Hi,

Different types of Signaling Units used in SS7 Protocols are: -

1. FISU - Fill-In Signal Unit
2. LSSU - Link Status Signal Unit.
3. MSU - Message Signal Unit

FISU - Its a lowest Level Signal Unit, Its generated automatically in both
directions on all links as traffic volume decreases. It Provides continuous
Error Checking on signaling links when there are no MSUs. It allows SS7
network to maintain its reliability. It contains basic level 2 information only
i.e. acknowledgment of signal unit receipt by a remote signaling point.

Check Sum - It is calculated from the transmitted message by the
transmitting signaling point & inserted in the message. On receipt it is
recalculated by receiving signaling point. If not the same, the message
is corrupt & retransmission is requested.
Spare - Used as a filler since the LI only uses 6 of the possible 8 bits.
LI - Indicates length of Signaling Unit (SU). FISU LI=0, LSSU LI=1 or
2, MSU LI=3 to 63. If MSU is larger than 63 octets (bytes) it will not
be indicted, max.273 octets.
FIB - Used in error recovery like BIB, When messages are transmitted
in error, & the BIB has changed from 1 to 0 or 0 to 1, the FIB will
change to match the BIB, when corrupted messages have been
successfully retransmitted. If there are no error message, BIB & FIB
will have the same value 0 or 1.
FSN - Contained the sequence number of a transmitted SU, can be
between 0-127, or 128 possible SUs in transmit buffer.
BIB - Indicates the negative acknowledgment, if the bit does not
match the FIB bit value, either 0 or 1.
BSN - Used to confirm the receipt of SUs & to ensure they are received
in the order they were transmitted. The BSN value will match that of
the last successfully received SUs FSN. Value can be 0-127 or 128
possible SUs in received buffer.
Flag - It act as a delimiter for SUs. A flag marks the end of the SU &
the start of the next SU, Always looks like 01111110.

LSSU - It is used to control Link Alignment. It contains one or two octets of
link status information. It indicates the status of a signaling point (e.g. local
processor outage) to the remote signaling point.


It has one unique field, the Status Field (SF). The SF can have any one of
the six different status indications, those are.
1. Busy (SIB) - Level 2 is busy, or congested at transmitting signaling
point(SP). A SP will suspend MSUs when it receives a busy LSSU. If
the condition lasts 3-6 sec, Level 3 will be informed of a link failure &
begin alignment process.
2. Processor Outage (SIPO) - Transmitting signaling point cannot
communicate with Level 3 & 4, possible due to a CPU or total nodal
failure. or being manually taken out of service with the canc-
slk command.
3. Out of Service (SIOS) - SP cannot transmit or receives any MSUs for
the reason other than processor outage. Upon receipt of an SIOS the
receiving SP stops the transmission of MSUs & begin transmitting
FISUs. It is also sent at the beginning of the alignment process.
4. Out of Alignment (SIO) - Sent when a link has failed, is restored &
alignment procedure has been initiated, but proving period parameters
have not been met.
5. Normal Alignment (SIN) - Procedure used when there is more than
one SLK in the affected linkset. During the alignment process, the slk
is looking for 4 successfull normal alignment LSSUs in a 2.3sec.
proving period, if it fails it goes out of alignment again.
6. Emergency Alignment (SIE) - Procedure used when there is only 1 slk
in a linkset. During the alignment process, the slk is looking for 1
successful emergency alignment LSSU in a 0.6sec. proving period.

MSU - It is used for Call Control, Database query & response, Network
Management, Network Maintenance, Routing Labels which consists of an
Origination & a Destination point Code.



It provides the structure for transmitting all messages types such as ISUP,
TUP, TCAP, MAP.
It has 2 unique fields -
1. Service Information Octet (SIO) - It tells level 4 the type of service
requested & the type of network message, & the priority of the MSU.
The Service Indicator field tells :-
Value 0 - indicates a signaling network management message.
Value 1 - indicates a signaling network test & maintenance message.
Value 2 - indicates a special signaling network test & maintenance
message.
Value 3 - indicates a SCCP message.
Value 4 - indicates a TUP message.
Value 5 - indicates a ISUP message.
The Network type is 2 Bits :
Value 0 - indicates an International Network.
Value 1 - indicates a National Network.
The Message Priority is 2 Bits :
Message priority values are from 0-3
Value 0 - indicates Lowest Priority Message.
Value 3 - indicates Highest Priority Message.
2. Signaling Information Field (SIF) - It has
The Routing Label of the message (OPC / DPC).
A Signaling Link Selector (SLS), used to distribute traffic over multiple
signaling links within a linkset if available.


More Information from Readers are Expected !!!

Thanks
telecomtigers@gmail.com
http://homepageforu.webs.com/
1
Posted by Ashish Bhatia at 4:38 PM 0 comments
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Labels: Signaling
Friday, September 25, 2009
What is H.248 / MEGACO
Media Gateway Control Protocol (Megaco/H.248)

It is one of the signaling protocol like SS7, SIP, etc.

Megaco(H.248) defines the protocol for Media Gateway Controllers to control
Media Gateways for the support of multimedia streams across computer
networks. It is typically used to provide Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
services (voice and fax) between IP networks and the PSTN, or entirely
within IP networks.

Media Gateway :-
A media gateway is any device, such as a circuit switch, IP gateway, or
channel bank that converts data from the format required for one type of
network to the format required for another.

Megaco/H.248 were introduced to inter-network IP and traditional telephony
systems and to provide support for large-scale end-to-end deployments.
Hence, It enables traditional telephone networks to transmit voice traffic
over IP. While other multimedia over IP protocols, such as Session Initiation
Protocol (SIP) and H.323, are based on a peer-to-peer architecture,

It specify a master/slave architecture for decomposed gateways. In the
master/slave architecture, MGC is the master server and MGs are the slave
clients that behave as simple switches.

One MGC can serve multiple MGs.



MGC or softswitch is the foundation for next-generation networks offering
the intelligence and reliability of the circuit-switched network with the speed
and economy of the packet-switched network. MG is the gateway that allows
communication between two different networks, e.g., IP and public switched
telephone network.

MGs can communicate via a real-time transport protocol (RTP) that provides
end-to-end transport functions suitable for applications transmitting real-
time data such as interactive audio and video.
RTP service is further augmented by real-time control protocol (RTCP) to
allow monitoring the data delivery.


Thanks
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Posted by Ashish Bhatia at 3:49 PM 0 comments
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Wednesday, September 23, 2009
What is SS7
SS7:- It is a Common Channel Signaling system designed by ITU T in
response to a demand for more features & integrated data services. It
defines the architecture, procedures & protocols for information exchange
over digital network. It is designed to support call setup, routing, billing,
database information, & special services of PSTNs.

The gateway office uses application protocol of SS7 for more than one
interface, such as MAP for C/D, BSAP for A interface.



It is classified into 2 parts
User Part
MTP (Message Transfer Part)

MTP: - It is responsible for transmitting signaling messages for its users. It
ensures reliable signaling message transfer over signaling network by
avoiding or minimizing message loss, duplicate or out-of-sequence in case of
any system fault or signaling network fault.

It consists of 3 functional layers:-
1. Signaling data link function (MTP-1)
2. Signaling link function (MTP-2)
3. Signaling network function (MTP-3)

MTP-1:- It defines the physical, electrical & functional characteristics of a
signaling data link, as well as access method. It is same as physical layer of
OSI model. It used to generate & receive signals on physical channels.

MTP-2:- It corporate with MTP-1 to provide a signaling link for reliable
signaling message transfer between 2 signaling points. Its function includes
signal unit delimitation, signal unit alignment, error detection & correction,
initial alignment, flow control & signaling link error monitoring.

MTP-3:- It enables management message transmission between signaling
point for the purpose of ensuring a reliable transfer of signaling message
over the signaling network, in the case that signaling link or signaling
transfer point fails.
Signaling network functions are divided into signaling message handling &
signaling network management.

Signaling Message Handling - This function ensures that signaling message
originated by a particular user part at a signaling point (originating) are
delivered the same user part at destination point indicated by sending user
part.
Signaling Network Management - It is used to provide re-configuration of
signaling network in case of failure & to control traffic in case of congestion
(heavy traffic). It includes signaling traffic management, signaling link &
route management.


SCCP (Signaling Connection Control Part):-
It provide additional function to MTP to cater both connection-less &
connection oriented network services to transfer circuit related & non-circuit
related signaling information & other type of information between switches &
specialized centers in telecommunication network through SS7 network.

It is also used for transfer of circuit related & non-circuit related signaling
information
of the ISDN user part with or without end to end signaling connection.

SCCP Services falls into 4 classes
1. Class 0 - Basic connectionless services.
2. Class 1 - In sequence delivery connectionless services.
3. Class 2 - Basic connection-oriented services.
4. Class 3 - Flow control connection-oriented services.

TCAP (Transaction Capabilities Application Part):-
It refers to the capabilities of providing information, request & responses. It
provided functions & procedures, irrerevalent to a large variety of application
between switches & databases in telecommunication network. It consists of
TCAP - It corresponds to layer 7 of OSI model.
ISP (Intermediate Service Part) - It corresponds to layer 4 to 6 of OSI
model.

It uses SCCP supported addressing mode & is based on connection-less &
connection oriented services of the SCCP.
Connection-less mode is applied in case of real-time transfer of a small
amount of data.
Connection oriented mode is applied in case of non-real-time transfer of a
large amount of data.


MAP (Mobile Application Part):-
This protocol defines how messages are exchanged between network entities
for the purpose of realizing the MS roaming function.
The network entities involve here includes MSC, HLR, AUC (Authentication
Center), MC, SCP.
In CDMA, C, D, E, T & Q interfaces all can transfer MAP messages therefore
they all are referred as MAP interfaces.
MAP Functions:-
1. Location & data management - They are the basis of other services of
mobile network.
It function includes
Realizing MS automatic roaming & roaming restriction.
Providing subscriber data for other services.
Maintaining data consistency between HLR & VLR.
Protecting network resources from being accessed by invalid subscribers.

2. Handoff Management - It ensures interconnection & interworking between
mobile equipment of different suppliers, so that subscriber can roam freely
in different MSC's. It function includes
Basic handoff function namely forward handoff, backward handoff &
handoff to third party.
Transparent signaling transmission after handoff.
Circuit Management.

3. Call Function - It includes origination request used to obtain calling
subscriber data from the HLR or SCP.
Location request used to obtain location information of called subscriber
from HLR.
Forwarding request to obtain forward-to request.

4. Supplementary Services - It supports various call related & non-call
related supplementary services, like conference calling. The MAP can identify
& support SCP oriented features operations.

5. Intelligent Network (IN) Services - It supports following IN functions
Intelligent controls.
SCP based forwarding services.
Service recovery.
In prepaid charging (PPC) service, MAP is responsible for restoring the
MSCe or SCP in the case of any exception.

6. SMS Services - MAP support following functions
MS initiating a short message.
MS termination a short message.
Short message broadcast.
Short message notice.


BSAP (Base Station Application Part):-
It is the application protocol used for A interface. Interface between MSC &
BSC is A interface. The A interface includes A1, A2 & A5 interface.
A1 - It transfers call control related signaling.
A2 - It transfer 64Kbps PCM voice service.
A5 - It transfer circuit-switched data service.

BSAP describes 2 types of messages -
BS Management Application Part (BSMAP)
Direct Transfer Application Part (DTAP)
BSMAP supports the resources management & circuit equipment
management procedures between MSC & BSC.
DTAP transfers mobility management messages between BSC & MSC.
BSAP protocols defines message format & procedures to support the wireless
service function between MSC & BSC. Major A interface signaling procedure
includes Mobile origination, Mobile Termination, Call Clearing.


TUP (Telephone User Part):-
It defines the circuit signaling function necessary for call control, namely the
content of signaling message transferred between switching offices.


ISUP (Integrated Service Digital Network User Part):-
It defines signaling messages functions & procedure required to control voice
& non-voice services. It not only implements the function of TUP & Data User
Part (DUP) but also realize diversified ISDN services.

The ISUP supports basic bearer services i.e. establishing, monitoring &
releasing 64Kbps circuit between subscriber terminals & providing lower
layer message transfer capabilities for subscriber.

It also support following supplementary services,
Calling Line Identification Presentation & Restriction (CLIP & CLIR).
Connected Line Identification Presentation & Restriction (COLP & CLOR).
Call Forwarding, Call Holding, Call Waiting, User to User Signaling, Three-
Way Calling, Conference Call.
ISUP also supports MultiDestination signaling point function.


Thanks
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Posted by Ashish Bhatia at 10:56 AM 0 comments
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Monday, September 21, 2009
What is Signaling
In Communication system, the messages that are required to co-ordinate
different entities.

Signaling messages are described in interface, protocols & specifications.

INTERFACES :- It refers to the connecting point between 2 adjacent
network entities.

PROTOCOLS :- Its a set of rules to be defined for exchanging information
between connecting points.

Types of Signaling :-

In telephone network, signaling is divided into 2 parts -
1. Access Signaling - Signaling between subscriber terminal (telephone) &
the local exchange

2. Trunk Signaling (Inter-exchange signaling) - It is used for signaling
between exchanges. Inter-exchange signaling information is usually
transported on one of the time slot in PCM link, either in association with the
speech channel or independently.

These are of 2 types :-

1. Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) - In CAS, speech channel (in-
band) or a channel closely associated with speech channel (out-band), is
used for signaling.

2. Common Channel Signaling (CCS) - In CCS, a dedicated channel
completely seperate from speech channel is used for signaling. Due to high
capacity, in CCS one signaling channel can serve a large no. of speech
channel.

Line Signals :- They are used during the 'duration of a call' to monitor the
status of the connection & traffic circuit, e.g. seizure, answers signals, etc.

Register Signals :- They are used during the setup phase of a call to
transfer address & category information e.g. dailed B number, etc.

Line signals & register signals are used in CAS system.

In CCS, signaling messages (data packets) are transmitted over time slot in
a PCM link reserved for the purpose of signaling. The System is designed to
use a common data channel (signaling link) as the carrier of all signals
required by a large no. of traffic channels.

Signaling Interfaces :-

These are A, B, C, D, zz, 39/xx, Q, T1, SIGTRAN, ISUP interface, etc.

A,B,C,D are already defined in previous Interfaces post,

ZZ:- Its between MSCe's (Mobile Switching Center Emulation). It compiles
with the SIP-T (Session Initiation Protocol for Telephone). It provide the
inter-office call control function for narrowband circuit-switched domain
services.

39/xx:- Its between MGW (Media Gateway) & MRFP (Media Resource
Function Processor). It compiles with Megaco/H.248. Its is used when MSCe
controls dynamic & static resources of transmission nodes (IP/TDM) in the
MGW during call processing, including terminal attributes, terminal
connectivity & mobile streams.

Q:- Its between MSCe & MC (Message Center). It Compiles with MAP (Mobile
Application Part) of SS7 (Signaling System 7) to support SMS (Short
Message Services).

T1:- Its between MSCe & SCP (Service Control Point). It compiles with WIN
of SS7 to support IN (Intelligent Network) services.

SIGTRAN:- Its between MSCe & SG (Signaling Gateway). It is used to
transmit circuit switching signaling messages over IP (Internet Protocol)
network.

ISUP interfaces :- The gateway office provides the interfaces between
PSTN (Public Switch Telephone Network) & other mobile network devices &
controls incoming & outgoing calls through ISUP or TUP of SS7.


Signaling Protocols :-
These are
SS7 (Including ISUP, MAP & BSAP)
SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)
H.248


Thanks
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Posted by Ashish Bhatia at 6:05 PM 1 comments
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Wednesday, September 16, 2009
Intefaces among Mobile Network
What is Interface ?
They are required to connect different nodes in the GSM network.

Types of Interfaces :-
Air interface or Um-interface -
The Air Interface is the interface between the BTS (Base Transceiver
Station) and the MS (Mobile Station).
The air interface is required for supporting:
- Universal use of any compatible mobile station in a GSM network.
- A maximum spectral efficiency.
Abis-interface -
Its the interface between the BSC (Base Station Controller) and the BTS.
The interface comprises traffic and control channels.
Functions implemented at the Abis-interface are:
- Voice-data traffic exchange.
- Signaling exchange between the BSC and the BTS.
- Transporting synchronization information from the BSC to the BTS.
A-interface -
Its the interface between the BSS and the MSC. It manages the allocation of
suitable radio resources to the MSs and mobility management.
B-interface -
This interface is between between the MSC and the VLR.
VLR uses the MAP/B protocol. Most MSCs are associated with a VLR, making
the B interface "internal". Whenever the MSC needs access to data regarding
a MS located in its area, it interrogates the VLR using the MAP/B protocol
over the B interface.
C-interface -
It is between the HLR and a GMSC or a SMS-G.
Each call originating outside of GSM (i.e., a MS terminating call from the
PSTN) has to go through a Gateway to obtain the routing information
required to complete the call, and the MAP/C protocol over the C interface is
used for this purpose.
D-interface -
The D interface is between the VLR and HLR,
It uses the MAP/D protocol to exchange the data related to the location of
the MS and to the management of the subscriber.
E-interface -
It interconnects two MSCs.
The E interface exchanges data related to handover between the anchor and
relay MSCs using the MAP/E protocol.
F-interface -
It connects the MSC to the EIR (Equipment Identity Register),
It uses the MAP/F protocol to verify the status of the IMEI that the MSC has
retrieved from the MS.
G-interface -
The G interface interconnects two VLRs of different MSCs
It uses the MAP/G protocol to transfer subscriber information, e.g. during a
location update procedure.
H-interface -
The H interface is between the MSC and the SMS-G,
It uses the MAP/H protocol to support the transfer of short messages.
I-interface -
It is the interface between the MSC and the MS.
Messages exchanged over the I interface are relayed transparently through
the BSS.

Read more
at http://telecomtigers.blogspot.com/search/label/Signaling#QAm6fYTVA4Ts
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