Falcon Series Data Report

Falcon Series Data Report
1987 LNG Vapor Barrier Verification Field Trials

T.C. Brown
R.T. Cederwall
S.T. Chan
D.L. Ermak
R.P. Koopman
K. C. Lamson
J. W. McClure
L.K. Morris
June 1990
I ,eJ A
DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an
agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States
Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees,
makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal
liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process
disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately
owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or
otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any
agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein
do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States
Government or any agency thereof.
DISCLAIMER

Portions of this document may be illegible in
electronic image products. Images are produced
from the best available original document.

DI SCLAI MER
Nork performed under the auspices of the US. Depart-
ment of Energ) h) Lawrence Livermore National Labora-
tory under contract number N -7405-ENG-48.
Thi s document was prepared as an account of work
sponsored b) an agenc) of the United States Government.
Neither the United States Government nor the University of
California nor an) of their employees, makes any warranty,
espress or implied. or awmes any legal liability or respon-
sihilit) for the accurac), completeness, or usefulness of any
information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or
represents that its use would not infringe privately owned
rights. Reference herein lo any specific commercial prod-
ucts. process. or serti ce b j trade name. trademark, manufac-
turer. or otherwise. does not necessaril) constitute or imply
its endorsement, recommendation. or favoring by the United
States Gosernment or the University of California. The
views and opinions of authors espressed herein do not neces-
>aril) ctate or reflect those of the United States Government
or the University of California, and $hall not be used for
advertising or product endorsement purposes.
GRI-89/0138
I
UCRL- CR- - 10 4 3 16
DE90 016474
1987 LNG Vapor Barrier Verification Fie
Prepared by
Trials
T. C. Brown, B. T. Cederwall, S. T. Chan, D. L.-Ermak,
It. P. Koopman, K.C. Lamson, J. W. McClure, and L. K. Morris
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Box 808
Livermore, California 94550
For
GAS RESEARCH INSTITUTE
Contract No. 5088-252-1704
and
U.S. Department of Transportation
GRI Project Manager
Ted A. Williams
Environment, Safety and Distribution Division
June 1990
B~STRIBUTIQN OF THIS DOCUMENT IS UNLIMITED'
1.
Title:
Prepared by:
Coauthors:
Objectives:
Technical Perspective:
Results:
Technical Approach:
Project Implications:
RES E ARCH SUMMARY
1987 LNG Vapor Barrier Verification Field Trials
T.C. Brown et al.
R.T. Cederwall, S.T. Chan, D.L. Ermak, R.P. Koopman, K.C. Lamson, J .W
McClure, and L.K. Morris
The tests summarized in this report were designed: (1) to evaluate the ef-
fectiveness of a near full-scale vapor barrier on reducing the hazard distance
associated with a large scale release of LNG, (2) to obtain extensive data for
validation of wind tunnel and computer models of LNG releases into a vapor
barrier.
Key variables were examined, including spill rate, spill volume, and fluid
velocity for LNG released onto a water pond inside a vapor barrier water
spills were performed in order to vaporize LXG at a rate equal to the spill
rate. A goal was to conduct all tests at the nominal worst-case atmospheric
conditions of 3. 5 m/s wind speed and a stable atmosphere.
Five experiments were conducted with spill rates varying from 8.7 m3/min
to 30 m3/min, spill volumes from 20 m3 to 63 m3 and fluid velocities from
32 m/s to 146 m/s. Very good and complete data were obtained on three of
the five experiments with some data loss on Test 2 and extensive data loss
on Test 5 due to accidental ignition of the gas cloud.
A 44 m by 88 m by 9 m tall vapor barrier was constructed out of fiberglass
cloth and erected at the LGF Spill Test Facility. A water pond was con-
structed inside the vapor barrier to promote rapid vaporization of the spilled
LNG. An extensive array of measurement instruments was erected both in-
side the vapor barrier and downwind of the barrier to gather the extensive
data needed for model validation.
The report presents the data from the Falcon Series LNG vapor dispersion
experiments conducted by LLNL and sponsored by GRI and the U.S. Depart-
ment of Transporation. Detailed data from the experiments are maintained
by GRI in magnetic tape format. The Falcon Series experiments provide
valuable data for vapor dispersion characterization in a complex obstacle
field, data for the evaluation of vapor fences as a dispersion mitigation mea-
sure, and data for validation of wind tunnel and computer models. Ongoing
research activities involve laboratory and computer simulations of these ex-
periment s.
Ted A. Williams
GRI Project Manager
...
111
Table of Contents
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abstract 1
1.0 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. 0 LNG Vapor Barrier Verification Field Trials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. 1 The Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. 2 Command, Control. and Data Acquisition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2. 3 Diagnostic Instrumentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.3.1 hfeteorological Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2. 3. 2 Gas Concentration Sensors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2. 4 Photographic Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3. 0 Experiment Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
4. 0 The Meteorological Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4. 1 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer Dat. a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4. 2 The Wind Field Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4. 3 The Turbulence Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
5. 0 The Spill -4 rea Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5. 1 Spill A4rea Temperature Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5. 2 Spill Area Heat Flux Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
5. 3 Spill Area Gas Sensor Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
6. 0 The Vapor Dispersion Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6. 1 Vapor Cloud Temperature Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6. 2 Ancillary Vapor Dispersion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6. 3 LNG Vapor Concentration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
6. 4 LNG Vapor Mass Flux Data and Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Appendix A . Wind Field Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Appendix B . Turbulence Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B- 1
Appendix C . Spill Area Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
Appendix D . Vapor Cloud Temperature Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1
Appendix E . Ancillary Vapor Dispersion Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1
Appendix F . Temporal Concentration Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-1
Appendix G . Vapor Concentration Crosswind Contours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-1
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References 72
grn - IO1
t
~UYL NTATI ON 1. =POUT GRI - 89/ 0138
PAGE
a. T I M .nd SuWirI.
Fal con Ser i es Dat a Repor t
1987 LNG Vapor Bar r i er Ver i f i cat i on Fi el d Tr i al s
7.~ut kodr ) T. C. Br own, R. T. Ceder wal l , S. T. Chan, D. L. Er mak,
R. P. Koopman, K. C. Lamson, J . W. McCl ur e, and L. K. Mor r i s
Lawr ence Li ver mor e Nat i onal Labor at or y, L- 262
Box 808, 7000 East Ave.
Li ver mor e, CA 94550
9. Podormi ry O ~ s n i r ~ l l o n N o m and Addross
12. Sgonrodry Or l .ni r mt l a, Nsme J W ~ A d d m s
Gas Resear ch I nst i t ut e
8600 West Br yn Mawr Avenue
Chi cago, I L 60631
l& Ab.(- (Llmn: 100 e)
A ser i es of f i ve Li quef i ed Nat ur al Gas Spi l l s up t o 66 m3 i n vol ume wer e per f or med
on wat er wi t hi n a vapor bar r i er st r uct ur e at Fr enchman Fl at on t he Nevada Test Si t e as
a par t of a j oi nt gover nment / i ndust r y st udy. Thi s dat a r epor t pr esent s a descr i pt i on
of t he t est s, t he t est appar at us, t he i nst r ument at i on, t he met eor ol ogi cal condi t i ons,
and t he dat a f r omt he t est s.
I l r ( H s AcmJon No
a Rmood Date amr oved
&
J une, 1990
* ?domiry Or#snlrstion Ropt . NO
UCRL-
10. m / T . S h / Wo r k Unlt No
11. -c) or Or.nt(G) No.
( OGRI 5088- 252- 1704
(a)
1% TI# ol hgort & P. r& Covorod
Dat a Repor t
1/ 86 - 11/ 89
14.
1s. &cum C1.u Ol l S hport ) I& Av.il.blllty StnrhmOnt
Uncl assi f i ed Rel ease unl i mi t ed.
Avai l abl e f r omGRI or LLNL
20. l rcudty C h n Ollr h..)
I Uncl assi f i ed i
O?TIONAL f ORy 272 (4-7
(For mer l y NTI E3 5 )
5.. ln&uctlom on I)mw i.. ANSM39. 18)
21. No. of Psges
661
22.
Abstract
A series of five Liquefied Natural Gas spills up to 66 m3 in volume were performed
on water within a vapor barrier structure at Frenchman Flat on the Nevada Test Site
as a part of a study funded by the Gas Research I nstitute and the U.S. Department of
Transportation. This data report presents a description of the tests, the test apparatus,
the instrumentation, the meteorological conditions, and the data from the tests.
1.0 Introduction
The Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) conducted a series of five large scale (up
to 66 m3) pressurized Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) spill tests for the Department of Transportation
(DOT) and the Gas Research I nstitute (GRI ) as part of a joint government/industry study. These
tests were code named the Falcon Series. These tests were performed to evaluate the effectiveness
of vapor fences as a mitigation technique for accidental releases of LNG, and to provide a data base
for the validation of wind tunnel and computer model simulations of vapor fence effects on LNG
dispersion. To assist in evaluating the effectiveness of vapor fences as a mitigation technique
the experimental apparatus was designed to be sufficiently large to represent realistic vapor fence
geometries and the tests designed to be of sufficient length to establish steady state conditions
inside the vapor lower flammability limit (LFL) region. Spills were made onto a specially designed
water pond equipped with a circulation system to maximize evaporation thus attempting t o make
the source evaporation rate as nearly equal to the spill rate as possible. The tests were performed
over flat terrain under stable and neutral wind conditions at the Department of Energy (DOE)
Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility (LGFSTF) in the Frenchman Flat Area of the Nevada
Test Site (NTS) which is under the jurisdiction of the DOE Nevada Operations Office (DOE/NV).
Two previous large scale experimental field test series (the Burro and Coyote series) were
conducted with LNG by LLNL and the Naval J Veapons Center (NLVC) at China Lake, California,
under the joint sponsorship of the DOE and the GRI . The purpose of the Burro Series, conducted in
the summer of 1980, was to determine the transport and dispersion of vapor from spills of LNG on
water. The Coyote series was conducted in the summer and fall of 1981, to investigate Rapid Phase
Transition (RPT) explosions and to determine the characteristics of fires resulting from ignition of
vapor clouds from LNG spills.
The purpose of this report is to describe the spill tests, test apparatus, instrumentation, mete-
orological conditions, and to make the data from the Falcon Test Series available to the sponsors.
The bulk of the data are presented graphically to facilitate user assimilation of the several million
words of digital data stored in the LLNL data base. This report is intended to report the data
only, and therefore contains little analysis. The analysis of selected data from these tests will be
published in future reports. Copies of the data tapes have been given to the sponsors.
The operational information necessary for conducting these spill tests was presented in the LGF
Program Test Plan (Brown et al., 1987), Test Management Summary (Brown et al., 1987), Safety
Assessment Document (Brown et al., 1987), and the Environmental Assessment (EA) (Patton et
al., 1986).
2.0 LNG Vapor Barrier Verification Field Trials Description
The purpose of this section is to describe the experimental apparatus, experimental procedures,
diagnostic instrumentation, control systems, data acquisition systems, and data processing systems
to the extent necessary to allow the reader to understand the measurements used to produce the
final results and their accuracy. Descriptions will be summary in nature and, where more detailed
information exists, it will be referenced in the text. The exact position and operational status of
each diagnostic instrument and instrument tower for each individual test is given in the Experiment
Summary section. Tables 1-3 summarize the type and number of sensors employed during the test
series. Figures 1-12 graphically depict the location of each sensor type, the t, y, and t coordinates
are with respect to an origin at the working point located in the middle of the.downwind (NE) wall
of the vapor barrier. The spill array was oriented parallel with the most prevalent wind direction
with the positive z-axis forming an azimuth of 45' East of True North lfrom the working point
(positive 2: runs downwind with a wind direction of 225' ).
Table 1. Gas dispersion instrumentation.
Measurement Instrument Quantity
Gas concentration measurements
Wind field measurements
Turbulence measurements
Temperature measurements
Heat flux measurements
Humidity measurements
Absolute air pressure
MSA
J PL-I R
Met-One
Gill bivane
Thermocouple
RTD
LLNL-IR
HY-CAL
ONDYNE
Barometer
38
35
4
19
18
3 00
9
6
4
1
~~
Table 2. Spill facility instrumentation.
Measurement Quantity
Storage tank pressure
Drive gas pressure
Spill line pressure
Instrument gas pressure
Storage tank temperature
Spill line temperature
Storage tank level
Spill line f l ow
4
1
1
1
5
10
4
1
2
Table S. Photographic documentation.
I nstrument Quantity
~ ~ ~~ ~ ~ ~~
3 5 m m Still Frame Camera 3
1 6 m 24 Frame/second Motion Picture Camera 4
Color Video Camera 2
CCD type Color Video Camera 1
-
2.1 The Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility
The Liquefied Gaseous Fuels Spill Test Facility (LGFSTF) was used for the f i st time during
the Falcon Series. The LGFSTF was designed by Bechtel National, Inc., and constructed by
Holmes and Narver Engineering and REECo as subcontractors to the USDOE. Complete detailed
descriptions of the facility are available at the facility and at the KTS Engineering Library. The
most comprehensive document is the LGFSTF, Nevada Test Site, Holmes & Narver/Department of
Energy, Mechanical Design Record Book. A simpler description, plus a discussion of design criteria,
the data acquisition system, and the meteorological instrumentation may be found in J ohnson and
Thompson (1986). The Facility is located on Frenchman Flat, an extremely flat playa with little
vegetation.
The baseline facility consists of two generally separate process systems. The larger and more
complex of the two systems is designed to handle cryogenic fluids, such as LNG, and was the
system used for the Falcon Test Series. The cryogenic spill system consists of two independent 100-
m3 (26,000-gal) cryogenic storage tanks connected to 500-ft-long spill pipes that lead northwest to
the spill area. Test fluid is pressure driven out of the storage tanks and through the spill pipes by
means of nitrogen ( N, ) drive gas at 5 to 140 psig. The drive gas is supplied from a 2000 psig, 2400
ft3 ( 67 m3) pressure vessel. The source of this gas is an LN, storage tank provided with a vaporizer
and pumping system.
The operation and performance of the LGFSTF was controlled and monitored from a remote
data recording control point located a safe distance upwind from the LGFSTF process systems
location. The general location and intrasystem relationships of the LGFSTF are shown in the site
plan in Figyre 13.
The nitrogen storage and supply system that provided drive, cooldown, and purge gas to the
facility is shown schematically in Figure 14. This system provided nitrogen drive gas at controlled
pressures from 35 to 140 psig to force LNG out of the storage tanks and through the spill pipes to
the spill point. Nitrogen was also supplied for purging tanks and piping prior to their use and after
testing was completed, as well as for remote controlled valve actuation.
The drive gas system consists of piping, pressure control, and valving that feed the high pressure
gas into the storage tanks or the upstream end of the spill pipes. The piping and valves were
designed to provide the flow rates and pressures required to drive LNG at the rates specified for
the Falcon Series. The control levels on the pressure control stations were varied and appropriate
orifices inserted to provide the different spill rates for each test. Drive gas was routed to the
upstream end of the spill pipes to drive residual-LNG out of the spill pipe during the later stages
(blowdown phase) of a test. The procedure involves isolating and bypassing the storage tanks after
the predetermined volume of LNG had been discharged from the storage tank into the spill pipe.
Liquid nitrogen was used to chill the cryogenic piping and tankage prior to introducing LNG
into these systems. Pre-test cooling of the spill pipe was accomplished by introducing LN2 into
3
40 -
a -
BV-L4ll
0
v-WII BV-4Sll BV-LSll
PENCE
0 I I I
- -
U
-
U
BV-4611
0
-140 -la r-----T----~'~--- i, - I 1 I
599
$99
3w
293
199
i w -lw
-200
-300
-4110
- Sa3
-159 -50 50 EO 2s
METERS
Figure 1. Falcon Series bivane array.
WOB
U
w
FENCE t-4-
1
WDZ
17
wo4
U
+--
E 3
Figure 2. Falcon Series windfield array.
4
40
30
P
m
-10
-30
40
TC- U. 4 W
FENC 0
TC--Kk-5cSc.l5J TC--Kk-ScS
40
30
P
1D
-10
-30
40
-m -89 -60 -40 -20
METERS
Figure 3. Falcon 1-2 spill area temperature array.
! --
--
, , I I , , -----i7---r--T' 1 . 1 .----
-49 -20 0
-m -80 -69
METERS
Figure 4. Falcon 3-5 spill area temperature array.
5
_1_.-.--'- ,
7--"------
-150
U
TC-LbU7
CI TC-L&ll
-----T--- 7 -4
---
159 259
-50 50
METERS
Figure 5. Falcon 1-3 temperature array.
140
TC-16.11
0
TC-SSJ
0
TGO,L5,llJ7
0
U TC-LbW7
0 1
TC-Lkll
5 TC-LMl
I
TC-;CIll
40
I.. . -- t--v---- . -- - - - _- - -
-1bJ
-la0 I," I
0
F
TC-L&lLl7
CI TC-Lkll
0
I -----. - -T-----r----
~- - - " -.- .*_
59 WO 259
1
-140
-EO -59
METER3
Figure 6. Falcon 4-5 temperature array.
6
149
la0
103
BD
80
40
m
0
!I -a
-40
-89
-80
-1m
-1P
HF-1
0
HP-1
0:
HF-1
U
D
W-1
0
7 1 1 --T--- T--
-140 -I--.
-150 -59 59
METERS
159 259
Figure 7. Falcon Series heat flux array.
149
la0
1m
80
80
40
P
QNP1
B -:
-40
-89
-80
-im
-la0
Figure 8. Falcon Series humidity array.
7
140 7
la0 -
I00 -
m -
a -
40 -
L-WM-u
L-LSM-Il
L-LSBM-17 0
U
U
L-Lbllhl-17
CI
L-k WM-17 0
- l ___
FENCE j -1
L-L5:M-IL17
0
-40 -
-Bo -
-80 -
-100 -
-la0 -
-140
L-&5,M-17 L-ISM-lL17
-
U
-
U
__
K
r----.----~ r-----------
L-LSM-IL17
L-L8&M-17
U
I D L-L5BM-17
U
L-LBW-I7
0
L- EM- l i
0
CI L-LSrM-Il
0 M-tSU
50 259
Figure 9. Falcon 1 gas array.
r---- 1--
METERS
8
7
140
BD
LT 89
FENCE J-2
-89
-40 1
L-15M-l 7
L-1511iM-17
L-L3.W-17
U
U
rl
L-I,5M-U
0
L-WM-u
0
L-L5M-lL17
U
L-LSW-17 L-L5hrf-1117
L -15,kM-17 L-15M-1117
-
U
u
U 0
tl
L-LbW-17
0:
' L-L51wuI-17 L-l j w-u
0
L-LSrM-ll
0
0 U
tl
L-LbW-17
0:
' L-L51wuI-17 L-l j w-u
0
L-LSrM-ll
0
M-. ' L J1
i - y - 1
L-LSM-ll
0
L-LSM-17 e
L-kSM-lLGI
L-L411;M-17
, -~-~----.."...-. -.- c-------- 7---- ---T----1--- i
-50 59 l50 250
-EO
METERS
Figure 12. Falcon 4-5 gas array.
M 1 LB
9
I
m
r a
m
v~nt m
1 5
C* E 102
Li qul d n i w m stw.gs SUprCnnUl
nitraQm heat er
0 8 X 106 Btulh
12- f t 9- m I d .8ooo gal
c - 102. c - l o 3
Niwopn d r i r a m s t o r q ~ Now- v-omer
5-ft 8- m I d X 9041 1-i n . T T 2350 i t 3 1 1 X 106 Btul h
0 102 E 101
G-102
Li qui d nitrogen
hi gh. pnuur e r at e 10 pp pump
G-101
L q u d n i t r o w
I 0w. pnuur . pump
r at e 30 epm
Legend
HC Hand cont r ol
L I Level i ndi cat i on
PC Pressure cont r ol
PCV Pr essur e-cont r ol val ve
PI Pressure i ndi cat i on
TC Te mp r a t w e control
TO
c - 104
TO
C- 106
e.
C-I O5
Hi +
pressure
>n i t r o g m
dr i ve
gar
Figure 4. Nitrogen storage and supply system.
I
the spill pipe and venting the boil-off through the spill valve and/or the high point vent valve.
Temperature monitoring of the spill pipe was used to determine the flow of LN2 into the spill pipe
during cooldown and to determine when LNG could be introduced into the spill pipe.
The cryogenic spill system, shown in Figure 15, provided the means for receiving, storing,
and discharging LNG. The system received LNG delivered by tanker truck (supplied by Trussville
Utilities Board, Trussville, Alabama) and provided storage between tests. The two cryogenic tanks
are provided with valves and piping for receiving LNG deliveries, for discharging LNG, and for
transferring LNG from one tank to the other. The tanks are instrumented with vacuum and
pressure gauges, thermocouples, and liquid level sensors. Tank C-105 is connected to two separate
lines; a 12-inch diameter line to provide high flow capability, and a 6-inch diameter line, which was
not utilized in this test series. Tank C-106 is connected separately to a single 12-inch diameter line.
Each spill pipe is equipped with control valves at each end. To provide uniform LNG distri-
bution on the pond surface a multi-exit spill spider was used. The spill spider was used, the
spill pond, and the water circulation system are schematically depicted in Figure 16. Each arm
of the spider was approximately 11.6 m in length, was oriented 90 from adjacent arms, and was
fitted with a restrictive orifice at the downstream end of the horizontal portion to prevent flashing
in the pipe. The spill pond was 40 m by 60 m and was filled to a depth of approximately 76 cm.
Detailed mechanical drawings are available from the Liquified Gaseous Fuels Program at LLNL.
The spill pond, the spider and the water circulation system were designed to vaporize the LNG
at a high rate so that the vapor source rate was nearly equal to the spill rate. A known vapor source
rate is very important for modeling purposes, especially when the data are to be used for model
validation. RPTs were a known hazard for spills on water, but the requirement for a high (and
known) vaporization rate was primary and the water pond was the only practical way of obtaining
it.
The vapor fence structure (depicted in Figure 17) was fabricated from a proprietary fiberglass
cloth impregnated with a mixture of silicon, Teflon and graphite. The fabric was reinforced by
aluminum battens and suspended from a series of 9.1 m aluminum pillars by stainless steel cable.
The barrier was 44 m by 88 m and was raised to a height of 8.7 m. The billboard structure,
located upwind of the pond was employed to generate turbulence typical of a storage tank inside
the fence. It was made from the same material as the vapor fence, reinforced with the same batten
material and suspended from 13.7 m aluminum pillars. The structure was 17.1 m wide and was
raised to a height of 13.3 m (see Figure 17).
2.2 Command, Control, and Data Acquisition
The Command, Control, and Data Acquisition System (CCDAS) provides remote and local
control for the spill process, monitors important parameters and status information within the spill
process, and provides a central location wrhere all spill data are collected and stored. The system
consists of the LGF Data -4cquisition System (LGFDAS) and industrial control computer hardware
and software. A block diagram of the CCDAS is shown in Figure 18. At the spill site, a local
microcomputer-based subsystem provides signal conditioning for both input and output, provides
local monitoring and control for manual operation and checkout, and supports communications
with the remote subsystem. The operators console and main control hardware are located at the
remote site (CCDAS building), approximately one mile to the west. By means of a high speed data
12
C-105 and C-106
cryogenic test fl ui d
storage tanks
9-ft &i n. i .d. X 53-f t 4-in. TT
28.000 gal.
r
_1 N, drive gas
Loading vent
Vent header
f
r
150 p i g max.
_ _ _ _ _
C-105
-L
Fluid loading _I
Legend
FCV Flow-control valve
FO Flow orifice
FR Flow recorder
TI Temperature indication
PSV Saftey relief valve
P C PRESSURE CONTROL
-)-
t - 1 8 8 4
w4
1
Tie down supports (4-6)
Circulation lines J
lo" spill
LGFSTF
12" cryogenic
spill line
Water exlts
1 U
I
Water Inlets
Figure 18. The vapor source multi-Cxit spill configuration.
14
- Inlets
- Exits
t
- Inlets
- Exits
Prevailing
wlnd
E

I
-
2
4

-
-

F
i
g
u
r
e

1
7
.

T
h
e

v
a
p
o
r

f
e
n
c
e

s
t
r
u
c
t
u
r
e
.

1
5

,

Roosn inputs
Prsssum
Fl ow r a n
IWI
4 20 mA11 5 V
Discrete inputs
contact closure
Val w posotlon } 24 v dc
interlocks
I m p cont r d
Process
I10
modules
_L
modul es
r - - i
I I
I
I
I
'1 I
Local manual
I10EO"t,Ol
l dumb terminal
or swi t ch pawl)
Control m,nt
(remot e)
Discrete outputr
24 Vdc
Discrete inputs
24 Vdc
Manl machme
interface
Manl machl ne
interface
Lamps
1 displays
{ SWltChe5
key Interlocks
Col or graphics
operat or conso~es
I
Massstorage
1 . 40 Mbyt e
Dat a archwrng
wrttelread
1600 BPI 9 track
Note Local manual controt IS
for maintenance and serwee
or process 110
link, the operators are able to observe and control the spill procedure and to acquire diagnostic
data from the downwind sensor array, all in real time.
All facility operations not otherwise under direct manual control are conducted through the
remote/local parts of the process control subsystem. The center of the system is the supervisory
processor at the CCDAS building. Operators communicate with the process control system by
means of man/machine interfaces (MMIs). These high resolution color MMIs are capable of dis-
playing system status, alarms, messages, piping and flow diagrams, and data in the form of trend
plots. TO confirm process status: operators can view the real time MMI displays.
The process control subsystem also collects and stores status and measurement information rel-
evant to facility operation, Analog measurements include multiple thermocouples, pressure trans-
ducers, flow meters, level indicators, etc. Signals from these transducers are converted to a current
by a field mounted transmitter and sent t o the process 1/0 modules. The current is converted to
a digital word and sent over the high speed data link to the supervisory processor. The data are
processed for display on the MMI s and are stored on disk. Certain data were integrated by the
computer and displayed on the hl MI s for parameters such as total flow. The parameters of each
input, such as gain, linearization data, alarm limits, and sample rates, are stored on disk as part
of the system data base. Each input is calibrated, linearized, checked for alarm limit, and time
stamped as it is displayed and stored.
Data transmitted from the front-end processor to the CCDXS supervisory processor are stored
on computer disk for short-term storage and processing. High capacitx computer disk storage is
provided, due to the large number of data points to be sampled and to allow monitoring data
points as often as once per second. All data are time stamped to reconstruct a time history and to
compare the occurrence of events on a temporal basis. M-hen testing was completed, the data was
archived on magnetic tape and saved for long-term storage and analysis.
Acquisition and storage of sensor field data were accomplished by the LGF Data Acquisition
System (LGFDAS) located in the CCDAS building. The LGFDAS was developed by the L GF
Program, over a period of several years, specifically for large-scale spill tests. The system utiljzes
two way UHF radio telemetry for command and data transmission, and is designed to acquire
data from microprocessor controlled sensor stations at ranges up to ten miles from the receiving
antenna (at the CCDAS building for these tests). The remote data acquisition stations are battery
powered, portable, and ruggedized. Batteries are recharged by solar panels, which are collocated
with the remote station. During the Falcon Series, a network of 44 stations were employed recording
nearly 400 data channels at a rate of one sample per second from nearly 350 gas field channels
and one sample every 10 sec from 38 wind field channels. Each station consisted of a Facific
Cyber/Metrix Model PPS-1203 microprocessor (CMOS PDP-8 equivalent), up to 8 k words of
RAM, instrumentation amplifiers, relays to turn on sensors, radio transmitter and receiver, solar
cells, and battery. Data acquired from the various sensors were packed alternately into one of two
2 kbyte buffers. The DEC LSI-11 minicomputers at the CCDAS building sequentially poll the
remote stations in their network (gas field or wind field) requesting their full data buffers at 4.8 or
19.2 kbaud. Wind field data were presented in real time to help determine when test conditions
were optimal. Raw data were recorded on disk for later processing.
After each test the raw data were converted to calibrated data sets using experimentally de-
termined sensor calibration tables on the LSI-11 minicomputers. Calibrated data sets, sensor
calibration files, data acquisition control files, and dayfiles are written to ASCII magnetic tape and
17
transferred to the LLNL Computation Center for archival. Data are stored on an off line mass
storage system and are readily available for analysis.
Data manipulation, IR sensor data processing, and plotting were done on a CDC 7600 com-
puter, using the high quality computational and graphics output devices available at LLNL. Gas
concentration contour generation, mass flux analysis, and meteorological analysis were done using
programs written specifically for this purpose. Acquisition and processing of the calibration data
were done on a dedicated LSI-11 minicomputer, and the resulting files used at both LLNL and
NTS for conversion of raw sensor data to calibrated data in engineering units.
2.3 Diagnostic Instrument at ion
The purpose of this section is to describe each instrument used to measure the physical pa-
rameters necessary to evaluate the effectiveness of vapor barriers on dispersion of LNG. Discussion
of each sensor is intended to be sufficient to appraise the reader of the sensor type, measurement
technique employed, and estimated accuracy. hlore detailed descriptions are referenced in the text.
2.3.1 Meteorological Sensors
2.3.1.1 Turbulence Anemometers
A total of 18 standard, commercially available Gill bivane anemometers (R.M. Young Company)
were employed on the Falcon series of tests as depicted in Figure 1. These anemometers have a
thresh-old of 0.1-0.2 m/s and a response distance constant of 1.0 m. Factory supplied calibration
curves were used, and data taken every 1 sec. Absolute pointing accuracy was estimated to be better
than 35 horizontally. Vertical error was generally larger, but data were corrected by subtracting
the apparent pre-zero vertical mean angle. Speed and horizontal direction were generally in good
agreement with the two-axis anemometers.
2.3.1.2 Wind Field Anemornet ers
The wind field measurements were made using commercially available two-axis cup and vane
anemometers (Met-One) located at 19 stations, 2 m above ground, both upwind and downwind of
the spill point, as shown in Figure 2. They have a starting threshold of 0.2 m/s and a response
distance constant of 1. 5 m. Data were taken at 1 sec intervals, then vector averaged by the
instrument for 10 sec prior to transmitting to the LGFDAS. The standard deviation of the individual
directions about the 10 sec scalar mean were also transmitted. The wind field anemometers were
calibrated with respect to three other standard sensors selected from the same product group.
The standards were then sent to the National Bureau of Standards for calibration in a wind tunnel,
and the results used for final calibration of the field instruments. The uncertainty in wind speed
for these instruments is the larger of 31% or 0.07 m/s. Pointing accuracy was estimated to be h2O.
18
2.3.1.3 Thermocouples
Standard Chromel- Alumel (type k) thermocouples were collocated with each gas sensor to pro-
vide temperature measurement of the gas cloud. As shown in Figures 3-6, additional thermocouples
were installed at other locations both inside and outside the vapor curtain and in the ground at
some stations. The 20 mil thermocouples had a response time of about 1 sec, corresponding roughly
to the gas sensors which averaged data for 1 sec. Improvements in amplifier design have eliminated
the amplifier drift problems experienced on previous test series, and the RTD array at station
G11 (center station, 150 m row) allowed elimination of most thermocouple baseline uncertainty
by adjusting individual data sets to the pre-test temperature profile measured by the RTD array.
Relative temperature variations measured during the test are believed accurate to k0.5'C.
2.3.1.4 Resistive Temperature Devices
The sensing element for the resistive temperature device (RTD) is an 1000 ohm platinum
resistor mounted in an aspirated solar shield. Five RTD's were mounted on the upwind met tower
(station G24) at elevations of 1, 2, 4. 8, and 16 m. Four additional RTDs were mounted at station
G11 at elevations of 1, 2, 4, and 8 m (see Figures 5 and 6). The accuracy after calibration is
estimated to be i O.l C.
2.3.1.5 Ground Heat-Flux Sensors
The ground heat-flux sensors were standard, commercially available heat-flux plates manufac-
tured by HY-CAL Engineering. They consisted of two layers of thermopiles separated by material
of known thermal conductivity, forming a thin rectangular wafer that was buried just below the soil
surface. These devices were installed at two locations inside the vapor curtain and four downwind
locations, as depicted in Figure 7. Factory calibration curves were employed. Sensor to sensor
variation was less than 12% at full scale.
2.3.1.6 Humidity Sensors
The four humidity sensors deployed during the Falcon Series (see Figure 8) were commercially
available'ondyne dew point hygrometers. Several problems were encountered early in the test series,
and as a result, dependable humidity data were not recorded for Falcon 1 and 2 by these sensors.
Data reported for the first two tests were obtained from the M:eather Service Nuclear Support Office
(M'SNSO). Accuracy of humidity measurements made during Falcon 3-5 are estimated at 510%.
2.3.2 Gas Concentration Sensors
During the Falcon Series, a total of 77 gas concentration sensors were employed, as depicted in
Figures 9 through 12. Included in this total were 39 infrared sensors (35 LLNL-I R and 4 J PL-IR)
and 38 MSA catalytic sensors. The J PL-I R sensors measured samples from inside the vapor fence,
where the highest concentrations were expected. These samples were warmed to evaporate any
water droplets or ice particles formed by the cold LNG vapor. The LLNL-IR sensors were at lower
elevations at 50 and 150 m downwind, where intermediate concentrations were expected. The MSA
19
sensors were deployed at higher elevations at 50 and 150 m and at 250 m downwind where, gas
concentrations were not expected to exceed 5%.
2.3.2.1 LLNL-IR Gas Sensor
The LLNL-IR gas concentration sensor was developed at LLNL (Bingham et al., 1983) for
use in the Burro Series of LNG spill tests. They were again used to detect LNG in the Coyote
Series, Ammonia in the Desert Tortoise Series, and K204 in the Eagle Series. Pre- and post-test
calibration and several field checks over the years of use have shown the LLNL-IR to be a stable
and dependable sensor for use in the extremes of the desert environment.
A schematic drawing of the LLNL-IR sensor is presented in Figure 19. Infrared radiation from
the source passes through an optical path open to the atmosphere. If hydrocarbons are present,
then absorption occurs, and the amount of absorption specific to methane, ethane plus propane,
and cold-induced water or ice particle fog are detected at the pyroelectric detector. Absorption
specific to these species is defined by four narrow-band pass filters between 3.0 and 4. 0 pm. The
optical paths exposed to the atmosphere were either 5 or 15 cm in length, thus the instrument
readings were for average concentrations in volumes of 19.4 and 58.1 cm3, respectively. The 5 cm
optical paths were employed where higher gas concentrations were anticipated.
In the abaence of fog, two channels serve primarily to determine the methane and ethane concen-
trations. The other two channels are used as reference channels to compensate for shifts in system
throughput due to dust on the lenses or to temperature-induced baseline shifts. Relatively little
cross-gas sensitivity is experienced within the two main channels. The instruments were calibrated
using methane concentrations of 0-30%, ethane concentrations of 0-lo%, and a methane/ethane
mixture of 11.2/2.2%. Calibration uncertainties were consistent with those observed for the Burro
and Coyote series. X detailed discussion of these uncertainties and other aspects of the LLNL-IR
may be found in Bingham et al. (1983).
The overall uncertainty of the total hydrocarbons reading is estimated to be within 10% for
readings above 2.5% concentration. Below 2.5% the readings begin to be dominated by noise intro-
duced into the ethane channel arising from instrument noise and deficiencies in the fog correction
algorithm. The ethane noise was observed to average around 0.1% concentration with peak values
around 0.25% concentration and persisted even when the methane readings indicated concentra-
tions as low as 10. Since the total hydrocarbons reading is a simple sum of the methane and ethane
readings the ethane noise makes low level readings look larger than they actually are and for very
low levels can totally dominate the readings.
Fog affects the sensitivity of the LLNL-IR sensor, since fog absorbs at about the same wave-
length as the gas being measured. Hence the sensor must be calibrated to acount for fog in the
absorption path. Details of this calibration are presented in Section 2.3.2.4.
2.3.2.2 JPL-IR Gas Sensor
The J PL-I R sensors are four band radiometers similar to the LLNL-IR sensors, except they are
designed to operate in fog-free regions and to detect separately methane, ethane, and propane. The
sensor was developed by J et Propulsion Laboratory (J PL) for use on the Burro and Coyote tests.
One prototype model was fielded on the last two Burro Tests, eight units were fielded on Coyote,
20
f&iL Hermetically
sealed
Lens holder
I R source
Zinc-selenide lens
Micarta
-Double-
wall can
Pyroelectric
detector
Hermetically
sealed connector
Circuit boards
Fi gure 19. Cross secti on of the LLNL-IR sensor.
21
and four units were employed on the Falcon Series. All four units sampled gas concentrations within
the vapor curtain. To eliminate fog, the sensors themselves were placed outside the vapor curtain
and samples were drawn by air pumps through long tubes run underwater to warm the samples.
J PL selected the spectral region of the 2.0 to 2.5 pm bands of methane, ethane, and propane,
due to the availability of inexpensive components and high performance room temperature detec-
tors. The four bands centered at 2.02, 2.36, 2.46, and 2.51 m were chosen to enable detection of
any of the three species down to 0.4% with an accuracy of 0.2% or 10% of concentration, whichever
is greater. Figure 20 shows a schematic of the sensor, which used four crossings of a 15 cm path to
give an effective path length of 60 cm. An incandescent lamp, operating at approximately 1850 K,
provides a source beam which was chopped by a motor driven blade. After exiting the unit and
passing through the LNG vapor sample, the beam reenters the housing, is split by a partially sil-
vered mirror to produce four beams which are focused on the interference filters and PbS detector.
The detector assembly was cooled with a thermoelectric cooler in order to stabilize the detector
response and the filter pass bands.
2.3.2.3 MSA Catalytic Sensor
hIS.4 sensors are well understood, standard commercial units that operate on the catalytic
principal and work well as long as they are not exposed to flame, high wind, or gas concentrations
approaching the stoichiometric mixture (10% for methane). The sensor response is very linear, and
the uncertainty is approximately 10% of the reading. Sensors were individually calibrated, and
post-test calibrations were used to correct for changes in sensor response.
2.3.2.4 Fog Calibration of the Multispectral LLNL Infrared Gas Sensors
Because of the high concentration fog experienced during this test series, particularly on Falcon
1, i t was necessary to do additional fog calibration of the sensors. This required that an extensive
laboratory program be conducted after the test series was over.
As has been mentioned earlier, the LLNL IR gas sensor utilizes the principle of molecular
absorption in the middle of the infrared region, between 3 and 4 microns, to detect the presence
of hydrocarbon gas. Methane, ethane and propane have strong molecular absorption bands in this
spectral region. The four filters used in the sensors have center frequency wavelengths of:
Methane 3.20 microns
Ethane 3.66 microns
Reference 3.90 microns
Fog 3.03 microns
Dense fog in the absorption path complicated the measurement problem. The sensitivity of the
detector is affected by such factors as fog particle size, density, index of refraction, and wavelength
of incident radiation. Absorption and scattering by the water droplets produce the same effect as
gas absorption, and must be corrected for when processing the measured gas concentration data.
The sapphire-rod IR source is separated from the pyroelectric sensor by a 5 or 15 centimeter
open path, a zinc selenide lens, and a rotary chopper wheel with the four narrow bandpass filters.
22
2
3

The gas-air-fog sample passes through a small mesh stainless steel screen to prevent aliasing from
high frequency fluctuations. Figure 19 shows a schematic drawing of the sensor assembly.
To obtain the fog correction coefficients, all sensors were individually exposed in a fog cham-
ber to varying concentrations of fog, generated by pouring liquid nitrogen onto a water reservoir
contained within the insulated fog chamber. A low wattage heater was used to maintain constant
water temperature, and prevent freezing.
Because of the dense fog, the original fog correction program did not perform satisfactorily
either. A new numerical algorithm had to be developed for calculating the concentrations of
hydrocarbons from field measurements. This algorithm involves solving the following four coupled
equations for unknowns CA,, C E , C F , and C R :
In the above a,,,, o E , O F , and aR, are the extinction coefficients (deduced from field data) for the
methane, ethane, fog, and reference channels, respectively. A, B, C , D, E, F, G, H. XA, XB, XC?
XD, XE, XF, XG, and XH are the various influence coefficients of methane and ethane gases on the
extinction coefficients and are determined in laboratory calibrations; C M and CE are respectively
the volumetric fraction of methane and ethane; the terms involving CF, CR represent the contribu-
tion of fog to each of the extinction coefficients. The values of S,, and S2 4 are determined from the
laboratory fog calibration tests described subsequently. The above equations are solved iteratively,
subjected to the constraints that the values of C M . CE, C F , and CR should be non-negative, until
the residuals of these equations fall within an acceptable tolerance.
As an example, Figure 21 shows the experimental results from the exposure of the infrared
sensor to liquid nitrogenlwater fog. Superimposed on the top graph are the light intensities recorded
by the methane channel (dotted) and the fog channels (solid) respectively; the curves on the lower
plot correspond to the readings of the ethane (dotted) and reference (solid) channels during the
same LN spill. The data points (in *) are calculated by the following formula:
tVhere A4
M, Methane baseline reading
E
E, Ethane baseline reading
F
F, Fog baseline reading
R
Light intensity measured by the methane channel
Light intensity measured by the ethane channel
Light intensity measured by the fog channel
Light intensity measured by the reference channel
24
2. 5
2. 0
1 . 5
1 . 0
. 5
. 0
Figure 21. LLNL IR sensor fog response and fog ratios.
25
R, Reference baseline reading
Based on estimates of fog intensity in the field tests being mostly less than l o%, the mean
values and standard deviations of SI3 and SZ4 were determined for fog intensity i n the range of 1
to 10% within the vertical lines of the graph (outside of this range, the variations are much larger
and thus not as appropriate). Results for all the sensors used in the field tests are summarized
in Table 4. As is seen, the fog coefficients vary noticeably among sensors. For this reason, values
for individual sensors were used in the data reduction program to obtain the concentrations of
hydrocarbons.
2.4 Photographic Coverage
Photographic coverage was provided by LLXL Xevada Photo Applications Group and video
coverage was provided by the L GF Program field team. Table 3 summarizes the equipment em-
ployed during the test series and Figure 22 graphically depicts the camera locations. The 35 mm
framing cameras were programmed with variable framing rates, and took 36 frames over a period of
15 min (from t =10 sec to t =904 sec). The crosswind location contained two 35 mp cameras, one
with a telephoto lens and one with a wide angle lens. The upwind location had one 35 mm camera
with a wide angle lens. Both locations had two motion picture cameras set at two different light
settings to insure good exposure. The motion picture cameras operated at 24 frames per second.
The CCD type television camera was located next to the vapor curtain at a height of 60 ft looking
down into the enclosed area. The two remaining video cameras were located at an elevation of
80 ft on the met tower (collocated with the 35 mm and two movie cameras), and on top of the LK2
storage tank at the rear of the tank farm (elevation =60 ft, range =600 ft).
26
TABLE 4: FALCON LLNL-IR SENSOR FOG COEFFICIENTS
(DARK CURRENT NOT SUBTRACTED)
S24
SIGMA
i i S13 i
SENSOR NUMBER [PATH LENGTH (cm. )l RATIO I SIGMA I RATIO I
I I I I I
2
3*
4
5
6
7
8
9
10*
11
12
13*
14
15*
16
17
18
19
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32+
33
34
35
36+
37
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
15
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
1.153
1.137
1,101
1.160
1.144
1.151
1.158
1.143
1.171
1.165
1.123
1.162
1.159
1.133
1.120
1.157
1.149
1.157
1.149
1.168
1.129
1.184
1.056
1.163
1.159
1.148
1.124
1.169
1.128
1.152
1.156
1.155
1.134
1.152
1.189
0.024
0.034
0.028
0.035
0.048
0.016
0.008
0.025
0.012
0.025
0.028
0.023
0.021
0.013
0.024
0.016
0.024
0.024
0.015
0.019
0.013
0.015
0.017
0.020
0.033
0.024
0.035
0.017
0.012
0.017
0.024
0.020
0.015
0.017
0.016
1.120
1.138
1.143
1.188
1.138
1.201
1.100
1.117
1.104
1.134
1.173
1.152
1.169
1.166
1.161
1.164
1.146
1.214
1.094
1.134
1.172
1.109
0.976
1,190
1.120
1.100
1.165
1.168
1.186
1.199
1.221
1.195
1.210
1.199
1.184
0.026
0.031
0.032
0.035
0.037
0.019
0.023
0.021
0.017
0.024
0.026
0.024
0.024
0.026
0.021
0.030
0.025
0.028
0.013
0.021
0.015
0.011
0.029
0.026
0.025
0.023
0.037
0.024
0.021
0.022
0.021
0.025
0.027
0.022
0.017
* Sensor damaged by f i r e . Coef f i ci ent s represent t he averaged val ues
of t he undamaged sensors having the same kind of f i l t e r s .
+ Sensor damaged by f i r e . Coef f i ci ent s are the averaged val ues of
sensors 31, 33, 34, 35, and 37.
27
-150 ,
l
-490
-2w 0
MTER.S
200
Figure 22. Falcon Series camera array.
28
3.0 Experiment Summaries
A total of five tests were conducted in the Falcon Series; three were conducted in J une 1987 and
two were conducted in late August 1987. The tests were conducted at the DOE'S permanent Spill
Test Facility (LGFSTF) on Frenchman Lake at the Nevada Test Site. Frenchman Lake is anormally
dry lakebed measuring approximately 3.5 km by 5.0 km. The lakebed is extremely flat with the
difference between average surface layer elevation at the lakebed center and at the lakebed edge
being of the order of 0. 3 m (one foot). Weather conditions were generally typical of summertime
conditions in the high desert with predictable, highly directional, thermally-driven winds arising
about midday at 10 to 20 m/s and gradually dropping off to 3 to 5 m/s as sunset approached. High
temperatures coupled with the influx of some tropical moisture produced localized thundershower
activity in the higher terrain surrounding Frenchman Lake on some occasions.
A summary of test parameters is given in Table 5 . Spill valve open and close times reflect the
time that the signals were sent from the CCDAS to the valve. Zero time for all data plots is the
spill valve open time. The spill valve required 8 sec to fully open and 11 sec to fully close from the
time i t received the signal. Spill rate and spill volume were calculated using time history data of
drive gas pressure within an orifice flow calculation and verified by pre- and post-test liquid level
readings from the storage tanks. Drive gas pressures stated reflect the average system pressure,
more detailed temporal history of drive gas pressure is available in the L L NL database. Fluid
velocity was calculated from orifice size and flow rate data. Water temperature was measured
directly using thermocouples submerged in the pond (relative accuracy estimated at *0. 5"C). Gas
analysis was done at the pickup point at Trussville, Alabama, for Falcon 1 and 2, performed post-
test taking samples from facility storage tanks at NTS and analyzing with a mass spectrometer at
LLKL for Falcon 3, and performed pre-test from NTS storage tank samples agalyzed at LLNL for
Falcon 4 and 5.
Table 5. Falcon Series test parameters.
Test Name Falcon- 1 Falcon-2 Falcon-3 Falcon-4 Falcon-5
Dat e of test 12 J un 87 18 J un 87 29 Jun 87 21 Aug 87 29 Aug 87
Spill valve open t i me 19:47:56 18:09:09 18:52:02 19:27:04
Spill valve close ti me 19:50:07 18:10:27 18:54:36 19:32:05 18:59:18
Spill rate 28. 7 m3/ mi n 15. 9 m3/min 18. 9 m3 / mi n 8. 7 m3/ mi n 30. 3 m3/min
Spill volume 66. 4 m3 20. 6 m3 50. 7 m3 44. 9 m3 43. 9 m3
Drive gas pressure 65 psig 35 psig 40 psig 125 psig 70 psi g
Orifice diameter 4. 5 in 4. 5 i n 4. 5 in 1. 5 in 4. 5 in
Fl ui d velocity 65 m/s 32. 5 m/s 32. 5 m/s 146 m/ s 65 m/ s
Water temper at ur e 28. 4122. 4 23. 6120. 6 no dat a 23. 2122. 0 26. 01nd
Gas analysis 94. 713. 9 95. 6/ 3. 7 91/ 8. 0 91/ 8. 0 88/ 10
18:58 :00
Spill tank C-105 (2-105 C-105 C-106 C- 106
( pre/ post - ' C)
( Met h/ Heavy- %)
TabIe 6 presents a detailed instrumentation plan for each test, which provides the exact location
of each sensor fielded in each experiment. In addition, the comments column reflects the operating
condition of each sensor during the test. A legend of sensor nomenclature and status codes appears
at the end of the table. In general? there were only minor variations in instrument plans from test
to test; however two changes are large enough to mention here:
.
29
1. Between Falcon 3 and Falcon 4, two entire stations were moved from the 50 meter row to
the 150 meter row to provide a wider mass flux row, due to a wider than anticipated vapor
cloud observed in Falcon 1 and Falcon 3.
2. Between Falcon 2 and 3, certain J PL-IR sensors were increased in sample height from 1 to
2 m and some thermocouples, previously submerged in the pond or near the pond surface,
were distributed over elevations from 1 to 6 meters to study temperature profiles within
the vapor curtain.
Additional remarks specific to each test are listed at the end of each instrumentation plan in Table 6.
30
Table 6. Falcon Series instrumentation deployment plan.
I nstrumentation Plan-Falcon 1
Stat ion I nstrument z Y z S/N Comments
GO2
GO3
GO4
GO5
GO1 T C
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
T C
T C
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
heat flux
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
bivane
humidi t 1-
T C
TC
T C
T C
T C
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
heat flux
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
-66 m
-66 m
-66 m
-66 m
-66 m
-66 m
-66 m
-66 m
-44 m
-44 rn
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
l m
5 m
I 1 m
I m
5 m
11 m
1 7 m
17 m
I m
5 m
11 m
0
I m
5 m
11 m
1 7 m
17 m
I m
5 m
11 m
0
l m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
l m
5 m
11 m
l m
5 m
11 m
l m
0
I m
5m
11 m
17 m
17 m
3 m
5 m
11 m
0
NSN
NSN
NSK
215
010
031
029
022
NSK
NSN
KSN
216
513
033
004
009
KSK
NSK
NSK
NSK
231
172
032
003
010
NSK
NSK
NSK
NSK
121
522
036
015
013
377
386
393
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
213
012
034
008
030
025
378
DNF
31
Table 6. Continued.
Station Inst rumen t z Y z S/N Comments
GO6 TC
TC
T C
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-J R
LLNL-IR
GO7 T C
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LL N L- IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
GO8 T C
TC
T C
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
GO9 TC
TC
TC
T C
MSA
LLNL-IR
heat flux
LLNL-IR
GI 0 T C
T C
TC
T C
MSA
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
bivane
GI 1 MSA
MSA
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
bivane
LLNL-IR
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
44 m
44 m
44 m
44 m
44 m
44 m
44 m
44 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
-75 m
-75 m
-75 m
-75 m
-75 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-75 m
l m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
l m
5 m
11 m
l m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
l m
5 m
11 m
I m
11 m
11 m
l m
5 m
0
l m
5 m
11 m
11 m
l m
5 m
0
l m
5 m
11 m
17 m
11 m
17 m
l m
5 m
l m
5 m
11 m
11 m
17 m
l m
5 m
l m
5 m
11 m
5 m
NSN
NSN
NSN DNF
214
009
037
016
006
NSN
NSN
NSN
201
01 3
035
017
01 4
NSI i
NSX
217
020
028
005
NSN
NSN
NSN
218
519
018
025
023
NSN
NSN
203
204
004
016
02 1
002
384
392
387
007
512
007
026
380
385
379
32
Table 6. Continued.
Instrumentation Plan-Falcon 1
Station I nstrument 2 Y 2 S/N Comments
RTD 150 m 0 I m 006
RTD 150 m 0 2m 007
RTD 150 m 0 4 m 008
RTD 150 m 0 8 m 009
GI 2
GI 3
GI 4
GI 5
GI 6
GI 7
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
h,I SA
LLNL-I R
LLNL-I R
bivane
bivane
bivane
TC
TC
TC
TC
hlSA
LLNL-IR
heat flux
LLKL-IR
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 rn
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
I m
5m
11 m
17 m
11 m
17 m
I m
5 m
l m
5 m
31 m
0
I m
5m
11 m
11 m
I m
5 m
0
NSN
NSN
205
206
520
515
024
023
391
389
373
NSN
NSN
NSN
220
01 I
01 1
027
029
TC 150 m 75 m I m NSN
TC 150 m 75 m 5m NSN
TC 150 m 75 m 11 m 230
hI S A 150 m 75 m 11 m 01 7
LLNL-IR 150 m 75 m I m 012
LLXL-IR 150 m 75 m 5 m 019
TC 250 m -84 m l m 225
TC 250 m -84 m 5m 226
TC 250 m -84 m 11 m 227
hlSA 250 m -84 m l m 014
MSA 250 m -84 m 5 m 006
MSA 250 m -84 m 11 m 015
T C 250 m -56 m I m 228
T C 250 m -56 m 5m 229
T C 250 m -56 m 11 m 231
MSA 250 m -56 m 5 m 00 1
hlSA 250 m -56 m 11 m 018
T C 250 m -28 m l m 232
T C 250 m -28 m 5 m 233
T C 250 m -28 m 11 m 234
hfSA 250 m -2% m 5 m 173
MSA 250 m -28 m I 1 m 518
GI 8 TC
T C
250 m 0 I m 235
250 m 0 5m 236
33
Table 6. Continued.
Stat ion I nstrument 2 Y 2 S/N Comments
TC 250 m 0 11 m 237
MSA 250 m 0 11 m 514
MSA 250 m 0 I m 002
G20
G21
G22
G23
TC 250 m 28 m I m 201
TC 250 m 28 m 5m 207
TC 250 m 28 m 11 m 209
MSA 250 m 28 m 5m 005
MSA 250 m 28 m 11 m 516
TC 250 m 56 m l m 210
TC 250 m 56 m 11 m 221
TC 250 m 56 m 5 m 219
MSA 250 m 56 m 5 m 00 3
MSA 250 m 56 m 11 m 521
TC 250 m 84 m I m 222
TC 250 m 84 m 5 m PITSN
TC 250 m 84 m 11 m 224
MSA 250 m 84 m I m 019
MSA 250 m 84 m 5 m 008
MSA 250 m 84 m 11 m 517
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
T C
TC
TC
TC
T C
TC
TC
TC
TC
J PL-I R
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-62 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20 m
-10 cm
-5 cm
5 cm
15 cm
I m
-10 cm
-5 cm
5 cm
15 cm
I m
l m
2 m
6 m
10 m
14 m
l m
NSN
NSN
NSIS
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN DNF
NSN -
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
001
TC -64 m 0 0 NSN
TC -76 m 0 0 NSN
TC -88 m 0 I m NSN
TC -88 m 0 2 m NSN
TC -88 m 0 6 m NSN
TC -88 m 0 10 m NSN
T C -88 m 0 13 m NSN
heat flux -64 m 0 0 NSN
humidity -2 m 0 I m 389
J PL-I R -62 m 0 l m 006 DNF
34
Table 6. Continued.
I nstrumentation Plan-Falcon I
Stat ion I nstrument 2 Y z SI N Comments
G24 TC -130 m -25 m 0 NSN
TC -130 m -25 rn l m NSN
heat fl ux -130 rn -25 m 0 NSN
bi vane -130 rn -25 rn I m 382
bivane -130 m -25 m 4m 375
bivane -130 rn -25 rn 16 m 374
(TCS) RTD -130 m -25 m I m NSK
RTD -130 rn -25 m 2 m NSN
RTD -130 m -25 rn 4 m NSX
RTD -130 m -25 rn 8 m NSh-
RTD I -130m -25 m 16 m NSX
G25
w01
w02
\13
W04
WO5
W06
W07
WO8
W09
w10
Wl l
w12
W13
W14
w15
MI16
6 17
W18
w19
TC
T C
TC
TC
TC
TC
bivane
bivane
bivane
Met-One
Met-One
M et - One
hlet-One
hlet-One
Met - One
Met- One
Met- One
Met- One
h4et - One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
hl e t - One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met- One
Met-One
-64 rn
-64 rn
-64 m
-64 m
-64 rn
-64 rn
20 m
20 rn
20 m
-1000 m
-600 rn
-600 rn
-300 m
-300 rn
-44 m
50 m
50 m
50 rn
150 m
150 m
150 rn
I 50 m
150 m
300 rn
300 rn
300 m
300 m
300 m
25 m
25 m
25 rn
25 rn
25 m
25 rn
0
0
0
0
-100 rn
100 m
-100 rn
100 m
25 m
-75 m
0
75 rn
-150 rn
-75 m
0
75 m
I 50 rn
-150 rn
- 75 rn
0
75 rn
I 50 rn
I m
2 m
4m
8 m
I 1 m
17 m
I m
5 m
11 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2m
2m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2r n
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSK
NSN
KSN
388
376
381
Remarks:
1. Visual observation indicates significant overfilling of the vapor barrier structure causing exessive spillover early
in the test.
Table 6. Continued
Stat ion Instrument 2 Y z S/N Comments
GO1 TC 50 m -66 m l m NSN
TC 50 m -66 m 5 m NSN
TC 50 m -66 m 11 m NSN
TC 50 m -66 m 17 m 215
MSA 50 m -66 m 37 m 010
LLNL-IR 50 m -66 m I m 031 DNF
L L NL- I R 50 m -66 m 5 m 029 DNF
LLNL-I R 50 m -66 m 11 m 022 DNF
GO2 TC 50 m
TC 50 m
TC 50 m
TC 50 m
RlSA 50 m
LLNL-IR 50 m
LLNL-IR 50 m
LLNL-IR 50 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
I m
3 m
11 m
NSN
NSN
NSN
216
513
033 DNF
004 DNF
00 9 DNF
GO3 TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
heat flux
LLNL-IR
LLXL-IR
GO4 TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
bivane
humidity
GO5 TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
heat fl ux
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 .m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
22 m
0
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
I m
5 m
1 1 m
0
l m
5 m
11 m
1 7 m
17 m
I m
5 m
11 m
l m
5 m
11 m
l m
0
l m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
l m
5 m
11 m
0
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
21 1
172
032 DNF
003 DNF
010 DNF
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
212
522
03 6 DNF
015 DNF
01 3 DNF
378
377
386
389
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
213
012
034 DNF
008 DNF
030 DNF
025
36
Table 6. Continued.
Station I nstrument 2 Y z SI N Comments
GO6 T C 50 m 44 m l m NSN
TC 50 m 44 m 5 m NSN
TC 50 m 44 m I 1 m NSN
TC 50 m 44 m 17 m 214
MSA 50 m 44 m 17 m 009
LLNL-IR 50 m 44 m l m 037 DNF
LLNL-I R 50 m 44 m 5 m 01 6 DNF
LLNL-I R 50 m 44 m 11 m 006 DNF
GO7
GO8
GO9
TC
TC
TC
T C
hlSA
LLNL-I R
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
I m
5m
11 m
1 7 m
17 m
I m
5 m
11 m
NSN
NSN
NSN
201
013
035 DNF
017 DNF
014 DNF
TC 150 rn -75 m lm NSN
TC 150 m -75 m 5 m NSN
TC 150 m - 75 m 1 1 rn 217
hlSX 150 m -15 m 11 m 020
LLNL-IR 150 m - 75 m I m 028
LLNL-I R 150 m -75 m 5 m 00 5
TC
T C
TC
TC
hlSA
LLNL-I R
heat flux
LLNL-IR
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
MSA
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
bivane
LLNL-IR
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
0
I m
5 m
11 m
I 1 m
l m
5rn
0
NSN
NSN
NSN
218
51 9
01 8
025
023
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
-25 m l m NSN
- 25 m 5 m NSK
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
1 1 m
17 m
I 1 m
17 m
I m
5 m
I m
5 m
1 1 m
203 ~
204
004
016
021
002
384
392
387
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
MSA 150 m 0 11 m 007
MSA 150 m 0 17 m 512
LLNL-I R 150 m 0 l m 007 DNF
LLNL-I R 150 m 0 5 m 026 DNF
bivane 150 m 0 I m 380
bivane 150 m 0 5 m 385
bivane 150 m 0 I 1 m 379
37
Table 6. Continued.
z
Y z SIN Comments
Station Instrument
RTD
RTD
RTD
RTD
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
MSA
LLNL-I R
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
bivane
GI 3 TC
TC
TC
TC
hl SA
LLNL-I R
LLNL-IR
heat flux
GI 4 TC
TC
TC
hl SA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
GI 5 TC
TC
TC
MSA
MSA
MSA
GI 6 TC
TC
TC
MSA
MSA
GI 7 TC
TC
TC
MSA
MSA
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
0
0
0
0
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
75 m
75 m
75 m
75 m
75 m
75 m
-84 m
-84 m
-84 m
-84 m
-84 m
-84 m
-56 m
-56 m
-56 m
-56 m
-56 m
--28 m
-28 m
-28 m
-28 m
-28 m
l m
2 m
4 m
8 m
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
I 1 m
17 m
I m
5 m
I m
5 m
I1 m
0
l m
5 m
11 m
I 1 m
I m
5 m
0
I m
5 m
11 m
11 m
I m
5 m
I m
5 m
I 1 m
I m
5 m
11 m
I m
5 m
11 m
5 m
11 m
I m
5 m
11 m
5 m
11 m
006
00 7
008
009
NSN
NSN
205
206
520
515
024
023
391
389
373
NSN
XSN
NSN
220
01 I
01 1
027
029
NSN
NSN
230
01 7
012
019
225
226
227
014
006
01 5
228
229
23 1
001
018
232
233
234
173
518
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
38
Table 6. Continued
Station Instrument 2 Y z SI N Comments
GI 8 TC 250 m 0 I m 235
TC 250 m 0 5 m 236
TC 250 m 0 11 m 237
MSA 250 m 0 l m 002
MSA 250 m 0 11 m 514
GI 9
G20
G21
G22
G23
TC 250 m 28 m l m 201
TC 250 m 28 rn 5 m 207
TC 250 m 28 m 11 m 209
MSA 250 m 28 m 5 m 005
MSA 250 m 28 m 11 m 516
TC 250 m 56 m I m 210
TC 250 m 56 m 5 m 219
TC 250 m 56 m 11 m 221
MSA 250 m 56 m 5 m 003
MSA 250 m 56 m 11 m 521
TC 250 m 84 m I m 222
TC 250 m 84 m 5m NSN
TC 250 m 84 m 11 m 224
MSA 250 m. 84 m I m 01 9
MS.4 250 m 84 m 5 m 008
MSA 250 m 84 m I1 m 517
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
T C
TC
TC
TC
TC
J PL-I R
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
heat flux
heat flux
humidity
humidity
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-62 m
-64 m
-76 m
-88 m
-88 m
-88 m
-88 m
-88 m
-64 m
-76 m
-2 m
-32 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
-10 cm
-5 cm
5 cm
15 cm
l m
-10 cm
-5 cm
5 cm
15 cm
I m
l r n
2m
6 m
10 m
14 m
Im
0
0
I m
2 r n
6 m
10 m
13 m
0
0
I m
I m
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN DNF
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN DNF
NSN
NSN
NSN
00 1
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
394 DNF
387
39
Table 6. Continued.
St ation I nstrument 2 Y 2 S/ N Comments
J PL-I R
J PL-I R
G24 TC
TC
heat flux
bivane
bivane
. (TCS) bivane
(TCS) RTD
RTD
RTD
RTD
RTD
G25
LYOI
R O 1
vi 02
R03
W04
WO5
W06
W07
W08
R09
vi10
R 1 1
R12
W13
m14
W15
R16
W17
W18
R19
TC
TC
TC
T C
TC
TC
bivane
bivane
bivane
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met - One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met- One
Remarks:
1. LLL-IR sensors failed to take data due to internal software problems.
-32 m
-62 m
-130 m
-130 rn
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
20 m
20 m
20 m
-1000 m
-1000 m
-600 m
-600 m
-300 m
-300 m
-44 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
300 m
300 m
300 m
300 m
300 m
0
0
-25 m
. -25 rn
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
0
0
0
0
0
-100 m
100 m
-100 m
100 m
25 m
-75 m
0
75 m
-150 m
-75 m
0
75 m
150 m
-150 m
-75 m
0
75 m
150 m
I m
l m
0
I r n
0
l m
4 m
16 m
I m
2 m
4 m
8 m
16 m
l m
2 m
4 m
8 m
11 m
17 m
l m
5 m
11 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
006
002
NSN
NSN
NSN
382
375
374
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
40
Table 6. Continued.
Stat ion Instrument 2 Y z S/N Comments
GO1 T C 50 m -66 m I m NSN
TC 50 m -66 m 5 m NSN
TC 50 m -66 m 11 m NSN
T C 50 m -66 m 17 m 215
MSA 50 m -66 m 17 m 010
LLNL-IR 50 m -66 m I m 03 I
LLNL-I R 50 m -66 m 5 m 029
LLNL-IR 50 m -66 m 1 1 m '. 022
GO2
GO3
TC
TC
T C
T C
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
T C
T C
TC
T C
T C
M S A
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
heat flux
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-44 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
-22 m
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
I m
5 m
1 1 m
0
I m
5 m
11 m
I 7 m
17 m
l m
5 m
11 m
0
NSN
NSN
NSN
216
513
033
004
009
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
21 I
172
032
003
010
NSN
GO4 TC 50 m 0 l m NSN
T C 50 m 0 5 m NSN
T C 50 m 0 1 3 m NSN
T C 50 m 0 17 m 212
hl SA 50 m 0 17 m 522
LLNL-IR 50 m 0 l m 036
LLNL-IR 50 m 0 5 m 01 5
LLNL-IR 50 m 0 1 1 m 01 3
bivane 50 m 0 I m 378
bivane 50 m 0 5 m 377
bivane 50 m 0 11 m 3 76
humidity 50 m 0 I m 389
GO5 T C 50 m 22 m 0 NSN
T C 55 m 22 m I m NSN
T C 50 m 22 m 5 m NSN
T C 50 m 22 m 1 1 m NSN -
T C 50 m 22 m 17 m 213
MSA 50 m 22 m 17 m 012
LLNL-IR 50 m 22 m I m 034
LLNL-IR 50 m 22 m 5 m 008
LLNL-IR 50 m 22 m 11 m 030
heat fl ux 50 m 22 m 0 025
c
41
Table 6. Continued.
Station Instrument 2 Y f S/N Comments
GO6 TC 50 m 44 m I m NSN
T C 50 m 44 m 5m NSN
TC 50 m 44 m 11 m NSN
TC 50 m 44 m 17 m 214
MSA 50 m 44 m 17 m 009
LLNL-IR 50 m 44 m l m 037
LLNL-I R 50 m 44 m 5 m 016
LLNL-I R 50 m 44 m 11 m 006
GO7 T C 50 m
TC 50 m
T C 50 m
TC 50 m
hlSA 50 m
LLNL-I R 50 m
LLNL-IR 50 m
LLNL-IR 50 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
l m
5 m
11 m
NSN
NSN
NSN
201
013
035
01 7
014
GO8
GO9
G10
T C 150 m -75 m I m NSK
TC 150 m -75 m 5 m NSN
T C 150 m -75 m 11 m 217
LLNL-IR 150 m -75 m I m 028
LLNL-IR 150 m -75 m 5 m 00 5
T C
TC
TC
T C
M s A4
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
heat flux
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
0
I m
5 m
11 m
11 m
I m
5 m
0
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-I R
bivane
bivane
bivane
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
l m
5m
11 m
17 m
11 m
17 m
I m
5 m
I m
5 m
11 m
NSN
NSN
NSN
218
519
018
025
023
NSN
NSN
203
204
004
016
02 1
002
384 a
392
387
GI 1 MSA 150 m 0 11 m 00 7
MSA 150 m 0 17 m 512
LLNL-I R 150 m 0 l m 007
LLNL-IR 150 m 0 5 m 026
bivane 150 m 0 l m 380
bivane 150 m 0 5 m 385
bivane 150 m 0 11 m 379
RTD , 150 m 0 I m 006
42
Table 6. Continued.
Station I nstrument z Y 2 S/N Comments
RTD 150 m 0 2 m 007
RTD 150 m 0 4 m 008
RTD 150 m 0 8 m 009
G12 T C
T C
T C
T C
MSA
MSA
LLKL-IR
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
bivane
GI 3
G14
G15
GI 6
G17
TC
T C
T C
TC
M S A
L LK L- I R
LLKL-IR
heat f l ux
150 rn
150 m
150 rn
150 rn
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 rn
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 rn
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 rn
150 m
150 m
25 rn
25 rn
25 rn
25 rn
25 rn
25 m
25 m
25 rn
25 rn
25 m
25 m
50 m
50 rn
50 rn
50 m
50 rn
50 rn
50 rn
50 rn
l r n
5rn
11 m
17 rn
11 m
17 m
l m
5 m
I m
5 m
11 m
0
I r n
5 m
11 m
I 1 rn
I m
5 m
0
NSN
NSN
205
206
520
515
024
02 3
391
389
373
NSN
NSN
NSN
220
01 1
01 I
027
029
T C 150 rn 75 rn l m NSN
T C 150 rn 75 rn 5rn NSN
T C 150 m 75 m 11 rn 230
MSA 150 rn 75 rn 11 rn 01 7
LLKL-IR 150 m 75 m l r n 012
LLKL-IR 150 rn 75 rn 5 m 01 9
TC 250 m -84 rn I m 225
TC 250 rn -84 rn 5rn 226
T C 250 m - 84 m 11 m 227
MSA 250 rn -84 rn l r n 014
MSA 250 rn - 84 rn 5 m 006
T C 250 m -56 rn I r n 228
TC 250 rn -56 rn 5rn 229
TC 250 rn -56 rn 1 1 rn 231
MSA 250 m -56 m I r n 01 5
MSA 250 m -56 rn 5 m 00 1
MSA 253 m -56 rn 11 m 018
T C 250 rn -28 rn I r n 232
T C 250 rn -28 m 5 m 233
TC 250 rn -28 rn 11 rn 234
MSA 250 rn -28 m I r n 173
MSA 250 rn. -28 rn 5 m 518
GI 8 T C 250 rn 0 l r n 235
T C 250 rn 0 5rn 236
43
Table 6. Continued.
Station Instrument 2 Y 2 S/N Comments
250 m 0 11 m 237
TC
MSA
MSA
250 m 0 l m 002
MSA 250 m 0 5 m 020
250 m 0 11 m 514
GI 9
G20
G21
G22
TC
TC
TC
MSA
MSA
TC
TC
TC
hlSA
MSA
h4SA
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
28 m
28 m
28 m
28 m
28 m
56 m
56 m
56 m
56 m
56 m
56 m
I m
5 m
11 m
I m
5 m
I m
5 m
11 m
11 m
5 m
11 m
201
207
209
516
005
210
219
221
517
003
521
250 m 84 m I m 222
TC
TC
TC
MSA
hl S .I\
250 m 84 m 5 m NSN
250 m 84 m 11 m 224
250 m 84 m I m 019
250 m 84 m 5 m 008
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
0
0
0
0
0
0 -
0
0
I m
2 m
4 m
6 m
I m
10 cm
-5 cm
5 cm
NSN DNF
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
-2 m 0 15 cm NSN
-2 m 0 l m NSN
-2 m 0 I m NSN
-2 m 0 2 m NSN
-2 m 0 6 m NSN
-2 m 0 10 m NSN
-2 m 0 14 m NSN
T C
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
-62 m 20 m 2 m 00 1
J PL-I R
-64 m 0 0 NSN
G23 T C
-76 m 0 0 NSN
TC
-88 m 0 I m NSN
TC
TC -88 m 0 2 m NSN
-88 m 0 6 m NSN
TC
-88 m 0 10 m NSN
T C
-88 m 0 13 m NSN
TC
-76 m. 0 0 NSN
heat flux
humidity -2 m 0 l m 392
-2 m 0 I m 005
J PL-I R
humidity -32 m 0 l m 394
44
Table 6. Continued.
St at i on Instrument 2 Y I S/N Comment s
J PL-I R -32 m 0 I m 006
J PL-I R -62 m 0 2 m 002
G24 TC
T C
heat f l ux
bivane
bivane
bivane
RTD
RTD
RTD
RTD
RTD
G25 T C
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
bivane
bivane
bivane
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
20 m
20 m
20 m
-25 rn
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
- 25 m
-25 m
-25 rn
-25 m
- 25 m
-25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
0
0
0
0
I m
0
l m
4 m
16 m
l m
2 m
4 m
8 r n
16 rn
I m
2 r n
4 m
8 m
11 m
17 m
I m
5m
I 1 m
NSN
NSN
NSN
382
375
374
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
XSN
NSN
NSN
388
376
381
DNF
ESD
W O l Met-One -1000 m 0 2 m N/ A
R01 Met-One -1000 m 0 2 m l i / A
w 0 2 Met - One -600 m -100 m 2 m N/ A
W03 Met - One -600 m 100 m 2 m N/ A
W04 Met - One -300 m -100 m 2m N/ A
WO 5 Met - One -300 m 100 rn 2 m K I A
\16 Met-One -44 m 25 m 2 m ?; /A
W07 Met - One 50 m -75 m 2 r n N/ A
W08 Met-One 50 m 0 2m N/ A
w10 Met- One 150 m -150 m 2 m N/ A
w11 Met - One 150 m -75 m P r n N/ A
W13 Met - One 150 m 75 m 2 m Ir; / A
w15 Met-One 300 m -150 m 2 m N/ A
W16 Met - One 300 m - 75 m 2 m N/ A
N17 Met - One 300 m 0 2 m N/ A
W18 Met - One 300 m 75 m 2 m N/ A
wo9 Met - One 50 m 75 m 2 r n N/ A
w12 Met-One 150 m 0 2 m N/ A
M14 Met - One 150 m 150 m 2 m N/ A
W19 Met - One 300 m I 50 m 2 m N/ A
Remarks:
I . Large RPT explosions occurred beginning at approximately T =60 sec.
45
Table 6. Continued.
Station Instrument 2 Y z S/N Comments
GO1 TC 50 m -66 m I m NSN
TC 50 m -66 m 5 m NSN
TC 50 m -66 m 11 m NSN
TC 50 m -66 m 17 m 215
MSA 50 m -66 m 17 m 010
LLNL,-IR 50 m -66 m l m 03 1
LLNL-IR 50 m -66 m 5 m 029
LLNL-IR 50 m -66 m 11 m 022
GO2
GO3
GO4
GO5
T C
TC
TC
TC
TC
MS A
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL- I R
heat flux
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-SO m
-50 rn
0
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
l m
5 m
1 1 m
0
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
216
513
033
004
009
023
TC
TC
TC
T C
TC
RI SA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
heat flux
L L N L- I R
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
-33 m
-33 m
-33 m
-33 m
-33 m
-33 m
-33 m
-33 m
-33 m
-33 m
0
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
1 7 m
l m
5 m
11 m
0
NSN
NSN
I iSY
NSX
21 1
172
032
003
010
NSN
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
bivane
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
humidity
TC
TC
T C
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
heat flux
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
I m
5 m
11 m
I m
S m
11 m
I m
NSN
NSN
NSN
212
522
036
015
013
378
376
389
377
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
33 m
33 m
33 m
33 m
33 m
33 m
33 m
33 m
33 m
33 m
0
l m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
I m
5 m
11 m
0
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
213
012
034
008
030
025
Table 6. Continued
Station I nstrument 2 Y L S/N Comments
GO6 TC 150 m 50 m 0 NSN
TC 150 m 50 m l m NSN
TC 150 m 50 m 5 m NSN
TC 150 m 50 m 11 m NSN
TC 150 m 50 m 17 m 214
MSA 150 m 50 m 17 m 009
LLNL-IR 150 m 50 m l m 037
LLNL-IR 150 m 50 m 5 m 016
LLNL-IR 150 m 50 m 11 m 006
heat fl ux 150 m 50 m 0 029
GO7
GO8
GO9
G10
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-I R
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
l m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
l m
5 m
11 m
NSN
NSN
NSN
201
013
035
017
014
TC 150 m -75 m I m NSN
TC 150 m -75 m 5 m NSN
TC 150 m -75 m 11 m 21 7
MSA 150 m -75 m 11 m 117
LLNL-IR 150 m -75 m l m 028
LLNL-IR 150 m -75 m 5 m 005
TC 150 m -100 m l m YSIS
T C 150 m -100 m 5 m NSN
TC 150 m -100 m 11 m 218
MSA 150 m -100 m 11 m 519
LLNL-I R 150 m -100 m l m 01 8
LLNL-IR 150 m -100 m 5 m 025
TC
TC
TC
T C
MSA
MSA
LLNL-I R
bivane
bivane
bivane
LLNL-IR
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m '
150 m
150 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
11 m
17 m
I m
5 m
l m
5 m
11 m
NSN
NSN
203
204
004
016
021
002
384
392
387
MSA 150 m 0 11 m 007
MSA 150 m 0 17 m 512
LLNL-I R 150 m 0 l m 007
LLNL-IR 150 m 0 5 m 026
bivane 150 m 0 l m 380
bivane 150 m 0 5 m 385
bivane 150 m 0 11 m 379
47
Table 6. Continued.
Station Lnstrument z Y 2 S/N Comments
RTD 150 m 0 I m 006
RTD 150 m 0 2 m 007
RTD 150 m 0 4 m 008
RTD 150 m 0 8 m 009
G12 TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-I R
bivane
bivane
bivane
350 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
11 m
17 m
I m
5 m
I m
5 m
11 m
N SN
NSN
205
206
520
515
024
023
391
389
373
G13 TC 150 m 300 m l m NSN
TC 150 m 100 m 5 m NSN
TC 150 m 100 m 11 m 220
MSA 150 m 100 m 11 m 011
LLNL-IR 150 m 100 m I m 011
LLNL-IR I 50 m 100 m 5 m 027
GI 4 TC 150 m 75 m I m NSN
TC 150 m 55 m 5, ' NSN
TC 150 m 75 m 11 m 230
MSA 150 m 75 m 11 m 017
LLNL-IR 150 m 75 m l m 012
LLNL-IR 150 m 75 m 5 m 019
GI 5 TC 250 m -84 m l m 225
TC 250 m -84 m 5 m 226
TC 250 m -84 m 11 m 227
MSA 250 m -84 m I m 014
MSA 250 m -84 m 5 m 006
GI 6
GI 7
TC 250 m -56 m I m 228
TC 250 m -56 m 5 m 229
TC 250 m -56 m 11 m 231
MSA 250 m -56 m I m 015
MSA 250 m -56 m 5 m 001
MSA 250 m -56 m 11 m 018
TC 250 m -28 m I m 232
TC 250 m -28 m 5 m 233
TC 250 m -28 m 11 m 234
MSA 250 m -28 m I m 173
MSA 250 m -28 m 5 m 518
GI 8 TC 250 m 0 I m 235
TC 250 m 0 5 m 236
TC 250 m 0 11 m 237
48
Table 6. Continued.
Stat ion Instrument 2 Y 2 S/N Comments
MSA 250 m 0 I m 002
MSA 250 m 0 5m 020
MSA 250 m 0 11 m 514
GI 9 TC 250 m 28 m I m 201
TC 250 m 28 m 5 m 207
TC 250 m 28 m 11 m 209
MSA 250 m 28 m I m 516
MSA 250 m 28 m 5 m 005
G20 TC 250 m 56 m I m 210
TC 250 m 56 m 5 m 219
TC 250 m 56 m I 1 m 221
MSA 250 m 56 m I m 003
MSA 250 m 56 m 5m 521
h4 SA 250 m 56 m 11 m 517
G21
G22
G23
TC 250 m 84 m l m 222
TC 250 m 84 m 5 m NSN
TC 250 m 84 m 11 m 224
MSA 250 m 84 m I m 019
MSA 250 m 84 m 5 m 008
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
J PL-I R
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
heat fl ux
heat flux
humidity
humidity
J PL-I R
J PL-I R
J PL-I R
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-2 m
- 2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
- 2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-62 m
-64 m
-76 m
-88 m
-88 m
-88 m
-88 m
-88 m
-64 m
-76 m
-2 m
-32 m
-2 m
-32 m
-62 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I m
2 m
4 m
6 m
I m
-10 cm
-5 cm
5 cm
15 cm
I m
I m
2 m
6m
10 m
14 m
2m
0
0
I m
2 m
6m
10 m
13 m
0
0
l m
l m
I m
I m
2m
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
XSN
NSN
NSN DNF
N S N
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN DNF
00 1
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
392
394
005
006
002
49
Table 6. Continued.
Station I nstrument z Y Z S/N Comments
G24 TC -130 m -25 m 0 NSN
TC -130 m -25 m I m NSN
heat fl ux -130 m -25 m 0 NSN
bivane -130 m -25 m I m 382
bivane -130 m -25 m 4 m 375
bivane -130 m -25 m 16 m 374
RTD -130 m -25 m I m NSN
RTD -130 m -25 m 2 m NSN
RTD -130 m -25 m 4 m KSN
RTD -130 m -25 m 8 m NSN
RTD -130 m -25 m 16 m NSIV
G25 TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
bivane
bivane
bivane
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
20 m
20 m
20 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
0
0
0
l m
2m
4 m
8 m
1 1 m
I m
5m
I 1 m
NSX
NSN
NSN
NSN
NSN
388
376
38 1
DNF
ESD
WOI RI e t - One -1000 m 0 2 m N / A
K O 2 hl e t - One -600 m -100 m 2 m N1.4
W03 Met - One -600 m 100 m 2 m K/ A
M705 Met-One -300 m 100 m 2 m K/ A
W06 hl e t - One -44 m 25 m 2 m N/ A
Vi07 hl e t - On e 50 m -75 m 2 m KIA
w10 Met-One 150 m -150 m 2 m N/A
M12 Met - One 150 m 0 2 m N/A
w13 Met- One 150 m 75 m 2 m N/A
MI14 Met-One 150 m 150 m 2m N/A
w15 Met-One 300 m -150 m 2 m N/A
K16 Met-One 300 m -75 m 2 m N/A
w17 Met-One 300 m 0 2m N/A
MT18 Met-One 300 m 75 m 2 m N/A
M19 Met-One 300 m 150 m 2 m N/A
W04 Rlet-One -300 m -100 m 2 m KIA
UT08 Met - One 50 m 0 2 m N/A
wo9 Met-One 50 m 75 m 2 m N/ A
w11 Met - One 150 m -75 m 2m N/ A
50
Table 6. Continued.
Station I nstrument 2 Y z S/ N Comments
GO1 TC 50 m -66 m I r n 107
T C 50 rn -66 rn 5rn 01 7
TC 50 m -66 m 11 m NSN
TC 50 rn -66 rn 17 m 215
MSA 50 m -66 rn 17 rn 010
LLNL-IR 50 m -66 rn I r n 031
L L NL- I R 50 rn -66 rn 5 m 029
LLNL-IR 50 rn -66 rn 11 m 022
GO2
GO3
GO4
TC
T C
T C
T C
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
heat flux
humidity
TC
TC
. TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
heat flux
T C
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
bivane
humidity
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 rn
150 m
150 m
150 rn
150 rn
150 m
150 m
150 rn
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 rn
50 m
50 rn
50 m
50 rn
50 m
50 m
50 rn
50 m
50 m
50 rn,
50 rn
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
-50 TT.
-50 m
-50 m
-50 rn
-50 rn
-50 rn
-50 rn
-50 m
-50 m
-50 m
-50 rn
-33 rn
-33 m
-33 rn
-33 rn
-33 rn
-33 rn
-33 rn
-33 rn
-33 m
-33 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
I m
5 r n
11 m
0
I r n
0
I m
5 m
11 m
17 m
17 m
l m
5 m
I 1 m
0
l m
5rn
11 m
17 m
17 m
I m
5m
11 m
I rn
5rn
1 1 m
Im
012
173
000
217
023
513
033
004
009
023
387
024
105
083
203
211
7 72
032
003
010
024
058
093
074
212
522
036
015
013
378
377
376
389
GO5 T C 50 m 33 m 0 025
T C 50 m 33 m I rn 089
T C 50 m 33 m 5 m 016
T C 50 m 33 m 11 m 054
T C 50 m 33 m 17 m 213
MSA 5 0 m 33 m 17 rn 012
LLNL-IR 50 m 33 m l m 034
LLNL-IR 50 rn 33 m 5 m 008
51
Table 6. Continued
Station I nstrument z Y 2 S/N Comments
LLNL-I R 50 m 33 m 11 m 030
heat fl ux 50 m 33 m 0 025
GO6 TC
TC
T C
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
heat flux
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
0
l m
5m
11 m
17 m
17 m
I m
5m
11 m
0
GO7
GO8
GO9
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
LLNL-I R
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
66 m
I m
5m
11 m
17 m
17 m
I m
5 m
11 m
102
120
096
214
029
009
037
01 6
006
029
023
0 70
027
201
013
035
01 7
014
TC 150 m -75 m l m 032
TC 150 m -75 m 5 m 029
TC 150 m -75 m 11 m 217
MSA 150 m -75 m 11 m 117
LLNL-IR 150 m -75 m I m 028
LI ,NL-I R 150 m -75 m 5 m 005
TC 150 m -100 m l m 125
TC 150 m -100 m 5 m 026
TC 150 m -100 m 11 m 218
MSA 150 m -100 m 11 m 519
LLNL-IR 150 m -100 m l m 018
LLNL-I R 150 m -100 m 5m 025
TC
TC
TC
TC
MSA
MSA
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
bivane
LLNL-IR
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
750 m
I 50 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
l m
5m
11 m
17 m
11 m
17 m
l m
5m
l m
5 m
11 m
122
101
203
204
004
016
021
002
384
392
387
GI 1 MSA 150 m 0 11 m 007
MSA 150 m 0 17 m 512
LLNL-I R 150 m 0 I m 007
LLNL-IR 350 m 0 5m 026
52
Table 6. Continued.
Station I nstrument z 11 z S/ N Comments
GI 2
GI 3
G15
GI 6
GI 7
bivane
bivane
bivane
RTD
RTD
RTD
RTD
T C
TC
TC
TC
htSA
MSA
LLKL-IR
LLNL-IR
bivane
bivane
bivane
T C
TC
TC
MSA
LLKL-I R
L L NL- IR
TC
TC
T C
MSA
LLNL-IR
LLNL-IR
T C
T C
T C
MSA
MSA
TC
T C
T C
MSA
MSA
MSA
T C
T C
T C
MSA
MSA
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 rn
150 m
150 rn
150 rn
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 rn
150 rn
150 m
150 m
150 rn
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 rn
150 m
150 rn
150 m
250 rn
250 m
250 rn
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
250 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
25 m
25 rn
25 rn
25 rn
25 m
25 rn
25 m
25 rn
25 m
25 rn
25 rn
100 m
100 rn
100 m
100 m
100 m
100 m
75 rn
75 rn
75 m
75 m
75 m
75 rn
-84 m
-84 m
-84 m
-84 rn
-84 m
-56 m
-56 m
-56 rn
-56 rn
-56-rn
-56 m
-28 m
-28 m
-28 m
-28 m
-28 m
l r n
5rn
11 m
l m
2rn
4 m
8 m
I m
5 r n
11 rn
17 rn
11 m
17 rn
l m
5m
I m
5 m
I 1 m
I m
5r n
11 m
11 rn
l r n
5r n
l r n
5rn
11 rn
I 1 rn
I r n
5 m
l m
5 m
11 m
I m
5 m
I m
5m
11 m
I m
5rn
11 m
I m
5 m
11 rn
I m
5 r n
380
385
379
006
007
008
009
01 1
019
205
206
520
515
024
023
391
389
373
052
066
220
01 1
011
027
040
024
230
017
012
019
225
226
227
014
006
210
219
221
01 5
00 1
01 8
202
207
209
173
518
53
Table 6. Continued.
Stat ion I nstrument 2 Y z S/N Comments
G19
G20
G21
G22
G23
GI 8 TC 250 m 0 l m 235
TC 250 m 0 5 m 236
TC 250 m 0 11 m 237
MSA 250 m 0 I m 002
MSA 250 m 0 5 m 020
MSA 250 m 0 11 m 514
TC 250 m 28 m I m 232
TC 250 m 28 m 5 m 233
TC 250 m 28 m 11 m 234
MSA 250 m 28 m l m 516
MSA 250 m 28 m 5 m 005
TC 250 m 56 m I m 228
TC 250 m 56 m 5 m 229
TC 250 m 56 m 11 m 231
MSA 250 m 56 m I m 003
MSA 250 m 56 m 11 m 517
TC 250 m 84 m l m 225
TC 250 m 84 m 5 m 226
MSA 250 m 84 m l m 019
MSA 250 m 56 m 5 m 521
TC 250 m 84 m 11 m 227
MSA 250 m 84 m 5 m 008
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
J PL-IR
'rc
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-32 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-2 m
-62 m
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
20 m
I m NSN
2m NSN
4 m NSN
6m NSN
I m NSN
10 cm NSN
-5 cm NSK
5 cm NSN
I 5 cm NSN
I m NSN
l m NSN
2 m NSN
6m NSN
10 m NSN
14 m NSN
2m 001
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
DNF
TC -64 m 0 0 NSN
TC -76 m 0 0 NSN
TC -88 m 0 I m NSN
TC -88 m 0 2 m NSN
TC -88 m ' 0 6m NSN
TC -88 m 0 10 m NSN
TC -88 m 0 13 m NSN DNF
heat fl ux -76 m 0 0 NSN
humidity -2 m 0 I m 392 DNF
humidity -32 m 0 I m 388 DNF
54
Table 6. Continued
Station I nstrument z Y z S/N Comments
J PL-IR -2 m 0 I m 005 DNF
J PL-I R -32 m 0 l m 006
J PL-I R -62 m 0 2 m 002 DNF
G 24 TC
TC
heat flux
bivane
bivane
bivane
RTD
RTD
RTD
RTD
RTD
TC
TC
TC
TC
TC
bivane
bivane
bivane
G25
MT03
MT02
W03
W04
W05
W06
W07
W O E
wo9
w10
w 1 1
w12
W 1 3
w14
&'I5
W16
w17
W 1 8
Wl 9
Met-One
Met-One
Met - One
Met-One
Met-One
Met - One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
Met- One
Met-One
Met- One
Met-One
Met-One
Met-One
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-130 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
-64 m
20 m'
20 m
20 m
-1000 m
-600 m
-600 m
-300 m
-300 m
-44 m
50 m
50 m
50 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
150 m
300 rn
300 m
300 m
300 m
300 rn
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
- 25 m
-25 m
-25 m
-25 m
- 25 m
-25 m
- 25 RI
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
25 m
0
0
0
0
-100 m
100 m
-100 m
100 m
25 m
-75 m
0
75 m
-150 m
-75 m
0
75 m
150 m
-150 m
-75 m
0
75 m
150 m
0
I m
0
l m
4 m
16 m
I m
2 m
4 m
8 m
16 m
I m
2 m
4 m
8 m
11 m
I m
5 m
I 1 m
2 m
2 m
2m
2m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2m
2 m
2 m
2 m
2m
030
223
030
382
375
374
NSN
NSN
NSN
XSN
KSN
000
000
000
000
000
388
376
381
N/ A
N/ A
N / A
N/ A
N/ A
N/ A DNF
KJ A ESD
N/ A ESD, DNF
K/ A
N/ A
N/ A
N/ A
IG/A
Nr A
Nr A
N/ A
N/ A
N/ A
N I A
1. Large RPT explosions began at approximately T =60 sec.
2. Fire began at T =81 sec.
55
LEGEND
Instrument Codes
bivane
heat flux
humidity
J PL-I R
Gill bivane anemometer (see section 2. 3. 1. 1).
Commercially available heat flux plate (see section 2. 3. 1. 5)
Ondyne dew point hygrometer (see section 2. 3. 1. 6).
Four channel infrared absorption sensor developed by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory ( see section
2. 3. 2. 2) .
Four channel infrared absorption sensor developed by LLNL (see section 2. 3. 2. 1)
Cup and vane anemometer (see section 2. 3. 1. 2)
Mine Safety Appliances catalytic gas sensor (see section 2. 3. 2. 3)
LLNL-IR
Met-One
MSA
TC Thermocouple (see section 2. 3. 1. 3) .
RTD Resistive temperature device (see section 2. 3. 1. 4)
Function Codes
DNF
HNL High noise level.
ESD
EBD Excessive baseline drift.
Sensor failed to function, no data received.
Excessive standard deviation, local effects on flow.
56
4.0 The Meteorological Results
The data presented in this section include summaries of the approach atmospheric boundary
layer conditions in effect during each spill, estimates of the centerline trajectory of the dispersing
vapor cloud as predicted by the wind field data, and a measure of the atmospheric turbulence both
upwind and downwind of the vapor barrier structure.
4.1 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer Data
A summary of the atmospheric boundary layer data for each of the five Falcon Series tests
is included in Table 7 in the form of meteorological parameters commonly used to describe the
atmospheric surface or boundary layer. The basis and physical significance of these meteorological
parameters is adequately described elsewhere (Businger, 1973; Dyer, 1974; and Lettau, 1979). A
brief description of what data were used, how they were handled, and how the parameters were
calculated is presented in the following text.
The average wind speed and direction, and their standard deviations (ae and a,) were taken
from the wind field data collected by the array of 19 two-axis anemometers averaged over a three
minute period starting at zero time (except Falcon 5 , where three minutes prior to zero time
uas used). Station W6 was eliminated from all calculations, since the vapor curtain affected its
response. Other stations were eliminated, as indicated in Table 7, due to large standard deviations
in their directional readings caused either by proximity to structures or interference from highly-
localized atmospheric disturbances, such as small dust devils. Average direction variability was
calculated as the square root of the sum of the squares of the standard deviations of the high and
low frequency components of the wind variation. These quantities were taken as the values averaged
over the individual stations of the 10 sec standard deviations (high frequency) and the standard
deviation of the wind direction about its 3 min average direction (low frequency). The wind speed
profile was calculated using the Gill bivane anemometer data from station G24 for the same 3 min
time period (see Appendix B). The ambient temperature profile reflects data averaged over 3 min
beginning at time zero from each of five RTD sensors on the upwind meteorological tower (station
G24). Time history plots of each RTD reading are presented in Appendix D.
The friction velocity, U, , scaling potential temperature, e, , zero level potential temperature,
e,,, and the Monin-Obukhov length, L, are determined from a least squares fit of the wind speed
profile and potential temperature profile data to the assumed velocity profile function, Equation
(l a), and potential temperature profile function, Equation (2a), as given below.
57
Table 7. Falcon Series boundary layer data.
Test Name
Falcon 1 Falcon 2 Falcon 3 Falcon 4 Falcon 5
Array angle 225"T
Average wind 234.3'T
0 8 5.46"
Average wind 1.7 m/s
6, 0.20 m/s
direction (@ 2 M)
speed (@ 2 M)
Wind speed profile (G24)
at 1.0 meters
at 4.0 meters
at 16.0 meters
U. 0.0605 m/s
1.20 +0.178 m/s
2.20 * 0.142 m/s
3.20 * 0.209 m/s
Temperature Profile (G24)
at 1.0 meters 32.2 0.14"C
at 2.0 meters 32.8 0.13"C
at 4.0 meters 33.4 i 0.13OC
at 8.0 meters 33. 8 Zk o . 08c c
at 16.0 meters 34.1 i 0.06'C
e. 0.0577 K
Cloud cover 1%
Absolute air 908.9 mb
Relative humidity No data
Dew point No data
Stability class G
Sensible heat flux 3.64 W/m2
Momentum 0.0165 m2/s
Heat diffusivity 0.0165 m2/s
Richardson 0.1337
Monin-Obukhov 4.963 m
Roughness length 0.008 m
pressure
dzusi vi ty (@ 2 M)
(@ 2 MI
number (@ 2 M)
length
225'T
227.0T
8.27'
4.7 m/s
1.3 m/s
4.25 i 0.977 m/s
5.25 & 1.24 m/s
6.25 -i 1.35 m/s
0.3565 m/s
31.8 I 0.05'C
31.6 i 0.05"C
31.5 z 0.06"C
31.2 2 0.06OC
31. 4 z 0. 06' C
-0.0964 K
1%
905.0 mb
No data
No data
D
-3.57 W/mZ
0.313 m2/s
0.335 m2/s
-0.0193
-103.4 m
0.008 m
225"T 225'T
221.7'T 230.6'"
8.41' 5.82'
4.1 m/s 5.2 m/s
0.56 m/s 0.62 m/s
3.70 zk 0.414 m/s
4.53 4 0.367 m/s
5.55 4 0.303 m/s
0.3053 m/s 0.3694 m/s
4.33 +L 0.407 m/s
5.93 i 0.448 m/s
7.87 * 0.499 m/s
35.0 i 0.05'C
34.9 i 0.04"C
34.8 i 0.03"C
34.7 i 0.04'C
-0,0175 K 0.1521 K
30.8 0.11"C
31.1 * 0.13OC
31.4 i 0.15"C
32.0 +0.08'C
34. 8 i o. o2=c 31. 8 Zk 0.13OC
5% 10%
900.8 mb 906.3 mb
4.0% 12.0%
D DI E
-6.4'C -0.3"C
-5.46 W/m2 58.70 W/m2
0.255 m2/s 0.265 mz/s
0.260 mz / s 0.265 m2/s
-0.0047 0.0252
-422.2 m 69.38 m
0.008 m 0.008 m
225'T
218.0'T
7.70'
2.8 m/s
0.41 m/s
2.23 * 0.453 m/s
3.40 i 0.498 m/s
4.82 i 0.400 m/s
0.1562 m/s
31.1 * 0.2O0C
31.7 * 0.21'C
32.2 i 0.21'C
32. 9 Zk 0.12'C
33.4 * 0.06'C
0.1379 K
20%
908.5 mb
13.7%
2.3'C
22.52 W/m2
0.0740 m2 / s
0.0740 m2/s
0.0844
13.69 m
0.008 m
E/ F
In the preceding equations, V ( z ) is the wind speed at height z, O( z) is the potential temperature
at height z , and k =0.41 is the Von Karman constant. The surface roughness value, to, was
bracketed by plotting the zero wind speed intercept for each test. From the resulting range of
values, several values were selected and used as zo values in the least squares fit for each test. The
error in fit was plotted for each value of to and each test and the minimum error (best fit) located.
The results indicated zo =0.00775 f 0.0021 m. This value was rounded to 0.008 m. For final
computation of parameters for all tests.
The similarity functions used in Equations (1) and (2) are defined such that when L 2 0:
58
and when L <0:
where
x=( l - l ) 16 z .
The parameters I!,;,, e,, eo, and L are all related by the Monin-Obukhov length definition:
u: . eo
g . k . e .
L =
7 (4)
where g =9.8 m/s2 is the acceleration of gravity. Equation ( 3) is used as a constraint on the least
squares fit of the profile data to the analytic curves of Equations (l a) and (2a).
The potential temperature is defined in terms of the actual ambient temperature and pressure
to be:
where
T, =actual ambient temperature
p =ambient pressure
po =standard pressure =1000 mb
p =R f Cp =0.285.
Differentiating Equation (5a) with respect to height 2, using the hydrostatic approximation, dp =
- 9 - p - d r , and the ideal gas law, p =p . R - T , assuming that the ratio, O/T,, is essentially constant
over the height range of interest, and then integrating with respect to height yields the following
equation for potential temperature as a function of temperature and height.
where
and T denotes reference value. Equation (5b) was used to ca1culat.e the potential temperature from
the temperature data.
59
The sensible heat flux, H , defined to be negative upward, is calculated from:
where p =1. 13 kg/m3 (*l% for 30 to 40C) and C, =1005W s/kgC are, respectively, the
density and specific heat of the ambient atmosphere. The momentum diffusivity, K, , and the heat
diffusivity Kh are calculated from the formulas:
The Richardson number is defined and calculat,ed from the similarity functions as follows:
4.2 The Wind Field Data
The wind field was measured before, during, and after each Falcon Series spill test using an
array of 19 Met-One cup and vane anemometers, each mounted at a height of 2 m above ground
level. The array was distributed from 1000 m upwind of the spill point to 300 m downwind, and
laterally to 1 1 5 0 m about the centerline, as shown in Figure 2. Each remote anemometer station
measured wind speed and direction at a sampling rate of one sample per second for a period of
10 sec, then calculated mean values of wind speed and direction and RMS values (ae) about the
mean wind direction over the 10 sec period, transmitted the calculated values to the CCDAS, and
repeated the entire process throughout the test period.
The wind field provides the primary force for the dispersion of the LNG cloud after it exits
the vapor barrier. In order to provide a preliminary estimate of cloud transport and dispersion,
trajectory plots were constructed from the wind field data. Data from the 19 wind field stations were
interpolated and extrapolated to a 400 m wide by 500 m long grid beginning at the spill point and
straddling the array centerline. These data were then used to track hypothetical particles released
every 10 sec during the spill. Since the vapor barrier was not a point source, but rather released
the vapor cloud over its entire 44 m width (and also to some extent along its 88 m length) and also
represented a major source of turbulence, the authors chose to plot three centerline trajectories
from three different source points (one from the center and one from each edge of the downwind
side of the vapor barrier). The interpolated 10 sec ce data were ignored therefore the dispersion
indicated by these plots arises strictly from variation in the trajectory of the gas cloud depending
on where along the vapor curtain it was released. These computer-generated centerline trajectories
at several selected times during each spill test are shown in Appendix A.
These results should approximate the position of the cloud as it passes through the sensor
array. The location of the sensor array stations is shown on the trajectory plots.
60
4.3 The Turbulence Data
Turbulence data were recorded at a sampling rate of one sample per second at stations G04,
G10, Gl 1, G12, G24, and G25. Each station was equipped with three Gill bivane anemometers
capable of measuring the wind speed and the horizontal and vertical components of wind direction.
The anemometer data of station G24 were used to calculate the wind speed profles of Table 7.
The purpose of the other five stations was to determine if there was any measurable wind field
displacement or turbulence perturbations due to the presence of the LNG cloud and/or the vapor
barrier. Measurable turbulence damping was observable, particularly during Falcon 1, due to the
presence of LNG vapors. Turbulence generated by the vapor barrier, damping out exponentially
with distance, is readily observed in the data.
The anemometer data from all six turbulence stations for each spill test is shown in Appendix
B. Vertical direction results have been shifted using 300 sec of data prior to zero time to establish
a baseline value defined to be zero (to correct imbalances in sensor installation).
.
61
5.0 The Spill Area Results
In the spill area, measurements were taken of gas concentration, heat flux, dew point, and
temperature. The number and distribution of these measurements varied from test to test due to
sensor availability and in response to data from previous tests. These changes are reflected in sensor
maps in Figures 3,4, and 7 through 12. These data are expected to provide inputs to future analysis
relevant to the design of effective vapor barrier mitigation systems. Thermocouple measurements
taken above and below the water surface are to determine if the LNG is evaporating as rapidly
as it is spilled. Gas concentration measurements are to establish actual source conditions and to
correlate gas concentration with temperature in the contained vapor cloud. Elevated temperature
measurements (qp to 14 m) are intended to provide information on vapor density stratification
within the barrier and on mixing of the atmosphere with the confined LNG vapor cloud.
L.
Spill Area data are presented in Appendix C . Data are grouped by spill test in order of occur-
rence (Falcon 1-5). Data are organized within each spill test in the following sequence:
1. Gas sensor data are presented with collocated dew point and temperature data presented
adjacent to the data from the applicable gas sensor.
2. Heat flux data are presented with collocated ground temperature data.
3. Temperature data below and above (>1 m height) the pond surface are presented grouped
by z: y coordinate.
4. Temperature data 21 m height are presented grouped by z,y coordinate.
5.1 Spill Area Temperature Results
Temperature measurements in the spill area were performed using type k thermocouples, as
described in section 2.3. Since relative temperature measurement is more important than absolute
temperature measurement to the analysis anticipated in the spill area, the thermocouples at 1 m or
higher elevations were adjusted to the 100 sec pre-spill average of all spill area thermocouples (above
1 m). Relative temperature changes should be easily extracted from data plotted in this manner.
No adjustments were applied to thermocouples reading pond temperature, ground temperature,
or air temperature below 1 m in height. Accuracy of absolute temperature measurement in the
spill area is believed to be *3OC and relative temperature measurements are believed accurate to
*O.5" Cc.
The presence of adverse conditions during Falcon 3 (RPTs) and Falcon 5 (RPTs and f i e)
disrupted measurements in the spill area. Data from these two tests often were truncated at
between t =60 sec and t =200 sec because of these events. Similarly, on Falcon 2, station G22,
channel A14, data were truncated at t =400 sec due to the sudden (and as yet unexplained) failure
of the sensor on that channel. Other data deleted from the data plots were due to sensor failure
and are noted in Table 6.
5.2 Spill Area Heat Flux Results
Spill area heat flux data are presented together with collocated ground temperature data to
provide a measure of cloud heating provided by the exposed ground surface inside the vapor barrier.
62
The two heat flux sensors were located one downwind and one upwind of the billboard structure to
help understand the effects of that structure. Ground temperature measurements are not adjusted
and are believed accurate to k3OC in absolute temperature, and *0.5' C in relative temperature.
Heat flux measurements are given in Watts per m2 with the sign convention chosen such that a
negative reading indicates heat flow into the ground.
m
5.3 Spill Area Gas Sensor Results
Data from each J PL-IR sensor are presented in three plots showing percent by volume concen-
trations of methane, ethane, and total hydrocarbons. Immediately following the plots from each
gas sensor is any collocated temperature and humidity data available. Collocated temperature
data are intended to help establish the relationship bet ween gas concentration and temperature for
extrapolation to temperature/gas concentration profiles elsewhere within the vapor barrier. Collo-
cated dew point data (samples were taken from the gas sampling tube at a point near the J PL-I R
sensor, physically located outside the vapor barrier) are intended to help in establishing the energy
balance due to the interaction between the cryogenic LNG and the water pond (i.e., water vapor
in the cold cloud freezes and reduces the partial pressure of H2 0 , allowing more water vapor to
be introduced into the cloud from the pond. The vapor from the pond also freezes and the cycle
continues transferring heat from the pond to the cloud). Temperature data are believed accurate
to &3'C in absolute temperature, and to k0.5'C in relative temperature. Measurement of absolute
dew point temperature was suspect throughout the test series. Three dew point hygrometers, all
measuring samples taken from the same height within the vapor barrier during the last 100 sec
prior to spill, showed variations on the order of i l OC. Relative measurements are believed to be
more accurate at 110% of the recorded variation in dew point temperature.
J PL-I R gas sensors were individually calibrated prior to the test series and, where possible, after
the test series was completed (some sensors could not be recalibrated due to the nature of their fire
damage). Comparison of identical data plotted, using pre-test calibrations, post-test calibrations,
and calibrations from previous test series, indicate an uncertainty of * 5 % of the sensor reading for
tot a1h y dr ocar b ons .
63
6.0 Vapor Dispersion Results
One major objective of the LNG vapor barrier verification field trials was to measure the atmo-
spheric dispersion of LNG vapor released from a full-scale vapor barrier under actual atmospheric-
conditions, with emphasis on determining the range at which dilution below the lower flammability
limit (LFL) is achieved. Comparison of the LFL dilution range from these tests with results of
earlier free field dispersion tests provides the principle measure of the effectiveness of vapor barriers
as mitigation devices for potential industrial LNG spills. It also provides the basic data to validate
wind tunnel and computer models which can then be used to simulate a variety of plant site and
meteorological condi tions.
This objective was achieved by measuring the concentration of natural gas vapors at three
or four levels (up to 17 m) at three rows of stations (each containing between 5 and 9 stations
evenly spaced laterally at 50, 150, and 250 m downwind of the vapor barrier. This also allowed
the height and lateral extent of the vapor cloud to be measured at each row. The locations of the
various stations for the different tests are shown in Fig. 23 and Fig. 24. This section presents the
gas concentration results, along with other measurements pertinent to understanding vapor cloud
dispersion, including cloud temperature (at each gas sensor location), surface heat flux (at 50 and
150 m), surface temperature .(at each heat flux sensor location), and humidity (where available).
6.1 Vapor Cloud Temperature Data
Vapor cloud temperature data are presented in Appendix D, grouped by test in the order of
occurrence (Falcon 1-5). For each test the data from each tower ( 3 or 4 sensors) are displayed in a
2 x 2 array, each occupying one page of the report. The vertical scales are the same for each sensor
on a given tower, allowing easy comparison and an overview of vertical gas concentration profile
while retaining sufficient plot size to allow data extraction by the reader.
The temperature data have been adjusted by matching the pre-test average measurements
to the pre-test average temperature profile measured by the RTDs on station G24 in order to
eliminate baseline uncertainty inherent to thermocouples (uncertainties arise from variations in
junction thickness, wire resistivity, etc.). RTD data from stations G11 and G24 are included as the
last plots on each test for comparison purposes.
6.2 Ancillary Vapor Dispersion Data
This section presents data on surface heat fl ux (at 50 and 150 m), surface temperature (collo-
cated with heat flux sensors), and dew point (where available), which are contained in Appendix
E, grouped by test in order of occurrence (Falcon 1-5). For convenience in referencing data, each
collocated heat fl ux and ground temperature data plot are presented immediately adjacent to one
another. No adjustments have been made to the data presented in this section. These instruments
are described in Section 2.3 and the station locations are defined in Table 6 (also in Figs. 23 and
24).
64
c
GO7
n
006
CI
GO5
Il
Ghl
m
i
G11
fl
013
C
Gk
r
GI2 4
I
GO8
UUI
n
i ----
-140 j
-50 50
-EO
METERS
150
250
Figure 23. Falcon 1-3 FDAS station array.
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __-___---
Figure 24. Falcon 4-5 FDAS station array.
65
6.3 LNG Vapor Concentration Data
LNG vapor concentration data were taken using LLNL-IR sensors and MSA catalytic sensors
at up to four heights (1, 5, 11, and 17 m) on 21 towers emplaced in three lateral rows (50 m, 150 m,
and 250 m) downwind of the vapor barrier, as shown in Figures 9-12. These data are presented
in two forms: Vapor concentration time-history plots (see Appendix F), and vapor concentration
vertical (crosswind) contour plots (see Appendix G).
Temporal concentration data are presented in the same manner as vapor cloud temperature
data, by row and by sensor tower (see section 6. 1) . Each sensor was individually pre- and post-test
calibrated with commercial gas calibration mixtures. Individual sensor data were processed using
both calibrations, the data compared, and appropriate calibration coefficients selected and applied
to the data presented. Data plots are concentration (percent by volume) vs time. The data were
taken at the rate of one sample/sec. but were averaged over five seconds before plotting. The data
on tape are at one sample/sec.
The LNG vapor concentration data were used to generate two-dimensional, vertical, crosswind
contour plots at 20 sec time intervals during the experiments for the 150 m row and at 10 sec time
intervals for Falcon I1 where the data at the 250 m row were plotted. Each contour plot is labeled by
test name, time of the plot, and the concentration levels of each contour. The vertical contours are
plotted as they would appear when looking towards the vapor barrier. The horizontal and vertical
scales are not identical for the contour plots. The vertical scale is exaggerated, which makes the
cloud appear to be higher than it actually was. Prior to each contour sequence is a vertical grid
plot indicating the sensors which were operational during that particular test. Concentrations at
locations where sensors were nonoperational were generated by linear interpolation and extrapo-
lation of data from neighboring sensors. The two outside towers on each lateral boundary of the
150 m row were not instrumented at the 17-m height. Assigning zeros to these points would most
likely be an underestimate. A more reasonable approach was taken by assigning two thirds and one
third of the nearest 17-m sensor value to the adjacent and outer locations, respectively, at the 17-m
height. The missing interior values for Falcon I1Row 3 were plotted using linear interpolation of
the horizontal values. The data were averaged for five seconds before contou plotting.
Contours were generated using linear interpolation in the horizontal direction, and both linear
and quadratic interpolation in the vertical direction. I n addition to the actual measured results
at the three or four sensor heights at a tower location, the ground level was calculated using the
following procedure to prevent contours from closing below the lowest level sensor. The ground level
data were extrapolated using a quadratic fit (such that the concentration gradient was equal to zero
at the ground) of the data from the sensors at the two lowest levels when the concentration at the
second level was less than the concentration at the lowest level, or a linear fit if the concentration
at the second level was greater than the concentration at the lowest level.
6.4 LNG Vapor Mass Flux Data and Calculations
The mass fluof the LNG vapor passing through the 150 m row was calculated using the LNG
vapor concentration data and vapor cloud temperature dat,a of section 6. 3 and 6.1 along with the
wind field data of section 4.2. Gas concentration data were the same as those used to construct
contour plots presented in section 6.3, however additional interpolated concentration values were
calculated for other heights, producing a total of 12 values per tower location. Gas concentration
66
was assumed to be zero at a height of 21 m. Below 1 m, the gas concentration profile was assumed to
be quadratic approaching zero gradient at the ground if the vertical gradient was negative between
1 and 5 m; if the measured gradient was positive, a linear extrapolation was used below the 1-m
height. These values were then interpolated horizontally at 9 intermediate locations between each
pair of sensor towers. Temperature data interpolation was similar to that for gas concentration data,
except that a logarithmic profile with height was assumed below 1 m. Wind speed interpolation
was logarithmic in the vertical direction and linear in the horizontal direction. Time histories of
calculated instantaneous and time-integrated (cumulative) mass flux are presented in Figures 25,
26 and 27.
The mass flux plots are consistent with spill parameters for the respective tests in two ways.
First, the duration of cloud passage for the main cloud, that portion of the time history bounded
by a rapid rise and then fall in the mass flux, is comparable to the duration of the respective spill
events (valve open to valve closed); this is true even for Falcon 4, with its relatively low spill rate.
Second, the peak mass flux in Falcon 3 and 4 is nearly the same as the spill rate, when converted
to the same units. For Falcon 1, the peak mass flux is onl y about 40% of the spill rate; this is due
to width of the cloud dramatically exceeding the width of the instrument array at 150 m.
Table 8 gives the specific numerical results of the mass balance calculations. The total amount
of LNG spilled, assuming 430 kg per m3, and the amount calculated from the mass flux results are
given along with the ratio of these values. The rather low ratio of calculated to actual mass spilled
in Falcon 1 is due primrily to the very low, wide cloud that resulted from the substantial LNG vapor
overflow of the fence which occurred because of the high spill rate under low wind speed, stable
conditions. As seen from the contour I- jts in Appendix G for Falcon 1, the cloud was primarily
within 5 m of the ground; the values are rather constant in the horizontal, indicating tht the cloud
edges were probably well beyond the array bounds. The array was widened on Falcon 4 and was
successful in capturing the gas cloud, as seen in Appendix G. As a result, the mass calculated from
the mass balance accounted for most of the actual mass spilled.
The calculated mass spilled for Falcon 3 was greater than the actual mass spilled by 18%.
This was unexpected since the cloud exceeded the array on one side and then later on the other,
as seen in the contour plots in Appendix G. A ratio of about 0.75 would be more plausible. The
gas concentration, wind, and temperature data used in the calculations have been scrutinized,
but no systematic source of error has emerged. The shape of the time history of mass flux seems
reasonable, with perhaps slightly higher and more variable values after 400 seconds, when compared
with Falcon 1 and 4. After 400 seconds, the cloud becomes elevated, as shown in Appendix G.
The maximum concentration oc,curs at the 17-m height. In the mass balance calculations, the gas
concentration is assumed to decrease linearly with height from 17 m to 21 m. If the cloud top were
assumed to be at 17 m, with zero concentration above that, the calculated mass spilled is 24,380
kg, which gives a ratio of 1.12. This is, however, a rather unlikely scenario. Gas concentration data
for Falcon 2 and 5 were insufficient for calculating mass balances.
Table 8. Summary of mass balance results.
Test Name Actual mass spilled Calculated mass spilled Ratio
Falcon 1 28,552 10160 0.36
Falcon 3 21,801 25, 830 1.18
Falcon 4 19,307 16920 0.88
67
x
3
MR S S BF I LI I NCE
80
60
Lf0
20
0
T I M E [ S E C I
10000
8000
6000
9000
2000
0
T I M E ( S E C l
Fal con 1 1987
Figure 25. Falcon 1 mass flux data.
68
120
100
80
60
Li g
28
0
25000
20000
15000
10000
5000
MRSS B R L R N C E .
I '
T I ME I S E C I
Fal con 3 1987
Figure 26. Falcon 3 mass flux data.
69
MQ S S B R L F I N C E
s 0
L l Q
30
2 8
10
11
1 6 0 D O
14000
12000
1800fl
8000
~ 0 0 ~
q000
,
Fa I con ,'i 1987
Figure 27. Falcon 4 ma s s flu data.
70
Acknowledgments
The data reported here represent the work of many people from several different organizations.
I n particular, the authors Rish to express their sincere thanks to Mr. Ted IVilliams and Dr. Steve
N;iersma of the Gas Research Institute, and Mr. M'alter Dennis of the Department of Transporta-
tion, for their contribution to the success of the field experiments. In addition, we would like to
acknowledge the following individuals:
LLNL/L' ivermore
Chantel Aracne
Bruce Borman
hlarilgn Borton
Bill Funkhauser
Gary J ohnson
Chris Martin
Ralph Smith
Greg Soto
hlyles Spann
Stan Trettenaro
Roland Wallstedt
J anet M'elch
Steve IVofford
EG&G Las Vegas
Harold Gray
Lance Groft
Bill Huth
Monty Ortiz
J ohn McEntire
Amaneo Sanchez, J r .
Shirley Stutsman
LLNL/NTS
Bill Edwards
Terry Rov
Steve Stark
Pat Stathis
NOAA/WSNSO
Darryl Randerson
Pet e Mueller
REECo
Dennis Finnev
DOE/ NV
Rudy J ezik
Don Martin
J ohn Spahn
J ohn Stewart
This work was performed for the United States Department of Transportation and the Gas
Research I nstitute under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by the Lawrence Livermore
National Laboratory (Contract No. W-7405-ENG-48).
71
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Brown, T.C., et al., Teat Management Summary LNG Vapor Barri er lerification Field Triala, Prepared for the
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Cases, Boundary-Layer Meteorology, 17, 443-464, 1979.
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McRae, T.G., R.T. Cederwall, D.L. Ermak, H.C. Goldwire, J r, D.L. Hipple, G.W. J ohnson, R.P. Koopman, J .W.
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72
Appendix A . Wind Field Data
A. l: Falcon 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A- 2
A.2: Falcon 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A- 27
A.3: Falcon 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A- 52
A.4: Falcon4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A- 77
A.5: Falcon5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-118
. 1. 1
A.1 Falcon 1 Wind Field Data
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Appendix B . Turbulence Data
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
B.1: Falcon 1 B- 2
B.2: Falcon 2 B-21
B.3: Falcon 3 B-40
B.4: Falcon 4 B-58
B.5: Falcon 5 B-77
B- 1
0
B. l Falcon 1 Turbulence Data
6 - 2
' a
2 5
: .e
1 s
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~5A 0 50 I PO
1x37
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mi'i I 1 L'-._Il_lld-P7 I ED I TEU I IJ I I
- 8 -LLL
-50 8 Sd 100 150 208
RE3
01 METERS
250 300 350
T I melsec I
I
I
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900 Y50 500 550 600 650
12: Y0: 55R 0 3 / 3 8 / 8 8
3- RXI S RNEMClMETER S/N 38'
B-9
FHLI? I GI i
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258
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230
220
210
3.0
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2. 5
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R I M T I meisecl 12:90:55R 03/ 38/ 88
05 METERS 3 RXI S RNEMO 1x21 S/N 385
FRLElI 12-,Il_iN-87 I EO I TED1 GI I
I '
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- 50 0 50 I 00 150 200 250 380 350 900 Y50 500 550 E00 650
R I 1 5 I meI sec I 12: 90: 57R 83/ 30/ 88
05 METERS 3- HXI S RNEMUMETER S/N 385
FHLe 1 12-J UN-87 [E DI TE D1 G I 1
-50 0 50 1P0 150 200 250 300 350 900 Y50 500 550 600 E50
M5 METERS 3- RXI S ANEMOMETER S I N 385
A12 T I mel secl 12:90:57R 83/ 30/ 86
B-10
I
-50 0 5E I0E 150 ZE0 250 300 350 900 Y50 500 550 600 650
A 13 T I mel ~e c I I ? : YO: 58R 03/ 30/ 88
I I METERS
3 R X l S RNEMO 1x21 S / N 379
GI 1
FRLO I 12-J Cll\1-87 [ E OI T E OI
I ' I 1 '
15
IO
5
0
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-511 o 50 1110 150 268 250 30e 350 900 s a 580 SSE 600 65e
T I me I sec I
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I ?:W:59R 8 3 / 3 8 / 8 8
FHLM 1 1 2-LllJ l\l-87 [ EO I TED1 L l I
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T I me I secl 12:Ym:59R 03/3@/88
3- RXI S RNEMOMETER S/N 37E(
GI 2
FHLBl 12- J UN-87 [ UNEO I TED I
200
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GI1 MFTFR?
A 0 7 T 1 me l secl 12:LfY:57R 03/ 30/ 88
7 A X I S RNEMO 1x21 S I N 391
FHL@I 12-J LlN-87 i UNEDI TEU1 GI 2
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A 0 8
01 METERS
T I me[sect 12:W:58R 03/ 30/ 88
3- RXI S RNEMOMETER S/ N 391
FHLO I i 2-J J N-87 I UNECl I TECI 1
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R09
@ I METERS
12:Llll:SgR 03/ 30/ 88 T I me l secl
3 - R X I S RNEMOMETER S/ N 391
B-12
/ I
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12:Li5:@0R 0 3 / 3 8 / 8 8
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85 METERS
3 HXI S RNEMO 1x21 SIN 3R9
-50 0 50 100 150
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A I ?
05 METERS
T I melsec I
12:Li5:02R 03/ 30/ 88
3-RXIS RNEMOMETER S/N 389
B- 13
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3 RXI S ANFMn r X 71 S/N '(71
FRL01 12-_llJ N-87 [UNEUITECII G12
-50 0 50 108 150 200 250 300 350 'IO0 '450 500 550 600 6S0
R l Y T I mel sec I 12:Li5:01iR 03/ 38/ 88
I 1 METERS 3- AXI S ANEMOMETER S I N 373
FHLBl 12-,IUN-87 [UNEDI TEDI GI 2
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I 1 METERS
T I me ( secl 12:Li5:81iR 03/ 38/ 88
3- RXI S RNEMOMETER S/N 373
B-14
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3 AXI S RNEMI) 1x21 S/N 382
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3- R VI S RNEWOMETER S/N 382
R08 iNm?lsecl 19: 22: SLtR 03/ 38/ 88
01 METERS
3- AXI S QNEMOMETER S/N 382
B- 15
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FRLkl I 12-J UN-87 II!IdEDITECIi G24
I 1I
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T I melsec I 14:22:59R 0 3 / 3 0 / 8 8
3 RXI S ANEMO 1x21 S/N 375
1. 5
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nit! 1 , pie I sec I llt:23:03R 03/ 30/ 88
3- RXI S RNEMClMETER S/ N 375
O Y I4ETERS
1 , I , I J ,
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300 350 900 960 500 550 600 650
T I me l ~ec l
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3- AXI S RNEMOMETER S/ N 375
B-16
FHLO I
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A i ? T I me l j e c I I Y : ; ~ : ~ R 03/ 30/ a8
16 IMETERS 3 R X l S RE!EI.lO 1x21 S I N 37Y
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111:?3: 13R M3 I 3 0 I W R 1 3 T ,me I sec I
16 METERS
3- RXl S RI.IEI-IOMETER S I N 3711
-a t I ' I
-58 0 50 1110 150 Z0@ 250 300 350 900 Y50 500 550 600 650
R i l l
16 METERS
T I meIXPC I 111:23:IE(R 01/ 30/ 88
3- R XI S RINEMOMETER S/N 3711
B-17
FflLCO 1 1 L J I J N- 87 I UNED I TED I
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G25
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T 1 meI secl 19:50:02S 06/15/87
3 R XI S RNFMn I X 71 S/N ------
12-J UN-87 I UNEDI TEOI G25
-50 E 50 iA0 150 200 250 300 350 Y00 Y5E 566 550 600 E50
A m T I me I secl 19:50:03S 86/ 15/ 87
m1 METERS 3-RXIS RNEMOMETER S/N ------
12- J UN-87 [ IUNED I TED I G25
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T I me [secl i g:so:ot~s 06/ 15/ 87
3- AXI S RNEMOMETER S/N - - - - - -
B-18
FRLCBl 12--LlUN-87 [ UNEDI TED1
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G2S
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R I B T I mel srcl 19:50:055 M6/ 15/ 87
05 METERS 3 R X l S RNEMO LX21 S/ N 376
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FHLCBl 12- J UN- 87 I UNEOI [ EO1
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3-AXIS RNEMOMETER S I N 376
B- 19
FFILCmI 12- J UN- 87 [UNEDI TED1 G25
I1
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R I ? T Ime l secl 19: 50: 08S 06/ 15/ 87
I I METERS 3 R X l S RNEMO 1x21 S/N 381
FRLCBI 12- J UN- 87 ( EDI TED1 G25
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R I Ll T i melsec I 19: 50: 09s 061 15/ 87
I I FIE rERS 3- RXI S RNEMOMETER S/N 381
G 2i
FHLCEl1 12- J UN- 87 r EDI TED1
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RI5 T I me l sec I 19: 50: 10S 06/ 15/ 87
1 1 PIETERS 3- AXI S RNEMOMETER S/N 381
B-20
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B-21
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01 METERS 3 RXl S RNEI I 0 1x21 S/N 378
FFlLC82 18- J UN- 87 [ EDI TED) G09
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3 AXI S RNEMU i X21 S/N 377
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FRLCBZ 18-J UN-87 [ EDI TEDI GBLf
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3- AXI S RNEMOMETER S/N 377
B-23
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B- 24
FFILCBl2 1S-J UN-87 [UNE DI TE D1 G1B
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R E V - T I me l secl 1?:89:1YS 86/ 26/ 87
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3-RXIS RNEMOMETER S I N 38Y
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FflLC82 18- J UN- 87 [ UNEDI TEDI
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11 METERS 3 RXI S RNEMO I XZJ S/ N 387
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FRLC02 18- J UN- 87 I UNEDI TEDI G11
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85 METERS 3- AXI S RNEMUMETER S/ N 585
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6 1 a 9
13:38:85R @9/ 01/ 87
?- AXI S RI.IEI.IOMETER 5/ N 373
I 1 METERS
Y0
30
20
10
0
-10
-20
FRL05 29-RUG-87 [ UNEDI TED) G12
i
CI I 2 3 Y 5 6 I S
9
AiY-
1 1 METERS
13:30:@6R M9/1/31/87 T 1 me l secl
3- A X I S HNEMClMETER S I N 373
B-89
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FHL05 29-RUG-87 [UNE DI TE D1 G25
388
250
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C b IIETERS
I i me1secI 16: 13: 38S 89/ @1/ 87
3 HX I S FlNFI.lllt~1FTI;FI S/N ? Ri i
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RID8 1, me l secl 16: i s: ~s 09/ 01/ 87
3- RXI S ANEMDMETEH S/N 188
kl I METERS
625 FRL05 29-RUG-87 [UNE DI TE D1
-E0 - Y E -20 0 ?0 Y O E0 bl? 100 120 lq4l
- 80
R09
01 METERS
B- 93
L
FRL05
300 -
250 -
m
W
W
@= 0 200 -
W 0
150 -
100 -
J
t
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a
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29-RUG-67 [ UNEDI TEUI
- BO -60 -98 -20 0 :c
AI0 T I mel5SC I l5:13:L10S 09/01/67
OS METERS 3 R Y l S RbIEIIOI.IETEF; S/FI 376
FRLO5 29-RLIG-87 [UNED! TED) G25
20
E
-ze
- w
-61
-83 -60 -10 -20 P. LC YC 68 bil I 00 I10 IS0
FRL05 29-RUG-87 (UiaED! T E Ul
A '
7
I
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301
25'2
in
W
w UT
W i 3
o 201
150
100
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G25
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F R L E 29-RUG-87 [ UNEO I .TED I
r I -
ll
-80 -60 - q0 -20 0 2a Li0 60 80 100
G25
~_1
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I L II
-85 -60 4 0 - 10 0 X Li0 50 80 100 I 20
A I Y 5 , me l s r c l 16:13:L13S 09/@1/87
I 1 METERS 3- RXI S FINEMUMETEE S/N :ai
FRLl25 . 29-RUG-87 I UNEDI TEDI G25
T , r ~e l seci 16:13:Y SS 05/@1/87
ais
9- R X15 RNFMllMFTFR S/hl 33 I
I I MFTFRC,
B-95
Appendix C . Spill Area Data
C. l : Falcon 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C- 2
C.2: Falcon 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-14
C.3: Falcon 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-26
C.5: Falcon 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-52
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
C.4: Falcon 4 C-38
c- 1
C.1 Falcon 1 Spill Area Data
c-2
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3

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5

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FRLB 1 12-J UN-87 G22
3.0
2.5
35
30
25
20
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i)
0
CL7
- 15
9
-
10
5
0
so I00 150 205 250 300 350 'i00 '150
T I me(sec1 16:lll:qgR 83/ 23/ 88
D1 I
U1 PIETERS x = -62m y = 20m J PL- I R S I N 001
100 150 200 250 300 350
50
Li00 '150
T I me( sec1 16:l 'f:Y SR 03/ 23/ 88
J PL- I R S / N 001
D l 1
01 METERS x = -6Zm y = 20m
50 I00 150 200 250 300 350 950 '150
u11 T 1 me I s m) 16:IY:L19R 03/ 23/ 88
01 METERS x = -62m Y = 20m J PL-IR S / N 001
c-10
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2

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C.2
Falcon 2 SpU Area Data
C-14
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1
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7
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2
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FRLC82 18-J UN-87 G22
L 00 I sa zoo 253 300 350 900 Li50
55
89:YZ:OLiR 03/29/88
01 1
01 METERS x = -Urn y = 2@n J PL- I R S/N 001
T I me lsec I
a!---*'
1
sa I oa isa 200 258 300 350 qa@ Li50
01 1 T I me l secl 09:Y2:0LiR 03/29/88
01 METERS x = -62m y = 20m J PL-IR SI N 001
'(5
'I0
35
30
25
20
15
i a
5
0
58 I 00 158 208 250 300 350 ~ a 0 950
D l I T I me l secl 09:92:0LfR 03/29/88
01 METERS x = -62m Y = J PL-IR S I N 001
c-21
FFILCEl2 18-J lJ N-87 G23
40
35
30
25
2%: 20
I S
5
i .
35
30
I0
5
i 3 100 158 280 250 380 ' 350
UI 2 T I N I ~ I sec 1 10:05: 38R 03/29/88
Q 1 IlETER:; x = -32m Y = Om J PL- I R S I N 006
CLI I O@ 150 200
01: T I N I ~ IseCI
@ I IIETERS x = -32m y = Om
e
A.
250 380 350
10:05:38R 03/25/88
J PL- 1R S / N 006
L
c m
UI ?
01 METERS
, ' -
I 80 I:@ 208 250 300 350
T I r nel ~ec l lm: 05: 38R 03/23/88
x = -32m y = Om J PL- I R S / N 006
c-22
150 zoo 253 350
013 I 1 : 01 : YL1R 03/3kl/68
01 I I Ei ER x = - 6 ? m y- Om J PL- I R S I N 002
T tine I sec I
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FRLC03 29-J UN-87
53 I 00 153 200 250 300 350 900 Li50 ' 500 55@
T I me (seci 11:02:52R 03/29/88
J PL- I R SIN 001
01 I
02 KETERS x = -62m y = 2Om
i
1
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550
T I me (secl
11:02:52R 03/29/88
S I N 001 J P L-I R
01 1
0 2 METERS x = - 62m y = 20m
d7''"'''
' 50 180 150 200 250 300 350 900 1150 3 0 550
01 I T I me ( secl 11:02:52R 03/25/88
02 METERS x = -62m y = 20m J PL- I R S I N 0Ul
C-32
FRLC03 29
G23
- J U id - 8 7
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35 -
30 -
25 -
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6
50
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156 200 250 312 350 Li0a 950
SO I 00
01 i T I me ISPC I 11:30:85R 03/ 29/ 88
81 piEiE5: x = -2m y = Om J PL- I R S/A 005
c-33
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FflLC03 29-J UN-87 G23
6
5:
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53 I 00 150 200 259 300 350 'i00 1159 ' 500 550
0!2 T I me [secl 11 : 3Y: 27R 03/29/88
J PL- I R S I N 006
1 METER x = -3:m y = Om
\ , h
50 I 00 150 200 250 390 350 q90 Lis9 ' 589 550
D12 T I me I secl !1:3Li:27R 03/29/88
J PL- I R S I N 006
@I METERS x = -32m y = Om
50 100 150 200 259 300 350 Y0@ 1150 599 5%
T I me I secl 1 I : 39: 27R 03/29/88
012
8 1 NETERS x = -32m y = Om J PL- I R S / N 006
c- 34
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35
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5
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12
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,.-3 I GD i:I: 230 150 3GU is0 Lip0 Y50
0 1 I: T I rie [Z,TCI 18:00:0BR 03/ 38/ 88
E12 l-lETEF;4 x = -62m y = an J PL- I R S I N 002
i
l @
0
01 3
fl 2 I-IETEE'I: x = -62m y = hn
3RW 350 YGO 9511
I@:BB:BBR 03/ 30/ 88
J P L- I S S I N 002
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C.4
Falcon 4 Spill Area Data
C-38
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Appendix D . Vapor Cloud Temperature Data
D.l: Falcon 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D- 2
D.2: Falcon2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-25
D.3: Falcon3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-48
D.4: Falcon4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-71
D.5: Falcon5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-95
D- 1
D. l Falcon 1 Vapor Cloud Temperature Data
D-2
FRLCUN 1 TUl I ER G!Il I I iETEFt
5 I I E TE i i S
D- 3
FRL CCl N I TOl i ER GOC I I I ETER
16
5
0
I I'
D-4
5 METEES
I
I
?
w
S E i I? 1139
17 METERS
D-5
1
5 METE%
r - '
= c 1 -
m 5 m
?
w
SECONDS
D-6
3.
3s
15
I ' i
1
D- i
5 METERS
D-8
u
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1 1 lIETFFi'3
1
D-10
5 METERS
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D-11
5 METEES
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D-12
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D-13
D-14
F AL CON I TOIIEFi Sl y I I i E i E S
5 METERS
---
D-15
FRLCOll I I Ul l ER GI5 1 I I ETER
1
. - - - - -
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D-16
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D-17
D-18
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D-20
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D-22
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D-24
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D-23
D.2 Falcon 2 Vapor Cloud Temperature Data
D-25
I
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S N - N 0 9 in 'D c
P
w
SECONDS
17 METERS
m - " I - = - y I w c
?
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D- 26
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1
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9
SECONDS
D-27
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SECONDS
17 NETERS
I
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5 METERS
o - Y P . 7 Y ) w P
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SECONDS
17 HETEfi S
D-29
17 METERS
D-30
I 1 METEFNS
I
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$
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II
30
79
3
27
:F
25
29
;3
SECONDS
w
17 METERS
9 - N - z . U ) ( O C
SECONDS
D-31
I I MErERS
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30.5
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11.5
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D- 32
D-33
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31. 1
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5 METERS
1
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D-36
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31.5
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D-42
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Appendix E . Ancillary Vapor Dispersion Data
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E. l : Falcon 1 E- 2
E.2: Falcon 2 E- 6
E.3: Falcon3 E-10
E.4: Falcon 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-14
E.5: Falcon5 E-18
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E- 1
E. l Falcon 1 Ancillary Vapor Dispersion Data
E- 2
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Appendix F . Temporal Concentration Data
F. l: Falcon 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-2
F.2: Falcon 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-24
F.3: Falcon 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-37
F.4: Falcon 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-59
F.5: Falcon5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . F-81
F- 1
F. l Falcon 1 Temporal Concentration Data
I
F-2
FRLCON 1 SENSOR G0I 1M
17 1
A " " " ""
111
13 -
12 -
I 1 -
-
TIME ISEC)
a
FRLCON I SENSOR G01 5M
FRL
h
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F-3
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SENSOR FAILURE
SENSOR FAILURE
SENSOR FAILURE
SENSOR FAILURE
F-4
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38
28
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FRLCON 1 SENSOR G09 1 I M
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T I ME ISECJ
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T I ME ISECI
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FRLCON 1 SENSOR G13
9.b
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TIME I SEC)
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NO SENSOR
F-15
FQLCON 1 SENSOR Gl l l 1 M
FALCON I SENSOR G19 5M
~-
TIME ISECI
TIME I S E C I
FQLCON 1 SENSOR G11 1 I M
11
NO SENSOR
T I ME I SECI
F-16
8. 0
1. 5
1.6
6. G
6. 0
5.5
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0
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T I M E 18ECl
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0 - 8
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FALCON 1 SENSOR G15 1 l M
6.6
6.8
NO SENSOR
F-17
NO SENSOR
2. 1
2.8
1 . Q
1. E
1.7
1.6
1.5
1. 1
1. 9
E 1.2
-
-
-
-
-
-
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SENSOR GI6 5M
FQLCON I
F-18
NO SENSOR
NO SENSOR
FFlLCON 1 SENSOR G17 1 IM
I
1.3 -
1.3 -
1.2 -
1.1 -
1.0 -
f . S F
2
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F-19
FRLCON I SENSOR 617 5M
NO SENSOR
?

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0

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6
6
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6
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1

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NO SENSOR
FRLCON
Y.6
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9.2
Y.0
3.8
3.8
3.Y
3. 2
4.8
2 2.8
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1.6
1.9
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1.8
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1 SENSOR G19 1 l M
-
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-
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m - m
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FRLCON 1
Y.8
P. 9
P. 2
Y.0
3.8
3.6
3. 9
3.2
3. 0
z 2.8
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5 1.8
1.6
1.9
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SENSOR G19 5 M
NO SENSOR
F-21
p
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0

c
n

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0
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FRLCON 1 SENSOR GZ1 5 M
-
-
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6. 6 6.0 ~
Q. 5
-
TIME ISECl
NO SENSOR
F-23
F.2 Falcon 2 Temporal Concentration Data
F-24
FRLCON 2 SENSOR GO1 17M
1 . Y
1.3
1.2
1. 1
1. B
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z
0 .a
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FALCON 2
TIME I SEC)
SENSOR G03 1714
I .4
I .3
1. 2
1. 1
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z
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1
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SENSOR G82 17M FALCON 2
1.q
1. 3
1. 2
1 . 1
1.0
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z
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B .7
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z 0
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FALCON 2 SENSOR GBl l 17M
1.2
1
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F-25
.

FRLCON 2 SENSOR G1O 11M
1.6 -
1.5 -
I . Y -
1.3 -
1.2 -
1.1 -
z 1. R -
0
FRLCON 2 SENSOR GI1 1 I M
FALCON 2 SENSOR G10 17M
I .B
I .5
1. Y
1.3
1.2
1.1
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0
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FALCON 2 SENSOR G1I 17M
1.e
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1.3
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F-28
FRLCON 2 SENSOR G12 1l M
1.q
1.3
1.6
1.5
1.q
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1 . 2
1. 1
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1.5
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1. 1
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1.2
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1.5
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1.3
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F-29
T I ME ISECI
F-30
FRLCON 2 SENSOR GI5 5M
* 81
.E6
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Z .66
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TIME I S E CI
NO SENSOR
IC-d
XOSNBS ON
XOSNZS ON
NO SENSOR
FQLCON 2 SENSOR GI7 1 1 M
r"'""""""""
F-32
T I ME ISEC)
NO SENSOR
FRLCON 2 SENSOR G18 1 M
1.5
1.q
1.3
1.1
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NO SENSOR
NO SENSOR
F-33
NO SENSOR
FRLCON
1 . Y
1.3
I .2
1.1
1.0
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0, .a
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FQLCON 2 SENSOR G19 1 l W
1.q
1.3
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NO SENSOR
TIME I SEC)
F-34
NO SENSOR
FRLCON 2 SENSOR 620 1 l M
1.2
1. 1
1.0
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NO SENSOR
F-35
FRLCON 2 SENSOR 621 1M
1 . 7 - '
1.6
1.5
1. B
1.3
1.2
1.1
1. 6 -
1. 5 -
1.u -
1. 3
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NO SENSOR
T I M E ISECI
F-36
*
F-37
18.6
1B.S
9.5
9.0
8. 5
8.0
FRLCON 3 SENSOR GBI 5M
9.1
8. 5
8.1
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F-38
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SENSOR FAILURE
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F-40
FALCON 3 Sensor G04
SENSOR FAILURE
SENSOR FAILURE
F-41
SENSOR FAILURE
SENSOR FAILURE
.
9.6
9.0
8.5
8.0
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8.3
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FRLCON 3 SENSOR G05 1lM
I " " " " " " " " " ' 1
9.6
9.1
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0.5
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1.5
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FRLCON 3 SENSOR G05 5H
9.6
9. I
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1. 5
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TINE ISECI
6 . 1
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F-42
SENSOR FAILURE
1. 5
1. 0
6.5
6.8
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6.0
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m
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2 3.6 W
0
3. 0
0
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TIME I SECI
1
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1. 5 -
1. 0 -
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F-43
SENSOR FAILURE
SENSOR FAILURE
SENSOR FAILURE
F-44
0
0
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1

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0
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B
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9.8
8.5
8. 8
7.5
7.8
6.6
6.8
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FRLCON 3 SENSOR G 1 0 1lM
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FRLCON 3 SENSOR G 1 0 17M
9.8
8.5
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7.5
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5.5
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F-47
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FRLCON 3 SENSOR 612 1H
1.5
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6.B
5.6
6. 1
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6.6 -
6.8 -
5.5 -
6.8 -
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SENSOR G15 1M
1
TI ME' I S E CI
NO SENSOR
NO SENSOR
F-52
Y.O
3.e
3.6
3. 9
3.2
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2.8
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0
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3. 8
3.8
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2.8
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SENSOR G16 5M
FALCON 3
Y.0
3.6
3.e
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9.0
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B t . 0
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1.6
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XI 1.2
1.0
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NO SENSOR
F-53
FRLCON 3 SENSOR 617 I M
Y.P
Y.2
Y.0
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2.2
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1.2
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2.8 -
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g 2.2 -
I- z 2.0 -
w
U 1.6 -
z
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1.9
1.2 -
1.0 -
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Y . P C ' " " " " " " '
1. 2 -
l . 0 -
3. 8 -
3.R -
3. Y -
3.2 -
8.0 -
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NO SENSOR
F-54
NO SENSOR
5.0
9.8 -
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Y.4 -
Y.2 -
Y. O -
3. 8 -
3.8 -
3. Y -
3. 2 -
3. 0 -
2. 8 -
= ' ' '
& 2.6 - \
E 2. Y -
E 2. 2 -
y 2.8 -
\
1.8 -
x. 1.6 -
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3.9 -
P.8 -
2.6 -
2. 9 -
2. 2 -
z 2.8 -
0
I- 1.8 -
(I
E 1.6 -
z W
z
M
0 I .%
-
1.0 -
. a -
. E
-
.Y -
.2 -
.v
m R r a , r o m m m m m *
= . 5 . m L o I D ( L l r c -
m m 2 z r a m
N N O ?
T I ME I SEC)
FRLCON 5 SENSOR G05 l 1 M
3.11 , , , , , I , , , , , I , , ,
3. 2 -
3.9 -
1. 8 -
2.6 -
2.q -
.8
. a -
.Y -
.2 -
-
8 L n 2 ~ z g R l n 8 m m m 8 m 8 m
" 3 . 3 m Y ) m m P P
T I ME I S E CI
FALCON 5 SENSOR G85 5H
9. Y , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
3.2 -
3. n -
2.0 -
2.5 -
2. Y -
2.2 -
z 2.0 -
e 1.a -
a
: 1.u -
0
. +
LT r 1. 6 -
z
z
1. 2 -
1.0 ~
. 8 -
. E -
.4 -
.2 -
w
. E mm""Ag~~F~ul~~gFg
-' '
TIME I SEC)
SENSOR G05 17M
FRLCON 5
F-85
FRLCON 5 SENSOR G07 5 M
5 . 0 -
q. a -
Y.6 -
*.'I -
4.2 -
Y. O -
3.8 -
3.6 -
? 1 -
3 . 2 -
2 2.8 -
3. a -
L 2.8 -
2 P.9 -
6 2.2 -
? 2. 0 -
=: 1.8 ,.
.\ 1.6 -
1.3 -
1.2 -
1.0 -
. B -
. 6 -
.Y -
. 2 -
h-
ul
. a ' I - ' -' '
- ~ " ~ ~ : g ? ~ ~ % : l ~ D
5 . 0 - " ' " " "
9.8 -
'4.6 -
Y.9 -
4.2 -
9.0 -
3. 8 -
3. 6 -
3. Y -
3.2 -
3 . n -
0 2.8 -
F 2.9 -
6 2.2 -
:: 1.8 -
2. 6 -
t
0
z 2. 8 -
* 1.6 -
1.q -
1. 2 -
1.0 -
.8 -
.6 -
. 9 -
. 2 -
. 0 . - , I , I L - - A
FRLCON
5.8
P.8
Y.E
Y. Y
'1.2
Y.8
3.8
3.6
3.4
3.2
z 3.8
- 2.8
0
& 2.8
#E 2. q
z 1. 2
," 1.8
y 2.6
1.6
1. q
1.2
1.6
.8
. 6
. Y
. 2
. a
5 SENSOR G87 17M
- ' 4
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
m m ~ ~ s m m ~ ~ s ~ ~ r n m ~ g ~ ~
I t I ' * ' ' ' ' '
N N O " a . 5 W W
F-86
FRLCON
5.8
Y.6
Y. Y
4.2
P.0
3.8
3.6
3.Y
3.2
z 3 . 0
0
& 2.6
- 2.8
#E 2.9
z 1. 2
s 2.0
=: 1.8
* 1.6
1. 4
1.2
. a
.6
.9
. 2
. B
1.a
5 SENSOR G07 11M
5 . f l L ' " ' " " "
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-I I - 8
r n ~ 0 ~ ~ r n m ~ ~ m w 8 ~ 0 r n m m m
N N I r m w ( 0 I D r - F
-' ' '
.L2
. l I
. 10
.89
z 0
- .88
I- (I:
E .m
z W
0 .Bs z
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
I
z
0
U
z
W
v .86
z 0
h
I-
.m
.m
.89
T I ME I SEC)
T I ME 19EC1
F-87
TI ME ISEC)
NO SENSOR
.68
.1(8
. YS
.LLY
-99.
. Y8
.30
.36
.N
.32
5 .31
~ .zn
5 .2Y
E .22
5 .2a
I
.26
u .lB
. t 6
.lY
.12
. l 0
.Nu
.#6
NO SENSOR
I)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
- I
F-88
I
FRLCON 5 SENSOR G02 1M FALCON 5 SENSOR G82 5H
T I M E ISEGI
FFlLCON 5 SENSOR G02 11M
T I M E I SEC)
F-89
1
s

9
L

E
L

9
9

1
9

e..
0

9
9

E

-

3
8

-

B
E

-

9
8

-
0
9

w

-

E
h

5

-

0
h

c

_
I

U

L
L

N
O
I
L
t
l
U
L
N
3
3
N
0
3

%

0

4

c
r

FRLCON 5 SENSOR GI1 IM FRLCON 5 SENSOR Gl l 5M
.E5
.60
.55
.5#
.95
.YO
E:
5 .38
5 .25
r .3s
a DT
W
u
u
s4 .21
.15
. l B
F-91
FRLCON 5
TIME I SECI
SENSOR G11 17M
.26
. 21
.21
.2s
.lE
TI ME lSECl
FRLCON 5 SENSOR G12 5bl
1 " " " " " " "
TI HE I S E C I
FRLCON 5 SENSOR G I 2 17M
1
.26
.21
.22
.2#
. 18
z .16
0
M
& .lY
h
+
z . I ? w
0
5 .LO
u
n
. E8
.ed
. m
.82
TIME I SEC)
F-92
FRLCON 5 SFNSOR 606 1M
T I ME I SEC)
FRLCON 5 SENSOR G06 1I H
.15
F-93
FA1
.9#
.85
.e8
.75
.7#
.65
.6B
g .ss
& .51
E .'is
g ,111
H
z
z
0
0 .35
* .31
.25
.21
.16
.I @
.05
.09
.95
,98
. e5
.88
.75
.78
.65
.68
6 . 55
2 .58
g .Lf8
w
CT
z
z
0 .36 0
% .38
.25
.2R
.I5
* . Y5
. g 6 - " " " " " '
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
" " " I ' " " '
A I I I I
- - z : ~ ~ $ g $ % $ z . z z r F . z 8 E 8
T I NE ISEC)
FRLCON 5 SENSOR Glll 5M
. 9 5 L '
.90 -
.e5 -
.w
.75
.79 -
.66
.61 -
" ' ' " ~ '
-
-
-
TI NE ( SEC)
NO SENSOR
F-94
. %P
. Y2
. YB
. 98
.36
.3rl
.32
. 38
. ' 4 6 r . , , , , , * , , , , , , , , , , , ,
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
. %P
. Y2
. YB
. 98
.36
.3rl
.32
. 38
F-95
. ' 4 6 r . , , , , , * , , , , , , , ,
-
-
-
-
-
1
-
-
NO SENSOR
Vapor Concentration Crosswind Contours
Appendix G .
G. l : Falcon 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G- 2
G.2: Fal con2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-15
G.3: Falcon 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G-27
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
G.4: Falcon 4 G-52
G- 1
G. 1 Falcon 1 Vapor Concentration Crosswind Contours
6- 2
L
W c
al
e
-
'*[GL38 G89 G.1 0 G i 1 G i 2 G i 3 G I 4
G.1 0 Gi 1 G i 2
Hot- ,zontal ( me t e r s 1
G- 3
Hor i z c l r ~tal I r l eter s )
1 5 0 m Rov Time = 100 sec. Data avg. over 5. sec.
F al c o n 1 1387
w ' ' I ' ' " I ' ' " ' ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I " " ' ' ' ' ' " ' ' I " ' " ' ' ' '
'3
G-4
L
Hor I zori ta I [ meter S I
T i me = 1118 s e c . DaTa avg. over 5. z ec. i 5 o rl r, o il
Fal con 1 i 987
Hur I znri ta I I meT?r S I
Tl me - 160 S E C. Data svg. o,/ er 5. jet. 1 5 0 m Fin i!
Fal c on 1 13e7
G-5
Hor I zorl ta I I meter S I
Time = 180 z e c . Data avg. over 5. s e c . 150m R o w
F a l c o n 1 1987
W
= E ';E
Y 2
Hclr i z or l tal I me t e r s l
Tt mp - 201ii set. Data avg. oger 5. sec. 1 5 mN l R r i W
F a l c o n 1 1' 387
G-6
Hor I z o nt al [meter S I
Ti me = 22L3 c.ec. Data avg. over 5. s e c . 150m Rov
F a l c o n 1 1387
e ~ ~ ~ " " ' ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ' ~ " ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ' ~ ~ ' " ' ~" " " " " " " " ' " ' i ' " ' l ' ' ' ' ~' -
16 -
-
111 -
-
-
+
E
w 10
- L
G- 7
Hor 1 zorcta I l met er sl
T i me = 260 s e c . Dat a avg. over 5. s e c . 1 5 @ m Row
F al con 1 1987
Hor ~z o r i t a l I met er sl
T ~me - 2 8 0 5 e c . Dat a 9 . ~ 3 . ovcr 5. sec. 150m R ow
F al c on 1 1987
G-8
L , t 4
Hor ~z ont al I meY er s )
T l m e = 3 0 0 E ~ C . Uata av3. ovei 5. s e c . 150m R ow
1387
-
r al con 1
~' " " ' " ' " " " " ' ' I
I ~ " ' I ' / I / ' ' ' / ' 1
l " " l " " l " " I '
G-9
sec. 1 5 0 m R o w
-
Ln
L W
+
W
E
-
+
c
m
Hor I z onta I
F a l c o n 1 1987
(meter S I
150m R ow
Time = 3 ' i 0 sec. Data avg. over 5. sec.
G-10
Hor I z onta I
[ me t e r 5 )
Tlme = 380 s e c . Data av3. over 5. sec. 150m R o w
Fal c on 1 1987
Hor ~z o r i t s l [meter s 1
Time - ti00 s e c . Ds ta s v3. Q Y ? ; 5. 5135. 150m?ow
F al c on 1 13E7
Hor ~z nnt al ( meters 1
T i m e = Y 2 0 S F C . Data av3. over 5. s e c . 1 5 0 m Ro:,
F a l c o n 1 1387
- c
.
Hor ~z o n t a l ( met er s 1
T i m e = 960 sec. Data avg. over 5. sec. 1 5 0 m Row
Fal con 1 1987
L
L
i
G-13
2 -
Hor i zcl ntal ( meters 1
Tl me - 520 j e c . Data svg. Q V F ~ 5. ~ F C . 158m Row
Fal c on 1 1987
. 5- -
\,
G-14
G.2 Fdcon 2 Vapor Concentration Crosswind Contoms
6-15
F al c on 2 1987
G 2 0 G 2 4
G i 6
G i 7 G i 8
-
W
r 6
ti 6 G i 7
G i 9
Hor lzontal ( meter s )
G-16
L
:
E
-
3
Hor I zont a I [meter S I
Time = 150 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec. 250m R o w
F al c o n 2 1987
L
5
E
-
Hor I zori ta I [meter si
Tlme - 160 sec. Uata avg. over 5. s e c . 250m R r i w
F al c on 2 1987
G-17
P
Hor ~z o n t a l [ meter s )
T i me = 170 S E C . Data avg. over 5. sec
F al c o n '2 1387
250m How
F ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ " ~ " ~ ~ '
1 ' ' ' ~ " ' ' ' ~ ' ' ~ ' I
16
12
Iql lffi
Hor I zonta I [meter S I
250m Row
T l me 180 s e c . Data avg. over 5. s e c .
F al c on 2 1987
G-18 '
Hor I z onta I l meter S I
Ti me = 130 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec. 250m Row
F al c or i 2 1387
Hor I z onta I [meter S I
T l me - 200 sec. Data avg. over 5. s e c . 250m Raw
Fal con 2 1987
G-19
~ l " i " " ~ " " " " ' ~ ' ' ' " ' ' l " " 1 ,
Hor I zori ta I [ m e t e r S I
Tlme = 210 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec. 250m R o w
F al c on 2 1987
F I ' " ' ~ ' ~ " ~ ' " " " ' i " " i ' '
I ' / ' I " ' ' I -
-
t
Ho r i z o nt al [meter s )
T i me = 220 s e c . 02t 3 avg. over 5. set. 250m R a w
F a l c o n 2 1387
G-20
Ti me = 23D sec. Data av3. over 5. s e c . 25Dm Row
F a l c o n 2 1987
16
Hor ~z o n t a l l met er sl
T l me = 2q0 sec. Data s vg. over 5. ser,. 25Dm R ow
F al c on 2 1587
G-21
Hor ~z ont al ( rnyters)
25ffim R ow
Time = 258 s e c . Data avg. over 5. s e c .
Fal c on 2 1987
Hor I zorl ta I [meter S I
T ~me - 2Effi sec. Data avg. ovyr 5. s e c . 250m R o w
F a l c o n 2 1987
G-22
Hor I zori ta I ( me t e r S I
T i me = 270 sec. Data avg. over 5. sec. 2501~1 R o w
F al c on 2 1987
Ti me - 280 sec. Data avg. o v ~ r 5. sec. 250m Row
F al c on 2 1987
Hor I zclrlta I
(meter 5 )
Tlme = 290 sec. Data avg. over 5. sec. 250m R o w
F a l c o n 2 1387
G-24
0
Hor l z o nt al ( meter s )
Ti me = 3 1 0 s ec. Data av3. over 5. s e c . 250m R o w
F al c on 2 1987
L
2 'u i E 1
E
Ho r i z o nt al ( meters 1
250m R ow
T I NI F - 320 s e c . Data svg. over 5. s e c .
F al c on 2 1987
G-25
16
111
2 -
0 -
a-
Hor t z ontal (meter s j
Time = 330 sec. Data avg. over 5. 5 e c . 250m R ow
F al c o n 2 1987
I ~ ' ' ~ I ' ' ' " 1 ' ~ " I ' ' ' ~ t
I ' " ' I ' " "
-
-
t " " ' I " " '
1 " ~ ' " ' ' '
1 ' ' ' ~ 1 ~ " ' ~
Hor I z onta I [ me t e r 51
T I K I ~ - 3Y0 S E C. Data s v 3 . over 5. S e C . 250m R ow
Fal c on 2 1987
G-26
6 . 3 Falcon 3 Vapor Concentration Crosswind Contours
6-27
G09 G i 0 G i 1 G i 2
G-28
-
v)
L
W +
W
E
I
t
I =
m
-
W
r
Hor tz orl tal I meter s l
Ti me = 100 s ec. Data avg. over 5. sec. 150m Row
F a l c o n 3 1987
0 %
" 'k ' ' ' k' "2 ' l'2 ' "2 " ' ' 'k " j2 ' j'k ' ' 'k ' ' & ' ' '2
- e d m =c u, c cu UJ f. m c4 -
, , I , ( , ,
Hor I zorl ta I [ meter S I
T i me - 320 zec. Data avg. over 5. sec.
F a l c o n 3 1387
G-29
Hor I zori ta I
( meter S I
T i m e = l l l 0 s e c . U a t a avg. over 5. S E C . 150m How
Fal c on 3 i 987
1 ~ ' ' ~ 1 ~ " ' ~ ' " ' ~ ' ' 1 l " " l ' " ' ~ " ' ' ~
I ' " ' I ' ~' ' ~" ' " ' " I I '
16
Hor I zorl ta I
I metor S I
T,me - 160 s e c . Da t a avg. over 5. S e c . 150m Row
F al corr 3 1987
G-30
Hor I z onta I
Fal con 3 1987
( meter S I
150m R o w
T i me = 180 zec. Data av3. over 5. sec.
1q t
E
G-31
"r 2
Hor l zont al ( meter s )
150m R o w
T i me = 220 cec. Data av3. over 5. sec.
F al c o n 3 1987
c
1'1
12
10
e
E
'1
Hor ~z o n t a l l meter s l
Tlme - 290 s e c . Uata av 3. over 5. s e c . 150m R o w
F al c on 3 1987
G-32
P ' I " " 1
-
m
L
W t
ru
E
-
+
S
CT)
W
S
-
Hor I z onta I [ meter S I
T i me = 260 zec. Data avg. over 5. sec. I 5 0 m R o w
F a l c o n 3 1987
Hor I z onta I [ met er S I
T l me - 280 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec. 150rri R r i v
F a l c o n 3 13E7
G-33
b
1
1
1
-
m
L
w c
E
w 1
Hor 4 z onta I [ meter S I
T i me = 300 s e c . Data avg. over 5. s e c . 150m Row
1987
-
F al c on 5
Hor ~z o n t a l [ met er s)
Time - 32m s e c . Da t a av3. O V P T 5. sec. 1 5 0 m F-ow
F al c on 3 1387
G-34
c
Hor I z onta I (meter S I
Ti me = 390 s e c . Data avg. over 5. s e c . 1 5 0 m R o w
F al c o n 3 1987
m
= E
-
W
Y
2
0
Hor I z onta I (rrleter S I
Time - 3 6 0 ~ e c . Data avg. over 5. sec. 15Bm How
Fal con 3 1957
G-35
0 " ' I ' " ' " ' I 1 ' " ' " " ' 1 ' 9 1
l ' " " ' ' ' ~~' " ' ~ I " " I " " I ' T
-
16 -
-
G-36
19
-
Hor l zont al ( me t e r s 1
T i me = Lfi-0 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec. 150m R o w
Fa1Coi-l 3 1987
Hor ~z o n t a l r r ~e t e r s l
Tirile - L f Y 0 s e c . Data avy. over 5. sec. 1 5 0 m Roi i
F a l c o n 3 1987
G-37
- ul 12
i'\
Hor ~z o r i t a l ( meters 1
Ti me = Lt60 sec. Data avg. over 5. sec. 1 5 0 m R o w
F a l c o n 3 19217
G-38
L
W t
W
E
I
0 22 P I I I I I I , Lo u, f. TTi c v - - c\1 c' , 9 u3 r-
T i m e = 500 sec. Data avg. over 5. sec. 1 5 0 m R o w
F al c on 3 1387
G-39
I ; - ( D U , l r n - c \ I ( ? I I I , W P
/ , , < , I
Hor ~z o r i t a l ( meters 1
Ti me = 5Ll0 5 e c . Data av3. over 5 . sec. 150m Row
F al c on 3 1987
Hor l zont al [meter s ]
Time - 5 6 0 sec. Ds ta avg. over 5. sec. 1 5 0 m R ow
F al c o n 3 1957
G-40
' t :
2 61:
c a m Z Z ' W ' 9 " " - .E z F w ,z F
1 'k ' j ' ' ' " ' ' I ' I ' ' 2 ' ' 1 ' " ' ' ' ' j ' ' I ' ' ' I " ' ' " I ' ' " " ' ' '
I I I I / I I
Hor 1z ont 31 ( me t e r s )
Ti me = 5 6 0 s e c . Data avg. over 5 . sec. 150m R o w
F a l c o n 3 1987
Hor I z ont3 I I ~e t e r sl
Time - 0 0 SFT. Ds ta avq. over 5. sec. 150m R ow
F a I c ur 3 1987
G-41
2
qI i
G-42
-
m
i
Hor l zont al (rrl etersl
T i me = 660 sec. Data a v g . over 5. 5ec. 150m Row
F a l c o n 3 1987
Hnr I z onta I
[rneter S I
150m Row
Time - 680 s e c . D8ta avg. over 5. s e c .
F al c o n 3 1987
G-43
Hor lzcrntal ( meters 1
Time = 700 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec. 150m Row
Fal con 3 1357
Hor ~z o n t a l ( meter s )
Ttme - 72U S P C. Data 3vg. over 5. sec. 150m Row
F al r, on 3 1387
G-44
L
W t
W
E
-
Hor I zorl ta I ( meter S I
Time = 7'10 s e c . Data avg. over 5. s ec. 150m Rou
F al c o n 3 1987
G-45
m
L
W t LU
E
-
0
CJ I? 7 u, uj r-
P a , I " : : : T ' ; " ,
or I zorl ta I
(meter 51
150m Row
T i me = 780 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec.
F a l c o n 3 1387
Hor ~z o r ~t a l ( meters 1
150m Kow
T ~ m e - 8 0 0 set:. Data s vg. O v e r 5. S eT .
F a l c o n 3 1387
G-46
T I me
Hor I z onta I
= 820 s e c . Data avg. over 5. s e c .
Fal con 3 1987
[meter S I
150m Row
Hor I z onta I Irrleter S I
Tl me - 890 s e c . Data avg. ci ver 5. sec. 150m Rob
Fal con 3 1387
G-47
-
m
L
W c
E
I
c
f cn
W
3z
-
Hor I z onta I
Fal c on 3 1387
[meter S I
Ti me = 8 6 0 s e c . Data avg. over 5. 5e c . 150m Row
1
1
c r
-
0
W
I
-
Hor I zori ta I
F;_ ilr,on 3 1387
[meter S I
T i me . 8 3 0 5 e c . Data avg. over 5. ser;. 150m R ow
G-48
-
m
L
W
t
a,
E
-
t
f
m
W
I
-
-
m
L
W c
W
E
-
t
f
CT)
W
1
-
0 Ljrk " '2 ' ' ,k " ,rk " ,c2 ' ' ,2 " ,2 " ,rk " , A ' ' ,2 " '2 " 'k ' ' k ' ,rk " ,k
r - c D L o f . m c u - - C W m J L n u ' c
Hor t z orl tal [meter S I
T i me = 9 0 0 s e c . Data avg. uver 5. s e c . 150m R o w
I I I I I I ,
F a l c o n 3 1987
150m Row
T i me = 920 sec. Data avg. over 5. set.
F al c on 3 1387
G-49
l ' " ' l " " 1 ~ " ~ ~
1" " 1" " I ' " ' " ' I
-
=
16
G-50
-
Y
::/ 2
0 ! G '2 ' "2 " '4 ' ' ' A " '& ' "2 ' "& ' ' ' L ' ' '2 ' ' ' A ' ' ' A ' ' 'k ' ' ' 2 " ' L " 'k
r - c u m Y m c \ I - - <\I (3 =- rn co P
I , , , , , ,
Hor I zorl ta I ( meter S I
T i me = 380 s e c . Data av3. over 5. sec. 150m R ow
Fal c on 3 1387
Tim? - 1000 s e c . Data avg. over 5. s e c . 150N1 PI OW
F a l ~o n 3 1387
G-51
6 . 4 Falcon 4 Vapor Concentration Crosswind Contours
6-52
I
G b 8 G b 2 G.10 G'l l G I 2 G 8 6 G i q G I
'
' L G09 G b 8 G b 2 G I 0 G I 1 G I 2 G 8 6 G I Y G1
3
G-53
10 L
Hor l z o nt al ( meter s )
150m Row
T i me = 100 sec. Data avg. over 5. sec.
F al c on Cl 1987
Hor l z o nt ai I rneters l
150m Row
T ~me - 120 s e c . Data avg. over 5. s e c .
Fal con Lf 1987
T ~me = li0 s e c . Data av3. over 5. sec. 150m R o w
F al corl 9 1987
Tlme - 160 sec. Ds ta avg. aver 5. sec. 150m R QU
F al c on Lf 1987
G-55
-
m
L
W t
W
E
-
t
f
cn
W
r
-
IC
1 Y
12 -
m
L
W c
W
E
-
L I . I . l . " l I 1 , l , l . , . , , , , , , , . , , , ,
- -
I " " I " 7 7 ;
-
-
- -
Hor ~z ont al (rrl eters)
150m R ow
Ti me = 180 S T C . Oata avg. over 5. sec.
Fal con Ll 1957
G-56
1 5 0 m R ow
Tl me = 220 s e c . Data ava. over 5. s e c .
F al c on 1987
I ' ' ' , I ' ' I
I " ' 1 ' ' I
1 " ' ' I '
'''l'''i
16
G-57
b
1s
1 Y
1 ' ' " 1 ' ~ 1 1 1 ~ 1 1 1 1 , , , , , , , ,
-
1 7 ' 7 , I , , . I [ , , , .
-
-
Hor l z o nt a l ( me t e r s ) -
G-58
T ~ m e = 3 0 0 s e c .
F a
Hor I zori ta I
Data avg. over 5. 5ec. 150m How
IWiETer 5 1
c on 1387
Ti me . 3 2 0 5 e c . Ds ta svg. over 5. 5 e c . 150m ROL J
Fal c on 1397
G-59
Hor i zont al l rneters l
Ti me = 310 sec. Data avg. over 5. sec. 150m R o w
Fal c on L l 1987
Hor i z ori tat [rri etersl
150m R ow
Tl me - 3Cn sec. Ds ta avg. over 5. s e c .
F al c on Lf 1387
G-60
T i me - q00 5e c . Data avg. over 5 . s e c . 1 5 0 m How
F a l c o n 1957
G-61
Hor I zorl ta I
[meter S I
150m Ro w
Time = 420 sec. Oat a avg. over 5. sec.
F al c o n kl 1987
G-62
Time - Lt80 s e c . Data av3. o v e r 5. se'c. 1 5 0 m Rou
F al c on Lf 1387
G-63
-
-
'9 m
I E3 CG
-
m m
cu 3. CD
W W
'9 m
m
u3 3. c\1
m
~ ~ ~ " ~ ~ " " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ' " ' " ' ' ' ~ " ' ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ , , I , , , , ~ , , , , ~ '9 - 05
Hor l z or l tal I rneters i
T i me = 500 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec. 150rn R o w
F al c o n Li 1987
-
Hor ~z o r t t a l [meter s )
1 5 0 m Row
T l me - 5 2 0 s e c . Data avg. over 5. s ec .
F al c on 9 1987
G-64
i
i50m R ow
Time = 5Y0 sec. Data avg. over 5. sec.
Fal c on 1987
G-65
10 1 2 b
Time = 580 s e c .
F a
l . , , , l , , , , l , , , , l , , , , ~ , , , , I , , , , I
i
W W
I
'9 W
N W 03
-
m cD m f. cp cu '9 f.
Hor I zorl ts I [meter S I
Data avg. over 5. sec.
150m Rou
con 'i 1387
T i me . 6 0 0 s e c . Data avg. o ' ~e r 5. S ~ C . 1 5 0 m R ow
F al c on Lf 1357
G-66
15E m R o w
T i me = 620 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec.
Fal c on 1387
t ' " " " " " " ' ~
1 ' " ' I ' " ' ~ '
I " ' I ' ' , I
T ~ m a . 6L10 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec. 150m R c v
F a l c o n 6l 1387
G-67
i " " i ' ~' . - i " " " " ' i ' " ' i a ' " I ' ' ' ' I ' " I " ' ,
16
Hor I z onta I ( meter s )
Time = 660 s e c . Data avg. over 5. sec. 150m R ow
F al c on '-f 1987
W W
03
z
Hor I z o n t b I ( meters 1
Tlme - 680 s e c . Data avq. over 5. sec. 1 5 0 m R G W
cs co 5 I 5 <.J
W W
'4
'4 f. 9 'LI '9 v3
%a"' ' j ' I ' " ' i ' " ' ' ' ' ' I I " , ' ' I ' I " ' I ' ' ' I ' ' I
c3
-
F al c on L4 1987
G-68
16
Hor ~z o n t a l ( meters 1
-
-
Ti me = 700 s e c . Data avg. over 5. s ec. 150m R o w
F al c o n kl 1987
t" " " " ' " " ' " ' " " ~ ' ' " ' a 1 ~ " ' I ' ~ " I " ' '
T l me - 720 cec.
F a
; = c3 I '9 'N c3 W c.J m f. 0 r, 5 -
Ho r i z o nt al I meter s l
Data avg. over 5. sec. 1 5 @ m R o w
con kl 1987
G-69

Falcon Series Data Report - 1987 LNG Vapor Barrier Verification Field Trials

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Falcon Series Data Report - 1987 LNG Vapor Barrier Verification Field Trials

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1987 LNG Vapor Barrier Verification Field Trials

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