KSB pump training at KSB Works 3 rd April 2006 1. Hydraulic theory 2. "Ten ways to murder a pump" 3. Installation, commissioning, maintenance. A centrifugal pump consists of 4 main elements: 1 impeller which rotates the impeller has vanes which transfer kinetic energy into the liquid pumped.
KSB pump training at KSB Works 3 rd April 2006 1. Hydraulic theory 2. "Ten ways to murder a pump" 3. Installation, commissioning, maintenance. A centrifugal pump consists of 4 main elements: 1 impeller which rotates the impeller has vanes which transfer kinetic energy into the liquid pumped.
KSB pump training at KSB Works 3 rd April 2006 1. Hydraulic theory 2. "Ten ways to murder a pump" 3. Installation, commissioning, maintenance. A centrifugal pump consists of 4 main elements: 1 impeller which rotates the impeller has vanes which transfer kinetic energy into the liquid pumped.
Pump training Page 2 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump training KSB pump training at KSB Works 3 rd April 2006 1. Hydraulic theory 2. Ten ways to murder a pump 3. Installation, commissioning, maintenance Page 3 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump training 1. Hydraulic theory 2. Ten ways to murder a pump 3. Installation, commissioning, maintenance KSB pump training at KSB Works 3 rd April 2006 Page 4 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump types Page 5 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, impeller inlet outlet rotation Page 6 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, main parts A centrifugal pump consists of 4 main elements: 1 Impeller which rotates The impeller has vanes which transfer kinetic energy into the liquid pumped 2 Pump casing to convert kinetic energy into potential energy and also contain the liquid 3 Shaft to support the impeller 4 Generally a seal around the shaft to contain the liquid Page 7 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, principles A centrifugal pump: Does not generate a vacuum, i.e. it cannot suck. The impeller therefore has to be flooded in some way. The flow and head developed are independent of the liquid pumped, apart from effects of viscosity Centrifugal Pumps deliver volumetric flow and head. All curves are therefore expressed in m 3 /h and m (or equivalent units) Viscous liquids reduce the flow and head of the pump. More later on this issue 1 2 3 4 E.g.: pump design 100 m 3 /h 102 m on water sg 1.0 100.000 kg/h 10 Bar on liquid sg 0.8 80.000 kg/h 8 Bar Page 8 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, head curve 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 flow h e a d
head Page 9 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, head + efficiency 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 flow h e a d
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e f f i c i e n c y head efficiency Q
o p t Q opt is the point at which a pump has the highest efficiency, also known as BEP (= best efficiency point) Page 10 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, head + efficiency 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 flow h e a d
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e f f i c i e n c y head efficiency Q
o p t Desirable operating range Q min > 30% BEP Q max < 110% BEP Page 11 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Curve from book Operating limits Impeller diameters Efficiencies NPSH R Power absorbed on water Page 12 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, system Delivery head (pump system) consists of various parts Static head on discharge side Hd Friction loss on the discharge side Pressure in system, i.e. at the discharge vessel Pd Friction loss on the suction side Static head on suction side Hs + + + - Hs Hd Pd Page 13 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump interaction with system 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 flow h e a d
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e f f i c i e n c y head efficiency system Pump operates where pump and system curve intersect Page 14 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, system change 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 flow h e a d
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e f f i c i e n c y head efficiency system system, lower friction losses Note, with lower system curve, pump now delivers more flow Page 15 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, system change 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 flow h e a d
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e f f i c i e n c y head efficiency system system, lower static Note, with lower static curve, pump now delivers more flow Page 16 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, single operation single inlet single outlet Page 17 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, parallel operation common inlet common outlet Valves etc. excluded for clarity Page 18 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, pumps in parallel 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 f low h e a d 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 f low h e a d + 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 flow h e a d = Page 19 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, single + dual pump 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 flow h e a d
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e f f i c i e n c y head 1 pump efficiency system head 2 pumps Example 1 pump running: total flow = 120 m3/h 2 pumps running: total flow = 160 m3/h flow per pump = 80 m3/h Note with 1 pump running, flow is more than 1/2 of 2 pumps running Page 20 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, Parallel operation Issues to be considered: Both pumps need to have similar shaped curves Therefore check that: power of motor is adequate NPSH a is adequate for the larger flow the pump flow does not exceed the design limits typically Q < 125% Q opt 4pole Q< 110% Q opt 2 pole Flow per pump will always be lower than when operating on their own. Page 21 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, series operation single inlet single outlet Page 22 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, pumps in series 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 f low h e a d 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 f low h e a d + 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 f low h e a d = Page 23 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, Cavitation Its this bubble collapse that causes the pump damage. This often sounds like the pump is handling gravel. Continued cavitation will eventually destroy the pump. To avoid cavitation, the npsh a > npsh r of the pump Cavitation is caused by vapour bubbles forming in the pump. A bubble is formed in the impeller at a point where the local pressure is lower than the vapour pressure. As the local pressure drops, more vapour bubbles will form in the pump. As the liquid flows further through the pump into a higher pressure area the bubble collapses Page 24 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Cavitation on the vanes Page 25 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq NPSH breakdown Page 26 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, NPSH available NPSH available consists of various parts: Static head on suction side Velocity head in the pipework This is normally ignored Vapour pressure expressed in metres of liquid, at the pumped temperature + + - NPSH stands for : net positive suction head Friction losses in the suction line - Hs Pe V 2 /2g H vap Hs Absolute pressure expressed in metres of liquid Pe NPSH available : npsh from the plant / system in which the pump operates NPSH required : npsh that the pump needs to stop cavitation Page 27 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq What does this mean? So in practice this means: in the following example, weve ignored the losses in the suction line Pump with static suction head of + 5 m (Hs) Drawing from an open tank + 10 m (Pe) atmospheric pressure is roughly 10m with water Handling water at 10 C - 0.125m (Hvap) this equates to the vapour pressure of water at 10 C However, contrast this with the same system at 90 Deg C: Pump with static suction head of + 5 m (Hs) Drawing from an open tank + 10 m (Pe) atmospheric pressure is roughly 10m with water Handling water at 90 C - 7.41m (Hvap) this equates to the vapour pressure of water at 90 C So NPSH available is 5 + 10 - 0.125 = 14.875 m So NPSH available is 5 + 10 - 7.41 = 7.59 m Page 28 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Suction head not the same as NPSH Therefore you can see from the previous slide that suction head is not the same as NPSH. The vapour pressure of the pumped liquid must be taken into account. All pumps have an NPSH required curve. This is largely independent of the pumped liquid, so the NPSH available and NPSH required need to be compared to ensure that the pump will run properly. The NPSH r curve of the pump generally indicates the value at which the pump will cavitate. Therefore its important to have a margin between the NPSH available and the NPSH required to prevent cavitation. Page 29 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq NPSH required 3% head drop 0% head drop Note, when NPSH test is made, head drop is measured (3%) Page 30 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq NPSH required Page 31 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, NPSH required 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 2 4 NPSH h e a d 25% Qopt 100% Qopt 125% Qopt A number of tests will be carried out to find the NPSH r of a pump. These are carried out by keeping the flow constant and gradually reducing the NPSH until the generated head drops. NPSH r normally classed as the point when the head drops by 3% from the non cavitating head Page 32 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, minimum flow Why min flow? Kettle: 2kW Capacity: 1.5 l Time to boil: 4.5 min Pump Power at Q=0: 8kW Pump volume: 2.5 l 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 flow h e a d
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p o w e r head power absorbed Minimum permissible flow prevents pump from overheating M i n
f l o w Page 33 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, minimum flow Other considerations for minimum flow: Heat Temperature rise in the pump as losses in the pump heat up the pumped liquid. Pump curve Flat or unstable curve. At low flow there is a risk of hunting Radial loads These increase at low flow, shortening bearing and seal life through increased shaft deflection NPSH req Generally increases at very low flow Power On side channel pumps, power increases as the flow reduces Guideline Qmin > 15% of Q opt Page 34 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, speed changes Affinity laws govern all centrifugal pumps: Flow is proportional toSpeed Head is proportional toSpeed 2 Power is proportional to Speed 3 This means for doubling the speed of a pump: Pump speed 1450 rpm 2900 rpm Flow 50 m3/h 100 m3/h Head 50 m 200 m Power 9 kW 72 kW Page 35 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics,viscosity 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 flow h e a d
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e f f i c i e n c y head viscous head efficiency viscous efficiency viscosity correction factors f Q , f H , f eta Page 36 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, casings Diffuser +double volute Volute Circular Casing Special Circular Volute Flow Rate (Q) BEP R a d i a l
L o a d
( F ) Double Volute Single Volute Diffuser Page 37 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, enquiry data Capacity (Flow) m3/h l/s gpm Pump head or diff. pressure m (bar) ft (psi) Liquid including specific gravity Temperature C F Suction head or pressure bar psi Materials of construction Sealing requirements Environment / area of use Electrical supply V/phase/cycles Factors for (hydraulic) pump selection: Page 38 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, wear ring clearances Flow between wear rings Increased wear ring clearance reduces efficiency Page 39 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, specific speed Radial Mixed flow Propeller Note, units must be specified in quoting specific speed increasing specific speed 1/2 speed x (flow ) 3/4 (head) specific speed = Page 40 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, suction recirculation Suction recirculation at low flow 1/2 speed x (flow ) 3/4 (NPSH) suction specific speed = higher nss = lower NPSH r but suction recirculation more likely Page 41 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, Unstable curves 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 fl ow h e a d head The generated head does not fall continuously as the flow increases Page 42 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Unstable curves, flat system 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 flow h e a d head For a flat system curve, the pump could operate at one of two flows, or hunt between the two Page 43 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Unstable pump curve, steep system 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 fl ow h e a dhead system For a steep system curve, the pump can still only operate at one flow Page 44 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, Speed change For a steep system curve, the pump flow will change with speed 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 low speed high speed system Page 45 St Mkt, Irfan ul Haq Pump hydraulics, Speed change, flat curve For a flatter system curve, at low speed the pump flow may be zero. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 20 40 60 80 low speed high speed system