COMMON INDO-EUROPEAN/AFROASIATIC ROOTS: SUPPLEMENT 1

ALLAN R, BOMHARD
1. INTRODUCTION
In my book Toward Prato-Nostratic: A New Approach to the Com-
parison of Indo-European and Afroasiatic (Amsterdam: John Benja-
mins, 1984), I listed 318 possible cognate sets common to Indo-
European and Afroasiatic. In the two years that have passed since
the publication of that book, I have continued my studies, and
several reviews of my book have appeared. The time seems approp-
riate to bring the proposed cognate sets up to date by adding new
material and by correcting several problematical etymologies.
However, to those not familiar with the principles underlying my
earlier studies, a mere list of new material would not be easily
comprehensible. I shall, therefore, begin with a synopsis of
these principles; for details, the reader should consult the per-
tinent sections of my book, as follows:
Foreword .......................................... i
Preface ............................................. v
1. In traduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. The Reconstruction of the PIE Consonant System ......... 5
3. The Reconstruction of the PIE Vowel System ........... 37
4. Accentuation in the Indo-European Languages ......... 61
5. The Development of the PIE Phonological System
in the Non-Anatolian Daughter Languages ............. 75
6. The Development of the PIE Phonological System
in the Anatolian Daughter Languages ................ 93
7. The Reconstruction of the PAA Consonant System ..... 133
B. The Reconstruction of the PAA Vowel System ........... 175
9. Comparison of PIE and PAA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
10. Problems of Root Structure ........................ 285
Postscript . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
References ..................................... 293
A complete list of references is contained in my book (pp. 293-315).
The bibliography at the end of this article contains only titles
referred to here, additions of works omitted in my book, and mater-
ial published since 1984.
2. PREVIOUS COMPARISONS
There have been several attempts to demonstrate that Indo-Euro-
pean and Afroasiatic are genetically related. Even though some
GENERAL LINGUISTICS, Vol. 26, No. 4. Published by The Pennsylvania
State University Press, University Park and London.
225
striking similarities have been revealed by the previous attempts,
these efforts have, by and large, been unconvincing for several
of reasons: In the first place, the phonological system of Proto-
Indo-European as traditionally reconstructed differs drastically
from the phonological system posited for Proto-Afroasiatic (or,
more commonly, Proto-Semitic). This has made it difficult toes-
tablish convincing sound correspondences, with the result that
many lexical look-alikes (such as, for instance, Akkadian ~ r n u
"horn" vs. Latin cornu "horn") have been taken to be cognates when
they are not, while true cognates have gone undetected. Some have
tried to overcome the problems involved by assuming that Proto-Indo-
European underwent a Lautverschiebung (this is the position of the
Soviet School [Illic-Svityc, Dybo, Dolgopol'skij, Shevoroshkin]).
This assumption, however, only complicates matters and can hardly
be considered a viable solution. Next, there appear to be rela-
tively few similarities in the morphology of Proto-Indo-European
and Proto-Afroasiatic. This is not surprising -- as I see the
situation, Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic parted com-
pany many millennia before the stage of development that can be
reached by a direct comparison of the extant daughter languages.
It was during this span of time between the separation of pre-
Proto-Indo-European and pre-Proto-Afroasiatic and the emergence of
the historically-attested daughter languages that each proto-lan-
guage developed its own distinctive morphological system. Under
these circumstances, it appears unlikely that we will be able to
recover the morphological system of the ancestor of these two proto-
languages in great detail. The most that can be hoped for is the
recovery of broad similarities. The situation may be roughly
likened to trying to reconstruct the Indo-European parent language
on the basis of a comparison of, say, contemporary Sindhi and Al-
banian. Were these the only two surviving Indo-European daughter
languages, we would be hard put to show that these two languages
are genetically related, which, of course, they are.
In order even to suggest that Indo-European and Afroasiatic
may have been genetically related, enough resemblances must be
recognized in their phonological systems, morphological structures,
and vocabularies to rule out all possibility of either borrowing
or mere chance. In spite of some heroic efforts, not one of the
previously-attempted comparisons achieved this goal. Consequently,
a totally new approach is called for -- one that takes into ac-
count recent advances in phonological theory that have broadened
our understanding of sound change, one that exploits new notions
of Proto-Indo-European consonantism, and one that makes use of the
226
rapidly-growing body of data from the non-Semitic branches of Afro-
asiatic. This last point is particularly important since all of
the previous investigations into the possible relatedness of Indo-
European and Afroasiatic have relied almost exclusively upon data
from the Semitic languages alone.
3. TRADITIONAL PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM
Those who have tried to compare the Proto-Indo-European phono-
logical system with that of Proto-Afroasiatic have been handicapped
from the start. The main problems center on the consonants. The
traditional reconstruction consists of a three-stop system {this
is Lehmann's [1952:99] position), with plain voiceless, plain voiced,
and voiced aspirated m e m e r s ~ to which some also add voiceless as-
pirated members. However, the voiceless aspirates should be removed
since it has been plausibly suggested that these sounds were mostly
secondarily derived in the daughter languages and played no part in
marking distinctive contrasts at the Proto-Indo-European level
{cf. Bernhard forthcoming/a for details). The main opponent of this
view is Oswald Szemerenyi, who has argued for a return to the four-
stop system of the Neogrammarians. The three-stop system is com-
plete in the dental, velar, and labiovelar series, but the labial
series was most likely defective, lacking a plain voiced member
{but cf. Szemerenyi 1985b:ll-12).
The Neogrammarian reconstruction of the Proto-Indo-European
phonological system is as follows {cf. Brugmann 1904:52):
Monophthongs: a e 0 u a
a e 6 T u
Diphthongs: a i ei oi ai au eu ou au
ai ei 6i au eu 6u
Syllabic Liquids and Nasals:
';; 1);1
~
Q
lJ
0
r
I ~ ~

~
0
g
Occlusives: p ph b bh (labial)
th d dh (dental)
k kh
g
gh (palatal)
q qh g gh (velar)
qll qllh gll gllh (labiovelar)
Fricatives: 5 sh z zh ]:> ph 0 oh
Nasals: m n ~
lJ
Liquids: r
Semi vowels:
l ll
227
By way of comparison, we can take a look at Lehmann's (1952:
99) reconstruction, which is as follows:
1. Obstruents: p k
kW
b d g
gW
bh dh gh gwh
s
2. Resonants: m
w r y
3. Vowels: e a 0
e
i e
a.
o
u.
4. Laryngeals: X y
4. PROTO-AFROASIATIC PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM
One of the most significant characteristics of Afroasiatic
consonantism is the system of triads found in the stops and affri-
cates -- each series (except the lateralized affricates) contains
three members: a voiceless (aspirated) member, a voiced member,
and a glottalized (that is, ejective) member. The lateralized
affricate series probably lacked a voiced member *dJ. Another
noteworthy characteristic is the presence of a glottal stop *?,
a glottal fricative *h, and voiceless and voiced pharyngeal frica-
tives *n and *>. According to Diakonoff (1970:453-80), Proto-
Afroasiatic had a vertical vowel system consisting of *a and *a as
well as a series of syllabic resonants ~ , ~ , ~ , and ~ In my
opinion, the evidence from the non-Semitic branches of Afroasiatic
does not appear to support the reconstruction of syllabic resonants
for Proto-Afroasiatic.
The Proto-Afroasiatic phonological system may be reconstructed
as follows (cf. Bomhard 1984:133-34 and forthcoming/b):
Stops and Affricates:
Voiceless: p t_;;
ty
Voiced: b d dz dY
Glottalized: p' t' t s'
t 'y
Fricatives:
Voiceless: s
Voiced:
Glides, Nasals, and Liquids: w
228
li
kY
gY
H' k'Y
y m n r
k k"
g
gw
k'
k'W
t
'
?
h
5. REVISED PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEM
It is immediately apparent that the Proto-Indo-European phono-
logical system as traditionally reconstructed has very little in
common with the Proto-Afroasiatic phonological system. However,
the Proto-Indo-European phonological system, especially the con-
sonantism, has come under strong criticism recently as data collect-
ed from the study of a great number of the world's languages have
shown that the traditional (that is, the three-stop) reconstruction
lacks credible typological parallels. As a result, various attempts
have been made to establish a system that is more acceptable from a
typological point of view (for discussion, cf. Barnhard 1984:5-36
and forthcoming/c). Without going into details, it may simply be
stated that most of the proposed solutions have been little better
than the traditional reconstruction, and some have even been worse.
This is not true, however, of the revisions proposed by Garnkrelidze,
Hopper, and Ivanov. By substituting glottalized stops (that is,
ejectives) for the traditional plain voiced stops, Garnkrelidze-
Hopper-Ivanov have arrived at a system that is both typologically
plausible and historically probable (the best treatment of the Glot-
talic Theory is to be found in Garnkrelidze-Ivanov 1984:5-80). In
addition, Garnkrelidze-Ivanov reinterpret the traditional plain voice-
less stops as voiceless aspirates, while making no changes to the
traditional voiced aspirates. They point out, however, that the
feature of aspiration is phonernically irrelevant in a system of this
type. (Consequently, aspiration is ignored in this paper.)
The revised Proto-Indo-European consonant system may be recon-
structed as follows (cf. Barnhard 1984:36 and forthcoming/a):
Stops:
Voiceless (Asp ira ted): ph/p t hjt kh/k k"h/k"
Voiced (Asp ira ted): bh/b dh/d gh/g
gwh;gw
Glottalized: (p') t' k'
k'w
?
Fricatives:
Voiceless: s X nh
Voiced:

I'll
Glides: w y
Resonants: m/1)) n/g
r/r;
1/J
229
I see the voiced aspirates as a relatively late development.
For early pre-divisional Proto-Indo-European, I would reinterpret
the traditional voiced aspirates as plain voiced stops.
6. VOWELS
The vocalism of Proto-Indo-European as traditionally recon-
structed was richer by far than that of Proto-Afroasiatic. Proto-
Indo-European had ~ , *B, *a, *i, and ~ plus *e. This reconstruc-
tion is most likely correct for the stage of development existing
immediately prior to the emergence of the non-Anatolian Indo-Euro-
pean daughter languages, but it is by no means ancient and is the
end product of a long, complicated evolution. The earliest form of
Proto-Indo-European may have had a system of vowels such as the fol-
lowing (cf. Bernhard 1984:42-43; Schmalstieg 1980:22):
u
a
a
Also the sequences: ey ay iy uy
ew aw iw uw
I follow Pulleyblank (1965:86-101) in his reinterpretation of the
*e ~ *o ablaut of traditional Proto-Indo-European as a *e ~ *a ab-
laut.
As for the long vowels, I think it probable that they had more
than one origin. It is highly likely that long vowels did not exist
in pre-Proto-Indo-European but, rather, arose solely in Indo-European
proper. First, long vowels developed from the contraction of two
short vowels. Next, long vowels developed from compensatory leng-
thening when laryngeals were lost between a short vowel and an im-
mediately following non-syllabic. Finally, long vowels arose from
the monophthongization of diphthongs and by means of the analogical
process known as "v:rddhi".
rhe vowels *i and *u are to be reconstructed as independent
phonemic entities and not as mere allophones of the glides *y and
*w respectively.
Both Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic made extensive
use of vowel gradation. In both proto-languages, the consonants
carried the basic meaning of a stem, while the vowels were used to
determine morphological function. Of the Afroasiatic daughter lan-
guages, the system of vowel gradation found in the Semitic branch
is by far the oldest documented and the most extensively studied.
230
When compared with the system of vowel gradation found in the latest
form of Proto-Indo-European, that of Proto-Semitic appears totally
different. However, both can be derived from earlier systems that
are virtually identical. The development of the Proto-Indo-European
system of vowel gradation was greatly influenced by accentuation.
7. ROOT STRUCTURE
It has long been accepted that the canonical form of the Proto-
Indo-European root was *CVC-, that is to say that the basic root
structure was biconsonantal. The Afroasiatic root structure pattern-
ing, on the other hand, was long thought to resemble that found in
Semitic, where triconsonantal roots predominate. Until fairly re-
cently, there was such a dearth of reliable data from the non-Semitic
branches of Afroasiatic that there was no way to judge the antiquity
of the Semitic root structure patterning. The little data that was
available -- mainly from Egyptian and Berber seemed to indicate
that the Semitic patterning was ancient, and it was, therefore, taken
to be representative of the Proto-Afroasiatic state of affairs. In
recent years, there have been great advances in Chadic and Cushitic
studies. Data from these branches, when compared with Semitic, Egyp-
tian, and Berber, have shown beyond any reasonable doubt that the
fundamental form of the root in Proto-Afroasiatic -- as in Proto-
Indo-European -- was biconsonantal and that the Semitic patterning
is due to an innovation.
The rules governing the structural patterning of roots and stems
in Proto-Afroasiatic were as follows (cf. Barnhard 1984:289-90):
1. There were no initial vowels in Proto-Afroasiatic. There-
fore, every root began with a consonant.
2. There were no initial consonant clusters either. Conse-
quently, every root began with one and only one consonant.
3. Two basic syllable types existed: (A) *CV and (B) *CVC,
where C = any non-syllabic and V = *a or *e. Permissible
root forms coincided with these two syllable types.
4. A stem could either be identical with a root or it could
consist of a root plus one or more derivational morphemes.
5. A stem could assume any one of the following shapes: (A)
*CV, (B) *CVC, (C) *CVCV, (D) *CVCVC, (E) *CVCCV, or (F)
*CVCCVC.
6. There were three fundamental stem types: (A) verbal stems,
(B) nominal and adjectival stems, and (C) pronominal and
indeclinable stems.
231
It is thus clear that the third consonantal element, be it in-
fix or suffix, was simply not a part of the root at the Proto-Afro-
asiatic level and that the underlying root structure patterning did
not differ in any appreciable aspect from that found in Proto-Indo-
European.
8. COMPARISON OF PROTO-INDO-EUROPEAN AND PROTO-AFROASIATIC
The Proto-Indo-European consonant system as revised by Gamkre-
lidze, Hopper, and Ivanov belongs to the same linguistic type as
does that of Proto-Afroasiatic -- each has the three-way contrast
voiceless (aspirated} voiced glottalized. Similarly constituted
phonological systems are fairly widespread among the languages of
the world, being found, for example, in the Caucasian languages, in
many American Indian languages, and in several sub-Saharan African
languages.
We may now compare the Proto-Afroasiatic phonological system
with that of Proto-Indo-European as revised by Gamkrelidze-Hopper-
Ivanov:
232
1. The labial, dental, velar, and labiovelar stops as well as
the glides and resonants correspond member for member and
require no further comment.
2. The Proto-Afroasiatic dental affricates *ts, *dz, and *ts'
correspond to dental stops in Proto-Indo-European. Pre--
Proto-Indo-European may be assumed to have had a series of
dental affricates which wer.e later eliminated through deaf-
fricatization and merger with the previously-existing dental
stops.
3. The Proto-Afroasiatic palato-alveolar stops *tY, *dY, and
*t'Y and the palatalized velar stops *kY, *gY, and *k'Y
correspond to the non-palatalized stops *t, *d, and *t' and
*k, *g, and *k' respectively in Proto-Indo-European. The
palatalization is secondary in Proto-Afroasiatic. Likewise,
the palato-alveolar sibilant *8 is to be derived from pre-
Proto-Afroasiatic *s through palatalization: *s + *sY + *8.
4. The Proto-Afroasiatic lateralized affricates *ti and *ti'
correspond to velar stops in Proto-Indo-European. Lateral-
ized affricates may also have existed in early pre-Indo-
European. The change of lateralized affricates into palatal
velar, or postvelar stops (or affricates} is a common devel-
opment in the Northeast Caucasian languages, and a similar
shift may be posited for pre-Proto-Indo-European:
*ti + *ki + *kx + *k
*ti' + *ki' + *kx' + *k'
5. The Proto-Afroasiatic glottal stop *? and voiceless glottal
fricative *h correspond to *? and *h respectively in Proto-
Indo-European. The voiceless and voiced pharyngeal frica-
tives *n and *r of Proto-Afroasiatic correspond to the
voiceless and voiced pharyngeal/laryngeal fricatives *nh
and *'1ft respectively as well as the voiceless and voiced
velarfricatives *x and *y respectively in Proto-Indo-Euro-
pean. Pre-Proto-Indo-European, however, had only*?, *h,
*n, and*>. In the earliest form. of Proto-Indo-European
proper, some pharyngeal fricatives developed into velar
fricatives. Then, at a later date, the remaining pharyn-
geal fricatives developed into the multiP.ly-articulated
pharyngeal/laryngeal fricatives *nh and *'1ft (for details,
cf. Bernhard 1984: 10-18). - -
The correspondences between Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-Indo-
European are summarized in the following table:
Proto- Revised Traditional Proto- Revised Traditional
AA PIE PIE AA PIE PIE
p p p, ph k k k, kh; q, qh
b b bh
9 9
gh; 9h
p' (p') (b) k' k' g;
9
t p p, ph
kW kW
u
q\!h
t t t, th 9w 9W 9J,lh
d d dh k'W k'W 9),!
t' t' d
? ?

L5
t t, th h h


d dh n nh


t' d '1 '1ft

5 5 5 n X

'1
y

tY
t t, th
dY d dh w w, u
u
t'Y t' d y y, i
L,
i
5 5 5
m m/w m/w
1j=
k k, kh; q, qh n n/!;1 n/!;1
1;!'
k' g;
9
I 1/J 1/J
r
r/r r/r
kY
k k, kh; q, qh
9y
9
gh; 9h a a e, a
k'Y k' g; 9 a a o (a)
NOTE: Both Dolgopol'skij and Diakonoff have posited postvelars for
Proto-Afroasiatic. Postvelars have also been posited for Proto-
Indo-European by several scholars (Gamkrelidze and Ivanov, Normier,
Schmidt-Brandt). In my opinion, these theories are not without
233
merit. Since, however, I do not at present believe that there were
more than two guttural series -- plain velars and labiovelars -- in
Proto-Indo-European at the time when the parent language began to
split up into the historically-attested non-Anatolian daughter lan-
guages, the postvelars, if they ever existed, must have been lost
at some point prior to the latest period of development. Until more
positive evidence is brought forth for the existence of postvelars
in Proto-Indo-European, it is best to leave these sounds out of
consideration.
9. REMARKS ON THE PROPOSED COGNATE SETS
The addition of new etymologies in this paper brings the total
to just over 350 roots common to Proto-Indo-European and Proto-
Afroasiatic. The addition of new data to existing etymolgies, es-
pecially from the Cushitic languages and Coptic, lessens the Semitic
bias of the Afroasiatic material.
The search for possible cognates continues to be an extremely
painstaking process which is greatly hampered by the lack of a com-
parative dictionary of the Afroasiatic languages similar to those
existing for Proto-Indo-European. Marcel Cohen's pioneering Essai
aomparatif sur Ze voaabuZaire et Za du
is now too outdated to be of significant value. Fortunately, an
up-to-date dictionary is currently being compiled by a team of
Soviet scholars under the direction of Igor M. Diakonoff. Publi-
cation of this dictionary, which is to be entitled A Sample of a
Comparative HistoriaaZ VoaabuZary of Afrasian, is eagerly awaited.
It may be noted here too that Diakonoff is also preparing a revised
and updated edition of his 1965 survey of Afroasiatic comparative
grammar (to be entitled Afrasian Languages).
Buck's A Diationary of SeZeated Synonyms in the PrinaipaZ Indo-
European Languages has been used as a control for the proposed seman-
tic development, and references are given to the appropriate sections
of this work. References are also given to the two standard Indo-
European etymological dictionaries -- Pokorny's Indogermanisahes
etymoZogisahes and Walde's (Walde-Pokorny) VergZeiahendes
der indogermanisahen Spraahen. The standard etymological
dictionaries for the individual Indo-European daughter languages
have also been extensively consulted. Furthermore, I have not
hesitated to deviate from the etymologies proposed by Pokorny and
Walde where subsequent scholarship has brought forth more plausible
proposals. I have tried to be conservative in suggesting possible
cognates -- in the etymologies that follow, the sound/meaning cor-
234
respondences are either such that the Proto-Afroasiatic and Proto-
Indo-European sterns have the same meaning or are such that each can
plausibly be derived from an earlier, common root which can account
for the semantic development in Proto-Afroasiatic on the one hand
and for that in Proto-Indo-European on the other. This latter prin-
ciple may be illustrated by example number 6 (see below for details),
PAA *ban-/*ban- "to build, construct" vs. PIE
"to tie, bind, fasten". For the semantic development, compare Skt.
takqati "to form, fashion, make, create", Lat. texi5 "to weave, build",
Hitt. tak-ki-(e-)es-zi "to join, build", Gk. -.bt-.wv "carpenter",
Ossetic taxun "to weave", Arm. t' ek' em "to bend, shape", OCS. tesq
"to hew", etc. (cf. Pokorny 1959:1058, 1058-59). Forpre-Afroasi-
atic/Indo-European, I would reconstruct *bVn- "to bend, turn, twist,
join together". In Afroasiatic, this developed semantically into
"to join, build", while, in Indo-European, this developed into "to
tie, bind, fasten".
10. NEW/REVISED AFROASIATIC/INDO-EUROPEAN COGNATE SETS
NOTE: For Afroasiatic, the following abbreviations are used: Akk.
= Akkadian, Ar. = Arabic, Ararn. = Aramaic, ESA = Epigraphic South
Arabian, Eth. = Ethiopic (Ga'az), Hebr. =Hebrew, Ug. = Ugaritic;
PChad. = Proto-Chadic, PEC = Proto-East Cushitic, PS = Proto-Semitic,
PSC = Proto-Southern Cushitic; Copt. = Coptic, Eg. = Egyptian. The
remaining names are always given in full for ease of comprehension.
For Indo-European, standard abbreviations are employed.
1.
PAA *pa?-/*pa?- (perhaps *pa?W-/
*pa?W-) "to swell, fatten, be
full": PS *Pa?-am- Hebr. p'Uniih
"superabundance, fat"; Ar. fa'ama
"to quench one's thirst with
water; to be full", fa'ima "to
be fat"; Akk. piiimu "robust";
Eq. pl-t "liquor, drink"; PSC
*pu?us- "to swell, rise" +
Kw'adza pu'us-; Ma'a -pu'u "to
rise (of sun)".
PIE *pa?-i-/*pa?-i-, *pa?-y-1
*pa?-y- + (with metathesis of
*? and *y) *pay?-/*pay?- "to
swell, fatten": Skt. payate
"to swell,Lfatten, overflow,
abound", pt.-van- "swelling, _full,
fat", payas- "milk"; Gk. 1tCwv
"fat, rich"; Lith. pienas "milk";
OSax. feit (+ Gmc. *faita-z)
"fat". PIE *pa?-/*pa?- (or,
more likely, *pa?W-/*pa?W-) ,
"to drink, swallow": Skt. piiti
(+ *pa?W-ti), pibati (+*pi-
p?-eti), payate (+*pay?- meta-
thesized from earlier *pa?y-)
"to drink, swallow"; Hitt.
pa-as-;zi "to drink, swallow";
Gk. ltLVw, Lesb. ltW\JW "to drink";
Lat. bibo, pi5ti5 "to drink"; Oir.
ibid "to drink".
Cf. Buck 1949:5.13, 5.86; Pokorny 1959:793-94 *Pek(a)-, *pf- "to
be fat", 839-40 *po(i)-, *pi- "to drink"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:
73-75 and 71-72. The Egyptian cognate has been added.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
235
2.
3.
4.
236
PAA *pal-/*pal- verbal stem
indicating downward motion,
hence "to fall, fall down, fall
to the ground; to set (sun),
grow dark": PS *na-pal- ->- Hebr.
nafal "to fall, lie", mappalah
"decaying ruins, heap of rub-
ble"; Aram. nafal "to fall,
fall down"; Akk. (W. Sem.
loan) napalu "to fall",
napalsuhu "to fall to the
ground,-fall upon something,
throw oneself to the ground,
let oneself fall to the ground";
Ug. npl "to fall". PS *?a-pal-
-+ Ar. 'afala "to go down, set";
Hebr. 'ofel "darkness", 'af"el
"dark", 'aflah "dark"; Akk.
aplu "late".
PIE *pal- "to fall, fall down":
Arm. p' lanim "to fall in"; OE.
feallan "to fall, fall down",
feaU, fieU "fall, ruin, des-
truction, death", fieUan "to
make to fall, fell, pull down,
destroy, kill"; Oice. faUa
"to fall", fall "fall, death,
ruin, decay, destruction", feUa
"to fell, make to fall, kill,
slay"; Lith. puolu, pulti "to
fall (up)on, attack, assault,
fall".
Cf. Buck 1949:1.62, 1.63, 10.23, 14.17; Pokorny 1959:851 *phBl-
" to fall"; Walde-Pokorny 1973. II: 103; Illic-Svityc 1984. III: 97-106,
no. 372 *p'/a/jlA. This is a new etymology.
PAA *baP- "cypress, pine, fir":
Ps *bu:r>-atY- _,_ Akk. bu:r>asu
"pine"; Hebr. barDS "cypress,
pine"; Aram. barBS
11
cypress,
pine"; Gurage (Endegen) bu:r>at
"a kind of tree". PEC *bi:r>bi:r>-
"juniperus procera" -+ Burji
bi:r>bt:r>-i "juniper-like firtree";
Oromo bi:r>bi:r>-sa; Konso pi:r>pi:r>-ta;
Gawwada pi:r>pi:r>-ko; Gollango
pi:r>pi:r>-ko.
PIE *bGX'- "pine, fir": Oice.
bGX'I' "pine-needles"; OCS. bo:r>'b
"spruce, fir".
Cf. Brunner 1969:27, no. 78; Buck 1949:8.64; Pokorny 1959:109
*bha:r>U-, *bha1'1).0-, *bho:r>s- "something jutting out"; Walde-Pokorny
1973.II:l64. The East Cushitic cognates have been added.
PAA *bal-/*bal- "to mix, mix
up, confuse": PS *bal-al- ->-
Akk. balalu "to mix, mix up,
confuse, mingle"; Hebr. balal
"to mingle, mix, confuse".
PS *bal-a'i-->- Hebr. bala' "to
be confused". Copt. bUe
"blind". PEC *bal'i-/*baUa'i-
"blind, one-eyed" + Burji
bal'-a "blind"; Oromo baUa-a
"blind"; Sidamo bal' -icca "'
ball-icca "blind"; Darasa
balla'-a "blind".
PIE "to
mix, blend; to make blind, be
blind": Goth. blandan "to mix",
blinds "blind"; OE. blandan "to
mix", blendan "to blind, de-
ceive", blind "blind"; Olce.
blanda "to blend, mix", blinda
"to blind", blindl' "blind",
blundl' "dozing, slumber"; Lith.
blendziu, bl'esti "to become
dark"; OCS. bz"'.dC(, bl"isti "to
go blindly".
Cf. Illic-Svityc 1971.1:185-86, no. 20 *bulA; Moller 1911:27-28;
Buck 1949:4.97, 5.17; Pokorny 1959:157-58 *bhlendh- "dim, red-
dish"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:216. This is a new etymology.
However, cf. Barnhard 1984:198, no. 27; Moller 1911:26-27.
5. PAA *bargY-/*bargY- "to stand
out, protrude, be prominent":
PS * Ar . ba.raza "to
show, appear, come into view,
emerge1 to jut out, protrude,
be ptotllii\ent, stand out", bUl'Uz
"prominence, projection", biil'iz
"protrUding, projecting"; Gurage
(ifulane) bareiaitaa "to dream".
C:Uah. Beja birga "high, tall";
Ororno borgi "height".
PIE *barg-/*barg-/*b:r;g- "to be
prominent, high": Skt. b:r:Mnt-
"high, tall, great"; Arm. barjr
"high"; OE. beorh, beorg "hill,
mountain"; Hitt. par-ku-us
"high".
Cf. tllic-Svityc 1971.!:1771 9 *berg/i/; Buck 1949:1.22,
4,62, 12.31; Pokorny 1959lHli-41 *bhergh- "high, noble"; Walde-
Pokorny The Cushitic cognates have been added.
6. PM "til build, con-
strutt": PS Ar.
bana
11
to build, erect, coh=
struct", banii' "buildinlh
struction"; Hebr, banah
11
tu
build"; Aram. btm'i: "to build";
Akk. banii "to build,
form"; Ug, bl'lh)/y "to build";
Sabaean bny "to build, con-
struct", bmJ, bny "building,
construction"; Harsiisi beni5
"to build", beni "building";
Soqotri bene "to build".
PChad. *ban- "house, hut" -+
Bole bono "hut, house"; Mubi
beni "to build"; Mokulu btno
11
hut, house".
PIE *ban-d-/*ban-d-/*b'IJ-d- "to
t}e, bind, fasten": Skt. badh-
niiti, bandhati "to bind, tie,
f:tx, fasten"; Mariithi biid(h)
11
dam", badha Goth.
bindan "to bind", bandi "band,
bond".
Cf. Buck 1949:19.16, 9.44, 9.75; Pokorny 1959:127 "to
bind"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:l52. This is a new
7.
8.
PAA *bay- "bee, honey": Eg.
bi-t, by-t; "bee, honey''; Dem,
ibi-t "honey"; Copt. ebiO
"honey".
PIE
11
bel>
11
: OE, beo "bee";
Lith. bHk, bit!s "bee"; OCS.
bt>aeta "bee"; orr. bech "bee".
Cf. Buck 1949: 3.82, 5.84,i. Pokorny 11159:116 *bhei- "bee"; Walde-
Pokorny 1973.!!:184-85 *bht-. Thia is a new etymology.
PAA *day-/*day- "to throw,
cast, put, place": PS *day-
+ Hebr. yal5ah "to throw, cast";
Akk. nadu (OAkk. nadii'wn) "to
cast (down), lay (down), throw;
to lie, be situated"; Eth. wa-
daya "to put in". Eg. wdi., wdy
"to lay, put, place, set, thrust,
throw, push, shoot", ndi "to
overthrow, throw down", rdl, di
"to give, put, place, place one-
self, appoint, establish, cause
to set".
PIE *day-/*day- -+ *d!-/*de-
"to set, put, place": Skt.
dadhati "to put, place, nt
1
lay; to appoint, establish,
constitute"; Gk,
11
to
set, put, OCIS. deti
"to put, place"; Hitt, da-a-i
"to put, place"; Lith. d(/ti
"to lay, put, place"; OE. dan
"to do, act, make"; Toch. A
ta-, tas-, tas-, tas-, cas-, B
tas-, tas-, tes-, tiitt- "to put,
place, set.
237
Cf. Illic-Svityc 197l.I:224 *dA>A; Buck 1949:12.12; Pokorny 1959:
235-39 *dhe- "to set, put, place"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:826-29.
This is a new etymology.
9. PAA *d<Yn-/*dam- "to become
dark": PEC *dum- "to become
dark" -+ Oromo dum-esa ''cloud,
fog"; Koyra dUma "cloud";
Somali dum- "cloud, fog".
PIE *dem-/*dam- "dark; to make
dark": OE. di17111 "dark"; Oice.
dimmr "dim, dark", dirrona "to
make dark, darken"; OHG. dampf
"steam, mist, haze, smoke";
Oir. dem "black, dark".
Cf. Buck 1949:1.62, 15.63; Pokorny 1959:247-48 *dhema- "to fly
about like dust"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:851-52. This is a new
etymology.
10. PAA *dal-/*dal- "to cut, prick,
pierce, gash, notch": ECush.
Somali dillo'- "to be cracked".
PSC *daloS- "to gash, notch" +
Burunge dela'-; Kw'adza dala'-
"to shoot (with an arrow)".
PIE *dal-b-/*dal-b- "to dig,
hollow out": OE. delfan "to
dig, burrow"; OS ax. bi-de l'l5an
"to dig"; Slovene dleto (+
*delbt-) "chisel"; Russ. dol-
bat', dolbit' "to chisel, hol-
low out". PIE *dal-g-/*dal-g-
"to gash, wound": OE. dolg
"wound, scar"; Olce. dolg ''en-
mity"; OHG. tole, tolg, dolg
"wound"; LGerm. daljen, dalgen
11
to slay".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.85, 8.22; Pokorny 1959:246 *dhelbh- "to dig",
247 *dhelgh- or *dhelg- "to stab"; Walde-Pokorny 1973. I: 866-67
and 866. This is a new etymology.
11. PAA *dag- "fish":
Hebr. day "fish",
Ug. dg "fish"
PS *dag- +
dayO:h "fish";
PIE (*dag-/*dag-) *dg-u- "fish":
Gk. l.xBus "fish"; Arm. ju-kn
"fish"; Lith. Zuvis "fish";
Latv. zuvs "fish".
Cf. Illic-Svityc 197l.I:219 *diga; Buck 1949:3.65; Pokorny 1959:
416-17 *ghOu- (or *ghf:.u- ?) "fish"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:745-46.
This is a new etymology.
12. PAA *t'arp-/*t'arp- "to tear,
rend, pluck": PS *t'arap- +
Hebr. "{;Ciraf "to tear, rend,
pluck"; Aram. taraf "to tear,
seize". Copt: torp "to seize,
rob, carry off".
PIE *t'rap-/*t'rap- "to pluck":
Gk. 6ptnw "to pluck, cull";
Oice. trof "fringes"; Russ.
dial. drapat', drapat' "to
scratch, scrape".
Cf. Buck 1949:9.28; Pokorny 1959:211 *drep-, *drop-; Walde-Pokorny
1973.I:801-02. The Coptic cognate has been added.
13. PAA *t'ar-/*t'ar- "to handle,
grasp": PSC *4ar- "to
handle, make with the hands"
238
+ Kw'adza dal- "to make, do,
prepare"; Ma' a -d&.ra "to grip,
hold", -dar&ti "to make fast";
Dahalo dar- "to put a lot of
thingsU:
PIE *t'ar-g-/*t'ar-g- "to grasp":
Gk. 6paaao]Jat- "to grasp, clutch",
6pay]Ja "as much as one can grasp,
a handful", 6paxJJn "a handful",
opal; "handful, hand".
Cf. Buck 1949:11.14; Pokorny 1959:212-13 *dergh- "to grasp"; Walde-
Pokorny 1973.1:807-08. This is a new etymology.
14. PAA *t'em-/*t'con- "to quiet,
pacify, calm": PS *t'con- +
Ar. tamrzana "to quiet, calm,
pacify, allay, as-
suage, soothe", tamn "quiet,
tranquil", tcon'mm, ta'mana
"to calm, pacify, ap-
pease, assuage, soothe".
PIE (*t'em-/)*t'con- "to tame,
subdue": Skt. dfnnyati "to tame,
subdue, conquer"; Gk. 6cqJa1;w
"to overpower, tame, subdue,
conquer"; Lat. domO "to tame,
subdue, overcome, conquer";
Goth. ga-tconjan "to tame"; OE.
temian "to tame, subdue", tam
"tame"; Hit t. da-ma-aS-zi "to
press, oppress".
Cf. Pokorny 1959:199-200 (*deme-), *dJ71e- "to tame, subdue";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:788-90. This is a new etymology.
15. PAA *t'ens-/*t'ans- "to be
loaded heavily": Eg. dns "to
be loaded heavily", dns (dns)
"weight, load, burden; heavy",
dnsmn "to be heavy, weighty".
PIE (*t'ens-/*t'ans-/) *t'ns-
"to be tightly loaded,
pressed together or packed to-
gether; dense": Lat. densus
"thick, dense, close, compact,
set close together", denseo
"to make thick, press together,
thicken"; Gk. 6cwus "thick with
hair, hairy, shaggy, rough".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.63. 12.64; Pokorny 1959:202-03 *dens- "thick";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:793-94. This is a new etymology.
16. PAA *t'em-/*t'con- "to twist,
turn": PS *t'am- ->- Eth. tamrza
"to roll up, fold up";'
tamG:ma "to be bent, crooked,
pamapama "to wind around,
roll around, twist", tamazaza "to
twist"; Tna. pamama "to be bent",
pam-pama "to wrap around", tam-
zaza "to twist"; Amh. tamattama
11
to wrap". Eg. dJn "woi:-m,
pent".
PIE *t' em- "worm": Gk. 6E\1EAEO: s
"leeches"; Alb. dhemje "grub,
maggot".
Cf. Buck 1949:3.84; Pokorny 1959:201 *demel- "worm"(?); Walde-
Pokorny 1973.I:790. This is a new etymology.
17. PAA *t'el-/*t'al- "to get, be-
get": PEC *d:aZ- "to beget,
give birth" ->- Saho-Afar dal-;
Somali 4aZ-; Rendille gei-;
Bani d:eZ-; Dasenech d:aZ-; Oromo
d:aZ-; Konso d:aZ-/d:eZ-; Gidole
d:aZ-; Burji d:aZ-; Dullay d:aZ-;
Yaaku del-.
PIE *t'eZ-/*t'aZ- "to get, ob-
tain": Goth. ga-tilon "to at-
tain, obtain"; OE. tilian "to
strive after, attempt, obtain,
treat, cure"; OHG. ziZon, ziZen
"to hasten, aim, strive"; MDu.
te len "to produce, care for,
attend"; Du. teZen "to beget,
bear".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.71. This is a new etymology.
239
18. PAA "to hit,
strike": PEC *d'aw- "to hit,
strike" -+ Elmolo d'a-; Oromo
d'a(w)-; Konso d'aw-; Burji
d'aw-.
PIE *t'u- "to
hit, strike": PCelt. *dur-no-
"fist" + Welsh cbJrn "fist"; Oir.
doi'I'! "fist", durni "to strike
with fists"; Bret. dourn "hand".
Latv. dUre, dttris "fist", duf.u,
dUru, dui>t "to sting, thrust".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.33, 9.21; Pokorny 1959:203; Walde-Pokorny 1973.
!:794-95. This is a new etymology.
19. PAA *daa?-l*dza?- "to waste
away, become -exhausted, faded,
withered, weary, weak": Eq.
PIE *da?-/*da?- "to waste away,
become exhausted, faded, with-
ered, weary, languid, weak":
zl ".to be weak or feeble",
"weak, feeble man". PSC *daii?-
"to be extinguished" + AlagWS
tsa'ata "barren (animal, per-
Son)"; Dahalo daii'- "to die",
daii'e "death", "corpse",
daii'ata "enemy". PSC *daa?es-
'.,..to eXtinguish" + Iraqw tsa'es-;
Dahalo 1!'e'eo- "to kill";'
Lat. fames "hunger", fati.go "to
weary. tire"; orr. ded- "to dwin-
dle"; OE. derrrn "damage, injury,
loss, misfortune"; Oice. dtr.si
"sluggish, lazy fellow", dasast
"to become weary, exhausted",
dasallr "weary, exhausted (from
cold or bodily exertion)".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.75, 4.91, 5.14; Pokorny 1959:239 *dhe- "to pass
away" (?); Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:829. This is a new etymology.
20. PAA *tYam-/*tYam- "to strike,
hit, stun, stupefy": PS
*tYam-aZ- + Ar. tamiZa "to
PIE *tam-/*tam- "to strike, ,
hit, stun, stupefy": Skt. tlim-
yati "to be faint, exhausted";
NHG. dJJmZich "dull, silly,
stupid"; Lat. temuZ.entus "drun-
ken, intoxicated, tipsy", teme-
tum "any intoxicating drink";
Russ. Ch. Sl. tomiti "to tor-
ture, torment, harrass, tire".
240
be dizzy, stupefied". PBC
*tum- "to !}trike, forge" +
Burji tum-ana "to churn,
thresh, hit"; Oromo tum-
"forge"; Somali tum- "h8DIIler",
tumii.Z. "blacksmith".
Cf. Brunner 1969:91, no. 499; Pokorny 1959:1063 *tern- "stunned";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:720. The East Cushitic cognates have been
added.
21. PAA *saw-/*sQbJ- "to be dry,
arid, hot": Eg. 8wy "to be
dry, arid, hot", 8wyw "dr:y,
arid", 8ww "dry, hot", swi
"drought, heat"; Copt. 8owe
"to dry up, be dry", sow "dry".
PIE *su-s-, "dry":
Skt. 6oqa-1] "drying up"; Gk.
(Hom.) a?ios; "dry, withered";
OE. sear "dry, withered"; Lith.
sailsas "dry, arid"; OCS. SUX'Z>
"dry".
Cf. Buck 1949:15.84; Pokorny 1959:880-81 *saus-, *sus- "dry";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.11:447-48. This is a new etymology.
22. PAA *tt'aZ.-/*tt'aZ- "to be
bent, curved, round": PS
"to be bent,
c.ITved, round",
"rib" + Ar. daZ.i'a"to be
crooked, bent, curved; to
curve, bend", gil.' "rib";
Akk. l}eZu "rib, side"; Ug.
PIE *k'aZ-/*k'aZ-/*k'k- "bent,
curved, round": Skt. gul.'
"globe, pill", gZau-1] "round
lmnp"; Gk. yCyyAU\10!; "a hinge,
joint", y>.ou<os; "rmnp, buttocks";
Lat. gZ.obus "a round ball, globe,
sphere", gZ.omus "ball of yarn",
gZeba "a lmnp or clod of earth",
?l't r ~ b s ; Hebr. ?ela'
"rib"; Sheri ZaZ' "rib".
PEC *cf1 in(aJ\- (+ *cf1 iUaJ\-)
"rib" + Burji cfin-a "rib,
ribs, side of body"; Somali
cjina' "side"; Oromo c'ina-a
"rib, side of body"; Gidole
cfina'-itt "rib".
glomera "to form into a sphere";
OE. cl'iwen "ball of thread";
MLG. klwnpe "lump, mass".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.81, 12.82, 12.83; Pokorny 1959:357-64 *gel-
"to form into a ball"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:612-21. The East
Cushitic cognates have been added.
23. PAA *ka/*ka demonstrative stem:
PEC *ka, (subj.) *ku "this"+
Burji (dem. m.) ka "this",
{subj.) kU, {pl. abs. and subj.)
c{, kEzci "that". PSC (rnasc.
bound) *ka "this" + Kw'adza
-(u)ko masc. gender marker; Asa
-(u)k, -ok masc. gender marker;
Iraqw (ntr.) ka "this"; Burunge
(masc.) ki "this", (masc.) ka 'a
"that"; Ma'a ka "this".
PIE *ka-/*ka-, *ki- demonstra-
tive stem: Hitt. ka-a-as, (ntr.
nom. -ace. sg.) ki-i "this,
that"; Gk. *xt: in xt:t:vo s.; "that";
Lat. ce- in ce-do "give here!",
-c(e) in hi-e, af-c, illf-c,
i llu-c, tun-c, nun-c, ec-ce ,
ci- in cis, citer, citrO, ci-
tra; Oir. ce in bith ce "this
world"; Goth. himma, hina, hita;
hiri "come here!"; hicl.Pe "hith-
er".
Cf. Pokorny 1959:609-10 *ko-, *ke- "this"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:
452-54. This is a new etymology.
24. PAA *kam-/*kam- "to seize, grasp,
grip, clutch": PS *kam- + Ar.
kamaSa "to seize, grasp, grip,
clutch", kamsa "a handful"; Akk.
kamfi "to capture". PSC *kam-
"to hold" -+ Iraqw kom- "to
have"; Burunge kom- "to have";
Asa kom- "to have"; Kw'adza
komoa- "to grip"; Dahalo kam-.
PIE *kam-t-/*kam-t-/*hy-t- "to
seize, grasp, grip, clutch":
Goth. handua "hand"; -hinpan
"to seize" (used only in com-
pounds): fra-hin'pan "to cap-
ture, imprison", fra-hunpana
"prisoner-"; hunps "booty"; OE.
hand "hand", ge-hendan "to
hold", hentan "to try to seize,
attack, seize", hUp "plunder,
booty"; OHG. hant "hand"; Oice.
hand "hand", henda "to catch
with the hand"; OSwed. hinna
'!to obtain".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.33; Feist 1939:161, 244-45. This is a new etymo-
logy.
25. PAA *kan-/*kan- "to sing, sound":
Eg. knkn "to sing to a beaten
drum, clap the hands rhythmical-
ly".
PIE *kan- "to sing, sound": Gk.
ffCXVct}(rl "sharp sound, the ring or
clang of metal"; Lat. canO "to
sing, sound, play"; orr. canim
"to sing"; Goth. hana "cock".
Cf. Buck 1949: 18 .12; Pokorny 1959:525-26 *kan- "to sing"; Walde-
Pokorny 1973.1:351. This is a new etymology.
241
26. PAA *k'ar-/*k'ai'- "to cut":
PS *k'ai'- "to cut: to cut in-
to, make an incision, engrave,
notch; to cut off, sever, nip
off, clip; to cut in two, split,
bite" Ar. kai'asa "to pinch,
nip, bite", "to wound",
'f!ara4a "to cut, sever, cut off,
clip, gnaw, nibble, bite",
"to gnash, grind (one's
teeth), nibble, crunch, chew",
'f!arama "to gnaw, nibble",
maifa "to eat, crunch, nibble",
kai'ata "to cut into small
chop, mince",
"to cut off, clip", kai'kada
"to gnaw, bite";
"to nip, pinch", "to
shave oneself bald"; Akk.
"to nip off, gnaw";
Ug. "to bite"; ijarsiisi
"to nip", "to
shave, cut", t<e.rBZ "to cut up",
"to bite"; Eth.
"to cut, make an incision".
PEC *k'er-/*k'fir- "to cut"
Oromo k'or- "to write"; Somali
qor-i
11
to carve, cut, write";
Rendille xor/xora "to carve
skin". PSC *k'er- "to cut
(meat)" Iraqw qer- "to give
an animal for slaughter";
Dahalo k'er- "to cut (meat ?)".
PIE *k'ar-/*'k'ai'- "to cut: to
cut into, make an incision, en-
grave, notch; to cut off": Gk.
"to write"; OE. ceorfan
"to cut", cyrf "cutting"; OHG.
kerban "to cut, notch", krazzon
"to scratch, scrape"; Olce.
krota "to engrave"; orr. gerr
"short"; Mir. gerraim "to cut
off, shorten".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.58, 9.22, 9.27, 12.59; Pokorny 1959:392 *gerebh-
"to slit", 405 *gred-: *grod- "to scratch"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.1:
606-07 and 651. This is a new etymology.
27. PAA *kWaZ-/*kWaZ- "to end, bring
to an end, complete, finish":
242
PS *kaZ- (*kaZ-aZ-, *kaZ-ay-)
"to complete, be completed",
*kuZZ- "all, whole, entire"
Hebr. kaZah "to be complete, at
an end, accomplished, finished",
kaZaZ "to complete, perfect", koZ
"the whole, all"; Akk. kaZu, kuZu
"whole, entirety, all", kuUatu
"all, totality", kaZil "to
finish, bring to an end, stop";
Ar. kuU "whole, entire, all";
Ug. kZ "every"; Aram. kuUa
"totality, the whole, all";
Phoen. kZy "to end, be com-
plete", kZ "all"; Sabaean kZZ
"to bring to completion", kZZ
"all, every, all of, the whole
(of)"; Eth. kWaU-u "all, whole,
every"; Harari kuUu "all";
Gurage kuZZ-am "all, whole,
every, everything". Eg. k lm
"to end, bring to an end, com-
plete, finish".
PIE *kWaZ- "to end, bring to an
end, finish, complete": Gk.
n'>.o s "the fulfillment or com-
pletion of anything, i.e., its
consumation, issue, result, end",
Te:>.w "to complete, fulfil, ac-
complish", "perfect,
complete".
Cf. Buck 1949:13.13; Boisacq 1950:952; Frisk 1970.II:871-73;
Pokorny 1959:640 *kli.eZ- "swarm, crowd"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:517.
This is a new etymology.
28. PAA *kwar-/*kw=- "to dig,
plow": PS *ka.P-aw/y- Hebr.
kii:rah "to dig (a well)"; Ar.
ka.Pii: "to dig"; Eth. ka.Paya "to
dig a hole"; Harari Xa.Pa "to
dig a hole", mlt:r:ra "pick";
Gur age ( Selti) klb>e "to dig
a hole". 'ps *?a-ka.P- -+ Ar.
'aka.Pa "to plow, till, culti-
vate". Eg. ;kr name of the
Earth-god; Copt. ere "to dig".
PIE *kwar-/*kW=-/*kwlb_ "to
draw, drag, plow": Skt. k&r-
fiati, "to draw, drag,
plow", "furrow, trench";
Av. ka.Psa- "furrow", karsu-
"field11; Czech Cara "line",
&irati "to draw a line"; OSorb.
Ca.Pa "furrow, line".
Cf. Buck 1949:8.21, 8.212, 8.22, 9.33, 12.84; Walde-Pokorny
1973.I:429 *qers- "furrow; to draw, drag"; Mayrhofer 1956.I:l76,
177. The Semitic documentation has been expanded, and the Egyptian
and Coptic cognates have been added.
29. PAA *k'w=- "highest point,
top, peak, summit, hill, moun-
tain, horn": PS *k'arn- "horn,
summit, peak" Akk. ka.Pnu
"horn"; Ug. krn "horni'; Hebr.
keren "horn,' hill"; Phoen. krn
i'horn"; Aram. "horn"; Ar.
"horn, top, summit, peak";
l;,larsiisi !<eron "horn, hill, top";
Eth. "horn"; Tigre
"horn"; Harari !<Cir "horn";
Gurage klb> "horn". PEC *k'ar-
"point,' peak, top" -+ Somali qa.P
"hill higher than kur"; Oromo
k' a.Pre "peak". Eg. q ll "hill,
high ground, high place", q lq;
"hill, high place", q;-t "high
land, height", q ly-t "high
ground, arable land", ql,,q;y
"to be high, exalted", qh
"tall, high, exalted", q ;w
"height"; Copt. koie, kaie,
kaeie, koi (+ qy + qly) "field".
PIE *k'war-/*k'war-/*k'wlb_
"hill, mountain, peak": Skt.
"hill, mountain"; Gk
6cpcis "ridge"; OCS. gora "moun-
tain"; Lith. gire, giria "for-
est"; Alb. gur "rock"; Hitt.
(ace. sg.) gur-ta-an "citadel",
Kuriwanda the name of a mountain
in southwestern Asia Minor.
Cf. Buck 1949:1.22, 4.17; Pokorny 1959:477 *g"!.er-, *g1Aor- "moun-
tain"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:682. Sturtevant 1942:49, 47d. The
Egyptian and Coptic cognates have been added. Note here particu-
larly the Arabic, Hebrew, and l;,larsiisi secondary meanings "hill,
top, summit, peak", which, in light of the East Cushitic cognates,
must come close to the original meaning. In Egyptian, an earlier
rat the end of a syllable became<;>, hence q;- + *qr- (cf. Born-
hard 1984:165). Finally, the Coptic meaning "field" derives from
the high, arable ground above the Nile.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
243
244
30. PAA *?akk- "grandfather, grand-
mother": PEC *?akk- "grand-
fath')r, grandmother" -+ Burji
akk-o "grandmother"; Oromo akk-o
"grandmother"; Baise akk-o
"grandmother"; Hadiyya akk-o
"mother's father", akk-e
"mother's mother"; Konso (ikk-a
"grandfather".
PIE *?akk- "mother": Skt. akka
"mother"; Gk. 'AxHw the wet-
nurse of Demeter (mater Cereris);
Lat. Acca Larentia the wife of
the shepherd Faustullus who
nursed and brought up the twins
Romulus and Remus; mother of
the twelve Arvales Fratres.
Cf. Pokorny 1959:23 *akka "mother"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:34. This
is a new etymology.
31. PAA *?a "to, at, in, on": PSC
*?a "to
11
+ Iraqw ay "to, toward";
Ma'a 'a "for". PChad. *a "at,
in on" + Ngizim Ci "at, in, on";
Q: "at, in, on"
PIE *?a/*?a "hither, near to,
towards": Skt. a "hither, near
towards"; Gk. prefixes E-/0-,
n-/w-.
Cf. Pokorny 1959: 280 *B "near by"; Walde-Pokorny 1973. I: 95-96.
Mayrhofer 1956.I:69. This is a new etymology.
32. PAA *?ay- "mother": PEC
*?ayy- "mother" -+ Somali ay-o
"stepmother"; Rendille ay-o
"mother"; Bani O,y-o "mother";
Baiso ay-o "mother"; Oromo
ayy-o "mother"; Konso ayy-o
"mother"; Hadiyya ayy-a "sis-
ter".
PIE *?ay-t- "mother": Goth.
ai]:>ei "mother"; Dice. eioa
"mother"; MHG. eide "mother".
Cf. Buck 1949:2.36; Feist 1939:28. This is a new etymology.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
33. PAA *?am- "time, now": PEC
*?amm(-an)- "time, now" -+ Somali
amm-in-ka, imm-in-ka, imm-i-ka
"now"; Ororno (JJT!JTl-a "now"; Konso
amm-a "now"; Gidole arnm-an-n-e;
Hadiyya conm-an-i "time, when".
PSC *?ami "when?" -+ Iraqw -ami
in harni "now"; Kw'adza -ami- in
hamiso "then"; Ma'a bmi "when?".
PIE *?an-/*?am-/*?1'{}- "time,
moment": Oir. amm "time, moment,
point of time".
Cf. Buck 1949:14.11. This is a new etymology.
34. PAA *ham- "black": PSC *ham-
"black" + Iraqw hanta "shadow,
spirit"; Burunge hante "dark-
ness''; As a huma "red"; Ma' a
-hame "to be black"; Dahalo
himmate.
PIE *hams-, *(h)mas- "black-
bird": OHG. amusla, amsala
"blackbird"; OE. osle "black-
bird"; Lat. merula "blackbird";
Welsh rrrwyalch "blackbird".
Cf. Pokorny 1959:35-36 *ames- or *omes- (: *mes-: *ams- or *oms-)
"blackbird"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:53-54. This is a new etymology.

35. PAA *hay- exclamation of sur-
prise, astonishment, grief, mis-
fortune: PS *hay -. Hebr. hOy

woe!", hi.
11
woe!
11
; Akk.
aya (in u'a aya) "alas!"; Ar.
hayyi'i "up!, come on!, let's go!,
now then!". Eg. hy "Oh!,
Hail!"; Copt. haio "hey!, hail!".
PIE *hay- exclamation of sur-
prise, astonishment, grief, mis-
fortune: Hitt. a(y)i- "pain";
Skt. ai particle of addressing,
summoning, remembering; Av. ai
particle of summoning; Gk. aC,
al exclamation of astonishment,
aCat exclamation of grief; Lith.
a'l, ai "ohl".
Cf. Pokorny 1959:10 *ai interjection; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:l. This
is a new etymology.
36. PAA *hal-/*nal- "to grow, be
strong": PS *hal-am- -. Hebr.
ljilam "to be healthy, strong";
Ar. l;aZama "to attain puberty".
PIE *hhaZ- "to grow": Lat.
alo "to nourish, support",
altus "grown, great, high";
Oir. alim "to rear"; Goth.
a Zan "to grow'', alds "age,
life"; Gk. "to become
whole and sound", "to
heal", "to make to
grow".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.81, 4.83, 12.53; Pokorny 1959:26-27 *aZ- "to
grow''; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:86-87. This etymology has been com-
pletely rewritten: the Arabic cognate has been added, and the
Latin, Gothic, and Old Irish cognates have been moved here from
etymology no. 249 (cf. Bernhard 1984:264). Surely, Rosen (1984:82)
is correct in his criticism of the former placement of the Latin,
Gothic, and Old Irish forms: "P. ex. se trouvent comparees les
racines semitiques '-Z-y/w (heb. 'ala 'est monte', etc.), a laquelle
une signification primitive 'to be high' est attribuee, et i.e.
*X-l- (lat. aZere et de la altus, got. alan et de la alds), dent le
sens de base 'nourir = elever' est presente comme s'il etait derive
d'une signification 'to be high' coYncidant ainsi, sur un tel fen-
dement peu plausible, avec son pretendu pendant semitique". The
removal of the Latin, Gothic, and Old Irish forms given above from
etymology 249 in no way affects the remaining parts of the etymo-
logy--on the contrary, the etymology gains strength.
37. PAA *har-/*har- "to be above,
over; to be master, superior,
noble, free-born": PS *hur-/
*har- -. Hebr. hOr "noble"; Ar.
hurr "noble, Ug.
brr "free"; Sabaean bJ>r "free-
men, free-born men"; Eth.
"free man". Eg. lp'y
"chief, master, overseer, sup-
erior", ,;r "on, upon, over",
bJ'w "upper part"; Copt. hray
"upper part", hi (+ *ha;yaw +
"on, in, at".
PIE "chief,
lord, nobleman": Skt. arya-7:!
"a respectable or honorable
person
11
, Caaya-1]. "master, lord";
Oir. aire "nobleman, man of
rank".
Cf. Moller 1911:16; Buck 1949:19.36, 19.41; Pokorny 1959:67 *ario-
"lord, host"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:80. The Coptic cognates have
been added.
245
38. PAA *heyt'-/*nayt'- "to swell,
be fat": PEC *hayd:- "fat" -+
Somali lp.yq "fat"; Konso hayd:-a
"fat"; Gidole hayd:-a "fa.t"; Dul-
lay "fat". PSC *hiq-
"thick"--+- Kw'adza hilama "mature
girl not yet married"; Ma' a
-hiri "hard" Dahalo hidiioe
"heavy", "weight'"'.
PIE *hhait'- "to swell": Arm.
aitnwn-"t.o swell"; Gk. otb&w,
oc6w "to swell, become swol-
len", oC6n11a., oL6os; "a swel-
ling, tumor"; OHG. eiz "ab-
scess. ulcer"; Olce. eitr
"poison", eista "testicle".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.63; Pokorny 1959:774 *oid- "to swell"; Walde-
Pokorny 1973.I:l66-67. The Southern Cushitic cognates have been
added.
39. PAA *hew-/*haw- "to swell, in-
crease": Eg. 1}w "surplus, plen-
ty", J;.w5 "more, surplus, over-
abundance, plenty", hw5 "excess,
greatly", !zws "to
PIE *hhuk'-/*hheuk'-/*hhauk'-
"to gi"'ow, increa;e": Skt:
ukqati "to grow". vakr;ayati
"to grow, increase, be strong
or powerful", "powerful,
mighty, strong", ojas- "energy,
power, strength"; Lat. augei5
"to increase, enlarge, streng-
then", augmentum "increase,
growth", augustus "majestic,
august, venerable"; Goth. aukan
"to add, increase", wahsan "to
grow, increase"; OE. weaxan
"to grow, flourish, increase",
weaxung "increase, increase of
prosperity"' eacian "to increase"'
eacen "increased, enlarged, en-
dowed, strengthened, strong,
mighty, vast, great"; Gk. &Et;w
"to increase, enlarge"; Lith.
G:ugu, &ugti "to grow, increase".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.53, 12.55, 13.15, 13.16; Pokorny 1959:84-85
*aldeg- "to increase"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:22-24 *aldeg-, *aug-, *ug-.
This is a new etymology.
40. PAA *nar- "falcon, hawk": Eg. PIE *xer-/*xar- "bird, eagle":
Hr, Hrw Horus, one of the two
brother hawk-gods; Copt. hi5r
the god Horus.
Hitt. aa-a-ra-as (gen. aa-ra-
na-as) "eagle"; Gk. opvc'
"bird"; Goth. ara "eagle"; Lith.
ere lis (dial. are lis) "eagle".
Cf. Buck 1949:3.64; Pokorny 1959:325-26 *er-, *or- "eagle"; Walde-
Pokorny 1973.I:l35. This is a new etymology; it replaces no. 259.
41. PAA *hew-/*haw- "to lack,
stand in need, be in want":
246
PS *haw-ag- -+ Ar. 'alpuaga "to
have need, stand in need, be
in want", haZJg "need, want,
lack, destitution";
l).arsusi "to need". PS
*xaw-ay- -+ Ar lJawii "to be
empty, be hungry", [Jawiya "to
be empty, bare, dreary, deso-
late, waste". Eg. lack,
PIE *xu-/*xeu-/*xau-, *xueA-
"to lack, in"" need, ... be in
want": Skt. Urul:-h "wanting,
deficient, defective"; Arm.
un,ain "empty"; Gk. "reft
of, bereaved of"; Lat. vaai5
"to be empty, void, vacant",
va.nus "empty, void, vacant",
viistus "empty, unoccupied, de-
solate; waste, desert"; Goth.
wan "want, lack", wans
11
lack-
be in want", l;zwr "to be poor,
miserable, weak", J;uvrw "beggar,
poor man; destitute", "'1;puq "to
be hungry", J;zwq "hunger".
ing, wanting"; Oice. vanr "lack-
ing, wanting"; OHG. wuosti
"waste"; OE. Wan "wanting, de-
ficient"; Olr. !&s "empty".
Cf. Buck 1949:5.14, 9.93, 13.22; Pokorny 1959:345-46 *eu-, *eua-:
*uii- *ua- "to lack empty"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:l08-09. This is
etymology. '
42. PM *het'-/*hat'- "to scratch,
scrape, cut into, hollow out":
PS *xat'-at'- + Akk. hatiitu "to
make a ditch,
a river", lJippatu "trench, foun-
dation, pit"; Ar. batta "to
carve, engrave, inscribe, draw
a line"; Harsiisi xtCit "to make
signs on the ground by the road
to guide travellers", xatt "let-
ter, line"; Sabaean tJpp ii:o fix
the boundaries of a piece of
land". PEC *niid'- "to scrape
(ground), sweep" + Burj i hiid'-
11 to dig"; Somali hiid-
11
to
sweep"; Oromo hacf: ,,to scrape
the ground". PSC *had- "to
cut into, gash"+ Ma'a-haduZa
"to lop"; Dahalo Qii{j.o "iron
arrowhead
11

PIE *nhet'- "water course": Av.
a6u ";3.ter course, brook, canal".
Cf. Buck 1949:1.36, 8.22; Pokorny 1959:4 *ad(u)-, *ad-ro- "water
course". This is a new etymology.
43. PM *wer-/*war- "to stretch, ex-
tend, increase": Eg. wr "great,
much, superior", wrr "to be
great, increase, grow"; Copt.
wer "how much?' how many?' how
great?".
PIE *wer-/*war- "to stretch, ex-
tend": Skt. uro-1] "wide, broad,
spacious, extended, great, large,
much", varas- "width, breadth,
expanse, room, space"; Av. (in
compounds) vouru- "wide, broad";
Gk. cupu, (+ *c-Fpu, or, through
metathesis, *Fcpu, [cf. Frisk
1973. I:592-93]) "wide, broad",
cOpo' "breadth, width".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.55, 12.61; Pokorny 1959:1165 *uer- "wide"; Walde-
Pokorny 1973.I:285. This is a new etymology.
44. PM *mer-/*mar- "to twist,
turn, tie up": Eg. mr "to
bind up, tie together"; Copt.
mour "to bind, tie". PEC
*mar- "to twist, go around"
-+- Oromo mar- "coil, rope";
Afar mar-o "round"; Rendille
mar- "to be round".
PIE *mer-/*mar- "to twist, turn,
plait, weave": Gk. "cord,
string, rope"; Oice. mero "fish-
trap".
Cf. Buck 1949:9.19; Pokorny 1959:733 *mer- "to plait, weave";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:272-73. The Coptic and East Cushitic cog-
nates have been added.
247
45. PAA *man-/*man- "to copulate,
beget, be virile": PS *man-ay-
+ Ar. mana "to desire, wish for;
to ejaculate", minan "semen,
sperm"; Eth. (ta)mannaya "to
desire, wish for"; Gurage (ta)-
menli "to wish, have sexual in-
tercourse". Eq. Mml an i thy-
phallic god of generation.
PIE *manu- "man, begetter, pro-
genitor, father" : Skt. manu-h
"man, mankind, father of men";
Goth. manna "man"; OE. mann
"man, human being"; OCS. mqz1>
"man".
Cf. Illic-Svityc 1976.II:58-59, no. 292 *mlinA; Buck 1949:2.1,
2.21; Pokorny 1959:700 *manu-s (or *manu-s) "man, mankind";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:266. This is a new etymology.
46. PAA *na8-/*na8- "to diminish,
weaken; to become weak, be
weak": PS *?a-na8- -+- Hebr.
'iinas "to be weak, sick"; Akk.
enesu "to become weak"' ensu
"weak, powerless"; Soqot:ri
'enes "to be small"; Gurage
anasa "to be small, be little,
be less"; Harari anasa "to be
little, be less, decrease";
Eth. (with metathesis) na'asa
"to be less, diminish". PS
*nas-a.:t'- -+- Akk. nasiiru "to de-
duct, remove, reduce in size,
diminish in strength, weaken,
subtract"; Ar. nasara "to
loosen and tear away, tear
off". Eq. ns "to be helpless".
PIE *nas-/*nas- "to be weak,
sick": Gk. voa.Ow "to ail, be
sick, be ill", vOcros: "sickness,
disease, malady".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.82, 4.84; Boisacq 1950:672; Chantraine 1974.III:
757; Frisk 1970.II:323-24. This is a new etymology.
47. PAA "to come, go,
arrive, journey, travel, sail":
Eq. n', n'y "to come, go, ar-
rive, journey, travel, sail",
n'' "to sail away", n'-t "a
sailing, journey, sailing ship";
Copt. na "to go".
PIE "ship, boat":
Skt. nau) "ship, boat"; Gk.
vaus "ship"; Lat. niivis "ship",
niivigo "to sail, set sail";
Oir. nau "ship"; Oice. n01' "a
kind of ship".
Cf. Buck 1949:10.81, 10.83; Pokorny 1959:755-56 *nii:us- "ship";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:315. This is a new etymology.
48. PAA *nafr- "descendant, off-
spring": PS *nipr- -+- Akk. nipru
"offspring". Eq. nfr "child,
youth, young man".
248
PIE *nap-(ii)t- "descendant,
offspring": Skt. napiit- "des-
cendant, grandson", napti.-1;1
"female descendant"; Lat. nepos
-tis "grandson, nephew", neptis
"granddaughter"; Oir. ni(a)e,
nia "sister's son", neaht
"niece"; OE. nefa "nephew,
grandson, stepson", nift "niece,
granddaughter, stepdaughter";
OLith. nepotis, nepuotis "grand-
son", nepte "granddaughter";
Russ. Ch. Sl. netij1> "nephew",
nestera "niece".
Cf. Buck 1949:2.48, 2.49, 2.53, 2.54; Pokorny 1959:764 *nepot-
"grandson, nephew", (f.) *nepti "granddaughter, niece"; *neptf,,os
"descendant"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:329-30; Benveniste 1973:188-92.
This is a new etymology.
49. FAA *nar-/*har- "to plow": PS
*nar-atY- Hebr. hO.ras "to
plow"; J:arae."to plow";
Ar. J:ara!:_a "to plow"; Ug. l}r
"to plow"; E th. tuzrasa "to plow'';
Harari harasa "to plow"; Akk.
eresu "to plow, till"; Sabaean
hrt "plowed lands". PEC *nar-
i't0 scratch, scrape" -+ Burji
har'- "to plow, cultivate";
Hadiyya hiir- "to scratch"; Afar
hiir-is- "to clean out the con-
tents of viscera"; Konso har-
" to scoop soil from a hole";
Gidole hiir-awwa "razor, blade
for shaving".
PIE *nhar- "to plow": Lat. arB
"to plOw"; Hit t. !Jar-as-zi "to
"to plow"; Gk. &pOw "to plow";
Goth. arjan "to plow".
Cf. Moller 1911:15-16; Buck 1949:8.21; Pokorny 1959:62-63 *ar(a)-
"to plow"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:78-79 *arii-. The East Cushitic
cognates have been added.
50. PAA *ra?y-/*ra?y- "to see,
perceive": PS *ra?ay- Hebr.
ra'ah "to see, perceive, look
at, observe, watch, consider,
discern, reflect, gaze at, be-
hold"; Ar. Pa'Q: "to see, be-
hold, perceive, notice, ob-
serve, discern, look (at),
regard, consider, deem, think";
Eth. ra'aya "to see", ra'ay
"vision"; Harari ri 'a "to see";
Sabaean r'y "to see, experience".
Eg. *iry (+ *rty) "to see" (impv.
ir t:w "pay attention!"), ir-t
"ey;"; Copt. ya "eye".
PIE *ra?i-/*ra?i- *rai-/*rai-
*ri-/*re- *ra?i-/*ra?i-
(with
-+ *rei-/*roi- "to reckon, think":
Lat. ;eor, ;er'i "to reckon,
think, be of the opinion, sup-
pose, judge", ratiO "reckoning,
account, computation, calcula-
tion", r?;tus "religious custom,
ceremony, rite"; Goth. ra]?jo
"ntunber, account", ga-rapjan
''to count", rOdjan "to speak",
ga-redan "to reflect upon",
Paidjan "to determine, order,
fix, appoint"; OHG. radia, re-
dea "aCCOUnt" J r(iten II tO ad-
Vise"; OE. rffid "advice", r?;m
"number", r?;man "to count, cal-
culate''; orr. rim ''number''.
Cf. Buck 1949:17.13, 17.14, 18.21; Pokorny 1959:59-61 *re-, *re-;
*(aJrf-, *rei-; *re-dh-, *ro-dh-, *ra-dh-; *rei-dh-; Walde-Pokorny
1973.I:73-75. The Egyptian and Coptic cognates have been added.
51. PAA *k'Wer-/*k'war- "to be
heavy, weighty": PS *wa-k'ar-
Ar. wal$m'a "to load, burden,
overload; to oppress, weigh
heavily upon", wik:P "heavy load,
burden"; Hebr. "to be
PIE *k'wer-/*k'wr,;- "heavy,
weighty": Skt. "heavy,
weighty, valuable, highly prized,
venerable, respectable"; Gk.
$apu, "heavy, burdensome, weigh-
ty, grievous"; Lat. gravis
249
precious, prized, costly",
"precious, rare, splen-
did, weighty"; Aram.
"to be heavy, precious"; Ug.
ylfP "precious, dear"; Akk.
ak:aru "to become scarce, pre-
cious, expensive, valuable",
"to make rare; to value;
to hold in esteem, give honor
(to gods)". Cush. Burji
k'urk'-a "heavy", k'Ur>k'-e
"weight", k'urk'-{xf- "to be-
come heavy; to conceive,
become pregnant".
"heavy, weighty, burdensome,
important, eminent, venerable,
great"; Goth. kaurus "heavy".
Cf. Moller 1911:98-99; Buck 1949:11.87, 11.88, 15.81; Pokorny
1959:476-77 *g1d:er- "heavy"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:684-86. The East
Cushitic (Burji) cognates have been added.
52. PAA *bad-I* bad- "to split,
cleave, separate": PS *bad-ak'-
-> Hebr. beoek "breach, fissure";
Aram. "to penetrate"; Akk.
badiiku "to cleave, split"; Eth.
badak "fissure". PS *bad-ad- ->
Hebr: b?ioao "to be separated,
isolated, alone", bao "part,
piece, portion"; Ar. badda "to
divide, separate, spread";
Sabaean bdd "to distribute,
share out"; Harsiisi abdod "to
separate,
PIE *bad-/*bad- "to prick, dig,
pierce": Hit t. pid-da-i, pad-
da-i "to dig"; Lat. fodio "to
dig"; Lith. bedu "to dig, bury";
Welsh bedd "grave"; Gaul. bedo-
"canal, ditch"; OCS. bodcc "to
stick, prick".
Cf. Buck 1949:8.22, 9.27; Pokorny 1959:113-14 *bhedh- "to stab,
dig"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:l88. The Semitic documentation has
been expanded.
53. PAA *ta/*ta demonstrative stem:
PS *t?i/*t'f -> Ar. (m.) t'f, (f.)
ta "this"; Tigre (m.) tu, (f.)
ta
11
this". Eg. tn
11
this
11
;
Copt. t-, te- def. art. fern. sg.
PEC (subj .) *ta, (f.) *tu/*ti
dem. stem-> Burji (f.) ta,
(subj.) ci "this"; Somali (f.)
ta, (subj .) tu "this". PSC (f.
bound) *ta "this" -> Iraqw ti
"this"; Burunge ti "this", ta'a
"that".
PIE *ta demonstrative stem:
Skt. tela "this, that"; Gk. TO
"this, that"; Goth. pata "that";
Lith. tO.s "this, that"; Toch. A
tam "this"; Hier. Luw. tas
"this".
Cf. Moller 1911:242; Pokorny 1959:1086-87 *to-, *ta-, *tio- dem.
stem; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:742. The Coptic and Cushitic cognates
have been added.
54. PAA *dYar- "hand, arm": PS
*dYir?i'i:- -> Ar. dira' "arm,
forearm"; Hebr.-'ezrOa', zarOa'
"arm, shoulder
11
; Aram. dara.'a
"arm"; Ug. dP' "upper arm";
Akk. (WSem.-loan) zuru!:J "arm";
250
PIE *dar-/*dar-/*dr- "to hold":
Skt. dhiirayati "to hold, bear,
preserve, keep"; Toch. A tsar,
B {la:I' "hand".
Soqotri dePCi' "forearm
11
; Har-
siisi derii "forearm"; SJ;ter:i.
dera'-"forearm"; Eth. mazrii'it
"arm". Eg. dr-t "palm of the
hand", dri-t "hand"; Copt.
tore, tore "(hand); handle,
spade, pick, oar".
Cf. Buck 1949:4.31, 4.33, 11.15; Pokorny 1959:252-55 *dher-,
*dhera- "to hold"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:856-60. The Coptic cog-
nates have been added.
55. PAA *t'Yar-/*t'Yar- "to stick,
adhere; to be firm, strong,
solid": PS *t'Yar-ab- + Ar.
;;ariba "to stick, adhere",
;;urriba "to become hard, strong;
to be firm, solid"; Akk. sarbatu
"tree"; I]arslisi darb
11
wood, peg,
piece of wood"; fth. ijal"aba "to
hew, do carpentry", fiarbat
"woodwork, stonework". Eg.
dri "hard, firm"; Copt. gro
rrto become strong, firm, vic-
torious; to make strong".
PIE *t'aru-/*t'ra!:!- "to bind,
pledge, guarantee, make strong":
Oir. derb "certain"; Goth.
triggws "true"; OE. treow
"truth"; Lith. driUtas "strong,
firm". PIE *t'aru-/*t'rau-
"tree, wood": ,Hitt.
"wood"; Skt. dii::ru "wood"; Gk.
6opu "tree, beam"; Goth. triu
"tree, wood"; OCS. drevo
"tree".
Cf. Moller 1911:48; Buck 1949:15.74, 16.65; Pokorny 1959:214-17
*deru-, *dBru-, *dr(e)u-, *drel;!a-, *drii- "tree"; Walde-Pokorny
1973.I:804-06. The Coptic cognate has been added.
56. PAA *t'Yaw-/*t'Ya:w- "bad, evil":
Eg. dw (dw) "to be bad or evil;
to be stinking", dlv-t "bad thing,
evil, wickedness"; Copt. gowt
"base, lowly, rejected".
PIE *t'us- prefix indicating
"bad, evil": Skt. dus-; Av.
dus-; Gk. ouo-; Goth . tuz-.
Cf. Buck 1949:16.72; Pokorny 1959:227 *dus- "evil, bad"; Walde-
Pokorny 1973.I:816. The Coptic cognate has been added.
57. PAA "to harvest,
reap": PS *nat81-ad- + Akk.
"to harv;-st"; Ar.
"to harvest, reap, mow", f]al}i.d
"mown grain". PEC *nad't- "to
reap"-+- Burji hat'- "to reap";
Oromo hatt'-a:w- "to sweep";
Dobase hat'- "to hoe, clean".
PIE *nhat'- "crop, grain":
Lat. ador "a species of grain,
spelt"; Goth. atisk "grain,
grain-field"; OHG. ezzisc "seed".
Cf. Buck 1949:8.32, 8.41, 8.42; Pokorny 1959:3 *ades-, *ados-
"type of grain"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:45. The East Cushitic cog-
nates have been added.
58. PAA *t'Yar-/*t'Yar- "to cut":
PS *t'Yar-ar- + Ar. zarra "to
cut, split", ;;irr "sharp-edged
stone, flint"; Hebr. l]Or "knife",
Ejal" "flint"; Akk. EjUl"tu "knife",
surru "flint blade". Copt. gar
;, to sharpen".
PIE *t'ar-/*t'ar-/*t'r- "to
cut, split": Gk. "to
skin, flay"; OE. teran "to
tear"; Skt. drnfxti "to tear,
rend, split
251
Cf. Moller 1911:45; Buck 1949:9.23; Pokorny 1959:206-11 *der-,
*dera-, *dre- "to skin"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:797-803 *der-, *dere-.
The Coptic cognate has been added.
59. PAA *gat'-/*gat'- "to take":
PEC *gac:f- "to take" + Burji gac:f-
" to take". PSC *gerj- "to take"
+ Alagwa geger- "to carry";
Iraqw gagar- "to carry"; Kw'adza
gel- "to choose"; Ma'a -gePa "to
bring"; Dahalo gefitokwn- "to
carry".
PIE *gat'-/*gat'-, *ga-n-t'-
"to take": Goth. bigitan "to
find"; Oice. geta "to get";
OSax. bigetan "to seize"; OE.
begietan "to get, obtain, at-
tain"; Lat. "to seize";
Alb. gj{ndem "to be found".
Cf. Buck 1949:11.13, 11.14, 11.16; Pokorny 1959:437-38 *ghend-,
*ghed- "to grasp, seize"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:589-90. The East
Cushitic (Burji) cognate has been added.
60. PAA *k'am-/*k'am- "to chew,
bite, eat, cut to pieces, crush":
PS *k'am-an- + Ar. (Datina) kamah
"to eat"; Eth. lf.amf:a "t'o
eat"; Harari lflimaf;ta "to take a
mouthful"; Amh. J:.ama "to swallow
without chewing"; Gurage (Wolane)
J:.ama "to chew qiit". Eg. qmit
"to cut, wound". PEC *k'om- "to
chew, bite, eat" -+ Saho -qom-;
Somali qOn "wound", qOm- "to
wound"; Dasenech (imp tv.) kom
"eat!"; Oromo k'am- "to chew
C'at".
PIE *k'am-/*k'am-/*k''ll- "to
chew, bite, cut to pieces,
crush": Skt. jambhate, jabhate
"to chew up, crush, destroy",
jambha-h "tooth"; Gk.
"bolt"; "oE. aamb "comb"; Tach.
A kam, B keme "tooth".
Cf. BuckA1949:4.58, 6.91; Pokorny 1959:369 *gembh-, *'llhh- "to
bite", *gombho-s "tooth"; Walde-Pokorny 1973 .I: 575-76. The Semitic
cognates have been added.
61. PAA *k'aw-/*k'(Jh)- "to make a
round hole in": PS *k'(Jh)-ar-
..,. Hebr. kur "to bore, dig"; Ar.
kiira "to.make a round hole in,
gouge, scoop, hollow out"; Ug.
J:.r "spring, well"; Sabaean J:.wr
"to engrave". Eg. qwr-w
"gold-miner"; Copt. cowre
"slave". PEC *k'fuu-"ahole"
+ Somali q(Jh); Oromo k'a(w)a;
Konso qiiwa; Gidole k'iiw; Burji
k'(Jh)-a.
PIE *k'u-/*k'au-/*k'au- "to
make a round h;le in"7 Gk.
yUnn "a hole", yiJpOs; "round",
yUpos; "ring, circle"; Olce.
kunta "vulva".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.82, 2.85; Pokorny 1959:393 *geu-, *gau-, *gft-
"to bend"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:555-62. The Egyptian and Coptic
cognates have been added.
62. PAA *gwan-/*gwan- "to swell,
abound": PS *gan-an- ->- Amh.
gannana "to be abundant"; Tigre
glinna "to exceed the measure
11
;
Gurage (Wolane) gena "large".
Eg. gn-t "heap, abundance".
Cush. Burji giin- "to be or
252
PIE *gwan-/*gwan- "to swell,
abound": Skt. ii-hana-h "swel-
ling, distended"; Gk.
"to thrive, prosper, flourish,
abound"; Arm. yogn (+ i + *o-
gwon- or *o-gwno-) "much"; Lith.
ganG. "enough".
become big", (caus.) gan-is-
" to make big, enlarge", gann-
an-e "big, great, mighty";
Konso kan- "to be left to grow
big"; Dullay kan- "to grow",
kan-a "big"; Somali gen "age".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.55, 13.18; Pokorny 1959:491 *glsihen- "to swell";
Walde-Pokorny 1973.I:679. The East Cushitic cognates have been
added.
63. PAA *hark'-/*nark'- "to tear,
rend, break apart": PS *xar-ak'-
Ar. "to tear, rend,
break apart"; Hebr. "to
grate". Eg. Demotic (7.-ry)
"to grind (the teeth)"; Copt.
hroijrij "to grind or gnash (the
teeth)".
PIE *hhark'-/*hhark'- "to tear,
rend, break apart": Oir. orgaim
"to slay"; Hitt. IJar-ak-zi "to
be destroyed"; Arm. harkanem
"to split, fell".
Cf. Buck 1949:9.26, 9.27, 9.28. The Egyptian and Coptic cognates
have been added.
64. PAA *?ad.Y-/*?adY- "to be pointed,
sharp", *?adYn- "ear": PS *?adY-
an- "to be pointed, sharp",
*?udYn- "ear" Hebr. 'ozen
"ear", 'a.zen "implements,
tools"; Ar. 'udun, 'udn "ear",
'adina "to listen, permit, al-
loW, hear"; Akk. uznu
11
ear";
Ug. luzn "ear"; Eth. 'azan
"ear", ma'azan "edge, corner,
peak, pinnacle"; Amh. ma'azan
"corner, angle"; Harari uzun
"ear"; Tigre 'azan "ear"; Tna.
'azni "ear", mi:i'azar; "corner";
Gurage azan 'in
"ear". Eg. 7.-dn(-<-*7.-dn)
"ear". Cush. Oromo ida- "to
sting".
PIE *?ad-/*?ad- "pointed, sharp":
OPruss. addle "fir, spruce";
Lith. adyti "to darn", lldata
"needle", ?!gle (+ *edZe) "fir,
spruce"; OCS. jela (+ *edla)
"fir, spruce"; Russ. jel' (+
*edli-) "fir, spruce".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.352, 12.353; Pokorny 1959:289-90 *edh- "tip,
point". The East Cushitic (Oromo) cognate has been added.
65. PAA *maZ-/*maZ- "good": PS
*maZ-ih- Ar. mali!z "good";
Ug. mZh "good, pleasant". Eq.
mn?J award, reward, recom-
pense, pay back, confer a gift
or an honor, be good, be gra-
cious, be perfect, be benefi-
cent11, mnl:Jw
11
good deeds, bene-
fits, benefactions", mni:J-t
"something that is correct,
excellent, good, solid (of
buildings), beneficent".
PIE *maZ-/*maZ- "good": Lat.
me Zior "better" ; Hit t. ma Zai-
"to approve".
Cf. Illic-Svityc 1976.II:41, no. 278 *malA; Pokorny 1959:720 *mel-
"strong, big"; Walde-Pokorny 1973 .II: 292; Buck 1949: 16. 71. The
Egyptian cognates have been added.
253
66. PAA *mat'-/*mat'- "to be wet,
moist": PS *mat'-ar- + Hebr.
mZit;G:r "rain"; Akk. "rain";
Ar. mapara "to rain"; Ug. mt1'
"rain". PS *mat'- -+ Gurage
matamata "to be soaked through
be drenched, be rotten,
be putrid". Berb. Tamazight
a-matta "a tear". Cush. Kam-
"to be wet"; Qabenna
"wet", rrruqqo' "to be wet";
Gallinya muqqe "wet". PSC *mii4-
or *mad- "rain" + Burunge madiTJ
"rainy. season"; Ma'a mclre.
Chad. N. Bauchi Ch. *mad:-
"dew"-+ Warjanci macf-ai; Pa'anci
mad:a; Diryanci mad:a; Siryanci
mud:i; Jimbinanci amad'a.
PIE *mat'- "to be wet, moist":
Gk. 1m6aw "to be moist"; Lat.
madeo "to be wet"; Skt. m&dati
"to be glad, rejoice, get drunk".
Cf. Buck 1949:1.75, 4.98; Pokorny 1959:694-95 *mad- "wet; to
drip"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:230-33. The Cushitic (Kambatta,
Qabenna, and Gallinya) cognates have been added.
67. PAA *nak-/*nak- "to strike,
smite, slay": PS *nak-ay- +
Hebr. ni'ixah "to strike, smite";
Ar. naka "to cause damage,
harm, hurt, injure"; Eth.
nakaya "to harm, injure"; Akk.
naku "to strike, smite" (?);
Sabaean nky "to injure". PS
*nak-a?- + Amh. nCikka "to
touch, hurt"; Tigre nCik'a "to
damage, hurt"; Harari naka'a
"to touch, harm"; Tna. niix'e
"to touch"; Gurage niikG. "to
touch"; Ar. naka'a "to scrape
the scab off a wound; to hurt,
wound, kill". Eg. nk "to
smite, attack, injure". Berb.
Tamazight nay "to kill".
PIE *nak-/*nak- "to slay,
smite": Lat. neao "to kill,
slay", noxa "harm, injury,
damage", noceO "to hurt, in-
jure, harm", nex "violent
death, murder"; Skt. nasyati
"to be lost, perish, disappear";
Gk. "dead body, corpse";
orr. ec "death".
Cf. Brunner 1969:35, no. 138; Buck 1949:9.21; Pokorny 1959:762
*nek- "mortal destruction, corpse"; Walde-Pokorny 1973.II:326.
The Semitic documentation has been expanded.
68. PAA *lak'-l*lak'- "to gather,
collect": PS *lak'-at'- + Hebr.
lakat "to gather up, pick up";
Akk. lakiitu "to collect, gather";
Ar. "to gather, pick up,
collect". PS *lak'-an- + Ar.
lakina "to gather, infer, teach".
Ps *lak' -am- + Eth. lakama "to
pick"; Gurage lakama pick,
pick up"; Tna. "to pick,
pluck, glean"; Tigre lCikma "to
gather, pluck"; Harari iakama
"to pick up" Amh. lakkama "to
collect, gather (wood); pick
(fruit), pick up".
254
PIE *lak'-/*lak'- "to gather":
Lat. lege "to ordain, appoint";
Gk. 1-e'yw "to pick, gather,
speak".
Cf. Buck 1949:12.21, 18.21; Pokorny 1959:658 *le- "to gather,
collect"; Walde-Pokorny 1973. II: 422. The Semitic documentation
has been expanded.
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Watkins, Calvert, ed. 1985. The American Heritage Dictionary of
Indo-European Roots. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company.
Allan R. Bomhard
86 Waltham Street
Boston, MA 02118
257
MORE ON THE VOCATIVE *-E
ERIC P, HAMP
While Shields's attempt (GL 25, 1985, 1-3) to rescue his accentual
(+ intonational) theory of the fronting of *o to *e is ingenious,
I fear that it risks irrelevancy by ignoring the full range of data.
It is clear that the exact background of vocative accentuation
in IE is ambiguous,as Winter has carefully stated the problem. But
none of these properties of the vocative appears to bear on the
quality of its *-e without much more extensive investigation, i.e.
of rather distant pre-IE dependencies.
We know that the same thematic *-e appeared in the imperative.
I have further shown (Hamp 1970, 1975, 1983, 1984) that the termin-
ation of the thematic zero locative was *-e. In short, it seems
simply that the shape of the thema in absolute final was *e, for
whatever orginal contextual phonetic reason (the real problem).
The thema obviously had a history different from that of conven-
tional *e and *o. Note that in the verb,except for the hi-consonan-
tal third person plural, the thema matches in quality the gravity
of the following consonant.
REFERENCES
Hamp, Eric P. 1970. Locative singular in -ei. IF 75.105-6.
----------- 1975. Latin AJP 96.64-66.
1983. *Pronoun + clitic. Ba1tistica 19.176-78.
1984. Ober das Deklinationssystem .. GL 24.179-86.
Department of Linguistics
University of Chicago
GENERAL LINGUISTICS, Vol. 26, No. 4. Published by The Pennsylvania
State University Press, University Park and London.
258