Lecture-23 (Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram)

Lecture-23 (Shear force
diagram & bending moment

diagram)
Solid Mechanics
(CE 251)
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya 1
Trigonometric functions:
(1) Line function: y = mx + c

y = dependent variable
x = independent variables
m = slope of line
c = interceptor on y-axis

y = mx
c = 0
m = + ve
y = mx + c
m = +ve
c = +ve
y = mx + c
m = -ve
c = +ve
y = mx + c
m = +ve
c= -ve
y = mx + c
m = -ve
c= -ve
+ x
+y
-x
+y
(1) Standard Equations of a Parabola with Vertex at (0, 0)
y = dependent variable
x = independent variables

1.1 y
2
= 4ax

Vertex: (0, 0)
Focus: (a, 0)
Directrix: x = a
Symmetric with respect to the x axis
Axis the x axis

a < 0 (open left)
a > 0 (open right)
a < 0 (open down)
a > 0 (open up)
1.2 x
2
= 4ay

Vertex: (0, 0)
Focus: (0, a)
Directrix: y = a
Symmetric with respect to the y axis
Axis the y axis

1.3 Convert quadratic equation to standard parabola

a
A
a
b
x X
a
c
a
b
y Y where
X AY
a
b
x
a
c
a
b
y
a
a
c
a
b
a
b
x a y
a
c
a
b
a
b
x
a
b
x a y
a
c
x
a
b
x a y
c bx ax y
1
4 ;
2
4
,
4
)
2
( )
4
(
1
4
)
2
(
)
4 4
(
) (
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2

a
c
a
b
y
a
c
a
b
y
Y
a
b
x
a
b
x
X

2
2
2
2
2
0
2
0 and
2
0
2
0
: are Parabola of Vertex

Vertex:

Symmetric with respect to the y axis
Axis the y axis

)
2
,
2
(
2
2
a
c
a
b
a
b

a > 0 (open up)
y
x
0
-x
1.4 y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx +d

where a 0, and b, c and d (=0) are constants (can be
zero) and If a > 0 the graph of a cubic looks similar to
one of the following graphs:

y r x q x p x

) )( )( (
III Case
y p x

3
) (
II Case
y x

3
II Case
1.4 y = ax
3
+ bx
2
+ cx +d

where a 0, and b, c and d (=0) are constants (can be
zero) and If a < 0 the graph of a cubic looks similar to
one of the following graphs:

y r x q x p x

) )( )( (
III Case
y p x

3
) (
II Case
y x

3
II Case
Sign Conventions SF and BM:
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil
Mandariya
9
Sign Conventions of SF & BM
Sagging
Hogging
Mandariya
10
Steps to Calculate SF and BM in Beams:
Step-1
Determine the reactions at the supports.
Step-2
Divide the beam span in different segments according
loading and support conditions.
Step-3
Consider left side end of beam as origin.
Step-4
Choose a section corresponding to each segment which
will be at x distance from the left end of the beam
(origin).
Mandariya
11
Step-5
Take a left segment of the beam from section Y-Y.
Step-6
Convert all UDL, UVL in point loads.
Step-7
Choose the sign conventions and write the static
equilibrium equations for the beam segment.
Step-8
Solve static equilibrium equations for the each beam
segment separately according to boundary condition of
segments.
Mandariya
12
Step-9
Consider a x and y axis below the beam such that length
of the x-axis will be equal to beam span.
Step-10
Mark the all points according to loading and supports
on the x-axis.
Step-11
Draw the curve separately according to SF and BM
equations for each segments with boundary values.
Mandariya
13
Example 1:
Step-1
Determine the reactions at
the supports.
R
B
R
D
H
B
F
x
= 0 = H
B
= 0 ..........(1)

F
y
= 0 = -R
B
- R
D
+ 20 + 40= 0

R
D
+ R
B
= 60 kN .............(2)

M = 0 = M
B
= 0
= - (3 x 40) + (5 x R
D
) + R
B
x 0
+ H
A
x 0 + (2.5 x 20)= 0

R
D
= 70/5 = 14 kN ..............(3)

From eq. (2) & (3)
R
B
= 46 kN CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil
Mandariya
14
Step-2
Segment-1: AB
Segment-2: BC
Segment-3: CD
Mandariya
15
Step-3
X

Y

0

Step-4
Choose a section y-y corresponding to each segment
which will be at x distance from the left end of the
beam (origin).
x

y

y

Mandariya
16
Step-5
Take a left segment of the beam from section Y-Y.
0

x

y

y

Step-6
There is no UDL or UVL.
Mandariya
17
Step-7 & 8
equilibrium equations for the beam segment & solve them.
0

x

y

y

Segment-1: AB (0 x 2.5)
F
x
= 0 ..........(1)

F
y
= 0
= 20 + V
x
= 0
V
x
= - 20 kN (constant).............(2)

M = 0
= (x * 20) + M
x
= 0

M
x
= -20x (line equation with ve
slop and zero intercept on y-axis)..(3)

From eq. (2) & (3)
At x = 0
V
A
= - 20 kN; M
A
= 0 kN-m

At x = 2.5 m
V
B
= - 20 kN; M
B
= - 50 kN-m
CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya
18
y

y

x

R
B
= 46 kN

(x - 2.5)

0

Segment-2: BC (2.5 x 5.5)
F
x
= 0 ..........(1)

F
y
= 0
= 20 + V
x
46 = 0

V
x
= 26 kN (constant value).............(2)

M = 0
= (x * 20) - (x 2.5)*46 + M
x
= 0

M
x
= 26x - 115 (line equation with +ve
slope and ve intercept on y-axis)..........(3)

From eq. (2) & (3)

At x = 2.5 m
V
B
= 26.0 kN; M
B
= - 50.0 kN-m

At x = 5.5 m
V
C
= 26.0 kN; M
C
= 28.0 kN-m CE 251 (Solid Mechanics) by Anil Mandariya
19
Segment-3: CD (5.5 x 7.5)
X

Y

0

x

y

y

(x-2.5-3)

R
B
= 46 kN

F
x
= 0 ..........(1)

F
y
= 0
= 20 46 + 40 + V
x
= 0

V
x
= -14.0 kN (constant value).............(2)

M = 0
= (x * 20) - (x 2.5)*46 + (x 2.5 3)*40
+ M
x
= 0

M
x
= -14x + 105 (line eq. with ve slop
and +ve intercept)................................(3)

From eq. (2) & (3)

At x = 5.5 m
V
C
= -14.0 kN; M
C
= 28.0 kN-m

At x = 7.5 m
V
D
= -14.0 kN; M
D
= 0 kN-m
20
Step-9
Mandariya
21
Consider a x and y axis below the beam such that length
of the x-axis will be equal to beam span.
x
y
Step-10
22
Mark the all points according to loading and supports
on the x-axis.
x
y
B
A
C
D
Step-11
23
Draw the curve separately according to SF and BM
equations for each segments with boundary values.

V
x
= - 20 kN (constant)
M
x
= -20x (line equation with
ve slop and zero intercept on
y-axis)

At x = 0
V
A
= - 20 kN; M
A
= 0 kN-m

At x = 2.5 m
V
B
= - 20 kN; M
B
= - 50 kN-m

x
y
B
A
C
D
-20 kN
SFD
24

V
x
= - 20 kN (constant)
M
x
= -20x (line equation with
ve slop and zero intercept on
y-axis)

At x = 0
V
A
= - 20 kN; M
A
= 0 kN-m

At x = 2.5 m
V
B
= - 20 kN; M
B
= - 50 kN-m

x
y
B
A
C
D
-20 kN
SFD
-50 kN-m
0.0 kN-m
25
Segment-2: BC (2.5 x 5.5)

V
x
= 26 kN (constant value)
M
x
= 26x - 115 (line equation
with +ve slope and ve
intercept on y-axis)

At x = 2.5 m
V
B
= 26.0 kN; M
B
= - 50.0 kN-m

At x = 5.5 m
V
C
= 26.0 kN; M
C
= 28.0 kN-m

M
x
= 0
26x 115 = 0

x = 4.42 m
x
y
B
A
C
D
-20 kN
SFD
-50 kN-m
0.0 kN-m
26 kN
E
x = 4.42 m
28 kN-m
26
Segment-2: CD (2.5 x 7.5)

V
x
= -14.0 kN (constant value)
M
x
= -14x + 105 (line eq. with
ve slop and +ve intercept)

At x = 5.5 m
V
C
= -14.0 kN; M
C
= 28.0 kN-m

At x = 7.5 m
V
D
= -14.0 kN; M
D
= 0 kN-m
x
y
B
A
C
D
-20 kN
SFD
0.0 kN-m
-50 kN-m
26 kN
E
x = 4.42 m
28 kN-m
-14 kN
BMD
Example:2
Mandariya
27
Step-1
Determine the reactions at the supports.
Couple: arm = 2 m and
force = 8 kN
M
o
= 2 x 8 = 16 kN-m
UDL: 2 Nos.
q
1
= q
2
= q = 4 kN/m on 2 m
Resultant point load = 4 x 2 = 8 kN
Will act at centroid of the UDL
= 2/2
= 1 m from A and B
Mandariya
28

1.0 m 3.0 m
1.0 m
8.0 kN 8.0 kN
3.0 m
H
A
R
A
R
B
F
x
= 0 = H
A
= 0 ..........(1)

F
y
= 0 = -R
A
- R
B
+ 8.0 + 8.0 = 0

R
A
+ R
B
= 16.0 kN .............(2)

M = 0 = M
B
= 0
= R
B
x 0 + (1 x 8) + - (M
o
= 16) + (7 x 8) - (8 x R
A
) + H
A
x 0 = 0

R
A
= 48/8 = 6.0 kN ..............(3)

From eq. (2) & (3)
R
B
= 10.0 kN

So Reactions are H
A
= 0; R
A
= 6.0 kN; R
B
= 10.0 kN
29
Step-2
C E D
Segment-1: AC
Segment-2: CD
Segment-3: DE
Segment-4: EB
Step-3
C E D
Y
X
O
Mandariya
31
Step-4
Choose a section y-y corresponding to each segment
which will be at x distance from the left end of the
beam (origin). 1
st
choose for segment AC and so on.
C E D
Y
X
O
x
y
y
Mandariya
32
Step-5
Take a left segment of the beam from section y-y'.
C E D
Y
X
O
x
y
y

0 kN

6.0 kN

Step-6
UDL: 1 Nos.; q = 4 kN/m & length = x m
Resultant load of UDL = 4x kN
Will act at centroid of UDL: x/2 m
4x kN

x/2 m

Mandariya
33
Step-7 & 8
equilibrium equations for the beam segment & solve them.
Segment-1: AC (0 x 2.0 m)
4x kN

x/2 m

F
x
= 0 ............................................(1)

F
y
= 0 = - 6.0 + 4x + V
x
= 0
V
x
= (6- 4x) kN ............................................(2)

M = 0
= - 6*x + (x/2 * 4x) + M
x
= 0
M
x
= - 2x
2
+ 6x ...........................................(3)

From eq. (2) & (3)

At x = 0 m
V
A
= 6.0 kN; M
A
= 0.0 kN-m

At x = 2.0 m
V
C
= -2.0 kN; M
C
= 4.0 kN-m
Mandariya
34
Segment-2: CD (2.0 x 4.0 m)
x
y
y
6.0 kN

x
y
y
6.0 kN

8.0 kN

1.0 m

F
x
= 0 ..........................(1)

F
y
= 0 = - 6.0 + 8 + V
x
= 0
V
x
= -2.0 kN .............................. (2)

M = 0
= - 6*x + (x 1) * 8 + M
x
= 0
M
x
= - 2x + 8 .............................(3)

From eq. (2) & (3)

At x = 2.0 m
V
C
= -2.0 kN; M
C
= 4.0 kN-m

At x = 4.0 m
V
D
= -2.0 kN; M
D
= 0.0 kN-m
35
Segment-3: DE (4.0 x 6.0 m)
x
C D
y
y
6.0 kN

2.0 m

8.0 kN

1.0 m

F
x
= 0 .....................................(1)

F
y
= 0 = - 6.0 + 8 + V
x
= 0
V
x
= -2.0 kN ....................................... (2)

M = 0
= - 6*x + (x 1) * 8 M
o
(= 16) + M
x
= 0
M
x
= - 2x + 24 ....................................(3)

From eq. (2) & (3)

At x = 4.0 m
V
D
= -2.0 kN; M
D
= 16.0 kN-m

At x = 6.0 m
V
E
= -2.0 kN; M
E
= 12.0 kN-m
36
Segment-4: EB (6.0 x 8.0 m)
2.0 m

x
C D
y
y
6.0 kN

2.0 m

8.0 kN

1.0 m

4.0 kN/m

E
Mandariya
37
F
x
= 0 .....................................(1)

F
y
= 0 = - 6.0 + 8 + 4*(x 6) + V
x
= 0
V
x
= 22 4x kN ................................ (2)

M = 0
= - 6*x + (x 1) * 8 M
o
(= 16) + 4*(x 6)*(x 6)/2 + M
x
= 0
M
x
= - 2x
2
+ 22x - 48 ....................................(3)

x
C D
y
y
6.0 kN

2.0 m

8.0 kN

1.0 m

4.0 kN/m

2.0 m

4*(x 6)

(x 6)/2 m

E
From eq. (2) & (3)

At x = 6.0 m
V
E
= -2.0 kN;
M
E
= 12.0 kN-m

At x = 8.0 m
V
B
= -10.0 kN;
M
E
= 0.0 kN-m
C E D
x
x
y
y
A
A
B
D
E C
C
D E B
Consider a x and y axis below the beam such that length of the x-
axis will be equal to beam span and mark the all points according
to loading and supports on the x-axis.
Step-9
& 10
Draw the curve separately according to SF and BM equations for
each segments with boundary values.
Step-11
Segment-1: AC (0 x 2.0 m)
V
x
= (6- 4x) kN (line eq. with ve slop and +ve intercept on y-axis and SF =0 at
x = 1.5 m).

M
x
= - 2x
2
+ 6x (quadratic eq. of parabola with vertex (1.5, 4.5))

At x = 0 m
V
A
= 6.0 kN; M
A
= 0.0 kN-m

At x = 2.0 m
V
C
= -2.0 kN; M
C
= 4.0 kN-m

y
x
0
-x
Select this part
of parabola for
BMD according
to boundary
value
C E D
x
x
y
y
A
A
B
D E C
C
D E B
6 kN
-2 kN 1.5 m
4 kN-m
2 m
Segment-2: CD (2.0 x 4.0 m)
V
x
= -2.0 kN (constant value, horizontal axis parallel to x-
axis)

M
x
= - 2x + 8 (line eq. with ve slop and +ve intercept on y-
axis)

At x = 2.0 m
V
C
= -2.0 kN; M
C
= 4.0 kN-m

At x = 4.0 m
V
D
= -2.0 kN; M
D
= 0.0 kN-m

6 kN
-2 kN
1.5 m
2 m
C E D
x
x
y
y
A
A
B
D E C
C
D E B
4 kN-m
-2 kN
2 m
2 m
Segment-3: DE (4.0 x 6.0 m)
V
x
= -2.0 kN (constant value, horizontal axis parallel to x-
axis)

M
x
= - 2x + 24 (line eq. with ve slop and +ve intercept on
y-axis)

At x = 4.0 m
V
C
= -2.0 kN; M
C
= 16.0 kN-m

At x = 6.0 m
V
D
= -2.0 kN; M
D
= 12.0 kN-m

6 kN
-2 kN
1.5 m
2 m
C E D
x
x
y
y
A
A
B
D E C
C
D E B
4 kN-m
-2 kN
16 kN-m
12 kN-m
-2 kN
2 m 2 m 2 m
Segment-4: EB (6.0 x 8.0 m)
V
x
= 22 4x kN (line eq. with ve slop and +ve intercept
on y-axis)

M
x
= - 2x
2
+ 22x - 48 (quadratic eq. of parabola with vertex
(5.5, 36.5))

At x = 6.0 m
V
E
= -2.0 kN;
M
E
= 12.0 kN-m

At x = 8.0 m
V
B
= -10.0 kN;
M
E
= 0.0 kN-m

y
x
Select this part
of parabola for
BMD according
to boundary
value
6 kN
-2 kN
1.5 m
2 m
C E D
x
x
y
y
A
A
B
D E C
C
D E B
4 kN-m
-2 kN
16 kN-m
12 kN-m
-2 kN
2 m 2 m 2 m
-10 kN
SFD & BMD for different types of beam and
loading condition:
(1) Simply supported beam:

(2) Cantilever beam:

51
BM will be maximum at:

1. At sections where a concentrated load acts and the
shear force changes its sign.

2. At sections where shear force = 0

3. At supports providing vertical reactions.

4. At sections where a couple are applied.

Point of contra flexure:

A point where BM changes its sign.
Anil Mandariya 52
Important points for BM:
The slop of the SFD at any section of the beam is equal
to the intensity of the distributed load over
corresponding section.

Presence of the concentrated loads are indicated by
abrupt changes in SFD. The abrupt change (change in
ordinate) of SF at a section is equal to the
concentrated load at the section.

The slop of the BMD at any section is equal to the SF
at the corresponding section.

At concentrated load point, the slop of BMD is abruptly
chnges.

Anil Mandariya 53
Properties of SFD & BMD:
Total load on a beam between two sections =
difference between the SF at these two sections

The area of SFD between two section = difference
between BM at these two sections.

Anil Mandariya 54
Thanks
Mandariya
55

Lecture-23 (Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram)

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diagram & bending moment

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Lecture-23 (Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram)

Lecture-23 (Shear Force Diagram & Bending Moment Diagram)