PHYSICS PROJECT

REPORT

2013-2014

SUBODH PUBLIC SCHOOL

SUBMITTED BY: GUIDED BY:
SPARSH DUTTA MRS.AJAYSHREESHARMA
S-2A H.O.D(PHYSICS)
ROLL NO: S-3822

CERTIFICATE OF
AUTHENTICITY

This is to certify that SPARSH DUTTA, a student of class XII has
successfully completed the project report on the topic: IR Security
Sensor Using A Full Wave Rectifier Circuit under the
guidance of Mrs. Ajayshree Sharma (Subject Teacher).

This project is absolutely genuine and does not indulge in plagiarism of
any kind. The references taken in making this project have been declared
at the end of this report.




Signature ( Subject Teacher) Signature ( Examiner)



ACKNOWLEGDEMENT


The project could have never been possible without the support
of various sources. It is extremely impossible to thank every
individual who has helped me in completing this project. Some
people have helped in the basic formularization and there were
sources that helped me in giving the ideas a physical
form/shape. I am extremely grateful to my teacher,
Mrs. Ajayshree Sharma, for his invaluable guidance in the
project right from the beginning. Her vital support helped the
project to take a logical and suitable shape.

I take this opportunity to thank the School authorities, for
extending their full support and cooperation in the project.

Last but not the least; I would like to thank everyone who has
offered a helping hand when required.





INTRODUCTION


The IR Security Sensor Using A Full Wave Rectifier
Circuit can be of great use in day to day life. The device
for the circuit uses a full wave rectifier circuit which is
used to rectify all the alternating current components from
A.C Mains into direct current. The two alternating halves
of an alternating current are rectified in full wave rectifier
circuit which is advantage over half wave rectifier. Most
electronic circuit cannot withstand such a huge amount of
power which is coming from A.C Mains.

Therefore this rectifier circuit has a lot of employment in
day to day life.





MATERIAL REQUIRED



Connecting Wires
Plywood
A Transformer
A Capacitor
L.E.Ds
P-N Junction Diodes
Insulating Tapes
Solder Machine, Solder Wax and Flux
IR Security Sensor
Resistors
A Plug Wire -1M
A Toy Car For Demonstration












DETAILS OF MATERIAL REQUIRED

Connecting wires and a plug - A normal insulated copper
wire able to withstand 230 250 v is required.

Single lead wire - Thin wire with one single strand of
copper well Insulated and able to conduct a current of 1
ampere or a D.C current efficiently.

A circuit board -A normal board of mica facilitated with
clips to simplify the connection.

A small box - To place the equipments safely.

A bulb - To test the output voltage whether Direct or not.

A 6-0-6 transformer-Transformer is a device used to
change the voltage of an alternating current. The
transformer which converts low voltage to high voltage is
called a step up transformer whereas the one which
converts high voltage to low voltage is called a step down
transformer. It consists of a laminated core consisting of
two coils, a primary & a secondary coil. In a step up the
number of turns in the secondary is greater that that of the
primary and the reverse in a step down transformer. Here
we use a step down transformer which steps down 230V to
6V between the secondary terminals and the center tap.

A CAPACITOR-The ability of a metal to store electric
charges measures the capacitances of a conductor. It
provides high impedance to Alternating Current and stores
them while all the D.C components are let to pass. There
are different types of capacitors
o PARALLEL PLATE CAPACITOR
o SPHERICAL CAPACITOR
o CYLINDRICLAL CAPACITOR

Here we use capacitor of 1000 m F & 25 v.
A Resistor - A resistor is an electronic components whose
resistance value tells us about the opposition it offers to the
flow of electric current. Resistance is measured in ohms.

P-N junction Diodes -When one side of a semiconductor
crystal (Germanium or silicon) is doped with acceptor
impurity atoms and the other side with donor impurity
atoms a P-N junction is formed. It is also called
semiconductor or crystal diode. When diffusion of the two
regions occur a resultant potential barrier is created
between the two sides due to migration of electrons and
holes. When the diode is connected with P side to positive
terminal of a battery & N side to ve terminal it is said to
be forward biased & reverse biased when reversed. In
forward biasing the applied positive potential repels the
holes and turns a current is made to flow overcoming the
Internal potential Barrier. While in reverse biasing the ve
electrons 1st attract the holes and widen the Barrier and
then only the repulsion between the inner electrons occur
and current flows. So theoretically no current flows
through due to the widening of the Potential barrier but
practically a very
small current does flows through.
Different types of diodes are present
Zener diode
P-N junction diode
LED
LAD
Solar cell
Here we use a P-N junction diode. The grayish ring
indicated the N side and the Black colouration the P side.
Finally, small equipments such as a soldering iron to solder
the lead, Blades, holders, insulation tapes to insulate the
wire from shocking and sand paper to rub the oxidized
wire ends are used.


IR SENSOR- This Sensor is having two diodes in which
continuos current is flowing and one diode is acting as a
thrower of infrared waves and other is receiver of infrared
waves.









CONNECTION DETAILS


Connections are done as in the circuit. The A.C. supply is
given to both the input wires of the transformer and the
two ends of the secondary coil is given to the P side of the
two diodes and the N side of the diodes are twined and
then connected to one end of the Capacitor and the other
end to the center tap lead and to the resistor.
Further, the other end of capacitor with the diode
connection is connected to the other end of the resistor.









WORKING

1st when the A.C. is supplied to the transformer, it steps down the
220V main supply to 6 volts. It has a capability of delivering a current
of 500mA. The 6 volts A.C. appearing across the secondary is the
RMS value and the peak value is 8.4 volts.
During the 1
st
half cycle of the A.C. input Diode D1 is forward biased
and a current I flows in the circuit in the direction S1D1ABEOS1.
During this time diode D2 is reverse biased. So it does not conduct any
electric current. During the next half cycle the diode D2 is forward and
D1 is reversed. Hence D2 conducts current in the direction
S2D2ABEOS2 and D1 does not conduct any current. In subsequent half
cycles of the A.C current the above processes are repeated. In both the
half cycles it is clear that current flows through the resistor in only one
direction ABE. Even though the voltage across RL is unidirectional it
will still contain a few A.C components. This is filtered and made
smooth using a capacitor, which filters 99% of the A.C current. A
resistor is then used to adjust the output voltage. We can then test the o/p
Voltage using a multi-meter.
By the use of more number of diodes the efficiency can be increase to
a maximum of 94.6%.
Here we only use 2 diodes.
The use of multiple capacitors also nearly filters all A.C components
from the supply and resistance is adjusted for the required output. As
this is a simple circuit, only one capacitor and a resistance is being used.
But there will be slight factor of A.C. current still left in the output but it
is negligible.




RECTIFIED D.C VOLTAGE



PHOTO GALLERY


PHOTO GALLERY


BIBILIOGRAPHY

1) Electronic projects Blog for beginners by A.K Manini
2) H.C VERMA XIIth
3) S.L ARORA PHYSICS XIIth
4) NCERT based CBSE text for XIIth
5) Website: www.Google.com





THANKS TO ALL.