Transpiration

Cools the plant

Helps water travel
through the plant

Allows water back
into the water cycle
X
Y
L
E
M
P
H
L
O
E
M
water &
nutrients
sugar
(glucose)
Mechanical Weathering
Water bumps rocks into each
other. Gravity helps this along.
Plant roots grow into
rock & crack it.
Ice freezes and
wedges the rock
apart.
Temperature changes
make the rock contract,
expand, & crack.
Wind blows sand
& rock particles
against the rock.
1. Ice Wedging 2. Temperature Changes 3. Plant Roots

4. Water 5. Wind/Abrasion 6. Burrowing Animals
Chemical Weathering
Rock broken down by chemicals break that the bonds holding the rock together
Air
Oxidation
Carbon dioxide combines with water &
forms carbonic acid found in rain
Acids in Living Things
Lichens that grow on rock can
produce acid.
Acids in Rain
Rainwater is naturally a
weak acid. Pollution can
cause acid rain.
Acids in
Groundwater
weathers rock underground,
can create Karst caverns
A substance combines with oxygen
Type of chemical weathering

Iron Oxide- red; RUST Copper Oxide-blue, Statue of Liberty







Oxidation
happens faster
when there is
more water &
more heat.
Soil Structure
Soil is made of broken-down rock
materials and decomposed organic
material. LOTS of bacteria & other
small organisms live in soil.
Soil Problems
Leaching- too much rain washes out minerals

Farming- planting the same crops again & again uses up
certain minerals

Erosion- soil is washed or carried away

Slopes- soil is easily washed away on mountains & hills

Pollution- chemicals enter the soil, acid rain changes soil
Soil Differences
Soil is not the same all over the world.

Parent Material- different types of rock exist in
different places

Climate- weathering and decomposition happen at
different rates depending on temperature and the
amount of water

Water- too much can leach minerals, not enough means
plants get use the minerals

Plants- plants take nutrients from the soil, but can
also anchor the soil & help prevent erosion

Land- steep places lose more soil through erosion
Soil Differences
Rainforest soil loses lots of minerals due to leaching &
tons of plant life. The organic layer decomposes quickly
& is used up by the plants very quickly.

Desert soil contains lots of minerals, but there is not
enough water to dissolve the for plant use. The soil
might also be packed very hard (desert pavement).

Soil in temperate deciduous forest areas, like NC
soil, is usually very fertile. There is a good balance of
temperature & water in these places.
Soil Conservation
Cover Crops Keeps nutrients from washing away because fields are never bare; some
crops, like peanuts & soybeans, add nutrients back to the soil
No-till Farming Less erosion because the soil is disturb less, old plants are worked into soil
and decompose to give nutrients
Terracing Step-like fields cut into hills & mountains to reduce water run-off & erosion
Contour Plowing Plow across a slope to keep water from running away & reduce erosion
Crop Rotation Change the crops often so that they dont always take the same nutrients
from the soil. This also helps get rid of pests that eat certain plants.
George Washington
Carver developed &
improved many soil
conservation
methods.
Life on Earth depends on
plants, & plants depend on
soil. Scientists estimate that
10% or less of all soil on Earth
can be used to grow crops.
It is important for farmers to take care of soil so that they
can keep making money & we all have enough to eat.
Three Sizes of Soil Particles
Sand lets water pass
through fairly quickly.
Clay absorbs & holds a lot
of water.
largest
smallest
Heat & Matter
Adding or removing heat can change the way
molecules in a substance move.
IIncreasing heat
causes molecules to
move faster and
spread apart.

This can cause the
substance to:

Melt
Boil
Vaporize
E X P A N D
Decreasing
heat causes
molecules to move
more slowly & come
closer together.

This can cause the
substance to:

Freeze
Condense
CONTRACT
Changes in the State of Matter-
Phase Changes
Conductors & Insulators
Conductors allow heat
to transfer easily.

Metals, like steel, iron, &
aluminum are good conductors.
These are used in items like
cooking pans, where we want to
transfer heat.
Insulators block the
transfer of heat.

Glass, plastic, wood, fiberglass, styrofoam
We use these items when we want to stop
heat transfer. For example, we use
insulators in houses, coolers, & thermoses.
A metal pot with a plastic
handle is built from a
conductor and an
insulator. The metal
conducts heat to cook the
food; the plastic insulates
against heat so you dont
get burned.
DOES
ERUPT
COULD
ERUPT
EVENTUALLY
CANT
ERUPT
AGAIN
Solar System
My Very Excellent Mother Just Served Us Nachos.
Dwarf Planet
Ceres
Past Neptune:
Pluto & other dwarf
planets, comets
Space Program Spinoffs
A spinoff is technology from the space program that we can use in our daily lives.

Some spinoffs include:

weather tracking satellites

communication satellites for TV/cellphones

GPS (global positioning system)

cordless tools

better types of insulations

smoke detectors

water filters




Life on Earth
Atmosphere- not too hot or cold, holds in water

Habitable Zone- not too close or too far from the sun

Cycles- recycle water, nitrogen, & carbon

Liquid Water- about 70% of Earth is covered in water

Nutrients & Elements- Carbon, Nitrogen, and Oxygen



Seasons
The Earth is tilted by 23.5 on its axis. The part of the Earth that is tilted toward the sun will
have summer; the part that is tilted away will have winter. We are in the northern
hemisphere, so our seasons change on the days below.
During an equinox:
Daylight & night hours are
about equal.
The sun is above the
equator.
Longest night of
the year
Longest day
of the year
Day & Night
The Earth rotates on its axis. It turns once every
day, which is about 24 hours.

The side that faces the sun has daylight.
The side that does not face the sun has night.
Tides
Spring Tide- largest range between daily high & low tides
Neap Tide- shortest range between daily high & low tides
Spring Tides & Neap Tides
Neap Tide:
Earth, sun, & moon
form right angle
First & third quarter
Shortest tidal range
Twice each month

Phases of the Moon
Eclipses

We do not have an eclipse every month because the moons orbit is tilted.

Full Moon Only
New Moon Only
Parts of a Flower
Pollination
Pollen can be carried by the wind or by insects & small animals.

The honeybee is the most common pollinator.

Pollination can occur within one flower, but usually happens
between two flowers (cross-pollination).
Flowering Plant Fertilization
Pollen lands
on the sticky
stigma.
The pollen
begins to
grow a pollen
tube down
through the
style.
The male cell
travels down
the tube to an
ovule &
fertilizes the
ovule.
The ovule
becomes a
seed with a
plant embryo
inside.
The entire
female
structure is
the pistil.
Seed Dispersal
Seeds must travel away from the parent plant so that the new plant does not have
to compete with the parent plant for resources (water, sunlight, nutrients).
Wind Animals Water
Bursting Humans
Layers of the Earth
Oxygen, Silicon,
Magnesium
Iron &
Nickel
Mostly Iron
Some Nickel
Oxygen & Silicon
Layers of the Earth
Outer Core
Liquid
Source of Earths
Magnetic Field
Mantle
Molten Rock
Convection currents
move heat energy
Lithosphere
Rigid
Broken into plates
Asthenosphere
Elastic,
flowing
rock
Convection currents in
the mantle cause
tectonic plates on the
crust to move.
Tectonic Plate Boundaries
Tectonic plates move at about the same speed that your
fingernails grow - a few centimeters in a year. Scientists can
track this movement using GPS satellites
(the plates, not your fingernails, silly!).
Tectonic Plate Boundaries
When two pieces of oceanic crust move
away from each other (diverge), seafloor
spreading happens. Magma comes up
between the two plates and cools
to make new crust. This happens
at mid-ocean ridges.

When two pieces of continental crust
come together (converge), mountains can
form.

Subduction Zones
When an oceanic plate and a continental
plate meet, the oceanic plate sinks &
melts. This forms magma that can erupt
from a volcano and form a volcanic
mountain.
Continental Drift Theory
The continents were joined together
in one large landmass known as
Pangaea. Pangaea broke apart into
two smaller landmasses, Laurasia &
Gondwanaland. Eventually, these
broke apart into the continents we
know today and drifted to their
current locations.
Surface Wave
Continental Drift Theory Proof
The continents look like puzzle
pieces that fit together.

Similar fossils are located on
continents that are separated by
ocean.

We also can see & can match up
similar types of :

Rocks
Coal deposits
Glacier marks
Mountains
Landforms




At first some scientists did not believe rock could move this way, but now we
know about tectonic plates.
Plant Responses: Tropism
Phototropism
Plants bend toward
sunlight as they grow.

Gravitropism*
Plant roots
grow downward.
Plant stems
grow upward.
Hydrotropism
Plant roots
bend to seek
water.
Thigmotropism
Some plants vine
or twine around
things as they
grow.
Hormones
Plant hormones
control growth &
change in plants.
Positive Response=
grows toward
stimulus
Negative Response=
grows away from
stimulus
*sometimes called
geotropism
Plant Responses
Plants adjust to their environment & seasons.

If there is not enough water or the temperature is not
right, a seed will not grow. It will wait for the right
condition. This is called dormancy.

Some plants go also go dormant until they get what they
need. Example: resurrection plant

Some trees lose their leaves in winter so that they will not
freeze. These trees are called deciduous trees.
Adaptations
Plants & animals have special features to help them survive in their habitats.
Camels have big
feet that act like
snowshoes so
they dont sink in
sand. They have
two rows of long
eyelashes to
keep sand out.
Cacti have spikes
to protect them
from animals
who might try to
eat them. The
are also fleshy
and dont have
leaves; this helps
them save up
water.
The polar bears
white fur helps it
blend in and
hide. Some
animals, like the
ermine, have fur
that changes
with seasons so
they always
blend in.
Deciduous trees
lose their leaves
in the winter to
prevent freezing.
They store sugar
for winter food
since they cant
photosynthesize
without leaves.
Sample Food Chain
The suns energy & the process of
photosynthesis are vital to any food chain.
Heat Transfer
Heat
moves
by direct
contact.

mostly
SOLIDS
Heat moves
through space in
waves & transfers
heat to objects it
contacts.
Sound Waves
higher amplitude = louder sound
higher frequency = higher pitch
Hearing
Changes sound so
that the brain can
process it.
Conducts Sound
(Vibrations)
Collects Sound
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Energy that travels in waves & can travel through empty space.
Does not require matter to travel.
Electromagnetic waves we can see are called visible light.
Dark-colored materials absorb more heat.

Light-colored materials reflect more heat.
Light Waves- Refraction
Light waves bend when
they pass through
water.
Light Waves- Reflection
Light bounces off of a surface
Sound waves can also bounce back, which means reflect.

Sound wave reflections:
echo (slower)
reverberation (faster)


Sight
Eye Structure