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"Heat exchangers are important, and used frequently in the processing,

heat and power, air-conditioning and refrigeration, heat recovery,


transportation and manufacturing industries. Such equipment is also
important in electronics cooling and for environmental issues like thermal
pollution, waste disposal and sustainable development. arious types of
heat exchangers exist. !n textbooks of heat transfer, commonly a brief
chapter is provided for the introduction of heat exchangers and
elementary theory of design, rating and si"ing are presented. #here also
exist many books on heat exchangers either as textbooks or edited
volumes. However, most such books treat a variety of heat exchanger
types or specific problems and do not speciali"e in any particular heat
exchanger type. #herefore, a lack of comprehensive and in-depth
textbooks on specific heat exchangers exists.
#he present book concerns plate heat exchangers $%H&s', which are
one of the most common types in practice. #he overall ob(ectives are to
present comprehensive descriptions of such heat exchangers and their
advantages and limitations, to provide in-depth thermal and hydraulic
design theory for %H&s, and to present state-of-theart knowledge.
#he book starts with a general introduction and historical background to
%H&s, then discusses construction and operation $%H& types, plate
pattern, etc.' and gives examples of %H&s in different application areas.
)aterial issues $plates, gaskets, bra"ing materials' and manufacturing
methods are also treated. #he ma(or part of the book concerns the basic
design methods for both single-phase and two-phase flow cases, various
flow arrangements, thermal-hydraulic performance in single-phase
flow and for %H&s operating as condensers and evaporators. *ouling
problems are also discussed and in a section on extended design and
operation issues, modern +esearch and ,evelopment $+ - ,' tools like
computational fluid dynamics $.*,' methods are discussed. /nique
features for %H&s are discussed throughout. &xtensive + - , activities
are carried out at companies and universities worldwide and originally
this book was intended as an edited volume reflecting current research
and state-of the-art. However, as time elapsed and the lack of a
comprehensive textbook was identified, the ob(ectives were changed.
0e believe this book will be useful as both a textbook at various
educational levels and as a reference source book for %H&s.
0e are grateful to the companies providing us with a lot of information
on their products and their + - , works. 0e also appreciate the
cooperation and patience provided by the staff at 0!# %ress and for their
encouragement and assistance in producing this book."$1'
2. IN LINE PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS
" Bowman In Line Plate Heat Exchangers have been designed
as a low cost alternative to our shell and tube types. They consist
of numerous 316 stainless steel heat transfer plates, two outer
covers and four connections copper vacuum-braed together to
form an integral unit.
!nli"e other plate heat e#changers, they have a uni$ue internal
flow arrangement, which enables the inlet and outlet connections
to be a#ially in line. This means that they can be installed directly
in pipe wor" without any change of direction. %ach fluid stream
flows in series through alternate plates. &s a conse$uence, the
plate spacing is larger and internal velocities are higher than is
normally the case with this type of heat e#changer, thus rendering
them less prone to fouling.
These heat e#changers are suitable for heating, cooling,
evaporating or condensing any fluids compatible with the materials
of construction, the optimum unit for any duty can be computer
selected by telephone in a matter of minutes.
Mounting In Line Plate Heat Ex!ange"#
T!e in line $late !eat ex!ange"# #!oul% &e mounte% a# #!own a&o'e.
T!e %i"etion an% #i%e t!"oug! w!i! an( )lui% )low# %oe# not matte"*
&ut t!e( mu#t &e onnete% )o" ounte" )low. Howe'e"* )o" on%en#ing
t!e a""angement #!own in )igu"e 2 mu#t &e u#e% wit! t!e 'a$ou"
ente"ing at t!e to$ an% t!e on%en#ate lea'ing at t!e &ottom an% wit!
t!e ooling )lui% in ounte" )low."+2,
'as"eted (late )eat %#changers
*emi-+elded (late )eat %#changers
*I',& -IG +elded (late )eat %#changers
-raed (late )eat %#changers
S!mi%t B"a.e% Plate Heat Ex!ange"#
-raed (late )eat %#changers represent the most compact, rugged and cost-effective means of transferring
heat in many industrial and refrigerant applications. -uilt from 316 stainless steel with copper braing materials,
they provide e#ceptional corrosion resistance. The *--*eries features corrugated plates that produce highly
turbulent flow in a true counter-current direction. This results in high efficiency and a very compact heat
e#changer design. .ue to the smaller sie and reduced material content, they can be the most economical heat
transfer choice.

Plate#/ 316 *tainless *teel

B"a.e Mate"ial/ /opper
0ic"el

Connetion#/ 3123 to 23 0(T, *oldering
*&% Type, 4langed

Ca$aitie#/
56 '(, to 378 '(,
115 Ton to 166 Ton

A$$"o'al#/
!L *tamp
&*,% !, stamp is available by
special order.

&(I )eat Transfer -raed (late )eat %#changers are
available for process and refrigeration applications.
,ade from stainless-steel plates and copper or nic"el
braing materials, they are suitable for a wide variety
of heat e#changer applications.



-raed (late models are available with dual circuits as
shown here.


Typical applications include9
:efrigerant %vaporating ; /ondensing
)eat (umps
*team )eating
%ngine or )ydraulic <il /ooling
.istrict or =one )eating *ystems
*wimming (ool )eating
>arious )eating and /ooling .uties
S!mi%t Ga#0ete% Plate Heat Ex!ange"#
*I',& (late )eat %#changers utilie corrugated plates stac"ed between a fi#ed and a movable pressure plate.
The corrugation patterns alternate for ma#imum operating pressures. &s virtually all of the material is used for heat
transfer, (late )eat %#changers can have large amounts of effective heat transfer surface in a small footprint. It is
not uncommon that a (late )eat %#changer will have the same thermal capacity as a *hell ; Tube five times
larger.
The uni$ue corrugation pattern pressed onto each *chmidt thermal plate produces the highest overall heat transfer
rate by assuring highly turbulent flow and e#cellent fluid distribution across the entire surface. +ith high heat
transfer rates and true counter current flow, *chmidt (late )eat %#changers economically handle close
temperature approach re$uirements.
Operational Parameters
Temperature9
(ressure9
/apacity9
/onnections9
-26?4 to 266?4
>acuum to 266 psig
.8 to 7766 '(,
13 to 123 - 0(T, *tudded,
4langed, Tri-clamp, others
Technical Data
Plate#/ *tandard &I*I 362 @1.2361A
&I*I 316 L @1.2262A
&I*I 316 Ti @1.28B1A
*pecial &I*I C62 L
*,< 582
0ic"el &lloys
Titaniam, Titanium (.
Thic"ness 6.2 mm to 1.18 mm

Ga#0et#/ *tandard 0itrile, %(.,, %(.,-)T,
/hloroprene
*pecial )-0-:, 0-:-)T, >iton, -utyle,
(T4% coated @*I',&C1ATA,
gas"ets approved for food
applications
4i#ing ,echanically @*I',&2IXA
'lued on

2"ame/ (ainted
/arbon *teel
*tainless

*teel

Connetion#/ *tandard 0itrile, %(.,, &I*I 316 T"
*pecial 0ic"el alloys, Titanium, Titanium-
(.

Co%e#/ &*,%, (%., &-*, L:*, 'L, ->

*I',&2IX ,echanical 'as"et

&(I )eat TransferDs line of *chmidt (late )eat %#changers incorporate superior design features to ensure long
term customer satisfaction.
)ighest $uality gas"ets precisely fit the plate grooves for positive sealing and ease of
maintenance.
*uperior clip-on gas"et design ensures proper fit during closing of the unit.
.ouble sealing design prevents the possibility of mi#ing the two process fluids. Lea"
detect feature ensures any lea"age is to the atmosphere.
=inc coated hardware provides long life.
&ll plate pac" tightening is done from the fi#ed pressure plate to eliminate any stud
interference.
&ll bolted construction for easier service.
Low volumetric fluid hold-up provides $uic"er response to heating and cooling demands,
while reducing costs for more e#pensive process fluids.
:eadily e#panded for greater capacities, or totally new applications.



*I',& (late and 4rame
%#changers are available in a
variety of plate sies for industrial,
)>&/ or sanitary applications.


Typical applications include9
/hemical
(harmaceutical
4ood ; -everage
.airy
(etrochemical 1 <ffshore

)>&/
,arine
<il /ooling
-reweries
*urface Trea
SEC B"a.e% Plate Heat Ex!ange"# +BPHE,
T!e !ig!l( e))iient %e#ign an% exellent 'alue o) SEC B"a.e% Plate !eat ex!ange"# +BPHE,
ma0e# t!em a wi#e !oie )o" (ou" !eat t"an#)e" a$$liation#. Manu)atu"e% to t!e !ig!e#t
#tan%a"%# utili.ing t!e late#t $"o%ution te!nolog( ou" Co$$e"* Ni0el an% Titanium* Single an%
3ou&le -all an% Ai" Ga$ B"a.e% Plate Heat Ex!ange"# meet t!e %eman%ing 4ualit( "e4ui"ement#
o) t!e inte"nationall( "eogni.e% in%u#t"( #tan%a"%# o"gani.ation#.
SEC B"a.e% Plate !eat ex!ange"# a"e $"e##u"e "ate% )o" 567 $#i at 56892.
An eonomial 'e"#ion manu)atu"e% to t!e #ame !ig! #tan%a"%# i# "ate% at )o" 267 $#i.
A$$liation#/
: Ra%iant Heating an% Snow Melt
: 3ome#ti Hot -ate" P"o%ution
: Sola" an% Geot!e"mi Heating
: In%u#t"ial P"oe## Heat Reo'e"(
: Re)"ige"ation ; Con%en#e"# an% E'a$o"ato"#
: A4uaultu"e an% Ma"ine A$$liation#
: Clo#e A$$"oa! Heat T"an#)e"
: Be'e"age P"o%ution
: H(%"oni Heating
: 1il Coole"#
A #$eiall( %e#igne% o""ugation $atte"n $"omote# !ig!l( tu"&ulent )low !a"ate"i#ti#.
Hig! tu"&ulene %"amatiall( im$"o'e# t!e !eat t"an#)e" "ate an% "e%ue# t!e amount
an% t!e $o##i&ilit( o) %e$o#it &uil% u$.
SEC B"a.e% Plate Heat Ex!ange" 2low C!annel 3iag"am
1ne;Pa## mean# C!annel# a"e Pa"allel.
Multi;Pa## mean# a S(#tem o) C!annel# i#
%i'i%e%
into g"ou$# w!i! a"e onnete% in #e"ie#.
SEC B"a.e% Plate Heat Ex!ange"# +BPHE, o))e" t!e )ollowing A%'antage#..
Full Range of Models
Highly Efficient
Exceptional Value
Easy nstillation
OEM n!uiries "elcome
SEC B"a.e% Plate !eat ex!ange"# on#i#t o)
#$eiall( )o"me% #tainle## #teel $late#* 'auum
&"a.e% toget!e" to )o"m a !ig!l( e))iient !eat
t"an#)e" %e'ie. T!e $late #i.e* num&e" o) $late#
an% onnetion t($e# a"e 'a"ie% to mat! t!e
u#tome"# !eat t"an#)e" "e4ui"ement# $"ei#el(.
" A plate heat exchanger (Fig. 21) resembles a plate-and-frame
filter press. It has both a fixed and movable end plate which are not
heat transfer srfaces. !ressed between these end plates and
corrgated or embossed plates having ports in the corners and
gas"eted# as shown in Fig. 22. the flids flow in alternate spaces
between the plates. $he embossing patterns are so arranged that the
plate are spported ever% few inches .
!lates are available in a wide variet% of metals and allo%s& gas"ets
are available in nitrile# bt%l# silicone# florocarbon rbber# and in
certain cases compressed asbestos. 'xchangers have been made with
1()) (m2) (1*#))) (ft2) of srface# with p to +)) plates# and with
ports p to ,) cm (1(.+ in). !lates range from ).)- to 2.( (m2) I).- to
2*.. (ft2))# ).( to 1.2 mm ().)2 to ).)( in) thic"# and 1.( to ( mm ().)*
to ).( in) in spacing. $he operating pressre ranges from ).1 to 1.(
/!a (1,.( to 21+ lb(f)0(in2)). $emperatres are limited b% the gas"ets
and for rbbers range from -2( to 1()1 (-1- to -)) F) and p to 2*)
1 (()) F) for asbestos. !ort velocities range p to ( m0s (1*., ft0s)#
with maximm flows of 2()) (m-)0h (1,+1 (ft-)0min.). $he nmber of
transfer nits (2$3) ranges from ).- to , per pass# and optimm
pressre drops are -)"!a02$3 (,., psi .(
$he advantages of plate exchangers are as follows4 the% have higher
heat transfer rates and the% prodce less foling than shell-and-tbe
exchangers# the% are eas% to clean and it is eas% to change their plates
if process are changed# the% can handle slrries provided the
particles are less than ).( mm ().)2 in)# the% re5ire less space # and
the% are generall% less expensive than shell-and-tbe exchangers. $he
disadvantages are that the choice of flids is limited b% the chemical
resistance and temperatre limits the gas"ets# that the large amont
of gas"eting lea"age can be serios# that pressre is limited to
1.(/!a (21+ psi)# and that pressre drop in the ports limits flow
rates .
$he principal se of the plate exchanger is in li5id-li5id heat
exchange. A wide range of viscosities are handled bt the cooling of
ver% viscos flids can reslt in some maldistribtion. 6ome
condensation can be done# depending pon allowable pressre drops.
In general# pressre drops in the ports ma"es gas-to-gas heat
exchange ndesirable .
'5ations for approximating heat transfer and pressre drop 71,8
are 4
For trblent flow 4
2 9 ).2( :e;().*() !r;()., (
For pressre drop 4
h= ).+,1p < :e;(-).*2) !r ;(-20-)
(=av0=w);( ).1, (
where >h is the h%dralic e5ivalent diameter or approximatel% 2
times the clearances and :e(av) 9 >h<0= .
For pressre drop 4
?!9 2f<(2)@0g(c) >(e)p
Ahere f9 2.(0:e;().- (
An extensive discssion of design e5ations and methods is given
in the second of a series of papers b% :aB and Cansal 71, .7
/an% different flow patterns are possible sch as single-pass#
mltipass with e5al passes# and mltipass with ne5al passes. If
the flow volmes of the streams differ widel%# then the ne5al-pass
arrangement is sed. $hese varios patterns also affect the @/$>
corrections as shown in Fig. 2( to -1 in !art 1 of this chapter .
>istribtion of flid between the varios plates is affected b% the
end connections. $he 3 loop with all connections at the fixed head
tends to give ne5al flow distribtion among the plates arranged for
parallel flows. $he D connection (one set of connection charts on
movable head) provides for more niform distribtion. $he @/$>
correction charts are based on an assmed niform distribtion .
$he plate design# weather an intermated corrgated design or the
chevron design# affects both heat transfer and pressre drop. $he
angle of the chevrons is also important. Intermediate reslts are
obtained b% mixing the plated# e.g.# b% sing a combination of wide-
and narrow-angle chevron plates .
!late dimensions are dependent pon port siEe# which governs the
plate width becase of the flange dimensions on the noEEles# and the
plate length# which is determined b% the desired aspect ratio (heat
transfer length to flow width)# which has a lower limit of 1.F .
!late designs var% from manfactrer and so will their
performance .
All this information is proprietar%& hence# available e5ations in the
literatre 712# 1-# 1,# 1(8 can onl% approximate the performance&
therefore# one mst go to the manfactrer to obtain a specific
design .
:ecommendation4 If %or process condition fall within the
limitations of the plate exchanger then tr% to get access of the
compter programs made available b% the manfactrer. /ost li"el%
the plate exchanger will have less area and be less expensive that the
shell-and-tbe exchanger for the same dt%."(* (

:efrences 4
(1) L. -ang * B. Sun%<n & R.M. Mangli 0, Plate Heat
Exchangers
(2) E.=. B1-MAN +Bi"ming!am, LT3 -EB SITE
!tt$/>>www.e?&owman.o.u0
) - ( http400www.apiheattransfer.com
) , ( http400www.plateconcepts.com
) ( ( http400www.braEedplate.com
) * ( A./.:ohsenow# G.!.Hartnett # '.2.<anicI# Heat transfer
applications#/1 <row Hill Coo" compan%

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