ABSTRACTS

The experiment was carried out to investigate the properties of measurement of PVT.
Equipment used is Perfect Gas expansion. The experiment were conducted successfully. The
first experiment, it consist of two section but with three same conditions. The first section is
to prove oyle!s law. "ll three condition gave a very good results with small difference, thus
verified oyle!s law. The second section is for the determination of ratio of volume. The
results obtained is also very promising as the difference is very small for the ratio. The
second experiment was to determine gay#lussac law. $t done for three times to get the average
value of Pressure and temperature. The average value was plotted and it does obey the law.
%ext experiment was carried out to determine the specific heat capacity by using pressuri&ed
and vacuum chamber. The results obtained had '(.)*+ deviation. ,or the determination of
isentrophic process, the results obtain yield small deviation and thus we can conclude that the
process is isentrophic.
1
1. INTRODUCTION
Perfect gas also -nown as ideal gas. Equation of states is the simplest equation that can be
apply for substance in gas phase. This equation predicts the behavior of gas quite
accurately for its pressure, volume and temperature effects. $t had been determined
experimentally that at low pressure, volume gas is proportional to its temperature. ./unus
". 0engel. , 1ichael ".oles, 2)'34 That is5
Pv 6 7T
8here 7 is gas constant. The value of 7 is different for each gas and can be determined
by
7 6 7
u
91
8here 7 is universal gas constant and 1 stand for molar mass of the respective gas. Gas
that obey this law is called as an ideal gas. P is absolute temperature and T is the absolute
temperature while v is specific volume. The equation can also be written in other formed
as5 ./unus ". 0engel. , 1ichael ".oles, 2)'34
V6mv
That gives us 5
PV6 m7T
2
"s for a fixed mass, the equation can be gain by relating two equation. The properties of
an ideal gas at two different states are related to each other by the equation of5
P
'
V
'
9T
'
6 P
2
V
2
9T
2
2. OBJECTIVE
2.1. Experiment 1 : Boyle l!" experiment # $etermin!tion o% r!tio o% &ol'me
2.1.1. To determine the relationship between pressure and volume of ideal gas.
2.1.2. To compare the experimental results with theoretical values.
2.1.(. To determine the ratio of volume and compare it to the theoretical alues.
2.2. )!y*+'!, +!" experiment.
To determine the relationship between pressure and temperature of an ideal gas
2.(. Determin!tion o% r!tio o% -e!t ,!p!,ity
To determine the ratio of heat capacity
3
2... Ientropi, Exp!nion pro,e
To demonstrate the isentropic expansion process.
(. T/EOR0
oyle!s :aw
ased on oyle!s law, the pressure P and the volume V of gas held at constant
temperature will give product of pressure and volume to be nearly constant. Therefore,
the product of pressure and volume is exactly a constant for an ideal gas.
P x V 6 0onstant
P5 pressure of the system
V5 Volume of the gas
05 0onstant that represents constant value of pressure and volume
This law is used to predict the effect and the results that can be obtain of an ideal gas
introduced with change in volume and pressure only. The equation that can be used to
show the relationship between volume and pressure of fixed amount of gas before
expansion and after expansion process. The temperature is -ept constant. .enson, 2)''4
P
'
V
'
6 P
2
V
0harle!s :aw
This law define that at constant pressure, volume of a given mass of an ideal gas will
increase or decrease with the temperature in ;elvin.
V9T 6 ;
V 5 Volume
4
T 5 Temperature in -elvin
To ensure that ; is remaining constant, the heating of gas in constant pressure volume
need to increase as temperature will increase. The exact value of ; is crucial to ensure
that we can compare results obtain with the theoretical one. The relationship can be
obtain as below .:eon, 2))'4 5
V'9T' 6 V29T2
Gay#lussac law
This law states that at constant volume, pressure of a gas will be proportional to its
absolute temperature in -elvin. $t can be express as 5
P
'
9T
'
6-
To show the relationship, the equation can be further express as5
P
'
9T
'
6 P
2
9T
2
P
'
T
2
6 P
2
T
'
<etermination ratio of heat capacity theory
=pecific heat can be defined as the energy needed to raise a temperature of a unit mass of
substances by one degree. The energy depends on how the process is carried out. There is
two -inds of specific heat that is interest which is specific heat at constant volume 0
v
and
specific heat at constant pressure, 0
p
. 0
v
also can be defined as the energy needed to raise
the temperature of unit mass of substance by one degree as volume -ept constant.
1eanwhile, 0
p
or specific heat at constant pressure is the energy needed to do the same as
pressure -ept constant. The value of 0p is always larger than 0v due ti the fact that at
constant pressure the system is allowed to expand and the energy for this expansion wor-
must be supplied to the system. To define the 0v an 0p these equation is applicable5
./unus ". 0engel. , 1ichael ".oles, 2)'34
5
C
v
= (
v
C
p
= (
p
The equation shows that for 0v it is calculated at different internal energy while 0p
calculated based on its enthalpy.
The heat capacity ration can be obtained by determination by these two steps5
'4 "diabatic reversible expansion for initial pressure, Pi to intermediate pressure
which is Pm.
24 " return of temperature to its original value to a constant volume at final pressure
Pf.
0p90v 6 ;
,or ideal gas 5
0p 6 0v > 7
"s for non ideal gas
dq6 )
,irst law of thermodynamics
d? 6 dq > d8
<uring the expansion process
d? 6 d8 or d? 6 #PdV
while
6
d? 6 0v<t
This define that the heat capacity related the change in temperature to the change
in the internal energy as volume -ept constant.
=ubstituting 0vdt to value of d?
0vdT 6 #PdV
=ubstitute into ideal gas law, and integrating the equation below is obtained
0v .in .Pm9pi4 > ln .Vm9Vi4 6 #7ln.Vm9Vi4
Then we will obtained
$n .Pm9Pi4 6# .0p90v4ln.Vm9Vi4
"s temperature return to its initial value, these relationship obtained5
.V
m
9V
i
4 6 .P
i
9P
f
4
y substituting and rearranging we will get
0
p
90
v
6 .ln P
i
@ ln P
m
49.ln P
i
@ ln P
f
4
7
$sentrophic expansion theory5
$sentrophic process defines as a process that ta-e place with no change in
entrophy of the system throughout the process. This can be express as
=' 6 =2
Ar
$f process is reversible and adiabatic, it is then an isnetrophic process, an
isentrophic process is an ideali&ation of an actual process and serve as limiting for
the actual process. "diabatic process involve no transfer of heat energy.

.. A11ARATUS AND 2ATERIA+S
..1. Perfect gas expansion apparatus.
8
3. 1ROCEDURE
3.1. )ener!l t!rt'p pro,e$'re
3.1.1. The equipment was connected to single phase power supply and the unit was
turned on.
3.1.2. "ll the valves was opened. The reading on the pressure panel was chec-ed.
3.1.(. 0lose all valves.
3.1... The pipe from the compressive port was connected to pressuri&e chamber. The
pipe from vacuum pump connected to vacuum chamber.
3.1.3. Then, units were ready for use.
9
Pressure relief
valve
Pressure
transmitter
Temperature
sensor
Big glass
le!tro"e
Pressure
transmitter
Big glass
#mall glass
$a!uum pump
3.2. Experiment 1 : Boyle l!" experiment # Determin!tion o% r!tio &ol'me.
3.2.1. The general startup procedure was performed and all the valves were ensured
to be closed.
3.2.2. The compressive pump was switched on until the pressure inside the chamber
to increase up to 'B) @ '() ;Pa. The pump was switched off and the hose were
removed from the respective chamber.
3.2.(. The pressure inside the chamber was monitored until it!s stabili&ed.
3.2... 7eading of pressure for both chamber before expansion were recorded.
3.2.3. Valve )2 was fully opened to allow the pressuri&e air to flow to atmospheric
chamber.
3.2.4. The pressure for both chamber were recorded after expansion.
3.2.5. The experiment was repeated by using following conditions5
B.2.*.'. ,rom atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber.
B.2.*.2. ,rom pressuri&ed chamber to vacuum chamber.
B.2.*.2.'. ,or vacuum chamber procedure, the switched was turned on to
release the pressure to B)#() ;Pa.
B.2.*.2.2. Valve )2 was fully open to allow the pressuri&e air to flow into
atmospheric chamber.
B.2.*.2.3. The reading after expansion for both chamber then recorded
3.2.6. PV values was calculated to prove oyle!s law.
3.2.7. 7atio of volume was calculated and compared to theoretical values.
1%
3.(. Experiment 2: )!y*+'!, l!" experiment
3.(.1. General start#up procedure was performed. "ll valves were fully closed.
3.(.2. The hose from the compressive pump was connected to pressuri&e chamber.
3.(.(. The compressive pump were turned on and the temperature was recorded for
every ') ;Pa increment of pressure. The pump was stopped when pressure at
PT' reached '() ;Pa.
3.(... Valve )' was then opened slightly to allow pressuri&e air to flow out. The
temperature was ta-en for every decrement of ') ;Pa of pressure.
3.(.3. Experiment was stopped when pressure drop to atmospheric pressure.
3.(.4. Experiment was then repeated three times to get average values.
3.(.5. Graph of pressure vs temperature were plotted.
3... Experiment ( : Determin!tion o% -e!t ,!p!,ity
3...1. General startup procedure was performed. "ll valves were ensured to be
closed.
3...2. The hose from compressive pump were connected to pressuri&ed chamber.
3...(. The compressive pump was turned on and the pressure was allowed to
increase until about '() ;Pa. The pump the switched off and the hose were
removed.
3..... The pressure inside the chamber was monitored until it stabili&ed. Pressure at
PT' and temperature at TT' was recorded.
3...3. Valve )' was fully opened for few moments before immediately closed again.
The pressure and temperature were then recorded as it stabili&ed.
3...4. The ratio of heat capacity with theoretical values were compared.
11
4. RESU+TS
4.1. Experiment 1 : Boyle l!" experiment.8,on$ition 1929( repe,ti&ely:

Before
e&periment
'fter e&periment
PT1((pa
')s*
152+6 135+8
PT2((pa
')s*
1%2+1 135+2

Before
e&periment
'fter e&periment
PT1((pa
')s*
1%2+3 89+6
PT2((pa
')s*
55+8 88+9

Before
e&periment
'fter e&periment
PT1((pa
')s*
155+5 123+6
PT2((pa
')s*
156+9 123+%
Determin!tion o% r!tio &ol'me8Con$ition 1929( repe,ti&ely:
Before e&periment
'fter
e&periment
PT1((pa
')s*
153+1 136+6
PT2((pa
')s*
1%2+7 135+7
Before e&periment 'fter
12
e&periment
PT1((pa
')s*
1%3+5 88+6
PT2((pa
')s*
56+8 87+8
Before e&periment
'fter
e&periment
PT1((Pa
')s*
155+1 124+6
PT2((Pa
')s*
6%+7 123+9
4.2. Experiment 2 : )!y +'!, l!"
Pressur
e((pa
')s*
Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3 'verage
Temperature
(
,
C*
Temperature
(
,
C*
Temperature
(
,
C*
Temperature
(
,
C*
Press
uri-e
vessel
.epres
suri-e
vessel
Press
uri-e
vessel
.epres
suri-e
vessel
Press
uri-e
vessel
.epres
suri-e
vessel
Press
uri-e
vessel
.epres
suri-e
vessel
11%+% 27+8 27+2 26+5 27+1 26+5 27+5 26+9 27+3
12%+% 27+9 28+4 26+6 28+5 26+7 28+3 27+1 28+4
13%+% 28+3 29+5 27+4 29+5 27+4 29+2 27+7 29+4
14%+% 29+1 3%+3 28+3 3%+4 28+3 3%+4 28+6 3%+4
15%+% 29+7 31+% 29+3 31+2 29+2 3%+9 29+4 31+%
16%+% 3%+4 31+5 3%+1 31+5 29+9 31+1 3%+1 31+4
4.(. Experiment ( : Determin!tion o% -e!t ,!p!,ity
/nitial
/nterme"iat
e
0inal
PT 1((pa
')s*
16%+3 1%3+3 11%+3
TT 1(
o
C* 3%+8 29+9 27+5
13
T!;le 4.( : T-e re!$in< in $etermin!tion o% -e!t ,!p!,ity.
4... Experiment . : Ientrop-i, exp!nion pro,e

Before
e&pansion
'fter e&pansion
PT 1((pa
')s*
155+2 1%2+9
TT1(
o
C* 3%+% 26+2
5. CA+CU+ATIONS
5.1. Experiment 1 : Boyle l!" experiment.
5.1.1. Con$ition 1 : 1re'ri=e$ &eel to !tmop-eri, pre're 8>'lly open:
V
'
5 ).)2Bm
3
V
2
5 ).)'23*m
3
y using oyle!s law
P
'
V
'
6 P
2
V
2
.'B2.(4.).)2B4 > .')2.'4.).)'23*4 6 .'3B.C4.).)2B4 > .'3B.24.).)'23*4
B.)*C) 6 B.)(*D
).' <ifference, oyle!s law verified.
14
5.1.2. >rom !tmop-eri, ,-!m;er to &!,''m ,-!m;er
P
'
V
'
6 P
2
V
2
.')2.3.).)2B44>.BB.C.).)'23*44 6 .CE.(.).)2B44 > .CC.E.).)'23*44
3.2D** 6 3.33E*
).)E2 difference, oyle!s law verified.
5.1.(. >rom pre'ri=e$ ,-!m;er to &!,''m ,-!m;er.
.'BB.B.).)2B44 > .B(.E.).)'23*44 6 .'23.(.).)2B44 > .'23.).)'23*44
D.BE'3 6 D.(''B'
<ifference ).)2, verified
Experiment 1 : R!tio Vol'me8open li<-tly:
5.1... Con$ition 1 : 1re'ri=e$ &eel to !tmop-eri, pre're
Volume '9 Volume 25 .P
2initial
@P
2final
49 .P
'final
@ P
'initial
4
=
2+21= 2 (.ifferen!e %+%21*
5.1.3. >rom !tmop-eri, ,-!m;er to &!,''m ,-!m;er
=
15
2+%21 = 2+%81 (.ifferen!e = %+%6*
5.1.4. >rom pre'ri=e$ ,-!m;er to &!,''m ,-!m;er.
=
2+%21 = 2+%72 8.ifferen!e %+%51*
5.2. Experiment 2 : )!y l'!, l!"
5.2.1. 1re'ri=e$ <r!p- 8Tri!l 1:
16
5.2.2. Depre'ri=e )r!p- 8Tri!l 1:
5.2.(. )r!p- o% !&er!<e o% pre'ri=e$ !n$ $epre'ri=e$
17
5.(. Experiment (: $etermin!tion o% r!tio o% -e!t ,!p!,ity
=
= 1+175
/"eal 12 = 1+4
.eviation 3
& 1%% 4 = 16+%7 4
18
5... Experiment . : Ientrop-i, exp!nion pro,e
%+8733 = %+8891
Difference is 1.77% expansion is proven as isentrophic
6. DISCUSSIO N
ased on the results obtained, for the first experiment the volume were -ept constant. ,or
pressuri&e chamber, the volume is ).)2B m
3
while for vacuum chamber the volume turn
out to be ).)'23* m
3
. The first experiment consist of two section, the first section is
where the valve is fully open and the second one is the valve is slightly open to get the
ratio volume. ,or both section, there were three test carried out for three different
condition which is pressuri&ed vessel to atmospheric pressure, from atmospheric pressure
chamber to vacuum chamber and from pressuri&ed chamber to vacuum chamber. ,or the
fully open, the first condition which is pressuri&ed vessel to atmospheric pressure, the
calculated value using oyle!s law is B.)*C) before expansion and B.)(*D after
expansion. There is ).)' differences. Thus, boyles law is verified. ,or second condition,
which is from atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber, before expansion the calculated
value of P x V is 3.2D** while after expansion is 3.33E*. The calculated value shows
).)E2 difference, thus boyle!s law verified. ,or the third condition of fully open valve,
initial calculation show D.BE'3 while after expansion the calculation shows D.(''B. There
is ).)2 difference in reading, but it is relatively small and thus oyle!s law is verified.
19
,or the determination of ratio volume, the valve were open slightlyt. y using the
same conditions, the first one ratio volume ' over volume 2 is 2.2' while for pressure is
2. <ifference ).2'. This is relatively small as compared to theoritical value. =econd
condition gives ).)( difference. "nd the third condition gives ).)B' difference which is
also relatively small.
"s for gay#lussac experiment, graph of pressure vs temperature were plotted based on
the given results for pressuri&ed and depressuri&ed. The first trial of pressuri&ed chamber
shows that, temperature is directly propotional to the pressure.*.2.'4. This also valid for
graph of depressuri&ed where there is a propotional relationship between temperature and
pressure..*.2.24. "s for the second and the third grapgh, it was plotted but put inside the
appendix. "s for average, the graph also shows that temperature is directly propotional to
pressure..*.2.34.
,or determination of ratio of het capacity, the results shows that the calculated heat
capacity ratio is '.'*B with deviation of '(.)*+. The intermediate pressure should be
lower than measured intermediate pressure theoretically. ut, as there is loss in heat and
sensitivity of pressure sensor may cause the presence of such errors.
,or isentrophic expansion process, the results turn out to be ).C*33 and ).CCE' as
calculated by using the given formula. There is a '.**+ difference which is relatively
small. Thus we can conclude that the process is isentrophic.
7. CONC+USION
$n conclusion, the results for first experiment valid that oyles law does shows
P'V$6P2V2 relations. ,or gay lussac law, the results does prove that temperature it
directly propotional to pressure.8hile, heat capacity is near to the theoritical value which
is in range of '.D#'.B. based on the test carried out, the process is isentrophic due to the
fact that value difference is so small between two calculated results.
2%
1?. RECO22ENDATIONS
To improve the results if experiment, the data should be ta-en accurately. This can be
carried out by really wait for the reading to be stabili&e before ta-ing reading as there
might be increase or decrease in reading after we had ta-en the results that results in
deviation. esides that, when ta-ing out the hose form the respective chamber, it should
be done fast as it will affect the results and also our air inside the chamber. The pressure
inside were also ensure not to exceed 2 tu as it may bro-e the chamber glass. The results
need to repeated three times to ta-e the average value of the results thus it may help in
decreasing the deviation.
RE>ERENCES
Benson2 T+ (2%112 mar!5 %7*+ Boyle's Law+ 6etrieve" ma7 122 2%142 from 8'#'3
5ttp399:::+gr!+nasa+gov9;;;91<129airplane9)o7le+5tml
=eon2 P+ 8+ (2%%1*+ Charles Law+ 6etrieve" ma7 122 2%142 from lementar7 >as =a:s33
5ttp399:::+iun+e"u9?!pan5"9C1%1:e)notes9in"e&+5tml
@unus '+ Cengel+ 2 Ai!5ael '+Boles+ (2%13*+ Thermodynamics : An engineering Approach.
singapore3 A!>ra:5ill+
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