- 1

WAVES
A method of energy transfer involving some form of vibration is called waves.
For instance, the waves on the surface of the liquid or along a strong stretched
involve regular to and fro motion of particulars around a mean position.
EXAMPLES OF WAVES IN OUR DAILY LIFE:-
EXAMPLE 1
Often children playing near a pond drop a pebble or stone into the pond water to
produce circular shaped repels on the surface of calm or still water.
EXAMPLE -2
The children amuse themselves when they give continuous jerk to a rope and try
to make a snake like shape.
Oscillation Motion Vi!"ation# :-
D$%& ' 1:-
Any regular repeated to and fro motion or change is called vibratory or oscillatory
motion.
D$%& ' 2:-
f body is in periodic motion moves back and forth over a same path this motion
is called oscillation or vibration.
(OMMON EXAMPLE OF VI)RA*ORY MO*ION:-
!. The swinging bob of pendulum.
". #alance wheel of a watch.
$. A violin string.
%. Any mass attached to the spring.
MASS A**A(+ED *O *+E SPRIN,:-
&ibration closely related to elasticity of body. The phenomenon of elasticity is
closely linked with that of vibration or oscillation.
- 1
t is the common e'perience that when some elastic material for e'ample(
a mass attached to one end of spring and placed on a frictionless hori)ontal surface as
shown in figure, if it is displaced from its normal and equilibrium position and then
released it will move through the equilibrium position and become e'tended in the
opposite direction.
*aving e'tended itself to the other side of its normal position the motion is
reversed and is directed back towards the equilibrium position where it again goes to
other side.
SIMPLE +ARMONI( MO*ION:-
The motion of body is subjected to restraining force directly proportional to the
displacement from a fi' point in the line of motion. The force equilibrium is (
M- . /-
D$%& ' 2:-
n simple harmonic motion the acceleration is always directed towards a fi' point
know as 0E12ili!"i23 4osition5 which is opposite to the distance of displacement.
The magnitude of acceleration is proportional to the displacement - from the foot
object falls at (6 of the plate. The points lying between A6 and (6&
EXAMPLE:-
#alance wheel of a watch, a violin string, a mass attached to the string motion of
the protection of a body with uniform circular motion.
MA*+EMA*I(ALLY:-
a - -
+egative sign shows the acceleration is directed towards the mean position.
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(ONDI*ION FOR S+M
Follo7in8 a"$ t9$ con:itions o% S+M:
!. The body must be acted upon by some restoring force.
". The body must have inertia.
$. The acceleration should be directly proportional to displacement.
%. The system should be elastic.
,. The acceleration should be directed to mean position.
PROOF OF SIMPLE +ARMONI( MO*ION:-
-onsider a mass .m/ attached to one end of a spring and placed on a hori)ontal
surface as shown in fig. 0et the mass in given a small displacement.
X by force F
The applied force = F x
F = K x
According to Hook la!"
1hen a body attached to a spring is given a small displacement .'/ by a .F/ the
spring e'erts an equal but opposite restoring force given by
F . -;-
+egative sign shows that the direction of the force is opposite to applied force
and opposite to displacement.
2ue to the restoring force the body begins to move to equilibrium position and
continuous to move to and fro with an acceleration .a/
F . 3a . ;-
A . -/ -
3
a . - constant# -
a - -
This is mathematical form of 3*4. Thus .a/ e'ecutes 3*4 under influence of
elastic restoring force.
0 *IME PERIOD 0
Time taken by a vibrating body to complete a full cycle is known as time period of
the body. t is denoted by T. ts dimension is . t ..
E-a34l$:-
!. 3econd pendulum takes " seconds for a complete cycle so the time period of
second pendulum is "s.
". 5arth takes "% hours for a complete cycle so the time period of earth is "%
hours.
< FRE=UEN(Y <
The number of vibration completed by a vibrating body in one second is called
frequency.
ts unit is
!6 -ycle7sec. "6 -ycle7min. $6 *ert) %6 8evolution7sec.
#$%$ &nit i
%t for'&la i f = 1
T
- (
DISPLA(EMEN* :-
t is the distance of a vibrating body at any instant from the mean position. The
displacement of a body e'ecuting simple harmonic motion at a time . t . is given by
x = x co )!t-*+, y = A in )kx - !t+
!here )kx - !t+ i called phae
x = a'plit&de
< AMPLI*UDE <
The ma'imum displacement of a vibration b7w its mean position to an e'treme
position is called amplitude of that motion.
EXAMPLE:
f the total displacement between two e'treme position is "m the amplitude will
!m.
FORMULA:-
SIMPLE PENDULUM IS AN EXAMPLE OF SIMPLE +ARMONI( MO*ION
An ideal simple pendulum is a system which consists of a point mass particle
suspended by a light, fle'ible, inelastic, soft and weightless string. The string should be
tied to a fi'ed rigid support.
WOR;IN,:-
According to the figure in the beginning the bob of the pendulum is at 9 o 9 then it
is displaced to 9 A 9 as . ' .
then the !ork done
Fd = Fx
and bob restores a force 9 :F 9 which is equal in magnitude and a point to applied force
.F/.
The bob gains ma'imum potential energy at .A/. 1hen release it starts periodic
motion, it means that potential energy is greater at .A/ and .#/ and ;inetic energy is
ma'imum at 9O< due to ma'imum velocity.
1hich proves that the velocity of pendulum decreases at the time when it is
moving .O/ to .A/ or .O/ to .#/ and velocity decreasing means acceleration is negative at
e'treme position which is )ero.
Therefore, acceleration of bob is directly proportional to displacement in opposite
direction
which proves the motion of pendulum is simple harmonic.
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*IME PERIOD OF SIMPLE PENDULUM:-
f the amplitude of simple pendulum is very small then the time period of
pendulum is given by
where
0 = length of pendulum
g = acceleration due to gravity
when the time period of a pendulum is taken "s to complete one oscillation then it is
said to be 9second pendulum<. Therefore this time of pendulum is used in clock to
record time.
UNI* OF *IME PERIOD:-
3. units of time period = second = s
0 RESONAN(E 0
DEF& 1 :-
1henever the frequency of a vibrating body acting on a system coincides with
the natural frequency of the system, then the induced or forced vibration has a very
large amplitude, this unique case of forced vibration is called 8esonance.
DEF& 2 :-
The large amplitude vibration of an object or system is called resonance when
the system given in pulses at its natural frequency.
EXAMPLE :-
A PENDULUM SWIN,S A* NA*URAL FRE=UEN(Y
A pendulum can swing with a natural frequency that depends upon its length and
mass. f it is given a periodic push at the frequency.
#ecause the amplitude is increased with a little effort and much more effort is
required to produce a swing of the same amplitude at a different frequency.
DEMONS*RA*ION :- EXAMPLE OF RESONAN(E#
-onsider a long string or a metallic wire, stretched tightly b7w two pegs. Four
pendulums A, #, -, and 2 of different lengths are fastened to the string or wire. Another
pendulum of the same length as that of # is also fastened as shown in figure
- / -
1hen pendulum is set swinging it will be observed that all the pendulums starts
to swing but pendulum # begins to vibrate with increasingly larger amplitude.
As pendulum is set into vibration it imposes its motion to the string or metallic
wire. This string in turn imparts the same periodic motion to the pendulum tied to it. The
natural frequency of all other pendulums e'cept pendulum # being different, they do not
respond to the same e'tent to the motion imparted from the string. >endulum #
responds as its natural frequency agrees with the frequency of the motion of the string
which in turn was supplied by the vibrating pendulum. The phenomenon under which
pendulum # begins to vibrate is called resonance.
WAVE MO*ION
DEF& 1 : 1ave motion is a form of disturbance which travels through a medium due to
periodic motion of particles of medium about their mean position.
DEF& 2 : 1ave motion is a form of energy transfer that maybe described as a wave
rather than as a stream of particles.
The term wave motion is also sometimes used to mean any harmonic motion.
EXAMPLE: 1hen we dip a pencil into a tub of water it produces circles.
?ps and downs jerk of rope.
EXPLANA*ION : 1aves can also be produced on very long ropes or strings. f one end
of the rope is fi'ed and the other end is given a sudden up and down jerk a pulse
shaped wave is formed which travels along the rope, see figure(
f however, jerking of the rope is continued a number of wave pulses will be
produced. This is called a wave train and it travels along the rope. From the above
observations it may be concluded that . A wave is a traveling disturbance./
PRODU(*ION OF WAVES :-
1aves can also be produced on a very long ropes or strings. f one end of the
rope is fi'ed and the other end is given a sudden up and down jerk a pulse shaped
wave is formed which travels along the rope which is a traveling disturbance.
ALON,A*IVE OR REFRA(*IVE WAVES :-
1hen a long loosely spring fasten one and again and placed on smooth and
hori)ontal table then the spring drags some of joining and the spring is elongated. 3o
the binging is increased. This is known refraction or elongation of waves.
(OMPRESSION OR (ONDENSA*ION :-
The region where the inter@winding distance is less than the normal is called
compression or condensations.
*YPES OF WAVES :-
There are many kinds of waves depending on the kind of disturbances that is
created by the source of waves and the kind of materials or medium the wave travel
through. t is useful, therefore, to introduce two basic types of waves
!6 Transverse waves A8adio waves, light waves, micro waves, wave in strings,
wave in water6
"6 0ongitudinal waves A3ound waves, seismic waves6
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*RANSVERSE WAVES :-
Transverse waves are that waves in which particles of the medium vibrate
perpendicular to the direction in which the waves travels.
1aves formed on the surface of water are transverse waves, because molecules
of water vibrate up and down when water travels along its surface.
All electromagnetic waves Alight, radio and T.&. waves, heat waves etc.6 are
transverse waves.
A transverse wave is composed of alternate crests and troughs.
LON,I*UDINAL WAVES :-
0ongitudinal waves are those waves in which particles of the medium vibrate
parallel to the direction of the wave motion.
3ound waves in air are longitudinal waves. A longitudinal wave is composed to
alternate compressions and rarefactions. A-ompression corresponds to crest and
rarefaction corresponds to trough6.
(+ARA(*ERIS*I(S OF WAVES:-
FRE=UEN(Y:-
+umber of vibrations or cycles per unit time or number of cycle completed in one
second is called frequency.
%t i denoted by 1 f 1
Fre2&ency = 3o$ of 4ibration
ti'e
*IME PERIOD :-
Time required to complete one vibration is called time period. t is denoted by .T/
Ti'e period = 55555515555555
Fre2&ency
WAVE LEN,*+ :-
The distance between two consecutive crest or trough is called wave length. t is
denoted by 90ambda<.
AMPLI*UDE :-
t is a ma'imum displacement of a body on either side of its mean position.
WAVE VELO(I*Y :-
A simple relation e'ists between the wave length, the time period and the
velocity of a wave. The speed of a wave is the distance traveled by it in a unit time Ain
the direction of wave6
6elocity = ditance = !a4elength
ti'e ti'e period
)E+AVIOUR OF WAVES :-
There are following three behaviors of waves.
1$ 78F98:T%;3
2$ %3T87F8783:8
($ #TAT%;3A7< =A68#
- >
1& REFLE(*ION OF WAVES :-
A wave can be bounced back from a surfaceB this bouncing back of waves from
a surface is called reflection.
The angle at which the wave is reflected is equal to the angle at which is incident
on its surface
r = i
The waves coming from the source and hitting an obstacle are called incident
waves.
Those seem to originate from the barrier are called reflected waves.
#oth the waves have same frequencies due to having the same source. 3ome
source in the same medium having uniform depth
EXAMPLE ' 1 : -lapping of sound on a cliff. f someone hears the sound of a clap a
second time, this is because of the waves turned back in the same medium. The
second sound of the clap is due to the bouncing back of the sound of the wave surface
of cliff of a distant wall in a hall. The gap between clapping and hearing depends upon
the distance between clapping and reflecting surface.
The sound wave obeys the same laws of reflection as the light waves.
EXAMPLE ' 2 : (+ILDREN PLAY WI*+ MIRROR :-
-hildren play with mirrors flashing sunlight into the eyes of other children. The
light is reflected by the mirror in a proper direction, the sunrays can be thrown in many
directions.
The longitudinal waves such as sound wave obey the same laws of reflection as
the light waves.
2& IN*ERFEREN(E:-
DEFINA*ION ' 1 :- 1hen two coherent waves traveling in a linear medium, arrived at a
point simultaneously they super@impose each other as the results somewhere the effect
becomes higher and somewhere it becomes lower. This phenomenon is called
interference of waves.
DEFINA*ION ' 2 :- #y interference we mean the interaction of two waves passing
through the same region of space at the same time.
*YPES OF IN*ERFEREN(E:-
There are two types of interference(
1$ :ontr&cti4e interference
2$ ?etr&cti4e interference
1& (onst"2cti>$ int$"%$"$nc$ :- f by the interference of the two waves, results a wave
of greater amplitude the interference is called constructive interference.
- @ -
2& D$st"2cti>$ int$"%$"$nc$ :- f the interference of two waves results as wave of )ero
amplitude then the interference is called destructive interference.
EXAMPLE:-
%3T87F8783:8 ;F #;A3? =A68#
%3T87F8783:8 ;F 78#;383:8 ;F #;A3? =A68#
SE*S OF WAVES FORMED )Y DROPPIN, S*ONES:-
1e supposed " different sets of waves of amplitude formed on the surface
approach each other. The waves may have started from the opposite ends of a string or
they may be two circular waves formed on surface of water when two stones are
dropped in it.
#y interference we mean the interaction of two waves passing through the same
region of space at the same time.
?& S*A*IONARY WAVES :- S*ANDIN, WAVES#
DEF& ' 1 :- Two waves of the same amplitude and frequency traveling in opposite
direction meet one another, the resulting interference pattern gives rise to what are
called standing waves or stationary waves.
EXAMPLE:-
=a4e in a tring !hich i tied it both end
=a4e in a tring of a g&itar etc$
DEF& ' 2 :- A standing Astationary6 wave is produced when two waves of the same
amplitude and frequency that are traveling in the opposite directions are combined.
- B
SOUND:-
3ound is a form of energy which is produced by a vibrating body. 1henever a
sound is produced the vibration of the sounding body can be seen or felt.
EXAMPLE ' 1 : A metallic vessel is struck with a spoon, it starts giving out sound and
the vibration of the vessel can be felt by touching it gently with hand.
(ON(LUSION:- The sound is produced only if a body is vibrating.
EXAMPLE ' 2 : 3trike a tuning fork on a rubber pad. A peculiar sound is produced and
the prongs of the tuning fork begin to vibrate.
(ON(LUSION:- The sound is produced only if a body is vibrating.
DEMONS*RA*ION OF SOUND :-
&ibration can be demonstrated by bringing a pith ball suspended by a thread
near one of its prongs. The pith ball will fly away as soon as it touches the prong.
EXAMPLE : 1e switch on a radio and make its sound louder, its cabinet will start
vibrating. f we place small pieces of paper on its cabinet they will start vibrating.
(ON(LUSION:- The sound is produced only if a body is vibrating.
PROPA,A*ION OF SOUND:- t is a fact that a medium is necessary for the
propagation of sound.
EXPERIMEN*:- 3uspend an electric bell in a jar by its wires through a cork fi'ed in its
mouth, then switch on the bell.
O)SERVA*ION:- 1e will hear the sound of bell.
EX+AUS*IN, *+E AIR:- +ow we start removing the air from the jar with the help of an
e'haust pump
O)SERVA*ION:- The loudness of sound of the bell will start decreasing ultimately
through the hammer which is still seen striking the bell.
(ON(LUSION:- Air is necessary for the propagation of sound due to impact a material
medium, such as air water and metal.
AUDI)LE FRE=UEN(Y RAN,E S(IEN*IFI( REASON#
1hy a sound is not heard when a simple pendulum is vibrating.
The frequency of sound is very low. The human ear can only hear the
frequencies between 2* HC to 2*,*** HC$ The ear drum cannot vibrate with 2*,*** HC$
- 1*
*YPES OF SOUND WAVES:- There are three main types of sound waves.
1+ A&dible o&nd !a4e
2+ %nfraonic o&nd !a4e
(+ Altraonic o&nd !a4e
AUDI)LE SOUND WAVES:- Through these waves we can hear because these waves
have the frequency between "C *) to "C,CCC *).
INFRASONI( SOUND WAVES:- The frequency of sound waves below than "C *) are
known as infrasonic sound waves.
EXAMPLE:- 5arthquake waves.
UL*RASONI( SOUND WAVES:- The longitudinal waves with frequencies above the
audible range are known as ultrasonic sound waves.
Theses waves are usually produced by setting a quart) crystal to oscillate
electrically up to the order of 1*$
VELO(I*Y OF SOUND:- &elocity of sound is slower than the velocity of light.
ME*+OD:- To find the velocity of sound we are performing the following method(
3elect two stations at a distance of D km to !C km such that no obstacle between
them of any kind manly visual.
Fire a gun from station A and ask your friend at station # to start a stop watch on
seeing the flash and stop it on hearing the sound of the gun.
The time taking the sound to travel from the station A to # is measure = t. The
distance between two stations A and # is taken .3/.
The velocity of sound = &. Therefore & = s
t
ELIMINA*ION OF ERROR:- The velocity of air is the source of error in this
e'periment. This source of error can be eliminated by first firing the gun at station .A/
and measuring the time t , between seeing the flash and hearing the sound of the gun
at station .#/.
Then by firing the gun at station # and measuring the time interval t between
seeing the flash and hearing the sound at station A.
The mean of these time intervals is calculated to find the e'act value of velocity
of sound.
The distance between A and # = 3 or average time Amean6.
Average of time = t = t E t
"
Therefore, velocity of sound ( v = s
t
VELO(I*Y OF SOUND IN DIFFEREN* MEDIUMS:@
1) IN AIR:- The velocity of sound in air at CFc is $$C m7s.
2# IN WA*ER:- The velocity of sound in water is !%,C m7s.
?# IN IRON:- The velocity of sound in iron is ,!$C m7s.
The velocity of sound is increased with the increase in temperature.
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The thunder of a cloud is heard 7 seconds after seeing the flash. Find the
distance of the thunder cloud if the velocity of sound 341 m/s.
Data :- &elocity = $%! m7s
Time = G seconds
2isplacement A36 = H
Formula :- s = vt
Solution :-
s vt
341 ! 7
s "3#7
There are two types of sound (@
!6 4usical sound
"6 +oise
MUSI(AL SOUND :- 4usical sound is pleasant to hear. 1e feel happy when we listen
to it. For e'ample sound from a flute, a piano and a sitar. The voice cacule. n musical
sound there is a na losity in the variation of frequency and applitude.
NOISE :- +oise is actually the jarring sound, it makes us unpleasant and disturbing
when we hear it.
The , the cowing of crow, he hull of winds, the rating sound of road
roller, the truck and trawlers.
+oise has abreact changes in amplitude and frequency and there is no regularity
in the variation of frequency.
Following are the characteristic of musical sound(
!6 0oudness
"6 >itch
$6 Iuality or timber
LOUDNESS :- 0oudness is actually a sensation of human awareness. t enable us to
distinguish between and loud sound. The intensity of sound waves is defined
as energy carried be the sound waves through a unit area placed perpendicular to the
direction per of waves per second.
FA(*ORS OF LOUDNESS :-
1+ Area of the 4ibrating obDect
2+ A'plit&de of 'otion of the 4ibrating obDect$
(+ ?itance
AREA OF *+E VI)RA*IN, O)AE(*:- The larger the area of the vibrating object the
louder will be the sound produced.
$!am%le & 1 :- A school bell has a large area and therefore it produces a loud sound
as compared with the sound of house bell.
$!am%le & " :- The drum Adhol6 produces a loud sound compared with that produced
be the dholak Aa smaller drum6.
AMPLI*UDE OF MO*ION OF *+E VI)RA*IN, O)AE(*:- The greater the amplitude
of vibrating object the louder the sound produce.
$!am%le & 1 :- 3trike a drum lightly first and then strongly. On striking light the sound
produced is faint, it is due to the small amplitude of the membrane and on striking
strongly the loud sound is produced due to greater amplitude of the membrane of the
drum.
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DIS*AN(E:- The loudness of sound also depends upon the distance of the source of
sound for listener.
$!am%le & 1 :- 1e move away from a drum being beaten to avoid the uncomfortable
loud sound.
$!am%le & " :- A sound is heard to be louder if it travels in the same direction in which
the wind blows. t seems to be faint if it travels in opposite direction.
PI*(+:-
DEF& ' 1 :- >itch actually is the sensation Ashrill, flap6 that a sound produces in a
listener as a result of its frequency but some other factors may also be involved which
makes the pitch high and low.
DEF& ' 2 :- >itch is the property of sound by virtue of which we can distinguish between
a shrill sound and a flat sound. >itch depends upon the frequency of sound, the greater
the frequency the higher the pitch.
$!am%le & 1 :- The cry of a baby, the chatter of a child, the talking of a man and
woman.
Demonstration '(y e!%eriment) :- Take a disk which is capable of rotation about an
a'le. 2rill holes of equal si)es, equally spaced along the periphery of the disk.
Take a long rubber tube connected to an air compressor at one end and to a metallic jet
to other. >ass a rubber belt over the a'le of the disk and also over a wheel which can
be rotated with a handle.
*or+ing :- 8otate the handle to set the disk in motion. 2irect the jet of compressor at
the air into the hole.
O)SERVA*ION:-
!6 1hen a hole comes against the jet the air passes through it and disturbance it
produce.
"6 As a rotation of disk increases the number of times the air passes through the
holes increases as well as the frequency of sound.
,esult:- >itch increases as well as frequency of sound they go hand in hand. f we slow
down the disk the pitch will become low, the sound flats and the frequency will
decrease.
There are 4# holes in a dis+ arranged in the form of ring. The dis+ rotates at
4-- resolutions %er half minute. *hat is the fre.uency of sound emitted /y an air
0et %laced against the holes1
D2T2:-
+o. of holes = %D
- 1(
E(+O :-
DEF& ' 1 :- The result of reflection of sound wave Aor other waves6 usually by a hard
surface is called echo.
DEF& ' 2 :- The sound heard after reflection from the surface is called echo.
$345262T786 : n a normal human ear the effect or the sensation of sound on
for after the sound has some sound.
A person wants to find the width of a lake by shouting and listening for the echo from
the far side. f the echo returns after " seconds how wide is the lakeH Avelocity of sound
is $%C7ms6
Data :-
v = speed of sound = $%C7ms
t = time = " seconds
distance = s = "d = H
Formula :
s = vt
"d = vt
so :-
d = vt
"
d = $%C ' "
"
d = JDC
"
d = $%C m

)E+AVIOURS OF SOUND:-
1+ 7eflection of o&nd$
2+ %nterference of o&nd$
f the waves of sound qulides with a smooth surface it reflects or the phenomenon of
reflection takes place.
$345262T786 : f we draw a number of surface of reflection, the angle of incidence
and angle of @@@@@@@@@@@@@ and enters the human ear with this interval of time it merges
with the previous sound and does appear to be separate.
(ONDIS*ION NE(ESSARY FOR E(+O:-
To hear an echo it is therefore necessary the time between the production of a
sound and the hearing of its echo is @@@@@@ or more than !7!C a second.
For @@@@@@@@@@ the sound should be loud and short duration such as clapping of
hands.
*+E PROOF OF VELO(I*Y OF SOUND IN AIR A* BC D (:-
0et/s suppose that an echo is heard @@@@ after clapping.
05T v = speed of sound
d = minimum distance between clapping and abstraction
velocity = $%C m at !,Fc Aclip wall a building6
- 1. -
,$F5$9T786 8F S8:6D:- 1hen the clap is made the sound produced traveled and
abstracted get reflected there and comes back to the place from where the sound
started.
"d = 8eflection of sound and coming back to
"d = Total distance = !7!C second or more so that the echo is heard
s = vt
"d = v ' t
d = ,C ' !7!C
"
reflection will be same.
1hile angle of incidence is the angle between incidence ray and normal ray and
angle of reflection is angle between reflected ray and the normal.
IN*ERFEREN(E OF SOUND:-
1hen two sound waves of coherent Asame kind6 source @@@@@@@@ in a point
simultaneously they super impose each other in such a way that some where there
effects are different which means that it is different at different places.
i+ interference of o&nd beco'e greater interference
ii+ interference of o&nd beco'e ho&ter interference
This phenomena is called interference of sound.
*YPES OF IN*ERFEREN(E
986ST,:9T7;$ 76T$,F$,$69$: 1hen the sound is louder and stronger then the
sound is called constructive interference.
-onstructive interference takes place when crest falls upon crest and trough falls
upon trough.
D$ST,:9T7;$ 76T$,F$,$69$: 1hen the sound is lower the interference is called
destructive interference. t takes place when crest of sound waves falls upon trough of
the other.
D$<86ST,2T86:
IN*ERFEREN(E OF SOUND:-
1) 58:D S4$2=$, : 1hen two loud speakers ' and y are connected to same
@@@@@@@@@@
The frequency of signal generator set at = about $CCC *)
The distance between loudspeaker = about C., m
- 1/ -
*8,=76>:- 1hen the generator is switched on the loud speaker produces sound.
f one stands about " m away from the speaker and after blocking the ear, then
move your head sideways at least C." m.
8(S$,;2T786:- One should hear variation of loudness.
9?$9=76> 8F 76T$6S7T@ 'verification) :- A micro phone may be used to detect the
change in the intensity or loudness of sound by moving it line A, # which is about "m
away from the loud speaker.
The microphone detects faults of the loudness of the sound produced by the loud
speaker.
This proves that interference of sound waves does take place.
RESONAN(E OF SOUND:-
DEF& ' 1: 1hen the natural frequency of sound is supported by the frequency of
different waves of its own @@@ forced vibration occurs and loudness occurs a result, this
is called the resonance of sound waves.
DEF& ' 2: A forced vibration is generally known as resonance. t occurs when natural
frequency is supported by other frequency.
DEMONS*RA*ION IN SOUND WAVES
APPARU*US:
,$S86269$ S$T:4:- A simple apparatus demonstrating resonance consist of the
following(
A long vertical tube is partially dipped into water contained in beaker, tuning fork
and tuning pad.
*8,=76>: The vibrating tuning fork is held near the upper end of the tube. The length
of air column is adjusted vertically by moving the tube out of the water.
8(S$,;2T786: The sound waves generated by the tuning fork are new force, when
the length of the air columns corresponds to one of the resonant frequency of the time.
The reason of louder sound is that when stationary waves are produced due to
interactive which indicates the resonance of waves with the incident waves produced by
the tuning fork.
26T768D$S: n stationary waves, those points where the disturbance is ma'imum are
called antinodes. @@@@@@@@@@ or antinodes must be separated by antinodes and nodes.
The distance between the nodes and antinodes is !7%
th
of the wave length. 1e
can find the frequency of wave by moving the vertical in and out the water until a
position of ma'imum loudness is obtained.
The speed of sound can be e'perimentally calculated with the formula @@@@@@@@@
where v stands for the sound, F = frequency and lambda = %
th
time of distance.
)EA*S:-
DEF& ' 1:- >eriodic rise and fall of loudness or intensity of sound is called beats. The
number of beats heard in ! second is called beats frequency. Time interval between
successive low and high sound is called time period of beats.
DEF& ' 2:- A regular increase and decrease in intensity of sound waves Aor other
waves6 caused by two waves of slightly different frequency being added together is
called beat.
$32<45$ '$345262T786) :- 3troking two tuning forces. f two tuning forces of
slightly different frequencies are struck we hear a sound of alternately high and low
intensity.
($2TS F,$A:$69@:- A number of beats hear per second is beat frequency, which
is equal to the difference in frequency between the two sound.
- 10 -
UL*RASONI( :-
DEF& ' 1 :- The study of sound waves that are too high pitched to be detective by the
human ear is called ultrasonic.
$32<45$: 3ound wave having frequency greater than about "C ;*K.
DEF& ' 2 :- ?ltrasonic are actually sound waves which are longitudinal waves with
frequencies above the audible range. These waves are usually produced by setting a
crystal to ausiliate frequency. The ma'imum wave frequency would be !C *) or more
than in some cases.
:S$S :-
!6 ?ltrasonic waves widely used as diagnostic, therapeutic, surgical tools in
medicine and in industrial applications.
"6 ?ltrasonic waves can be used in echo@depth sounding devices to determine the
depth of the sea floor.
$6 ?ltrasonic waves can be used in echo@depth sounding devices to determine the
%6 2ue to their shorter wave length in deeper into the sea.
W+Y RADAR DOES NO* WOR; DEEPER IN*O *+E SEAE
t is because the sea water absorb micro waves and block the transmission to
the radar ultrasonic waves, are also useful in operating sound navigation and ranking
and it can be use to carry out the location by its echo. These are used in making
ultrasonic devices for the blind to detect cracks in metal structure, to kill bacteria and
micro @@@@@@@@@@@@@@. These are also used in cross section.