ODULUS OF ELASTICITY

The modulus of elasticity is calculated by dividing the stress by the strain:

where M is the modulus of elasticity (ISO 9856)

F is the force (N)

elast is the elastic elongation at the end of the specified number of cycles in N/mm
In other words: The higher the modulus the lower the elastic elongation per unit stress. See definition here
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TENSION FORCE
The modulus of elasticity of a material can be used to calculate the tension force it exerts under a specific extension:

where T is the tension force
is the modulus of elasticity
A is the cross-sectional area
x is the extension
l is the length (m)
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MINIMUM PERIPHERAL FORCE
The minimum belt tensions for transmitting the pulley peripheral forces are calculated as follows:

where FU Minimum peripheral force,
C Coefficient C,
f artificial friction coefficient,
L conveyor length (m),
g acceleration (m/s),
qRo mass of revolving idler parts of top strand (kg/m),
qRu mass of revolving idler parts of bottom strand (kg/m),
qB mass of the belt on top strand (kg/m),
qG mass of the belt in bottom strand (kg/m),
H lift of the conveyor between discharge and loading area (m),
FS1 special main resistances,
FS2 special secondary resistances.
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TAKE-UP LENGTH

where SSp is take-up length (m)
L is centre distance (m)
is belt elongation, elastic and permanent (%)
As a rough guideline, use 1,5% elongation for textile belts and 0,25% for steel cord conveyor belts.
Note: For long-distance conveyors, dynamic start-up calculations may be required, because not all elements are set in motion
simultaneously, due to the elastic properties of the conveyor belt.



COEFFICIENT C

The coefficient C is a function of the length of the installation.
The total resistances without slope and special resistances are divided by the main resistances.
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ARRHENIUS EQUATION

where k is the temperature dependence of the rate constant (of a chemical reaction)
EA is the activation energy
T is the temperature
R is the gas constant
A is the prefactor (frequency factor)
The Arrhenius equation describes the quantitative relation between reaction velocity and temperature (as you know, the speed of
chemical reactions increase with rising temperature).
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STRESS IN RUBBER

where (is the stress
= is the period of strain oscillation
' is the phase lag between stress and strain


STRAIN IN RUBBER

where is the strain
( is the period of strain oscillation
t is time
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STORAGE MODULUS

where E' is the storage modulus
( is the stress
is the strain
' is the phase lag between stress and strain
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INTERNAL FRICTION

where tan is the internal friction of a rubber

E' is the storage modulus (N/mm)
E'' is the loss modulus (N/mm)
The tan o is sometimes used to determine the indentation loss of a conveyor belt cover (cf. Energy Saving Belts). E' and E'' should be
as low as possible. However, there are a number of misconceptions related to specifiying E' and E''.
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LENGTH RELATED MASS FLOW (m/h)

where v is the belt velocity (m/s),
lvth is the theoretical volume flow (m/h),
) is the bulk density of the conveyed material (t/m),
St is the coefficient for determination of the volume flow.
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BRAKING FACTOR

where VB0 is the braking factor related to the rated torque of all drive motors,
ges is the overall efficiency of all transmission elements between motor and pulley shaft,
PMerf is the total capacity of the drive motors required in a steady operating state,
PMinst is the total installed capacity of the drive motors (N).
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MINIMUM BELT TENSION FOR BELT SAG LIMITATION (top side, loaded)

where g is gravity (9,81 m/s)
m'Li is the mass of the conveyed material, uniformly distributed across a section of the conveyor (kg/m)
m'G is the length related mass of the conveyor belt (kg/m)
IRo is the idler spacing in top run (m)
hrel is the maximum belt sag related to the spacing between the carry idlers (%)



MINIMUM BELT TENSION FOR BELT SAG LIMITATION (bottom side, unloaded)

where g is the gravity (9,81 m/s)
m'G is the length related mass of the conveyor belt (kg/m)
IRu is the idler spacing in bottom run (m)
hrel is the maximum belt sag related to the spcing between the carry idlers (%)
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PRIMARY RESISTANCES IN AN EVENLY TILTED CONVEYOR

where f is the friction factor in top and bottom run
L is the conveyor length (m)
g is the gravity acceleration (m/s)
m'R is the mass of the idlers (kg/m)
m'L is the mass of the conveyor belt with an evenly distributed load (kg/m)
is the even inclination of the conveyor ()
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MAXWELL MODEL

where is strain
( is stress
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VOIGT MODEL

where is dynamic viscosity
( is total stress
is total deformation
D is shear rate
G is shear modulus
Used to express the relaxation behavior of polymers.
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ROLLING RESISTANCE

where F is resistance force
Crr is the dimensionless rolling resistance coefficient
Nf is the normal force
or

where E' is the storage modulus (N/mm)
tan is the internal friction
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MINIMUM TRANSITION LENGTH (m)

where B is belt width (mm)
is troughing angle ()
S is the safety factor
KG is the belt parameter
Kf1 is the troughing parameter








PERIPHERAL FORCE (N)

where FH is the main resistance
FN is the secondary resistance
FS1 are the special main resistances
FS2 are the special secondary resistances
FSt are the resistances due to slope


where PTr is the drive power (pulley)
v is speed (m/s)


where C is the coefficient (main resistance factor)
f is the resistance coefficient
L is belt length (m)
g is acceleration (m/s)
qRO is the mass of the idlers on top side (kg/m)
qRU is the mass of the idlers on bottom side (kg/m)
qB is the belt mass (kg/m)
qG is the mass of the conveyed material (kg/m)
H is the lift (m)
FS1 are the special main resistances
FS2 are the special secondary resistances





SLOPE RESISTANCE

where qG is the conveying mass (kg/m)
H is the lift (m)
g is acceleration (m/s)
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TRANSITION CURVES (m)

where m'G is the length related mass of the conveyor belt (kg/m)
g is acceleration (m/s)
b is width (mm)
' is troughing angle
l is idler length (mm)
B is belt width (mm)
Tx is drive traction
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ELASTIC ELONGATION (ISO 9856)

where le is the elastic elongation (mm),
Io is the initial length of the test piece(mm).
PERMANENT (PLASTIC) ELONGATION (ISO 9856)



where lp is the permanent elongation (mm),
Io is the initial length of the test piece (mm).
For the drawing: FU is 10% force of the belt breaking strength multiplied by the test piece width (N),
FL is 2% force of the belt breaking strength multiplied by the test piece width (N),
F is the test force range.
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YOUNG'S MODULUS

where L is the amount by which the length changes (mm)
F is the force
Ao is the original cross-sectional area
Lo is the original length (mm)
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DRIVE POWER

where F are the resistances to motion
v is belt speed
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RESISTANCES TO MOTION
-
where FH are the primary resistances (idlers, belt indentation, etc.)
FN are the secondary resistances (feeding, scrapers etc.)
FS are extraordinary resistances
FSt are gradient resistances
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DOWNHILL FORCE

where FGH is the downhill force
FG is the weight force
Gravity acts straight down (= the weight of the conveyor belt) and the support force acts away from the conveyor. Since the conveyor is
sloped, there is a net force acting down the slope.
See also Clamping Force
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EYTELWEIN'S FORMULA

where e is 2,7183

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ROOT MEAN SQUARE