CAREER EPISODE 1.

0
Introduction :
CE 1.1 The name of my undergraduate project was PC (Personal Computer)-based speed control system of
a D.C. motor dr!e. The duraton of project was two semesters. Perod was from "ebruary 1##$ to
%o!ember 1##$. Ths project was my undergraduate project when & was a fourth year student of Electrcal
' Electronc Engneerng department of (angladesh &nsttute of Technology ((&T)) *hulna) (angladesh.
%ow the nsttute has become an Engneerng +n!ersty) named *hulna +n!ersty of Engneerng '
Technology (*+ET). The un!ersty s located at "ulbargate) *hulna) the southern part of (angladesh.
Back Ground
a. Knowledge a!e
CE1., "rom the !ery begnnng of my academc lfe & had started to ac-ure basc .nowledge on /cence and
0athematcs. The last two years of my schoolng & was a student of /cence 1roup. 2lso at college & had
major n /cence 1roup. 3a!ng major n /cence 1roup) & had to study subjects related to /cence and
0athematcs. & ha!e learnt the dfferent areas n mathematcs such as Dfferental and &ntegral Calculus)
Dfferental E-uaton ' 0atrces) Coordnate 1eometry) 4ector 2nalyss ' /tatstcs) /tatcs ' Dynamcs)
Comple5 !arable and 3armoncs) Transform ' Partal Dfferental E-uatons whch were part of my major
n Electrcal and Electronc Engneerng. &n the perod of my graduaton n Electrcal ' Electronc
Engneerng & ha!e studed (asc Electrcal Engneerng) (asc 0echancal Engneerng) Electrcal
Crcuts) Electrcal 0achnes) Electroncs) Dgtal Electroncs) Thermodynamcs ' 2r Condtonng)
/trength of 0ateral ' /tructures) "lud 0echancs) Electrcal Desgn ' Draftng) Electromagnetc "elds)
Transmsson ' Dstrbuton of Electrcal Power) Electrcal 0easurement ' &nstrumentaton) Control
/ystem) Power /ystem 2nalyss) Communcaton Engneerng) Power ' &ndustral Electroncs) 0crowa!e
Engneerng) /wtchgear ' Protecton) 2d!anced Electroncs) 0croprocessors ' Dgtal 0crocomputers)
Power /taton) Programmng Techn-ue etc. &n addton) & also studed Englsh) Chemstry) Physcs)
Engneerng 0athematcs) Economcs) Engneerng Chemstry) /ocology) 2ccountancy and &ndustral
0anagement ' 6aw to broaden my .nowledge le!el. To .eep myself updated and get .nowledge n my
feld) & regularly surf the &nternet. & also buy dfferent boo.s regularly to learn !arous practcal aspects of
Electrcal Engneerng.
. Pro"ect a!e
CE1.$ 2s a de!elopng country we ha!e a !tal need of de!elopment n ndustral sector. 2ny ndustry ' power
generatng staton re-ure motor to dr!e mo!ng parts. 4arous techn-ues are used to control the speed
of d.c. motor. Thyrstor controllers are now standard modules n dfferent ndustral plants and electrc
tracton as well. The rollng mlls) paper mlls) prntng processes) machne tools) fertl7er plants) mnng
e5ca!aton machnery) cranes) ele!ators) satellte trac.ng staton) computer ' ar craft power supples
ncorporate thyrstor controllers n dfferent forms. /nce the subject mater s hghly nterestng t mot!ate
me to ta.e up the project. &n Computer laboratory of my &nsttute a number of &(0 PCs contans D82 and
28D card. Ths nspred me to use a PC for controllng purpose of the proposed control scheme.
O"ecti#e!:
CE1.9 &n ths project) my partner and & tred to desgn and construct a closed loop control system of a d.c.
motor wth the help of personal computer. The reasons of choosng the thyrstorsed power controllers for
control the speed of motor are (a) 3gh effcency due to low loss n the thyrstor) (b) 6ong lfe and reduced
mantenance due to absence of mechancal wear and (c) "aster dynamc response compared to
electromechancal con!erters.
CE1.: The control strategy for a separately e5cted d.c. motor wth the help of thyrstor controllers s !ery
smple and gude response s possble. Personal computer s used as the controllng de!ce a lot of
fle5blty s preser!ed and dfferent control strateges can easly be mplemented wthout any hardware
re-urement.
0adan *umar Datta 1
CAREER EPISODE 1.0
CE 1.; Organi$ational Structure:
Dutie! %or co&'leting t(e 'ro"ect :
CE1.< To complete the project & followed the followng steps under the super!son of 2ssstant Professor Dr.
(asudeb Chandra 1hosh) Department of Electrcal ' Electronc Engneerng of my &nsttute.
Step one:
& started wth project feasblty and lterature re!ew of d.c. motor speed control.
Step two:
& selected a sutable d.c motor.
Step three:
& smulated the d.c. motor speed control system and P& controller constants wth the help of a
software n "ortran language.
Step four:
& de!eloped Control program and another program to fnd out the pn confguraton of 28D and D82
cards) whch pn number feeds analog sgnal to the computer and from whch pn number analog sgnal s
out from the computer respect!ely.

Step five:
& desgned of power electronc control crcut) saw tooth wa!e generator crcut) comparator
crcut) the monostable pulse wth control crcut) pulse generaton ' amplfcaton crcut and current
sensng crcut.
Step six:
&mplementaton of the scheme and test run the project.
)ork Place Acti#itie!:
a. *iterature Re#iew:
CE1.= >hen e!er !arable speed dr!e s re-ured) d)c) motor s preferred to a.c. motor) as t has fast !araton
speed response n ether drecton of rotaton. Ths due to the fact that the feld and armature crcuts are
0adan *umar Datta ,
Undergraduate Student
Sukesh Kumar Biswas
Supervisor
Assistant Professor Dr. Basudeb
Chandra Ghosh
Undergraduate Student
(Myself)
Mahine
!ab.
Computer
!ab.
"#etronis
!ab.
Ciruit Design
!ab.
CAREER EPISODE 1.0
decoupled and feld s .ept constant) tor-ue becomes drectly proportonal to armature current. 2lso the
speed control loop s !ery smple rrespect!e of ts counterpart nducton motors. D.C. motors are
classfed accordng to the followng?
1) /eparately e5cted motor.
,) /hunt wound motor.
$) Compound wound motor
9) /eres wound motor
@f the abo!e types the separately e5cted motor s the most common applcaton n speed control
system. /o & choosed the separately e5cted motor to perform the project.
CE1.# &n ths type of motor feld crcut s fed from a separate d.c. supply ndependent of armature.
Compensatng wndng f present s connected n seres wth the armature crcut. The relatonshp
between termnal !oltage 4) armature current &2 and feld flu5 s g!en by %A(4-&2B2)8*---(1)) where %
s speed of the motor and B2 s armature resstance. "rom the e-uaton no.-1 t s clear that the speed
control of separately e5cted d.c. motor s possble n two ways?
1) "eld current s mantaned constant and armature !oltage s !ared. Ths s armature !oltage
control) whch s turned controls the armature current.
,) "eld current s controlled to obtan !arous speeds. >hen mantanng armature !oltage constant
wea.ens motor feld the ma5mum speed s decded by the commutaton current lmt of the
motor. The ma5mum speed obtanable s decded by the mechancal strength of the rotatng parts.
. De!ign (ardware and de#elo' !o%tware
CE1.1C To perform the project and the e5permental test & need to desgn the hardware and to de!elop
necessary software. /o there were two parts of my project - 1) 3ardware Part and ,) /oftware part.
CE1.11 3ard ware part?- Ths part conssts of power crcut) current sensng crcut and thyrstor frng crcut.
2gan thyrstor-frng crcut conssts of the @%-@"" perod control crcut) whch s d!ded nto two groups?
(a) /awtooth wa!e generator crcut and (b) comparator crcut) the monostable pulse wdth control crcut)
pulse generaton and amplfcaton crcut.
CE1.1, & controlled the speed of a d.c. motor by usng thyrstors chopper crcut snce thyrstors can be
swtched @% and @"" !ery rapdly. They are used to nterrupt a d.c. supply at a regular fre-uency n
order to produce a lower(mean) d.c. !oltage supply. &n smple words) they can produce low-le!el d.c.
!oltage from a hgh !oltage d.c. supply.

CE1.1$ The smplest wa!eform generator that & made wth the ::: tmer s an astable mult!brator g!ng a
rectangular output wth !arable fre-uency and duty cycle. The wa!es) whch are comng from sawtooth
wa!e generator and from 28D or D82 card of comparator) the comparator 60<91 compare the both nputs
and generates a s-uare pulse. &n pulse and amplfcaton crcut) the monostable bloc. (&C <91,1) controls
the fre-uency of the n!erter and the transstors are used to amplfy. & used pulse transformers to solate
the low power frng crcut from the man power crcut.

Si&ulation o% d.c. &otor !'eed control !+!te&:
CE1.19 (efore gong to mplement any scheme-t s desred that the scheme should be chec.ed thoroughly
analytcally frst. Ths s !ery much re-ured to a!od any damages for the e-upments and also helpful for
powerful operaton of the control scheme. & choosed the separately e5cted motor whch ratng s the
followngs?
2rmature !oltage (42) A 11C !olts) 2rmature current (&2) A ,.:amp.
"eld !oltage (4") A 11C !olts) "eld current (&") A C.,9 amp.
Power (P) A C.: 3.P. /peed A 1:CCB.P.0.) 2rmature resstance (B2) A 1;.=9 @hms.
2rmature nductance (62) A C.$#; 3enry.
0adan *umar Datta $
CAREER EPISODE 1.0
CE1.1: /eparately e5cted motors are wdely used for precson control of poston) speed and tor-ue output.
@ne of the common modes s to use f5ed feld e5ctaton and !arable armature !oltage. 2t a constant
feld current &" the motor tor-ue and bac. E.0.". are g!en by-
TA *m.&2 %-0
E2A *m.>m !olts
>here) *m A Tor-ue constant8E.0.". constant.
>m A 0otor speed) radans8sec.
>rtng e-uatons for the termnal !oltage and motor tor-ue n operatonal form) & ha!e
4TAE2D/62&2D&2B2
4T A*m >m D /62&2 D &2B2
TA *m &2
TAE/ >m DT6
Bearrangng)
/>m AT8E-T68EA *m &28E-T68E
>here 4T A 2!erage termnal !oltage from rectfer.
T2 A 2rmature tme constant (628B2)
E A 0oment of nerta of the motor and load *g-m,.
T6 A 6oad tor-ue opposng the rotaton.
CE1.1; &t s desred to control the speed of the d.c. motor accordng to a set speed. /o ths reference speed s
the nput of the system. The reference speed must be compared wth the actual speed to generate the
error and the controller to ha!e desred !oltage n the armature crcut wll process ths error. &n ths
respect & wanted to ma.e the speed error 7ero. /o & must use ntegral controller ha!ng ntegral
component .eepng ths n mnd & had selected P& controller for the speed loop. The appled !oltage
produces current n the armature crcut that s !ery much dependent on speed and tor-ue of the motor.
/o for the safety of the motor) current control loop s essental. Ths forms the nner loop of the control
system. 2 bloc. dagram of the proposed control loop s show n the fgure. "rom the fgure t s seen that
the speed error s processed to generate armature current reference that s compared wth the actual
armature current and the resultant error s processed trough also a P& controller. The lmtng !alues are
ntroduced to do to restrct the operaton to be confned wth n the rated lmts of !oltage and current.


Double FP& Controller
"gure F (loc. dagram of closed loop speed control system of d.c. motor dr!e.
CE1.1< To a!od the damage of the motor t s necessary to select the controller constants. Proper selecton
of controller constants pro!des a good operatng condton of the motor. (y tral and error method & had
selected the controller constants. >th the help of personal computer by de!elopng a program for
selecton of controller constants & smulate the !alue of the constants. "or the proper operaton of the
0adan *umar Datta 9
Chopper
Ciruit
Driver
Ciruit
!imits
KP$%K&$'S KP(%K&('S
)
ref
%
%
&
ref
*aho Generator
D.C. Supp#+
Motor
CSD
CAREER EPISODE 1.0
motor wth the help of P& controllers & select the followng specfc !alue of the motors parameters and
controllers constants. 2rmature resstance of the motor s 1;.=9 ohms) armature nductance s C.$#;
henrys) tor-ue (TD) s C.C %-0) feld current(&") s C.,,amp) 2rmature current s C.C amp) *wAC.:#) *TAC.9)
EAC.C:) /AC.CCC1) *P1AC.9) *P,A9) *&1AC.C=) *&,A1.
I&'le&entation , e-'eri&ent :
CE1.1= The g!en project s performed by the de!elopment of PC (Personal Computer)-(ased fle5ble
software. 2 d.c. output !oltage proportonal to the motor speed s obtaned from a techogenerator and s
used as feed bac. sgnal. Ths s fed to one of the channels of an =-bt 28D con!erter. The load control
feature s ncorporated by feedng another channel of the 28D con!erter wth a !oltage sgnal proportonal
to the armature current drawn by the motor. The operator gets the facltes to set the speed and the
currents through the .ey board from low !alues to hgher !alues up to the rated !alue (1:CCrpm) n close
steps. The speed s mantaned constant wth n plus-mnus 1G of the preset !alue under plus-mnus :G
!araton of the supply !oltage and also under !aryng load condton from no load to preset load !alues)
load lmtng feature s ncorporated n the software so that t becomes mpossble to set the load abo!e
the set !alue. &f any body attempts to ncrease the load abo!e the set !alue) the speed would fall thereby
further decreasng the load current. "acltes ha!e been pro!ded so that all the control parameters e.g.
speed reference) load lmt) proportonal) der!at!e) ntegral constants etc can be set from the .ey board
whle the motor runs on real-tme en!ronment. Ths may be termed as nteract!e dsplay control. The
motor can be run under three types of feedbac. control e.g. a) PD b) P& and c) P&D control. The
techogenerator out put !oltage beng proportonal to the speed to the computer through @%-@""
channels of the 28D con!erter through other channels armature current s fed.
Sco'e o% %urt(er !tud+:
CE1.1# To perform ths project & had faced many problems but sol!ed those. &n ths project there s a chance
of further study. &f one wants to control large scale ratng motor he can easly control the speed of the
motor only by changng the control program because the frng crcut arrangement s the same. (ut they
can mplement the crcut n dfferent shape and s7e but desgned !alues of all components are the same.

Su&&ar+:
CE1.,C The project was purely engneerng based as & started from the scratch. & had tred my best to perform
my assgned project. & had to found out the feasblty of the project as well as & had to do the desgn. &n
ths project & had to come up wth human resource management. & had to report to the top le!el of my
department about the progress of the project and handle the wor.ng n dfferent laboratory. "acng
dfferent problems and combat them help me learn dfferent s.ll of the engneerng management. Durng
the wor. tme safety of the wor.er and my partner as well as myself was one of the man ssues) as we
had to grow through 0achne 6ab) Computer 6ab) Electrcal 6ab and Electroncs 6ab.
0adan *umar Datta :