INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCIVILANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING

Volume1,No 3,2010
Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingservices
Researcharticle ISSN0976 4399
635
EstimationofstoreyshearofabuildingwithMassandStiffness
variationduetoSeismicexcitation
BhattacharyaS.P
1
,Chakraborty S.K
2
1AssistantProfessor,DepartmentofArchitecture, BirlaInstituteofTechnology,Mesra,
Ranchi835215,India
2AssociateProfessor,DepartmentofAppliedMathematics,BirlaInstituteof
Technology,Mesra,Ranchi835215,India
shankhapratim@yahoo.com
ABSTRACT
Mass and stiffness are two basic parameters to evaluate the dynamic response of a
structural system under vibratory motion. High rise and multistoreyed buildings are
behaved differently depending upon the various parameters like massstiffness
distribution,foundationtypesandsoil conditions.2001Bhujearthquake inGujrat,India
demonstrated the damage and collapse of the buildings due to the irregularities in
structural stiffness and floor mass. This paper attempted to investigate the proportional
distribution of lateral forces evolved through seismic action in each storey level due to
changes in mass and stiffness of building. As per the BIS provisions, a multistorey
symmetrical building is considered as simplified lump mass model forthe analysis with
various mass and stiffness ratios. The sway pattern of multistoreyed building under
seismicexcitationistakenunderconsiderationwithparabolicshapefunctions.Theresult
concludes as a building structure with high mass and stiffness ratio provides instability
andattractshugestoreyshear.Aproportionateamountofmassandstiffnessdistribution
isadvantageoustocontroloverthestoreyandbaseshear.
Keywords:MassRatio,StiffnessRatio,StoreyDrift,StoreyShear,BaseShear
1.Introduction
Regularshapeplanof building isoneofthe basicprinciplesofseismicresistantdesign.
Inertiaforceisobviousintheseismicexcitationforallthesymmetricplanbuildings.But
irregular shape buildings attract the twisting couples along with linear vibration. A
symmetric building structure shows very discipline performance during any level of
earthquake.Thestructuralbehaviour,memberdeformationsandinducedstressescanalso
bepredictedeasily.Thebuildingsymmetrycanbeachievedwiththeevendistributionof
floor masses, storey stiffness. But the need of complex functional character of the
building generally offers architectural solutions, which are deviated from the prefect
symmetriccase. Itwasfoundoutfromseveralpreviousearthquakeexperiencesthat,the
wave propagation in a particular earthquake under some specified soil character imparts
resonance effect for typical tall building structures. The 1995 Mexico earthquake,
Gueguenet.al.showsthemaximumdamagetothebuildingsofheight15to20storey.A
similarsurveyandanalysisoftheseismicvulnerabilityanddamagecharacteristicsofthe
building stock of San Giuliano have been investigated by Dolce et al . An approximate
solution for nonuniform shear buildings, in which the mass centres lie on one vertical
INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCIVILANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING
Volume1,No 3,2010
Copyright2010AllrightsreservedIntegratedPublishingservices
Researcharticle ISSN0976 4399
636
axis andthecentresofresistance lieondifferentverticalaxesbutwhich are identically
oriented, given by Kan and Chopra, Balendra et al, obtained the solution for shear
building on a flexible foundation for the case of the centre of mass and centre of
resistance lying on two vertical axes. Using the continuum approach, the problem of
uniform shear wallframe buildings in which the centre of resistance, assumed to lie on
twoverticalaxes,wasinvestigatedbyRutenbergetal..
The present work deals with the estimation of natural frequency of the building model
according to lumpmass system. In this respect, variety form of shape functions have
been presumed to measure natural frequency, base shear and storey drift of building
structure. Moreover, the variation of mass and property of structural stiffness has been
encountered in the investigation to analyse the nature of the dynamic property of the
building.
2.ObjectivesandAssumptions
Theobjectivesforthecurrentstudyare
TodeterminetheeffectofthenaturalfrequencyoftheMomentResistantFrame
structureunderparabolicShapeFunctions.
Tostudytheeffectofthenaturalfrequencywithmassandstiffnessvariations.
Toestimatethebaseshearforabovementionedvariations.
Followingsaretheassumptionsmadeforthecurrentstudy:
TheMomentResistantFramestructuralsystemisconsideredasalumpedmass
withmultidegreeoffreedom.
Buildingsareconsideredtoberegularplannersymmetry.
Elasticpseudoaccelerationdesignspectrumisassumedwith5%dampingratio(x),
and0.25gpeakgroundacceleration(a)(g,theaccelerationduetogravity).
2.1 BuildingModelandMathematicalFormulation
A multistoreyed moment resistant frame is modelled as a string with distributed floor
massesatdifferentlevels,joinedbymasslessconnectorshavingdifferentstoreystiffness
values.Figure1showsalumpedmassbuildingmodel,with floormassas m
i
,stiffness
ask
i
andfloordisplacementasx
i
.
INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCIVILANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING
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Figure1:LumpedmassBuildingModel
Thelumpmassinthenstoreyillustratesndegreesoffreedom(x
1
,x
2
,x
3
.....,x
n
),inwhich
the equation of motion is established neglecting the damping. However, damping of the
structure is more or less introduced in the mathematical formulation on the basis of the
experimental and the observed data prescribed by the Indian seismic code of practices,
IS:1893(PartI),2002andthestandardliteratures.
Thus,thetotaldisplacementinthe,i
th
floor, Xi (t)isgivenby
) ( ) ( ) ( t
g
x t
i
x t
i
X + = (1)
where,thefloordisplacementrelativetothegroundmotionis ) (t
i
x
) (t
g
x istheexcitationduetotheearthquakegroundmotion.Further,thestoreyshearin
thei
th
floorcanbedeterminedas
)
1
(
-
- =
i
x
i
x
i
k
i
V
(2)
Theequationofmotionofthelumpedmassati
th
floorisgivenby(DAlemberts
principle),










+


- =


- =
2
2
2
2
2
2
t
x
t
x
m
t
X
m f
g
i
i
i
i i
(3)
Theexternalworkdone,W
E
,bytheinertiaforce f
i
isgivenby
INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCIVILANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING
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Researcharticle ISSN0976 4399
638











+


- = = =
n
i
i
g
i
i
n
i
i i
n
i
E E
x
t
x
t
x
m x f W W d d d
2
2
2
2
(4)
Internalworkdone,W
I
,bythebuilding,duetothestoreyshearisgivenby
( ) ( )( )
- - -
- - - = =
n
i
i i i i i
n
i
i i i
n
i
I I
x x x x k x x V W W
1 1 1
d d d d d (5)
Theinternalandexternalvirtualworkcanfurtherbemodifiedandexpressedintermsof
thegeneralisedcoordinatez(t)as
) ( ) ( t z t x
i i
y = (6)
Moreover, a shape function is introduced, so that the virtual displacements of the
structure become consistent with the assumed deformed shape of the building. Here in
thispapertheshapefunctionistakenasaparaboliconeanditsmathematicalexpression
is shown in the Figure 1. The relation between the storey drifts and the shape function
canbewrittenas
2
2
2
2
t
z
t
x
i
i
i


=


y and z x
i i
d y d = (7)
UsingEquation(4)andtheshapefunctioncomponent
i
,fromEquation(7),theexternal
workdoneyields
z m
t
x
m
t
z
W
n
i
n
i
i i
g
i i E
d y y










+


- =

2
2
2
2
2
(8)
Similarly,theinternalworkdone,fromEquation(5)andusingEquations(6)and(7),can
berewrittenas
( ) z k z W
n
i
i i i I
d y y








- =
-
2
1
(9)
Finally, equating the external and the internal work done from Equations (8) & (9), the
generalisedequationofmotionbecomes
0 ) (
.. ..
= + + t
g
x L z k z m (10)
Considering
INTERNATIONALJOURNALOFCIVILANDSTRUCTURALENGINEERING
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Researcharticle ISSN0976 4399
639
generalisedmassas

=
n
i
i i
m m
2
y (10a)
generalisedstiffnessas ( )
2
1 -
- =
n
i
i i i
k k y y (10b)
generalisedexcitationas

=
n
i
i i
m L y , (10c)
Also,thenaturalfrequency(w
n
)andthenaturaltimeperiod(T
n
)oftheexcitationcanbe
deducedfromEquation(10)as
m
k
n
= w and
n
n
T
w
p 2
= (11)
The generalised single degree of freedom system is further analyzed to evaluate the
seismicresponseparameters.Thepeakresponsesoftheframestructureduetoearthquake
excitation are determined by design spectrum. The generalised equation of motion,
Equation(10),canberearrangedas,
0 ) (
..
2
..
= + + t
g
x C z
n
z w
(12)
Once the deformation historyx (t) is being known through the dynamic analysis of the
givenstructure,theinternalforcesinthestructuralsystemcanthenbeevaluatedbystatic
analysis.TheequivalentstaticforceorstoreyshearforceV(t)canbeexpressedas
) ( ) ( ) ( ) (
2
t m t x m t kx t V
n
g w = = = (13)
where ) ( ) (
2
t x t
n
w g = isthepseudoacceleration.
This pseudoacceleration is computed from the natural time period (T
n
) and the specific
damping ratio ofthe structural system. The elastic pseudoacceleration design spectrum
forgroundmotionwith5%damping[xx]ispresentedinfigure2isusedtodetermine(t).
Finally,thebaseshearofthestructuralsystemcanbeexpressedas

=
n
i
i b
t V t V ) ( ) ( (14)
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Figure2:ElasticPseudoAccelerationDesignSpectrumforGroundMotionwith5%
Damping(Source:DynamicsofStructures,2
nd
Ed.,byChopra.A.K.,2003)
3.AnalysisandDiscussions
The base model (the building having equal floor mass and storey stiffness), is
numerically computed with the uniform mass and the stiffness. They are assumed as
250KNand4000KNmrespectively.Theseismicresponsesduetothevariationof mass
and stiffness is computed according to the mathematical formulation. Initially four
different types of multistoried buildings are selected for the study. The four types are
classified as fourstoried, sixstoried, eightstoried and tenstoried buildings. The mass
andstiffnessratiosarevariedfrom0.25to2.0,withanincrementof0.25.
Figure 3 is drawn to compare the variation of stiffness ratio and base shear of the
structure. The plot shows a positive sloping indicating the incrementof base shear with
increment of stiffness ratio. If the lower stories are comparatively weak in stiffness, the
building structure attracts much more lateral force and subsequently the amount of base
shear is also increased. It can be also noted from the figure that the increment is
absolutely proportional with the increase of storey height.The average increment in the
amountofbaseshearisabout3.4timesoveranincrementofstiffnessratiofrom0.25to
2.0. Plot of Figure 4 is performed with varying mass ratio keeping stiffness ratio as
constant.Thenatureofthegraphisreverseandflattedwithrespecttotheearlierplot.In
theFigure5thevariationinbasesheariscomputedbyvariationofstiffnessandmassof
the building model. The two sloping lines of different nature indicating the relation
between the changing pattern of base shear with the two ratios. Further, the figure is
subdivided into three zones. The zoneI should be avoided as it attracts high base shear
duetolowmassratio.Similarly,higherstiffnessratio(zoneIII)alsomakesthebuilding
model vulnerable. ThecentralzoneIIprovidesacontrolledbaseshearwithanoptimum
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combination of mass and stiffness. The present mathematical analysis indicating that
theseratiosshouldbeinbetween0.75to1.25tominimizethelevelofbaseshear.
Figure3:VariationsofBaseShearandStiffnessRatio
Figure4:VariationsofBaseShearandMassRatio
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Figure5:VariationsofBaseShearduetoMassandStiffnessRatio
4.Conclusions
The present investigation reveals that both the mass and stiffness are very basic
parameters to estimate the nodal force and the base shear of the building. Irregular
distribution of Mass and structural stiffness of the building plays a vital role in seismic
environment. Any abrupt change in these two basic parameters increases the amount of
base shear of the building structure. The present study suggested that in the earthquake
pronezones,it isalways safetoconstructahighrise buildingwith nearlyuniform floor
massandstoreystiffness.Uniformityinmassandstiffnessproducesaoptimumamount
ofseismicforces.
5.References
1. Gueguen, P., Bard,P.Y. and ChavezGarcia, F.J., SiteCitySeismic Interaction in
MexicoCityLikeEnvironments:AnAnalyticalStudy,Bull.Seism.Soc.Am.,Vol.
92,No.2,2002, pp.749811.
2. Dolce,M.,Masi,A.,Zuccaro,G.,Cacace,F.,Samela,L.,Santarslero,G.andVona,
M., Survey and Analysis of Damage in San Giuliano di Puglia, GNDT Technical
Report(inItalian),2004.
3. Kan,C.L.andChopra,A.K.,ElasticEarthquakeAnalysisofTorsionallyCoupled
Multistorey Buildings, Earthquake Engg. and Struct. Dyn., Vol. 5, 1977, pp. 395
412.
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4. Balendra, T., Swaddiwudhipong, S., Quek, S.T. and Lee, S.L., Free Vibration of
AsymmetricShearWallFrameBuildings,EarthquakeEngg.andStruct.Dyn.,Vol.
12,1984,pp.629650.
5. Rutenberg, A., Tso, W.K. and Heidelbrecht, A.C., Dynamics Properties of
Asymmetric WallFrame Structures, Earthquake Engg. and Struct. Dyn., Vol. 5,
1977,pp.4151.
6. Chopra, A. K., Dynamics of StructuresTheory and Applications to Earthquake
Engineering,2
nd
Ed.,PrenticeHall,NewYork,2000.