $1,250 for the computer equipment.
Annualizing these three months results in the following amounts for
depreciation expense:
Depreciation ExpenseOffice Equipment ($400 x 4)......................$1,600
Depreciation ExpenseComputer Equipment ($1,250 x 4)............$5,000
2.
Office Equipment................................
Accumulated DepreciationOffice
Equipment......................................
Office Equipment (book value).........
Computer Equipment.........................
Accumulated Depreciation
Computer Equipment...................
Computer Equipment (book value)...
December 31,
2004
$8,000
400
$7,600
December 31,
2005
$8,000
2,000
$6,000
December 31,
2004
$20,000
December 31,
2005
$20,000
1,250
$18,750
6,250
$13,750
3.
Note: Total asset turnover = Net sales / Average total assets
The 3-month total asset turnover for Success Systems at March 31, 2005
201
$491,549
($410,487 + $255,376)/2
= 1.48 times
2/03/02:
$394,354
($255,376 + $171,493)/2
= 1.85 times
202
Comparative Analysis
BTN 8-2
2. Each dollar of Krispy Kremes assets produces $1.48 in net sales for
the current year and $1.85 in net sales for the prior year. Each dollar of
Tastykakes assets produces $1.39 in net sales for the current year and
$1.46 in net sales for the prior year. Consequently, we see that Krispy
Kreme employs its assets more efficiently than does Tastykake.
However, both companies have experienced a decline in asset
efficiency for the current year.
203
Ethics Challenge
BTN 8-3
Communicating in Practice
BTN 8-4
The solution to this activity will vary based on the industry and the
companies chosen for analysis. Many instructors find it useful to report
the results from the teams to the class for purposes of classroom
discussion and analysis.
204
BTN 8-5
Teamwork in Action
BTN 8-6
Straight-line
Double-Declining-Balance
Units-of-Production
2005
$10,500
2006
$10,500
2007
$10,500
$5,500 (depreciate to
salvage) = $3,500
* Depreciation is based on the estimated capacity of 60,000 miles. Even though the van is
driven 10,000 miles in the last year, depreciation can only be taken for the remaining 9,000
miles of estimated capacity. This will record depreciation to the estimated salvage value.
205
xxxx*
xxxx*
Double-DecliningBalance
$22,000
11,000
5,500
2,000
Units of Production
$35,600
23,000
8,300
2,000
For reporting purposes, each expert will have different results. But
each should show:
Plant Assets:
Transport Van................................................
Less: Accumulated Depreciation.................
$44,000
XXXX*
XXXX*
* Amounts vary by the method and the year selected for illustration. Experts should explain
the amounts shown.
206
BTN 8-7
207
Entrepreneurial Decision
BTN 8-8
Part 1
(a) Under current conditions, the total asset turnover is 3. This is computed
as net sales of $3,000,000 divided by its average total assets of
$1,000,000.* This means the company turns its assets over 3 times per
year or, stated differently, each $1 of assets produces $3.00 of net sales
per year.
* Total asset turnover =
Net sales
Average total assets
(b) Under this proposal, its asset turnover would increase to 3.67. This is
computed by taking its net sales of $5,500,000 ($3,000,000 + $2,500,000)
and dividing by its average total assets of $1,500,000 ($1,000,000 +
$500,000). This means the company would now turn its assets over 3.67
times per year or, stated differently, each $1 of assets would now
produce $3.67 of net sales per year.
Part 2
Cordovas proposal would yield an improved total asset turnover of 3.67
vis--vis the current total asset turnover of 3. However, we need to
recognize that this proposal depends on our confidence in both
maintaining current sales, meeting future sales expectations, and not
losing or alienating current and/or future customers due to the expanded
operations. Assuming all of our estimates are reasonable, we need to focus
on any potential customer concern and the impact on other dimensions of
analysis that such a proposal can bring about.*
*We must remember that total asset turnover is only one dimension of a complete analysis of this
proposal. For example, we would want to explore the impact of this proposal on net income and
other activities.
BTN 8-9
No formal solution exists for this activity. It is usually interesting for the
class to exchange their discoveries via class discussion. This is
particularly the case with respect to patents, copyrights, and trademarks.
208
8-10
2. Grupo Bimbo and Krispy Kreme were the most efficient in producing
net sales from total assets employed ($1.49 and $1.48 respectively).
Specifically, each peso of Grupo Bimbos assets produces 1.49 pesos
in net sales for the current year and 1.43 pesos in net sales for the prior
year. In comparison, each dollar of Krispy Kremes assets produces
$1.48 in net sales for the current year and $1.85 in net sales for the
prior year, whereas each dollar of Tastykakes assets produces $1.39 in
net sales for the current year and $1.46 in net sales for the prior year.
209