vs. Hannah Attuso A! Pitter, Laurie Mc"rath, #oug Cofort, #arrin #avis, Mar! $llen Le%o &achel 'a(rielian, )Mr. Aniliton*, +n,no-n #efen.ants 1-1/ #efen.ants PLAINTIFF'S RESPONSE TO ORDER TO SHOW CAUSE Pursuant to the Court0s 1r.er to 2ho- Cause, the un.ersigne. here%! res(on.s to the Court0s 1r.er to 2ho- Cause. 3n su((ort of this res(onse, (laintiff offers the follo-ing stateent of facts an. arguent, -ith reference to a((lica%le authorities. Plaintiff0s onl! guarantee against o((ression an. t!rann! are her fun.aental li%erties un.er the 4ill of &ights -hich shiel. her in ties of nee.. The Court is no- calle. to .eci.e -hether to u(hol. the (laintiff0s %asic .ue (rocess rights or %o- .o-n to t!rann!.5 STATEMENT OF FACTS A. Hannah Attuso The .efen.ant Hannah Attuso is an e(lo!ee of the #e(artent of &evenue Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent Agenc!. 1n 6une 27, 2//2 The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, Hannah Attuso file. notice of a((earance for #1&8C2$ as counsel -ith the Mi..lese9 Pro%ate an. :ail! Court ; #onnnell!, 6. <. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, Hannah Attuso further otione. the Mi..lese9 Pro%ate an. :ail! Court to re=uest for financial stateent against Leisha $sh%ach. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, Hannah Attuso violate. statutor! re=uireents an. stan.ar.s .esignate. un.er Cha(ter 11>A of the "eneral La-s (ursuant to Title 3? Part # of the 2ocial 2ecurit! Act. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, Hannah Attuso faile. to affor. the (laintiff notice an. a hearing %efore atte(ting to enforce a te(orar! chil. su((ort or.er against her (ursuant to M.".L 11>A s.@ ;4< an. in rule 4;.<;2< of the Massachusetts &ules of #oestic &elations Proce.ure. Those 5constitutionall! a.e=uate (roce.ures5 re=uire notice an. an o((ortunit! to %e hear.. Mullane v. Central Hanover 4an, A Trust Co., @@> +.2. @/B, @1@, C/ 2. Ct. B72, B7B-7C, >4 L.$.. DB7 ;1>7/< The Euris.ictional rules are set out in Part A of Article 2 of +3:2A, 2ections 2/1 an. 2/2. 2ection 2/1 esta%lishes +3:2A0s %ases for Euris.iction over a nonresi.ent, i.e., long-ar Euris.iction, %! (rovi.ing that a state a! e9ercise Euris.iction over an in.ivi.ual if the in.ivi.ual has %een (ro(erl! serve. in the state. The Plaintiff %rings this action see,ing re.ress for the illegal acts of the .efen.ant, -hich have resulte. in a loss of (laintiff0s (ro(ert! an. .enial of her li%erties, an. for .eclarator! an. inEunctive relief to en. those (ractices an. (revent further losses. B. Amy Ptt!" The .efen.ant A! Pitter is an e(lo!ee of the #e(artent of &evenue Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent Agenc!. The .efen.ant A! Pitter serves as Coissioner of the #e(artent of &evenue. 2he is res(onsi%le for overseeing #1& e(lo!ees in offices across the state -ho -or, in chil. su((ort enforceent. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant A! Pitters failure %! her o-n neglence to .eterine if the (laintiff ha. incurre. %an, or siilar fees as a .irect result of a.inistrative error %! the 3?- # agenc! (ursuant to M.".L. 11>A s. 1/A ;c <. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant A! Pitter failure %! her o-n neglence to .eterine if the 3?-# agenc! ha. .istri%ute. a (a!ent to an in.ivi.ual o%ligee that -as not a chil. su((ort collection on %ehalf of the o%ligee, or that the o%ligee -as other-ise not entitle. to the (a!ent, (ursuant to M.".L. 11>A s. 1/A ; % <. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant A! Pitter %! her o-n neglence faile. to issue a refun. to the (laintiff of one! collecte. through eans of frau. (ursuant to M.".L. 11>A s. 1/A ; % <. The (laintiff alleges %! the .efen.ant A! Pitter0s o-n negligence to a,e that .eterination has allo-e. har to continue to the (laintiff an. a.e no atte(t to recover an. refun. the (laintiffs one! in -hich -as ta,en %! eans of frau.. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant A! Pitter ,no-ingl! an. -illfull! a.e use of all false .ocuents ,no-ing the sae containe. fro a frau.ulent .ocuents (ursuant to 1D +2C 1//1. 1n 6une 21, 2/1@ the (laintiff alleges she sent a .isclosure re=uest to Attorne! 6aes 2-een! for the .istrict Attorne!0s 1ffice an. car%on co(ie. the .efen.ant A! Pitter of the the #e(artent of &evenue Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent #ivision. $nclose. (laintiff inserte. a signe. release for recor.s as (rovi.e. %! the #e(artent of &evenue Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent #ivision0s -e%site. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant A! Pitter cons(ire. -ith others %! failing to (rovi.e the (laintiff access to the recor. in -hich their #e(artent ha. her liste. as a client an. in -hich she is entitle. (ursuant to Title 3? Part # of the 2ocial 2ecurit! Act. 'no-ing the case file -as %ase. on frau.. The .efen.ant ,no-ingl! an. -illfull! allo-e. others to a,e use of all false .ocuents ,no-ing the sae containe. fro a frau.ulent .ocuents (ursuant to 1D +2C 1//1. The Plaintiff %rings this action see,ing re.ress for the illegal acts of the .efen.ant, -hich have resulte. in a loss of (laintiff0s (ro(ert! an. .enial of her li%erties, an. for .eclarator! an. inEunctive relief to en. those (ractices an. (revent further losses. C. Lau"! M#$"ath The .efen.ant Laurie Mc"rath is associate. -ith Massachusetts #e(artent of &evenue -ith the role of #e(ut! Coissioner. The (laintiff alleges on 6une 4, 2/1@ the .efen.ant Laurie Mc"rath sent notice to the (laintiff, Leisha Tringali that her #e(artent ha. issue. a ne- 3ncoe 1r.er 8 Notice of 2u((ort. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant Laurie Mc"rath intentionall! retaliate. against (laintiff %! sen.ing such notice ,no-ing that Tringali 3 case -as un.er revie- -ith the first circuit court of a((eals an. that the (laintiff -as suing her .e(artent for 2!nthetic 3.entit! Theft an. ,no-ing this -oul. cause har to the (laintiff. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, Laurie Mc"rath is a state actor acting un.er the )color of la-* she shoul. have ,no-n that issuing 3ncoe 1r.er8 Notice of 2u((ort -oul. cause the (laintiff loss of her (ro(ert!. The (laintiff alleges %! (lacing the (laintiff0s nae u(on the 3ncoe 1r.er 8 Notice of 2u((ort. the .efen.ant Laurie Mc"rath %! eans of frau. ,no-ingl! transferre. the (laintiff0s nae, Leisha Tringali in an effort to collect on a te(orar! chil. su((ort or.er for Leisha $sh%ach -ithout la-ful authorit! (ursuant to 1D +.2. Co.e F 1/2D. The .efen.ant, Laurie Mc"rath ,no-ingl! an. -illfull! falsifie. .ocuents an. or a.e use of all false .ocuents ,no-ing the sae containe. fro a frau.ulent .ocuents (ursuant to 1D +2C 1//1. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant Laurie Mc"rath engage. in unla-ful acts through a (attern of collection of an unla-ful .e%t to ac=uire or aintain .irectl! or in.irectl! an interest in the (laintiff0s (ersonal (ro(ert! an. li%erties (ursuant to 1D +2C 1>71. The Plaintiff %rings this action see,ing re.ress for the illegal acts of the .efen.ant, -hich have resulte. in a loss of (laintiff0s (ro(ert! an. .enial of her li%erties, an. for .eclarator! an. inEunctive relief to en. those (ractices an. (revent further losses. D. Dou% Com&o"t The .efen.ant, #oug Cofort is an e(lo!ee of the #e(artent of &evenue Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent Agenc!. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, #oug Coforts E o% .escri(tion is Chil. 2u((ort $nforce 2(ec ; C <. His Eo% .uties inclu.e %ut not liite. to as a first level su(ervisor, a (reliinar! function as a trainer, an. .oing e9(ert level -or, %e!on. the general co(etencies of the Eo%. Training 2(ecialist, forulate (olic!, (rovi.e technical consultations on co(le9 assignents, or (erfor -or, at an e9(ert level. Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent 2(ecialists evaluate an. onitor chil. su((ort cases to esta%lish (aternit! an. to esta%lish, o.if!, an. enforce chil. su((ort or.ersG (re(are cases for court actionG ensure co(liance -ith chil. su((ort agreeents an. court or.ersG con.uct research to locate non-custo.ial (arents an. i.entif! asset8incoe availa%le to eet chil. su((ort o%ligationsG research cases involving failure to (a! court-or.ere. chil. su((ortG ensure the accurac! of case inforation %! (erforing revie-s an. a.Eusting case inforation -hen nee.e.G an. assist custo.ial an. non-custo.ial (arents %! (rovi.ing inforation to the regar.ing their chil. su((ort cases through tele(hone calls, in face to face eetings, or in -riting. Aroun. 1cto%er 2//B the (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, #oug Cofort interce(te. an insurance clai settleent (a!ent fro the (laintiff in the aount of H7,///.//. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, #oug Cofort %! his o-n negligence faile. in his Eo% .uties to ensure the accurac! of case inforation %! (erforing revie-s an. a.Eusting case inforation -hen nee.e.. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, #oug Cofort is a state actor acting un.er the )color of la-* he shoul. have ,no-n that interce(ting an insurance clai settleent (a!ent -oul. cause the (laintiff loss of her (ro(ert!. :urtherore the (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, #oug Cofort %! his o-n negligence faile. to (rovi.e the (laintiff notice of sai. interce(tion of her one! (ursuant to Title 3?, Part # of the 2ocial 2ecurit! Act, 42 , an. M.".L. c. 11>A. 3n -hich .e(rive. the (laintiff of .ue (rocess. Plaintiff is aggrieve. %! the .efen.ant0s actions ta,en in collecting chil. su((ort -ithout notice to the (laintiff. The (laintiff clais that (roce.ural .ue (rocess .ean.s that a (art! affecte. %! governent action %e given notice an. an o((ortunit! to %e hear. %efore %eing .e(rive. of a (ro(ert! interest. Aroun. 1cto%er 2//B the (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, #oug Cofort interce(te. another insurance clai settleent (a!ent fro the (laintiff in the aount of H7,///.//. The (laintiff alleges again the .efen.ant, #oug Cofort is a state actor acting un.er the )color of la-* he shoul. have ,no-n that interce(ting an insurance clai settleent (a!ent -oul. cause the (laintiff loss of her (ro(ert!. :urtherore the (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, #oug Cofort faile. %! his o-n negligence to (rovi.e the (laintiff notice of sai. interce(tion of her one! (ursuant to Title 3?, Part # of the 2ocial 2ecurit! Act, 42 , an. M.".L. c. 11>A. The (laintiff clais -hen (ro(ert! is seiIe. %! a state an. then rean.e. to the custo.! of the +nite. 2tates, the fe.eral agenc! receiving the (ro(ert! ust (rovi.e notice of the seiIure to an! intereste. (arties -ithin >/ .a!s of the .ate of the initial seiIure. 1D +.2.C. F >D@;a<;1< ;A<;iv<. Plaintiff is aggrieve. %! the .efen.ant0s actions ta,en in collecting chil. su((ort -ithout notice to the (laintiff. Proce.ural .ue (rocess .ean.s that a (art! affecte. %! governent action %e given notice an. an o((ortunit! to %e hear. %efore %eing .e(rive. of a (ro(ert! interest. 6u.ge 4ar%a.oro .isisse. the (laintiff0s clais against the .efen.ant #oug Cofort on groun.s that )she Jha.K not (lea.e. sufficient facts to sho- either Cofort (ro9iatle! cause. the violations she alle.geJ.K or that he has the (o-er to i(leent an or.er granting her relief she sought* Tringali 3, 2/12 LL 7BD@2@B, at 4. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, #oug Cofort faile. %! his o-n negligence in his Eo% .uties ensure the accurac! of case inforation %! (erforing revie-s an. a.Eusting case inforation -hen nee.e.. :urther failing to (rovi.e (laintiff notice. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant #oug Cofort ha. the a%ilit! to o.if! an. to (re(are cases for court action %ut the .efen.ant %! his o-n neglence faile. to .o so. The (laintiff alleges -ithin her co(laint sufficient facts to sho- that the .efen.ant, #oug Cofort cause. .ue (rocess violations an. ha. the (o-er to grant her relief. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant #oug Cofort engage. in unla-ful acts through a (attern of collection of an unla-ful .e%t to ac=uire or aintain .irectl! or in.irectl! an interest in the (laintiff0s (ersonal (ro(ert! an. li%erties (ursuant to 1D +2C 1>71. The Plaintiff %ring this action see,ing re.ress for the illegal acts of the .efen.ant, -hich have resulte. in a loss of her (ro(ert! an. .enial of her li%erties, an. for .eclarator! an. inEunctive relief to en. those (ractices an. (revent further losses. E. Da""n Da's #arrin #avis is an e(lo!ee of the #e(artent of &evenue Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant #arrin #avis -as assigne. to the case in -hich she is nae.. The .efen.ant #arrin #avis Eo% .escri(tion is Chil. 2u((ort $nforce 2(ec ; A84 <. His Eo% .uties inclu.e %ut not liite. to Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent 2(ecialists evaluate an. onitor chil. su((ort cases to esta%lish (aternit! an. to esta%lish, o.if!, an. enforce chil. su((ort or.ersG (re(are cases for court actionG ensure co(liance -ith chil. su((ort agreeents an. court or.ersG con.uct research to locate non-custo.ial (arents an. i.entif! asset8incoe availa%le to eet chil. su((ort o%ligationsG research cases involving failure to (a! court-or.ere. chil. su((ortG ensure the accurac! of case inforation %! (erforing revie-s an. a.Eusting case inforation -hen nee.e.G an. assist custo.ial an. non-custo.ial (arents %! (rovi.ing inforation to the regar.ing their chil. su((ort cases through tele(hone calls, in face to face eetings, or in -riting. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant #arrin #avis faile. %! his o-n negligence in his .uties to ensure the accurac! of the case inforation %! (erforing revie-s an. a.Eusting case inforation -hen nee.e. an. assist the (laintiff %! (rovi.ing inforation regar.ing the chil. su((ort cases through tele(hone calls, in face to face eetings, or in -riting. F. Ma"y E((!n L!m)o The .efen.ant Mar! $llen Le%o is an e(lo!ee of the #e(artent of &evenue Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent Agenc!. The (laintiff alleges the &egistration 2tateent -as signe. %! the .efen.ant Mar! $llen Le%o on 6une 1>, 2/1@ un.er the (enalit! of (erEur! that all inforation an. facts concerning arrearage accrue. un.er this or.er -ere true to the %est of her ,no-le.ge an. %elief. The (laintiff alleges a &egistration 2tateent -as enclose.. 1n this recor. the naes of Leisha Tringali an. Leisha $sh%ach -ere nae. to i.entif! the other0s inforation. Attache. -ith the &egistration 2tateent -as the te(orar! chil. su((ort or.er in -hich Leisha $sh%ach is nae. an. not that of the (laintiff. The (laintiff alleges the this stateent -as NOT sent (ursuant to a re=uest fro the Ne- Ha(shire #e(artent of Health an. Huan 2ervices, #ivision of Chil. 2u((ort %ut rather fro Mar! $llen Le%o to Ne- Ha(shire #e(artent of Health an. Huan 2ervices, #ivision of Chil. 2u((ort. The (laintiff alleges on 1cto%er 4, 2/1@ Pegg! &ossing, $s= 2taff Attorne! for the #ivision of Chil. 2u((ort 2ervices ; Ne- Ha(shire < file. a Motion to Lith.ra- &egistration of :oreign 1r.er as the (laintiff (rovi.e. (roof that she has challenge. the vali.it! of the #e(artent ; Massachusetts #1& < atte(te. to register. The Ne- Ha(shire #e(artent .i. not -ish to (rocee. until the issues -ere resolve. in Massachusetts. 3t is a((ro(riate to consi.er the agnitu.e of the (otential har that the .efen.ant0s con.uct -oul. have cause. to its inten.e. victi if the -rongful (lan ha. succee.e., as -ell as the (ossi%le har to other victis that ight have resulte. if siilar future %ehavior -ere not .eterre. - TM1 Pro.uction Cor(. v. Alliance &esources Cor(., 7/> +2 44@ N 2u(ree Court 1>>@ The (laintiff alleges %! (lacing the (laintiff0s nae u(on the &egistration 2tateent the .efen.ant Mar! $llen Le%o %! eans of frau. ,no-ingl! an. -illingl! transferre. the (laintiff0s nae -ithout la-ful authorit! (ursuant to 1D +.2. Co.e F 1/2D. The (laintiff alleges again the .efen.ant, Mar! $llen Le%o is a state actor acting un.er the )color of la-* he shoul. have ,no-n that filing a &egistration 2tateent -oul. cause the (laintiff loss of her (ro(ert! an. li%erties. $. FNU *&"st nam! un+no,n- An(ton The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, Anilton .i. not lift the sus(ension of the (laintiffOs license an. =uote. M"L 11> s. 1B ;%< as his authorit!. Accor.ing to the #1&8C2$, M.".L. C 11>A, F 1B, gives the the authorit! to sus(en.e. a in.ivi.uals %usiness, tra.e, (rofessional, recreational or otor vehicle license or virtuall! an! other license or registration that a (erson has legall! o%taine. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, Anilton state. )1nce !ou have cleare. !our outstan.ing o%ligation, !ou ust (resent the &egistr! of Motor ?ehicles -ith an official notice fro the Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent #ivision of the Massachusetts #e(artent of &evenue, stating that !ou are in co(liance -ith the (a!ent (lan an. are eligi%le or reinstateent*. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, Anilton insinuate. that (laintiff o-e. chil.-su((ort -ith no (roof fro the #1&8C2$ other then a co(uter generate. letter. Plaintiff alleges she -as never affor.e. a hearing regar.ing the sus(ension of her .riverOs license %ut rather tol. to (resent the &egistr! of Motor ?ehicles -ith an official notice fro the Chil. 2u((ort $nforceent #ivision of the Massachusetts #e(artent of &evenue, stating that (laintiff -as in co(liance. The (laintiff clais that for the .efen.ant, Anilton to i(licate an. enforce M.".L. c 11>A, F 1B, in the anner in -hich he chose to enforce against the (laintiff, -oul. -ith no .ou%t have to violate her rights un.er the 7 th , C th
an. 14 th
Aen.ents of the +nite. 2tates Constitution. The (laintiff alleges again the .efen.ant, Aniliton is a state actor acting un.er the )color of la-* he shoul. have ,no-n that enforcing M.".L. c 11>A, F 1B -oul. cause the (laintiff loss of her li%erties. H. Ra#h!( .a/"!(an 1n 6une 2@, 2/11 the (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, &achel 'a(rielian, &egistrar of the Coon-ealth of Massachusetts $9ecustive 1ffice of Trans(ortation &egistr! of Motor ?ehicles sent Leisha Tringali a notice of sus(ension effective on 6ul! @, 2/1/. The (laintiff clais that for the .efen.ant &achel 'a(rielian to i(licate an. enforce M.".L. c 11>A, F 1B, in the anner in -hich she chose to enforce against the (laintiff, -oul. -ith no .ou%t have to violate her rights un.er the 7 th , C th an. 14 th
Aen.ents of the +nite. 2tates Constitution Although accor.ing to the Coon-ealth of Massachusetts having a .rivers license is a (rivilege, the sus(en.ing of a license -ithout a vali. court or.er or a hearing on an allegation is a clear violation of oneOs .ue (rocess. The .efen.ant, &achel 'a(rielian sus(en.e. the (laintiffOs .river license %! a re=uest fro the #1&8C2$ -ith no vali. court or.er violate. (laintiffOs .ue (rocess un.er the :ifth an. :ourteenth Aen.ent of the +nite. 2tate Constitution. The :ifth Aen.ent ;(art of the )4ill of &ights*< statesG )No (erson shall %e hel. to ans-er for a ca(ital, or other-ise infaous crie, nor %e .e(rive. of life, li%ert!, or (ro(ert!, -ithout .ue (rocess of la-G nor shall (rivate (ro(ert! %e ta,en for (u%lic use, -ithout Eust co(ensation.* Lhile the :ourteenth Aen.ent un.er section one statesG )All (ersons %orn or naturaliIe. in the +nite. 2tates an. su%Eect to the Euris.iction thereof, are citiIens of the +nite. 2tates an. of the 2tate -herein the! resi.e. No 2tate shall a,e or enforce an! la- -hich shall a%ri.ge the (rivileges or iunities of citiIens of the +nite. 2tatesG nor shall an! 2tate .e(rive an! (erson of life, li%ert!, or (ro(ert!, -ithout .ue (rocess of la-G nor .en! to an! (erson -ithin its Euris.iction the e=ual (rotection of the la-s.* The (laintiff alleges again the .efen.ant, &achel 'a(rielian is a state actor acting un.er the )color of la-* he shoul. have ,no-n that enforcing M.".L. c 11>A, F 1B -oul. cause the (laintiff loss of her li%erties. I. 0ohn Do!s 1 2 3 The (laintiff asserte. that the #TA ; 6ohn #oe 1 < create. a s!nthetic i.entit! of Leisha $sh%ach an. the #1&8C2$ ; 6ohn #oe 2 < -ithout the e9(ress authoriIation of the (laintiff transferre. her (ersonal i.entif!ing inforation ; 2ocial 2ecurit! Nu%er < to o%tain chil. su((ort (a!ents in -hich the (laintiff is not nae.. The (laintiff alleges %! 6ohn #oe 1 %! eans of frau. ,no-ingl! an. -illingl! transferre. the (laintiff0s nae to a s!nthetic i.entit! the! create. -ithout la-ful authorit! (ursuant to 1D +.2. Co.e F 1/2D. The (laintiff alleges %! 6ohn #oe 2 %! eans of frau. ,no-ingl! an. -illingl! transferre. the (laintiff0s social securit! nu%er to a s!thentic i.entit! -ithout la-ful authorit! (ursuant to 1D +.2. Co.e F 1/2D. 0. 0ohn Do! 4 The (laintiff alleges -hile e(lo!e. at C2$ on March 24, 2//@, 6ohn #oe @ 5levie. H4C7.>D5 fro (laintiff0s %an, account. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, 6ohn #oe @ is a state actor acting un.er the )color of la-* an. shoul. have ,no-n that issuing a lev! -oul. cause the (laintiff loss of her (ro(ert!. :urtherore the (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, 6ohn #oe @ o-n negligence to (rovi.e the (laintiff notice of sai. lev! of her one! (ursuant to Title 3?, Part # of the 2ocial 2ecurit! Act, 42 , an. M.".L. c. 11>A. 3n -hich .e(rive. the (laintiff of .ue (rocess. Lhen (ro(ert! is seiIe. %! a state an. then rean.e. to the custo.! of the +nite. 2tates, the fe.eral agenc! receiving the (ro(ert! ust (rovi.e notice of the seiIure to an! intereste. (arties -ithin >/ .a!s of the .ate of the initial seiIure. 1D +.2.C. F >D@;a<;1<;A<;iv<. Plaintiff is aggrieve. %! the .efen.ant;s< actions ta,en in collecting chil. su((ort -ithout notice to the (laintiff. Plaintiff clais (roce.ural .ue (rocess .ean.s that a (art! affecte. %! governent action %e given notice an. an o((ortunit! to %e hear. %efore %eing .e(rive. of a (ro(ert! interest. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant engage. in unla-ful acts through a (attern of collection of an unla-ful .e%t to ac=uire or aintain .irectl! or in.irectl! an interest in the (laintiff0s (ersonal (ro(ert! an. li%erties (ursuant to 1D +2C 1>71. The Plaintiff %ring this action see,ing re.ress for the illegal acts of the .efen.ant, -hich have resulte. in a loss of her (ro(ert! an. .enial of her li%erties, an. for .eclarator! an. inEunctive relief to en. those (ractices an. (revent further losses. .. 0ohn Do! 5 The (laintiff alleges -hile e(lo!e. at C2$ on A(ril 2B, 2//@, 6ohn #oe 4 interce(te. an insurace-clai (a!ent .irecte. to (laintiff in the aount of H1@2C.7/. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, 6ohn #oe 4 is a state actor acting un.er the )color of la-* an. shoul. have ,no-n that issuing a lev! -oul. cause the (laintiff loss of her (ro(ert!. :urtherore the (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, 6ohn #oe 4 o-n negligence to (rovi.e the (laintiff notice of sai. lev! of her one! (ursuant to Title 3?, Part # of the 2ocial 2ecurit! Act, 42 , an. M.".L. c. 11>A. 3n -hich .e(rive. the (laintiff of .ue (rocess. Plaintiff clais -hen (ro(ert! is seiIe. %! a state an. then rean.e. to the custo.! of the +nite. 2tates, the fe.eral agenc! receiving the (ro(ert! ust (rovi.e notice of the seiIure to an! intereste. (arties -ithin >/ .a!s of the .ate of the initial seiIure (ursuant to 1D +.2.C. F >D@;a<;1<;A<;iv<. Plaintiff is aggrieve. %! the .efen.ant0s actions ta,en in collecting chil. su((ort -ithout notice to the (laintiff. Plaintiff clais (roce.ural .ue (rocess .ean.s that a (art! affecte. %! governent action %e given notice an. an o((ortunit! to %e hear. %efore %eing .e(rive. of a (ro(ert! interest. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant engage. in unla-ful acts through a (attern of collection of an unla-ful .e%t to ac=uire or aintain .irectl! or in.irectl! an interest in the (laintiff0s (ersonal (ro(ert! an. li%erties (ursuant to 1D +2C 1>71. The Plaintiff %ring this action see,ing re.ress for the illegal acts of the .efen.ant, -hich have resulte. in a loss of her (ro(ert! an. .enial of her li%erties, an. for .eclarator! an. inEunctive relief to en. those (ractices an. (revent further losses. L. 0ohn Do! 6 The (laintiff alleges -hile e(lo!e. at C2$ on 2e(te%er 1@, 2//@, 6ohn #oe 7 5levie. H1>/B.//5 fro (laintiff0s %an, account. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, 6ohn #oe 7 is a state actor acting un.er the )color of la-* an. shoul. have ,no-n that issuing a lev! -oul. cause the (laintiff loss of her (ro(ert!. :urtherore the (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant, 6ohn #oe 7 o-n negligence to (rovi.e the (laintiff notice of sai. lev! of her one! (ursuant to Title 3?, Part # of the 2ocial 2ecurit! Act, 42 , an. M.".L. c. 11>A. 3n -hich .e(rive. the (laintiff of .ue (rocess. Plaintiff clais -hen (ro(ert! is seiIe. %! a state an. then rean.e. to the custo.! of the +nite. 2tates, the fe.eral agenc! receiving the (ro(ert! ust (rovi.e notice of the seiIure to an! intereste. (arties -ithin >/ .a!s of the .ate of the initial seiIure (ursuant to 1D +.2.C. F >D@;a<;1<;A<;iv<. Plaintiff is aggrieve. %! the .efen.ant0s actions ta,en in collecting chil. su((ort -ithout notice to the (laintiff. Proce.ural .ue (rocess .ean.s that a (art! affecte. %! governent action %e given notice an. an o((ortunit! to %e hear. %efore %eing .e(rive. of a (ro(ert! interest. The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant engage. in unla-ful acts through a (attern of collection of an unla-ful .e%t to ac=uire or aintain .irectl! or in.irectl! an interest in the (laintiff0s (ersonal (ro(ert! an. li%erties (ursuant to 1D +2C 1>71. The Plaintiff %ring this action see,ing re.ress for the illegal acts of the .efen.ant, -hich have resulte. in a loss of her (ro(ert! an. .enial of her li%erties, an. for .eclarator! an. inEunctive relief to en. those (ractices an. (revent further losses. M. 0ohn Do! 7 Plaintiff alleges she re=ueste. an 5a.inistrative revie-5 of the seiIures of her one! fro C2$, 6ohn #oe B never gave (laintiff 5(ro(er notice of the outcoe . . .5 The (laintiff alleges the .efen.ant 6ohn #oe B faile. to (rovi.e the (laintiff notice of her re=uest for an a.inistrative revie- of the 3?-# agenc!Os actions in collecting of chil. su((ort (ursuant to M.".L 11>A s. 1C. Plaintiff is aggrieve. %! the .efen.ant0s o-n negligence to (rovi.e notice of the outcoe as (laintiff is (rohi%ite. fro see,ing Eu.icial revie- -ithout (rovi.ing the court -ith the agencies final .eterination (ursuant to M.".L 11>A s. 1C. AR$UMENT A. C(ams Ba""!8 )y th! E(!'!nth Am!n8m!nt Immunty I. Wa'!" o& Immunty s Not A)so(ut! The Coon-ealth of Massachusetts, %! virtue of Articles ? an. M3 of the Massachusetts #eclaration of &ights, has a.e itself accounta%le* for suit in :e.eral Court, (reclu.ing iunit! un.er the $leventh Aen.ent of the +nite. 2tates Constitution. Article ?. All (o-er resi.ing originall! in the (eo(le, an. %eing .erive. fro the, the several agistrates an. officers of governent, veste. -ith authorit!, -hether legislative, e9ecutive, or Eu.icial, are their su%stitutes an. agents, an. are at all ties accounta%le to the. Article M3. $ver! su%Eect of the coon-ealth ought to fin. a certain ree.!, %! having recourse to the la-s, for all inEuries or -rongs -hich she a! receive in her (erson, (ro(ert!, or character. 2he ought to o%tain right an. Eustice freel!, an. -ithout %eing o%lige. to (urchase itG co(letel!, an. -ithout an! .enialG (ro(tl!, an. -ithout .ela!G confora%l! to the la-s. 33. S!#ton 19:4 /"o'8!s a &!8!"a( #aus! o& a#ton &o" th! 8!/"'aton; un8!" #o(o" o& (a,; o& a #t<!n's "%hts; /"'(!%!s; o" mmunt!s s!#u"!8 )y th! Consttuton an8 (a,s o& th! Unt!8 Stat!s. Plaintiff clais that her rights un.er the .ue (rocess clause -ere violate. %! .efen.ants neglegance to give her notice or an o((ortunit! to %e hear.. Plaintiff allege. sufficient facts to state a clai that -ithout notice, the .efen.ant;s< ha. .e(rive. (laintiff of her li%ert! an. (ro(ert! interest -ithout .ue (rocess. )2ection 1>D@ (rovi.es a fe.eral cause of action for the .e(rivation, un.er color of la-, of a citiIen0s rights, (rivileges, or iunities secure. %! the Constitution an. la-s of the +nite. 2tates.* 2ee Mc'a! v. #allas 3n.e(en.ent 2chool #istrict, ;2//>< )2ection 1>D@ (rovi.es a (rivate right of action against an! (erson -ho, acting un.er the color of state or territorial la-, a%ri.ges 5rights, (rivileges, or iunities secure. %! the Constitution an. la-s5 of the +nite. 2tates.* 2ee Penns!lvania Pharacists Ass0n v. Houstoun, 2D@ :. @. 7@1- Court of A((eals, @r. Circuit, ;2//2< 5JTKhe F 1>D@ ree.! %roa.l! enco(asses violations of fe.eral statutor! as -ell as constitutional rights.5- 2ee 4re-er v. Cantrell, B22 :. 2u((. 1@2/ - #ist. Court, L# ?irginia, ;1>D7<. 5 PLe .o not lightl! conclu.e that Congress inten.e. to (reclu.e reliance on F 1>D@ as a ree.!0 for the .e(rivation of a fe.erall! secure. right. 5 2ee #oe 4! :ein v. #istrict of Colu%ia, >@ :. @. DB1 - Court of A((eals, #ist. 1f Colu%ia Circuit, ;1>>B< 3n a F 1>D@ action, .efen.ant has the %ur.en of .eonstrating 5%! e9(ress (rovision or other s(ecific evi.ence fro the statute itself that Congress inten.e. to foreclose such (rivate enforceent. PLe .o not lightl! conclu.e that Congress inten.e. to (reclu.e reliance on F 1>D@ as a ree.!0 for the .e(rivation of a fe.erall! secure. right. 5- 2ee 4H v. 6ohnson, C17 :. 2u((. 1@DC - #ist. Court, N# 3llinois, ;1>D>< III. Stat! o&&#a(s may )! su!8 &o" 8ama%!s n th!" n8'8ua( #a/a#ty &o" 'o(atons o& &!8!"a( #onsttutona( o" statuto"y "%hts #ommtt!8 n th! #ou"s! o& o&&#a( 8ut!s The .efen.ants are Eointl! an. severall! res(onsi%le an. lia%le for .isgorging all one! that the! -rongfull! o%taine. through their illegal con.uct, an. for restoring such one! to the (laintiff. The (laintiff argues the .efen.ant;s< an. their agents shoul. %e co(elle. to a,e restitution for all (rivate (ro(ert! illegall! seiIe. an. ta,en in violation of constitutionall! (rotecte. an. guarantee. rights to .ue (rocess of la- an. 8 or in violation of a((lica%le stan.ar.s an. (roce.ures i(ose. %! statute an. court rule. The .efen.ant;s< -ho aintain such inforation in the noral course of %usiness have a legal .ut! to reasona%l! safeguar. that inforation fro %eing use. for an illegitiate (ur(ose. This clai is analogous to a (reises lia%ilit! clai for negligent securit! resulting in criinal activit!. The (laintiff clais, the .efen.ant;s< are allege. to have faile. to ta,e reasona%le (recautions to (rotect the (laintiff fro foreseea%le inEuries cause. %! the agenc! in -hich the .efen.ant;s< -or, or %! a thir. (art!. All (ersons have a .ut! to e9ercise reasona%le care not to su%Eect others to an unreasona%le ris, of har. See Lalls v. 19for. Manageent Co., 1@C NH B7@ - NH: 2u(ree Court 1>>@ Lhether a .efen.ant0s con.uct creates a ris, of har to others sufficientl! foreseea%le to charge the .efen.ant -ith a .ut! to avoi. such con.uct is a =uestion of la-, 147 N.H. 1>/, 1>@ ;2///<, %ecause 5the e9istence of a .ut! .oes not arise solel! fro the relationshi( %et-een the (arties, %ut also fro the nee. for (rotection against reasona%l! foreseea%le har.514@ N.H. 2/D, 211 ;1>>D< ;=uotation oitte.<. Thus, in soe cases, a (art!0s actions give rise to a .ut!. 1@C N.H. at B7B. Parties o-e a .ut! to those thir. (arties foreseea%l! en.angere. %! their con.uct -ith res(ect to those ris,s -hose li,elihoo. an. agnitu.e a,e the con.uct unreasona%l! .angerous. 14@ N.H. at 211. Lhen (ro(ert! is seiIe. %! a state an. then rean.e. to the custo.! of the +nite. 2tates, the fe.eral agenc! receiving the (ro(ert! ust (rovi.e notice of the seiIure to an! intereste. (arties -ithin >/ .a!s of the .ate of the initial seiIure. 1D +.2.C. F >D@;a<;1<;A<;iv<. The .efen.ant;s< acte. un.er color of la- %ut contrar! to la-, an. intentionall! an. unreasona%l! .e(rive. Leisha Tringali of rights , (rivileges, an. iunities secure. %! the Constitution, la-s of the +nite. 2tates, an. 42 +.2.C. F 1>D@. :e.eral courts have su((leental Euris.iction to hear state la- clais against state officials sue. in their in.ivi.ual ca(acit! if the fe.eral clais arise fro the sae su%Eect atter an. (rovi.e the fe.eral court -ith Euris.iction. 2ee $9 (arte Qoung, 2/> +.2. 12@. 3n.ivi.ual ca(acit! suits against the .efen.ant;s< arises out of official acts a! %e liite. to suits un.er 42 +.2.C. F 1>D@. A. 3n ratif!ing the :ourteenth Aen.ent, Congress a%rogate. sovereign iunit! in actions involving state violations of fun.aental constitutional rights. :ourteenth Aen.ent. The first clause of the :ourteenth Aen.ent states: All (ersons %orn or naturaliIe. in the +nite. 2tates, an. su%Eect to the Euris.iction thereof, are citiIens of the +nite. 2tates an. of the 2tate -herein the! resi.e. No 2tate shall a,e or enforce an! la- -hich shall a%ri.ge the (rivileges or iunities of citiIens of the +nite. 2tatesG nor shall an! 2tate .e(rive an! (erson of life, li%ert!, or (ro(ert!, -ithout .ue (rocess of la-G nor .en! to an! (erson -ithin its Euris.iction the e=ual (rotection of the la-s. +.2 . Const ., aen.. ?3M. An., the +nite. 2tates 2u(ree Court has s(ecificall! hel. that the enforceent (rovision of the :ourteenth Aen.ent liits state iunit!: 4ut -e thin, that the $leventh Aen.ent, an. the (rinci(le of state sovereignt! -hich it e%o.ies, are necessaril! liite. %! the enforceent (rovisions of s 7 of the :ourteenth Aen.ent. 3n that section Congress is e9(ressl! grante. authorit! to enforce )%! a((ro(riate legislation* the su%stantive (rovisions of the :ourteenth Aen.ent, -hich theselves e%o.! significant liitations on state authorit!. Lhen Congress acts (ursuant to s 7, not onl! is it e9ercising legislative authorit! that is (lenar! -ithin the ters of the constitutional grant , it is e9ercising that authorit! un.er one section of a constitutional Aen.ent -hose other sections %! their o-n ters e%o.! liitations on state authorit!. Le thin, that Congress a!, in.eterining -hat is )a((ro(riate legislation* for the (ur(ose of enforcing the (rovisions of the :ourteenth Aen.ent, (rovi.e for (rivate suits against 2tates or state officials -hich are constitutionall! i(erissi%le in other conte9ts. :itI(atric, v. 4itIer, 42C +.2. 447 ;1>CB<G Tennessee v. Lane, 741 +.2. 7/>;2//4< 3n :itI(atric,, su(ra., the +.2. 2u(ree Court .ealt .eci.e. the issue of -hether Congress ha. a%rogate. the 2overeign 3unit! of the 2tates as to Title ?33 clais. The! rule. the Congress ha. .one so (ursuant to their (o-er enuerate. in 2ection 7 of the :ourteenth Aen.ent. Here, the Court .oes not nee. to loo, for congressional action ta,en (ursuant to 2ection 7. 3nstea., 2ection 1 of the :ourteenth Aen.ent, itself, e9(licitl! contains the a%rogation language. RJ3Kt is -ell - settle. that 0JtKhere is no longer a nee. to %ring official - ca(acit! actions against local governent officials, for un.er Monell Jv. #e(t. of 2ocial 2ervices, 4@B +.2. B7D, B>/ n. 77, >D 2. Ct. 2/1D,7B L. $.. 2. B11 ;1>CD<K . . . local governent units can %e sue. .irectl! for .aages an. inEunctive or .eclarator! relief.0 5 Monell, 4@B +.2. at B>/->1 An., the i(ortance of inclu.ing those governent entities is un.erscore. %! the lac, of ree.ies availa%le to those -ronge. %! the governental entit!: &e(resentative 4ingha, for e9a(le, in .iscussing F 1 of the %ill, e9(laine. that he ha. .rafte. F 1 of the :ourteenth Aen.ent -ith the case of 4arron v. Ma!or of 4altiore, C Pet. 24@, D L.$.. BC2;1D@@<, es(eciall! in in.. )3n JthatK case the cit! ha. ta,en (rivate (ro(ert! for (u%lic use, -ithout C1MP$N2AT31N . . . , AN# TH$&$ LA2 N1 &$#&$22 :1& TH$ -rong.. . . . ..* glo%e A((. D4 ;e(hasis a..e.<. 4ingha0s further rear,s clearl! in.icate his vie- that such ta,ings %! cities, as ha. occurre. in 4arron, -oul. %e re.ressa%le un.er F 1 of the %ill. 2ee "lo%e A((. D7. More generall!, an. as 4ingha0s rear,s confir, F 1 of the %ill -oul. logicall! %e the vehicle %! -hich Congress (rovi.e. re.ress for ta,ings, since that section (rovi.e. the onl! civil ree.! for :ourteenth Aen.ent violations an. that Aen.ent une=uivocall! (rohi%ite. unco(ensate. ta,ings. "iven this (ur(ose, it %eggars reason to su((ose that Congress -oul. have e9e(te. unici(alities fro suit, insisting instea. that co(ensation for a ta,ing coe fro an officer in his in.ivi.ual ca(acit! rather than fro the governent unit that ha. the %enefit of the (ro(ert! ta,en. Monell, 4@B +.2. at BDB-DC ;e(hasis a..e.<. Thus, 2ection 1 of the :ourteenth Aen.ent -as s(ecificall! .rafte. to (rovi.e a ree.! -here none other e9iste.. he reasons for ratif!ing the :ourteenth Aen.ent su((ort (laintiffOs contention that 2ection 1 of the :ourteenth Aen.ent (erit this action to (rocee. against the .efen.ant;s<. )the #ue Process Clause full! incor(orates (articular rights containe. in the first eight Aen.ents*. Mc#onal., 1@/ +.2. at 17. An., states ust res(ect fun.aental constitutional rights. 2ee #uncan, @>1 +. 2., at 14>, an. n. 14 . :ollo-ing this vie-, the cases -hich have incor(orate. (arts of the 4ill of &ights essentiall! -ere court or.ers enEoining the state to follo- the la- as it al-a!s ha. %een since the ratification of the :ourteenth Aen.ent. 3n the (rocess of a.o(tion, the :ourteenth Aen.ent -as ratifie. %! %oth houses of Congress, %! a t-o-thir.s aEorit! in each. 2ee Article :ive of the +nite. 2tates Constitution. Therefore, at the tie of the ratification of the :ourteenth Aen.ent, Congress a%rogate. the $leventh Aen.ent sovereign iunit! of the states in regar.s to clais involving violations of fun.aental constitutional rights ;inclu.ing #ue Process< as those rights have al-a!s e9iste. since the a.o(tion of the %ill of rights. Accor.ingl!, this Court is not .e(rive. of Euris.iction to enforce t.ue (rocess violations via the :ourteenth Aen.ent as Congress inten.e.. 4. 2tate officials a! %e sue. for .aages in their in.ivi.ual ca(acit! for violations of fe.eral constitutional or statutor! rights coitte. in the course of official .uties #efen.ant;s< are a((ro(riate in this action for at least t-o reasons. :irst, -here inEunctive relief is sought, a state official acting in his or her official ca(acit! is a )(erson* for the (ur(oses of 2ection 1>D@ actions. Lill, 4>1+.2. At C1, n. 1/ ;citing 'entuc,! v. "raha, 4C@ +.2. at 4C@, n. 14<G $9 (arte Qoung, 2/> +. 2. 12@. 17>N1B/ ;1>/D< ;...official - ca(acit! actions for (ros(ective relief are not treate. as actions against the 2tate.< ;citations oitte.<. Plaintiff has (lainl! sought inEunctive relief in her Co(laint. 2econ., #efen.ant;s< a! not rel! on sovereign iunit! to %ar this action. 3n $9 (arte Qoung, 2/> +. 2. 12@ ;1>/D<, the +nite. 2tates 2u(ree Court create. an e9ce(tion to the general (rinci(le that a 2tate official, sue. in their official ca(acit!, is the sae entit! as the 2tate. 2(ecificall!, -here a Plaintiff challenges the constitutionalit! of a state official0s action in enforcing state la-, that official is not consi.ere. the 2tate. Plaintiff challenges the constitutionalit! of a state official0s action in enforcing state la-, that official is not consi.ere. the 2tate. 3n $9 Parte Qoung, su(ra., the #efen.ant conten.e. that he -as erel! acting for the state of Minnesota -hen he sought to enforce its la-s. The Court s(ecificall! reEecte. that arguent, hol.ing that -hen a state official .oes soething that is unconstitutional, the official is not acting in the nae of the state. 3.. At 17>. This is %ecause the 2u(reac! Clause of the +nite. 2tates Constitution o(erates to invali.ate an! unconstitutional state la-s: The ans-er to all this is the sae as a.e in ever! case -here an official clais to %e acting un.er the authorit! of the 2tate. The act to %e enforce. is allege. to %e unconstitutional, an., if it %e so, the use of the nae of the 2tate to enforce an unconstitutional act to the inEur! of co(lainants is a (rocee.ing -ithout the authorit! of, an. one -hich .oes not affect, the 2tate in its sovereign or governental ca(acit!. 3t is si(l! an illegal act u(on the (art of a 2tate official in atte(ting, %! the use of the nae of the 2tate, to enforce a legislative enactent -hich is voi. %ecause unconstitutional. 3f the act -hich the state Attorne! "eneral see,s to enforce %e a violation of the :e.eral Constitution, the officer, in (rocee.ing un.er such enactent, coesinto conflict -ith the su(erior authorit! of that Constitution, an. he is, in that case, stri((e. of his official or re(resentative character, an. is su%Eecte. in his (erson to the conse=uences of his in.ivi.ual con.uct. 3. at 1B/ Thus, this suit, insofar as it naes #efen.ant;s<, is no against the 2tate, %ut erel! against the in.ivi.ual officer, -ho is not acting as the 2tate -hen enforcing an unconstitutional la-. Therefore, #efen.ant;s< are %oth a re(resentative of the state an. an in.ivi.ual (erson -ho can have suit %rought against the. This conclusion is inevita%le follo-ing )0straight for-ar. in=uir! into -hether JtheK co(laint alleges an ongoing violation of fe.eral la- an. see,s relief (ro(erl! characteriIe. as (ros(ective.50 ?eriIon Mar!lan., 3nc. v. Pu%lic 2ervice Coission of Mar!lan., 7@7 +.2. B@7, B47 ;2//2<. +nless the :ourteenth Aen.ent is to %e ignore., it is clear that this co(laint fulfills the $9Parte Qoung stan.ar. an. avoi.s the $leventh Aen.ent %ar to suit. Plaintiff is entitle. to have #efen.ant;s< enEoine. fro enforcing the unconstitutional la-s at issue in this case.
I=. P(ant&& s!!+s a /!"man!nt n>un#ton an8 a 8!#(a"ato"y >u8%m!nt Plaintiff see,s a (eranent inEunction an. a .eclarator! Eu.gent against each .efen.ant in his 8 her oficial ca(acit! (ursuant to :e.. &. Civ. P. B/;%<. 2uch a frau. suffices as a %asis to set asi.e the te(orar! chil. su((ort or.er un.er :.&.C.P. B/;%<. A (eranent inEunction an. a .eclarator! Eu.gent -ill serve the (laintiff0s interest in (utting an en. to the .efen.ant;s< frau.ulent con.uct, -here the!, ,no-ingl!, intentionall! an. -illfull!, frau.ulentl! collecte. an. continue to atte(t to collect fun.s an. sus(ension of an! t!(e of license fro the (laintiff. A (eranent inEunction an. a .eclarator! Eu.gent -ill serve that the (laintiff -ill not %e su%Eecte. to the #efen.antsO unla-ful con.uct an. -ill not %e .e(rive. of her (ersonal (ro(ert! or li%ert!. The .efen.antsO unla-ful con.uct, if allo-e. to (revail, -ill cause the (laintiff (eranent irre(ara%le inEur! B. C(ams Ba""!8 )y th! Statu! o& Lmtatons Plaintiff clais that her rights un.er the .ue (rocess clause -ere violate. %! .efen.ants neglegance to give her notice or an o((ortunit! to %e hear.. Plaintiff alleges the .efen.ant;s< have an. continue to violate statutor! re=uireents an. stan.ar.s .esignate. un.er Cha(ter 11>A of the "eneral La-s (ursuant to Title 3? Part # of the 2ocial 2ecurit! Act. Plaintiff alleges that the #efen.ants .e(rive. her of the value of her (ersonal (ro(ert!, raising clais un.er the &ac,eteer 3nfluence. an. Corru(t 1rganiIations Act, 1D +.2.C. F 1>B2 ;5&3C15< Continuit! is 5%oth a close.- an. o(en - en.e. conce(t, referring either to a close. (erio. of re(eate. con.uct, or to (ast con.uct that %! its nature (roEects into the future -ith a threat of re(etition.5 in "3NT1LT v. TL ?$NT+&$2, 2//4 Plaintiff alleges the .efen.ants, violate. (laintiffOs (rotecte. .ue (rocess rights %! a (attern an. (ractice of criinall! e.iting, falsif!ing, an. ani(ulating a te(orar! or.er chil. su((ort or.er %! creating a s!nthetic i.entit! then .enie. (laintiff the a%ilit! to con.uct an a.inistrative revie- to .e(rive her of an! eaningful ree.!. The so - calle. )continuit!5 re=uireent can %e satisfie. either %! sho-ing a 5close. - en.e.5 (attern -a series of relate. (re.icate acts e9ten.ing over a su%stantial (erio. of tie - or %! .eonstrating an 5o(en - en.e.5 (attern of rac,eteering activit! that (oses a threat of continuing criinal con.uct %e!on. the (erio. .uring -hich the (re.icate acts -ere (erfore.. in M3'HL3N v. H24C, 2//> The (laintiff clais continue. har to the (laintiff still e9sists an. as to .ate there has %een no ree.! for relief affor.e. to her in -hich she has an. -ill continue to see,. Plaintiff alleges the .efen.ants are Eointl! an. severall! res(onsi%le an. lia%le for .isgorging all one! that the! -rongfull! o%taine. through their illegal con.uct, an. for restoring such one! to the Plaintiff The .efen.ant;s< -ho aintain such inforation in the noral course of %usiness have a legal .ut! to reasona%l! safeguar. that inforation fro %eing use. for an illegitiate (ur(ose. This clai is analogous to a (reises lia%ilit! clai for negligent securit!. The (laintiff clais, the .efen.ant;s< are allege. to have faile. to ta,e reasona%le (recautions to (rotect the (laintiff fro foreseea%le inEuries cause. %! the agenc! in -hich the .efen.ant;s< -or, or %! a thir. (art!. 3n Agenc! Hol.ing Cor(. v. Malle! - #uff A Associates, 3nc., the 2u(ree Court rule. that a unifor statute of liitations, %orro-e. fro the Cla!ton Act, 17 +.2.C. F 17;%<, shoul. %e a((lie. to civil actions un.er the &ac,eteer 3nfluence. an. Corru(t 1rganiIations Act ;5&3C15<, 1D +.2.C. F 1>B4. The Court note. that a clear aEorit! of the Court ha. reEecte. the notion that the ost analogous state statute of liitations ust 5al-a!s5 %e a((lie. -hen a fe.eral statute is silent on the (ro(er liitations (erio.. 4D@ +.2. at 14B, 1/C 2.Ct. at 2CB2. The Court state.: that JgKiven our long stan.ing (ractice of %orro-ing state la-, an. the congressional a-areness of this (ractice, -e can generall! assue that Congress inten.s %! its silence that -e %orro- state la-. 3n soe liite. circustances, ho-ever, our characteriIation of a fe.eral clai has le. the Court to conclu.e that 5state statutes of liitations can %e unsatisfactor! vehicles for the enforceent of fe.eral la-. 3n those instances, it a! %e ina((ro(riate to conclu.e that Congress @7CS@7C -oul. choose to a.o(t state rules at o..s -ith the (ur(ose or o(eration of fe.eral su%stantive la-.5 .... Lhile the ere fact that state la- fails to (rovi.e a (erfect analog! to the fe.eral cause of action is never itself sufficient to Eustif! the use of a fe.eral statute of liitations, in soe circustances the Court has foun. it ore a((ro(riate to %orro- liitation (erio.s foun. in other fe.eral, rather than state, statutes: 5JAKs the courts have often .iscovere., there is not al-a!s an o%vious state -la- choice for a((lication to a given fe.eral cause of actionG !et resort to state la- reains the nor for %orro-ing of liitations (erio.s. Nevertheless, -hen a rule fro else-here in fe.eral la- clearl! (rovi.es a closer analog! than availa%le state statutes, an. -hen the fe.eral (olicies at sta,e an. the (racticalities of litigation a,e that rule a significantl! ore a((ro(riate vehicle for interstitial la-a,ing, -e have not hesitate. to turn a-a! fro state la-.5 I.. 4D@ +.2. at 174, 1/C 2.Ct. At 2CBB ;=uoting &e(ort of the A. Hoc Civil &3C1 Tas, :orce of the A4A 2ection of Cor(oration, 4an,ing an. 4usiness La- @>2 ;1>D7<<. Most recentl!, in &ee. v. +nite. Trans(ortation +nion, the Court reiterate. that the general rule JisK that statutes of liitation are to %e %orro-e. fro state la-. Le .ecline t o %orro- a state statute of liitations onl! 5-hen a rule fro else-here in fe.eral la- clearl! (rovi.es a closer analog! than availa%le state statutes, an. -hen the fe.eral (olicies at sta,e an. the (racticalities of litigation a,e that rule a significantl! ore a((ro(riate vehicle for interstitial la-a,ing.5 Aong the thees to %e .istille. fro the 2u(ree Court0s recent %orro-ing .iscussions are that selection of a unifor fe.eral liitations (erio. a! %e -arrante. ;1< -here the statutor! clai in =uestion covers a ulti(licit! of t!(es of actions, lea.ing to the (ossi%le a((lication of a nu%er of .ifferent t!(es of state statutes of liitations, ;2< -here the fe.eral clai .oes not (recisel! atch an! state -la- clai, ;@< -here the challenge. action is ultistate in nature, (erha(s lea.ing to foru sho((ing an. inor.inate litigation e9(ense, an. ;4< -here a fe.eral statute (rovi.es a ver! close analog!. The (laintiff further clais the .iscover! rule %ecause of false .ocuents an. her ina%ilit! to o%tain recor.s or notification. Lhen (laintiff %ecae a-are of hars she a.e atte(ts to rectif! the hars an. she continues to see, a ree.!. :urtherore the (laintiff argues the statue of liitations shoul. %e tolle. as the hars are on going as the .efen.ants continue to har (laintiff as to the current .ate. $ach action cause. %! the .efen.ant0s shoul. toll the statutue of liitations. C. Du! P"o#!ss C(ams The (laintiff asserts violation of rights s(ecificall! i.entifie. in the 4ill of &ights or (rotecte. un.er su%staintive co(onet of the #ue Process Clause, the violation is co(lete at the tie of the challenge. con.uct. I. Stan8a"8 o& R!'!, A. Du! P"o#!ss? Su)stant'! an8 P"o#!8u"a( The #ue Process Clause of the :ourteenth Aen.ent (rovi.es 5nor shall an! 2tate .e(rive an! (erson of life, li%ert!, or (ro(ert!, -ithout .ue (rocess of la-....5 +.2. Const. aen.. M3?, F 1. The #ue Process clause (rovi.es t-o .ifferent ,in.s of constitutional (rotection: (roce.ural .ue (rocess an. su%stantive .ue (rocess. Tineron v. 4urch,4>4 +.2. 11@, 127, 11/ 2.Ct. >C7, >D@, 1/D L.$..2. 1// ;1>>/<GMc'ine! v. Paten,2/ :.@. 177/, 1777 ;11th Cir.1>>4< ;en %anc<,cert. .enie.,UUU +.2. UUU, 117 2.Ct. D>D, 1@/ L.$..2. CD@ ;1>>7<. A violation of either of these ,in.s of (rotection a! for the %asis for a suit un.er 2ection 1>D@. 4. Su)stant'! Du! P"o#!ss The su%stantive co(onent of the #ue Process Clause (rotects those rights that are 5fun.aental,5 that is, rights that are 5i(licit in the conce(t of or.ere. li%ert!. 5Pal,o v. Connecticut, @/2 +.2. @1>, @27, 7D 2. Ct. 14>, 172, D2 L.$.. 2DD ;1>@C<. The 2u(ree Court has .eee. that ost V %ut not all V of the rights enuerate. in the 4ill of &ights are fun.aentalG certain unenuerate. rights also erit (rotection.. See Planne. Parenthoo. v. Case!, UUU +.2. UUU, UUU, 112 2. Ct. 2C>1, 2D/C, 12/ L.$..2. BC4 ;1>>2<. 3t is in this frae-or, that fun.aental rights are incor(orate. in the :ourteenth Aen.ent (rohi%itions against the states. A fin.ing that a right erits su%stantive .ue (rocess (rotection eans that the right is (rotecte. 5againstP certain governent actions regar.less of the fairness of the (roce.ures use. to i(leent the. 05Collins v. Cit! of Har,er Heights, 7/@ +.2. 117, 127, 112 2. Ct. 1/B1, 1/BD, 11C L.$..2. 2B1 ;1>>2< ;=uoting #aniels v. Lillias, 4C4 +.2. @2C, @@1, 1/B 2.Ct. BB2, BB4-B7, DD L.$..2. BB2 ;1>DB<<. C. P"o#!8u"a( Du! P"o#!ss The 2u(ree Court has a.e clear that, although the (reliinar! =uestion of -hether a (ro(ert! right e9ists a! %e one of state la-, fe.eral la- governs the anal!sis of -hether the (roce.ures %! -hich the (ro(ert! right or interest -as .e(rive. co(ort -ith the re=uireents of (roce.ural .ue (rocess. Lou.erill, 4C/ +.2. At 741, 1/7 2. Ct. at 14>2->@. The right to .ue (rocess is conferre., not %! legislative grace, %ut %! constitutional guarantee. Lhile the legislature a! elect not to confer a (ro(ert! interest in J(u%licK e(lo!ent, it a! not constitutionall! authoriIe the .e(rivation of such an interest, once conferre., -ithout a((ro(riate (roce.ural safeguar.s. Lou.erill, 4C/ +.2. at 741, 1/7 2. Ct. at 14>@ ;internal =uotations an. citations oitte.<. The #ue Process Clause 5is the source of three .ifferent ,in.s of constitutional (rotection. 5#aniels 4C4 +.2. at @@C, 1/B 2. Ct. at BCC. :irst, it (rovi.es a 5guarantee of fair (roce.ure, ... referre. to as P(roce.ural .ue (rocess,05 in connection -ith an! .e(rivation of life, li%ert! or (ro(ert! %! a state. This is 5the ost failiar office5 of the Clause. Collins v. Har,er Heights, UUU +.2. UUU, UUU, 112 2. Ct. 1/B1, 1/BD, 11C L.$..2. 2B1 ;1>>2<. 2econ., the Clause contains a su%stantive co(onent 5that (rotects in.ivi.ual li%ert! against Pcertain governent actions regar.less of the (roce.ures use. to i(leent the. 05;=uoting #aniels, 4C4 +.2. at @@1, 1/B 2. Ct. at BB7<. This su%stantive co(onent is referre. to as su%stantive .ue (rocess. Thir., the Clause incor(orates the s(ecific (rotections of ost of the 4ill of &ights against the states. These, too, are referre. to as 5su%stantive5 rights, an. are co(rise. -ithin the 5li%ert!5 (rovision of the Clause. Planne. Parenthoo. of 2.$. Pa. v. Case!, UUU +.2. UUU, UUU, 112 2. Ct. 2C>1, 2D/4, 12/ L.$..2. BC4 ;1>>2<. 2ee #aniels, 4C4 +.2. at @ @C, 1/B 2. Ct. at BCCG "riffin v. 2trong, >D@ :.2. 1744, 174B ;1/th Cir. 1>>@<G Miller v. Ca(%ell Count!, >47 :.2. @4D, @72 ;1/th Cir. 1>>1<, cert. .enie., UUU +.2. UUU, 112 2.Ct. 11C4, 11C L.$..2. 41> ;1>>2<. D. Th"!! &a#to"s a"! to )! #ons8!"!8 n 8!t!"mnn% ,h!th!" a /a"t#u(a" /"o#!8u"! sats&!s 8u! /"o#!ss? 5J#Kue (rocess is fle9i%le an. calls for such (roce.ural (rotections as the (articular situation .ean.s, 5Mathe-s v. $l.ri.ge, 424 +.2. @1>, @@4, >B 2.Ct. D>@, >/2, 4C L.$..2. 1D ;1>CB< ;citation oitte.<. Three factors are to %e consi.ere. in .eterining -hether a (articular (roce.ure satisfies .ue (rocess: :irst, the (rivate interest that -ill %e affecte. %! the official actionG secon., the ris, of an erroneous .e(rivation of such interest through the (roce.ures use., an. the (ro%a%le value, if an!, of a..itional or su%stitute (roce.ural safeguar.sG an. finall!, the "overnent0s interest, inclu.ing the function involve. an. the fiscal an. a.inistrative %ur.ens that the a..itional or su%stitute (roce.ural re=uireent -oul. entail. II. Du! P"o#!ss C(aus! R!@u"!s Not#! an8 an O//o"tunty to )! H!a"8 The #ue (rocess Claus entitles a (erson to an i(artial an. .isintereste. tri%unal in %oth civil an. criinal cases. This re=uireent of neutralit! in a.Eu.icative (rocee.ings safeguar.s the t-o central concerns of (roce.ural .ue (rocess, the (revention of unEustifie. or ista,e .e(rivations an. the (rootion of (artici(ation an. .ialogue %! affecte. in.ivi.ual in the .ecision a,ing (rocess. The neutralit! re=uireent hel(s to guarantee that life, li%ert!, or (ro(ert! -ill not %e ta,en on the %asis of an erroneous or .istorte. conce(tion of the facts or the la-. At the sae tie, it (reserves %oth the a((earance an. realit! of fairness, )generating the feeling, so i(ortant to a (o(ular governent, that Eustice has %een .one,* %! ensuring that no (erson -ill %e .e(rive. of his intereste. in the a%sence of a (rocee.ing in -hich he a! (resent his case -ith assurance that the ar%iter is not (re.is(ose. to fin. against hi. P1&T$& v. 23N"L$TA&Q 4> :.@ r. 14D@ ;11th Cir. 1>>7< Wuoting Marshall v. 6errico, 3nc. 44B +.2. 2@D, 1// 2. Ct. 1B1/, B4 L.$. 2n. 1D2 ;1>D/<. As the 2u(ree Court so a(tl! -rote: 5The (oint is straightfor-ar.: the #ue Process Clause (rovi.es that certain su%stantive rights V life, li%ert!, an. (ro(ert! cannot %e .e(rive. e9ce(t (ursuant to constitutionall! a.e=uate (roce.ures.* Tulsa Professional Collection 2ervices v. Po(e 4D7 +.2. 4CD, 1/D 2. Ct 1@4/, 1@44, >> L.$..2. 7B7 ;1>DD<5 Clevelan. 4oar. of $.ucation v. Lou.erill, 4C/ +.2. 7@2, 741, 1/7 2. Ct. 14DC, 14>@, D4 L.$..2. 4>4 ;1>D7<. Those 5constitutionall! a.e=uate (roce.ures5 re=uire notice an. an o((ortunit! to %e hear.. Mullane v. Central Hanover 4an, A Trust Co., @@> +.2. @/B, @1@, C/ 2. Ct. B72, B7B-7C, >4 L.$.. DB7 ;1>7/<G see also . Notice ust %e 5reasona%l! calculate., un.er all the circustances, to a((rise intereste. (arties of the (en.enc! of the action an. affor. the an o((ortunit! to (resent their o%Eections.5 Mullane, 1/72S 1/72 @@> +.2. at @14, C/ 2. Ct. At B7C. 3n or.er to sustain a cause of action un.er 42 +.2.C. F 1>D@, a (laintiff ust sho- ;i< that she suffere. a violation of rights (rotecte. %! the Constitution or create. %! fe.eral statute, an. ;ii< that the violation -as (ro9iatel! cause. %! a (erson acting un.er color of state la-. 2ee Cru(ton v . "ates, >4C :.2. 141D, 142/ ;>th Cir. 1>>1<. The causation re=uireent of F 1>D@ is satisfie. onl! if a (laintiff .eonstrates that a .efen.ant .i. an affirative act, (artici(ate. in another0s affirative act, or oitte. to (erfor an act -hich he -as legall! re=uire. to .o that cause. the .e(rivation co(laine. of. Arnol. v. 34M, B@C :.2. 1@7/, 1@77 ;>th Cir. 1>D1< ;=uoting 6ohnson v. #uff!, 7DD :.2. C4/, C4@-44 ;>th Cir. 1>CD<<. Plaintiff argues the .efen.ants failure to (rovi.e the -ritten notice re=uire. %! &2A 7/D- 4:2 shall o(erate to toll the a((lica%le statute of liitations fro the tie of such a.vance or until such -ritten notice is actuall! given. D. R#o C(am 4! (lacing the (laintiff0s nae u(on the &egistration 2tateent the .efen.ant Mar! $llen Le%o %! eans of frau. ,no-ingl! an. -illfull! transferre. the (laintiff0s nae -ithout la-ful authorit! (ursuant to 1D +.2. Co.e F 1/2D. The .efen.ant, Laurie Mc"rath ,no-ingl! an. -illfull! falsifie. .ocuents an. or a.e use of all false .ocuents ,no-ing the sae containe. fro a frau.ulent .ocuents (ursuant to 1D +2C 1//1. The .efen.ant;s< engage. in unla-ful acts through a (attern of collection of an unla-ful .e%t to ac=uire or aintain .irectl! or in.irectl! an interest in the (laintiff0s (ersonal (ro(ert! an. li%erties (ursuant to 1D +2C 1>71. Plaintiffs clai against the #efen.ants for violation of &3C1 section 1>B2;%<, -hich (rovi.es: ;%< 3t shall %e unla-ful for an! (erson through a (attern of rac,eteering activit! or through collection of an unla-ful .e%t to ac=uire or aintain, .irectl! or in.irectl!, an! interest in or control of an! enter(rise -hich is engage. in, or the activities of -hich affect, interstate or foreign coerce. 1D +.2.C. F 1>B2;%<. is a clai against #efen.ants for violation of &3C1 2ection 1>B2;c<, -hich (rovi.es: ;c< 3t shall %e unla-ful for an! (erson e(lo!e. %! or associate. -ith an! enter(rise engage. in, or the activities of -hich affect, interstate or foreign coerce, to con.uct or (artici(ate, .irectl! or in.irectl!, in the con.uct of such enter(rise0s affairs through a (attern of rac,eteering activit! or collection of unla-ful .e%t. 1D +.2.C. F 1>B2;c<. is a clai against all #efen.ants for violation of &3C1 2ection 1>B2;.<, -hich (rovi.es: ;.< 3t shall %e unla-ful for an! (erson to cons(ire to violate an! of the (rovisions of su%section ;a<, ;%<, or ;c< of this section. 1D +.2.C. F 1>B2;.<. ia a clai against all #efen.ants for coon la- frau. an. negligent isre(resentation, res(ectivel!. E. C(am that D!&!n8ants Commtt!8 I8!nty Th!&t Plaintiff clais for negligent securit! of (ersonal inforation are %ase. on the theor! that accurate (ersonal i.entif!ing inforation is the ,e! that allo-s access to a (erson0s financial accounts an. cre.it. Plaintiff alleges the .efen.ant;s< -ho aintain such inforation in the noral course of %usiness have a legal .ut! to reasona%l! safeguar. that inforation fro %eing use. for an illegitiate (ur(ose. This clai is analogous to a (reises lia%ilit! clai for negligent securit! resulting in criinal activit!. The (laintiff clais, the .efen.ant;s< are allege. to have faile. to ta,e reasona%le (recautions to (rotect the (laintiff fro foreseea%le inEuries cause. %! the agenc! in -hich the .efen.ant;s< -or, or %! a thir. (art!. All (ersons have a .ut! to e9ercise reasona%le care not to su%Eect others to an unreasona%le ris, of har. See Lalls v. 19for. Manageent Co., 1@C NH B7@ - NH: 2u(ree Court 1>>@ Lhether a .efen.ant0s con.uct creates a ris, of har to others sufficientl! foreseea%le to charge the .efen.ant -ith a .ut! to avoi. such con.uct is a =uestion of la-, 147 N.H. 1>/, 1>@ ;2///<, %ecause 5the e9istence of a .ut! .oes not arise solel! fro the relationshi( %et-een the (arties, %ut also fro the nee. for (rotection against reasona%l! foreseea%le har.514@ N.H. 2/D, 211 ;1>>D< ;=uotation oitte.<. Thus, in soe cases, a (art!0s actions give rise to a .ut!. 1@C N.H. at B7B. Parties o-e a .ut! to those thir. (arties foreseea%l! en.angere. %! their con.uct -ith res(ect to those ris,s -hose li,elihoo. an. agnitu.e a,e the con.uct unreasona%l! .angerous. 14@ N.H. at 211. Lhen (ro(ert! is seiIe. %! a state an. then rean.e. to the custo.! of the +nite. 2tates, the fe.eral agenc! receiving the (ro(ert! ust (rovi.e notice of the seiIure to an! intereste. (arties -ithin >/ .a!s of the .ate of the initial seiIure. 1D +.2.C. F >D@;a<;1<;A<;iv<. Plaintiff alleges the .efen.ant;s< acte. un.er color of la- %ut contrar! to la-, an. intentionall! an. unreasona%l! .e(rive. Leisha Tringali of rights, (rivileges, an. iunities secure. %! the Constitution, la-s of the +nite. 2tates, an. 42 +.2.C. F 1>D@. Plaintiff alleges as a .irect an. (ro9iate result of the acts an. 8 or oissions of all .efen.ant;s< as state. -ithin the co(laint, the (laintiff, Leisha Tringali suffere. fro loss of (ersonal (ro(ert! an. her li%erties. The (laintiff alleges that the .efen.ant;s< oitte. to (erfor act;s< -hich the! -as legall! re=uire. to .o that cause. the .e(rivation %! failing to (rovi.e notice or given the (laintiff an o(ortunit! to %e hear.. F. C(ams that a"! F"'o(ous A. T!(!/hon# an8 W"tt!n Commun#atons Tele(honic an. -ritten counications serves the (ur(ose to sho- that the .efen.ant;s< in their o-n neglegence faile. in their e(lo!ent .uties to ree.! the frau. %ut rather %! their o-n neglence conceale. frau. against the (laintiff in -hich allo-s the hars to continue. B. Issu!s /"!s!nt!8 &o" "!'!, ;3<. Lhether #efen.ant;s< have an. continue to violate the (rovisions of the +.2. constitutions in connection -ith enforceent of collection of chil. su((ortG an., s(ecificall!, the illegal sus(ension of licenses an. the illegal seiIure an. ta,ing of (rivate (ro(ert! -ithout .ue (rocess of la-. ;33< Lhether #efen.ant;s< have an. continue to violate statutor! re=uireents an. stan.ar.s in connection -ith the enforceent of collection of chil. su((ortG an., s(ecificall!, the illegal sus(ension of licenses an. the illegal seiIure an. ta,ing of (rivate (ro(ert! -ithout .ue (rocess of la-. ;333< Lhether #efen.ant;s< have an. continue to violate the re=uireents an. stan.ar.s of a((lica%le Court &ules in connection -ith enforceent of collection of chil. su((ortG an., s(ecificall!, the illegal sus(ension of licenses an. the illegal seiIure an. ta,ing of (rivate (ro(ert! -ithout .ue (rocess of la-. ;3?< Lhether #efen.ant;s< ,no-, have reason to ,no-, or, rec,lessl! .isregar. a((lica%le constitutional, statutor! an. rule stan.ar.s, gui.elines, (rotections, an., re=uireents in the course of collection of chil. su((ortG an., s(ecificall!, the illegal sus(ension of licenses an. the illegal seiIure an. ta,ing of (rivate (ro(ert! -ithout .ue (rocess of la-. ;?< Lhether #efen.ant;s< an. their agents shoul. %e co(elle. to account for an. .isgorge illegal (rofits, (a!ents an. revenues generate. fro an. 8 or in the course of these illegal an. unconstitutional actionsG an., s(ecificall!, the illegal seiIure an. ta,ing of (rivate (ro(ert! -ithout .ue (rocess of la-. ;?3< Lhether #efen.ant;s< an. their agents shoul. %e co(elle. to a,e restitution for all (rivate (ro(ert! illegall! seiIe. an. ta,en in violation of constitutionall! (rotecte. an. guarantee. rights to .ue (rocess of la- an. 8 or in violation of a((lica%le stan.ar.s an. (roce.ures i(ose. %! statute an. court rule. $. Stat! La, C(ams 3n or.er to sustain a cause of action un.er 42 +.2.C. F 1>D@, a (laintiff ust sho- ;i< that she suffere. a violation of rights (rotecte. %! the Constitution or create. %! fe.eral statute, an. ;ii< that the violation -as (ro9iatel! cause. %! a (erson acting un.er color of state la-. 2ee Cru(ton v . "ates, >4C :.2. 141D, 142/ ;>th Cir. 1>>1<. The .efen.ant;s< acte. un.er color of la- %ut contrar! to la-, an. intentionall! an. unreasona%l! .e(rive. Leisha Tringali of rights , (rivileges, an. iunities secure. %! the Constitution, la-s of the +nite. 2tates, an. 42 +.2.C. F 1>D@. )2ection 1>D@ (rovi.es a fe.eral cause of action for the .e(rivation, un.er color of la-, of a citiIen0s rights, (rivileges, or iunities secure. %! the Constitution an. la-s of the +nite. 2tates.* 2ee Mc'a! v. #allas 3n.e(en.ent 2chool #istrict, ;2//>< 3n or.er to sustain a cause of action un.er 42 +.2.C. F 1>D@, a (laintiff ust sho- ;i< that she suffere. a violation of rights (rotecte. %! the Constitution or create. %! fe.eral statute, an. ;ii< that the violation -as (ro9iatel! cause. %! a (erson acting un.er color of state la-. 2ee Cru(ton v . "ates, >4C :.2. 141D, 142/ ;>th Cir. 1>>1<. Those 5constitutionall! a.e=uate (roce.ures5 re=uire notice an. an o((ortunit! to %e hear.. Mullane v. Central Hanover 4an, A Trust Co., @@> +.2. @/B, @1@, C/ 2. Ct. B72, B7B-7C, >4 L.$.. DB7 ;1>7/<G see also . Notice ust %e 5reasona%l! calculate., un.er all the circustances, to a((rise intereste. (arties of the (en.enc! of the action an. affor. the an o((ortunit! to (resent their o%Eections.5 Mullane, 1/72S 1/72 @@> +.2. at @14, C/ 2. Ct. At B7C. CONCLUSION LH$&$:1&$, for all the reasons state. in the foregoing stateent of facts an. arguent, an. in consi.eration of the interests of Eustice an. the (u%lic interest . Plaintiff re=uest this court allo- her co(laint to (rocee.. for-ar.. . UUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUUU #ate: UUUUUUUUUUUUUU Leisha Tringali, Pro 2e 2 Holl! Lane Lon.on.err!, Ne- Ha(shire /@/7@ B/@-DB4->CD7 CERTIFICATE OF SER=ICE 3, Leisha Tringali, here%! certif! that a true co(! of the a%ove &es(onse to 2ho- Cause -as aile. u(on the follo-ing to the Attorne! 6aes A. 2-een!, #e(ut! #ivision Chief at 1ne Ash%urton Place, 4oston, Massachusetts /21/D on this the UU .a! of UUUUUUUUUUU, 2/14.