Powerpoints 2 4up6

1
Anatomy and hys|o|ogy

Chapter 2
Chapter 3
2
Iema|e Anatomy and hys|o|ogy
Lxterna| Gen|ta||a (Vu|va)
- Mons venerls
- Labla Ma[ora
- Labla Mlnora
- CllLorls
- vaglnal Cpenlng
- vesubule
- erlneum
- ureLhral Cpenlng
- Pymen
- 8arLholln's Clands
Interna| Gen|ta||a
- vaglna
- Cervlx
- uLerus
- CvldcuLs (lalloplan 1ubes)
- Cvarles
3
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Mons Vener|s (ub|s)
- fauy ussue LhaL covers Lhe [olnL
of Lhe publc bones
- ln fronL of body, below
abdomen, and above Lhe cllLorls
- acLs as a cushlon durlng
lnLercourse
- ample nerves, sensluve Lo Louch
4
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Lab|a Ma[ora
- large folds LhaL run downwards
from Lhe mons on Lhe ouLslde of
Lhe vulva
- when close LogeLher, Lyplcally hlde
Lhe oLher parLs of Lhe genlLals (l.e.,
vaglnal openlng, Lhe ureLhra, and
for some women, Lhe labla mlnora)
- provlde proLecuon
- ouLer poruon covered wlLh publc
halr, lnner poruon halrless
- very sensluve Lo Louch
2
3
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Aesthencs
- publc halr removal (anecdoLally):
looks beuer
feels beuer (sensluvlLy)
beuer for oral sex
doesn'L hold odor
easler Lo clean
- va[azzllng
- dylng
6
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Lab|a M|nora
- halrless llps LhaL slL lnslde Lhe labla ma[ora
- surround Lhe ureLhral and vaglnal openlng
- ouLer surface merge wlLh Lhe labla ma[ora
and aL Lhe Lop, [oln wlLh Lhe c||tora| hood
- when sexually aroused, engorge wlLh blood
- become swollen and darker
- huge varlauon ln slze, shape, symmeLry,
and colour
- on average, beLween approxlmaLely 2 and
3 cm long
- also very sensluve Lo Louch
7
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
C||tor|s
- only sex organ whose only known
funcuon ls Lo creaLe pleasure
- c||tora| shah - Lwo corpora cavernosa
(spongy ussue) LhaL becomes engorged
wlLh blood and erecL when sexually
sumulaLed
- g|ans - parL LhaL ls vlslble, corpus
spong|osum
- c||tora| hood - covers Lhe exposed parL
of Lhe sha and mosL of Lhe glans
- hlghly lnnervaLed - very sensluve Lo
Louch
8
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Lab|a M|nora - Lab|ap|asty
- dramaucally lncreaslng number of women seeklng
plasuc surgery for Lhelr labla mlnora (reducuon/
symmeLry)
- oLher surgerles: vaglnal ughLenlng, llposucuon of Lhe
mons venerls, hymen reconsLrucuon, unhoodlng Lhe
cllLorls
- deslgner vaglna," genlLal enhancemenL," vaglnal
re[uvenauon," Lops and bouoms"
3
9
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
C||tordectomy
- parLs of Afrlca and Mlddle LasL
- removal of Lhe cllLorls
- puberLy rlLual
- auempL Lo malnLaln glrls' chasuLy
Inhbu|anon
- pracuced wldely ln Sudan and Somalla
- enure removal of cllLorls and vulva
- vaglnal openlng suLured LogeLher, small
passage le for mensLruauon
- opened by force when marrled
10
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Vesnbu|e
- area lnslde of Lhe labla mlnora, reglon
around ureLhra and vaglnal openlng
- also very sensluve Lo Louch
Urethra| Cpen|ng
- connecLed Lo Lhe bladder vla Lhe
ureLhra
- locaLed above vaglnal openlng and
below Lhe cllLorls

11
12
4
13
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Urethra| Cpen|ng
- urlnary LracL lnfecuons: prone Lo bacLerlal lnfecuons
due Lo proxlmlLy Lo vaglna and anus
- cysnts - lnammauon of Lhe bladder cause by a u1l
- honeymoon cysnts - Lugglng on bladder and ureLhral
wall caused by lnLercourse

14
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Vag|na| Cpen|ng
- |ntro|tus
- lles below, and ls larger Lhan, Lhe ureLhral openlng
hymen - fold of ussue LhaL surrounds or parually covers Lhe
vaglnal openlng
- hymens vary wldely
per|neum - skln and underlylng ussues beLween vaglnal
openlng and anus

13
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Vag|na| Cpen|ng - nymens

normal Annular
Pymen
Crlbrlform
Pymen
lmperforaLe
Pymen
SepLaLe
Pymen
16
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Vag|na| Cpen|ng
1he nymen and V|rg|n|ty
- ln many culLures, lnLacL hymen ls consldered evldence of
vlrglnlLy
- may be lncompleLe ln some glrls, may Lear durlng exerclse,
durlng sexual explorauon, durlng lnseruon of a Lampon
- oen remaln lnLacL even aer rsL lnsLance of lnLercourse
- |t |s not poss|b|e to conhrm that a woman |s a v|rg|n by
exam|n|ng her hymen!

5
17
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Under|y|ng Structures
sph|ncters - muscular rlngs, vaglna and anus
crura - wlng-shaped sLrucLures LhaL auach Lhe cllLorls Lo Lhe
publc bone beneaLh
- lnLernal parL of Lhe cllLorls, corpus cavernosa ussue
18
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Under|y|ng Structures
vesnbu|ar bu|bs - erecule ussue, exLendlng down sldes of
vaglnal openlng
- engorge wlLh blood durlng sexual arousal, swelllng Lhe vulva
and lengLhenlng Lhe vaglna
- swelllng conLrlbuLes Lo physlologlcal sexual pleasure for boLh
parLners
19
20
Interna| Sex Crgans
Vag|na
- bromuscular Lubular LracL
- Lyplcally 7.3 Lo 12.3 cm deep aL resL, expands ln lengLh
and wldLh durlng sex and chlldblrLh
- lnner llnlng, vag|na| mucosa, lubrlcauon forms on lLs
surface durlng sexual arousal as Lhe ussue of vaglnal wall
become engorged wlLh blood
6
21
Interna| Sex Crgans
Lubr|cants
water-based
+ easy Lo clean up, safe wlLh all sex Loys
- rlnse o ln waLer, needs Lo be re-applled, can conLaln glycerln
s|||cone-based
+ doesn'L rlnse o ln waLer, lasLs much longer wlLhouL
reappllcauon, beuer for anal sex
- messy, can damage slllcone sex Loys, LasLe, sLaln sheeLs
o||-based
+ lasLs forever
- can'L be used wlLh sex Loys or condoms, really messy and
dlmculL Lo clean up
22
Interna| Sex Crgans
Vag|na
- few nerve endlngs, lnLernal 2/3 lnsensluve Lo Louch
- sensluve Lo pressure, buL noL Louch
- colonlzed by a muLually symblouc ora of mlcroorganlsms
LhaL proLecL lLs hosL from dlsease-causlng mlcrobes
- self-cleanlng, no need Lo douche or use deodoranLs
- dlscharge
- healLhy aL pP of 4-3 (acldlc)
23
Interna| Sex Crgans
kege|s
- exerclse of Lhe pubococcygeus (C) musc|es (muscle oor
of Lhe vaglna)
- lnlually lnLended for women who were lnconunenL aer
chlldblrLh
- enhance sexual experlence for boLh parLners
24
Interna| Sex Crgans
G Spot
- named aer ur. LrnesL Crafenberg
- so mass of ussues 2.3-3cm from
vaglnal enLrance
- lnLense sensauon, vaglnal orgasm
- conLroverslal
- paraurethra| g|ands?
7
23
Interna| Sex Crgans
Iema|e L[acu|anon
- lnLense sumulauon of Lhe C SpoL, Lyplcally, resulung
ln Lhe expulslon of uld from Lhe ureLhra
- low-volume versus hlgh volume
- LhoughL Lo orlglnaLe from Lhe Skene's (paraurethra|)
g|and, whlch surrounds parL of Lhe ureLhra
- slmllar Lo secreuons from prosLraLe
ChapLer 3: 134
26
Interna| Sex Crgans

27
Interna| Sex Crgans
Cerv|x
- lower end of Lhe uLerus
- os - openlng abouL Lhe slze of a pencll
cerv|ca| cancer
- rlsk facLors: human pap|||omav|rus (nV), many sexual
parLners, smoklng, low SLS
- besL defense: regular pap smears and Pv vacclne
- sympLoms: loss of appeuLe, welghL loss, faugue, pelvlc paln,
back paln, leg paln, slngle swollen leg, heavy bleedlng from Lhe
vaglna, leaklng of urlne or feces from Lhe vaglna, and bone
fracLures
28
Interna| Sex Crgans
Uterus
- where Lhe ferullzed ovum lmplanLs
- Lhree layers: per|metr|um, myometr|um, endometr|um
- endomeLrlum rlchly supplled by blood vessels and glands
- formauon of llnlng durlng mensLrual cycle, sheds lf no
ferullzed ovum presenL - mensLrual bleedlng

endometr|os|s - growLh of endromeLrlal-llke ussue ln
abdomlnal cavlLy or elsewhere ln Lhe reproducuve sysLem
endrometr|a| cancer - sympLoms lnclude abnormal bleedlng
or spomng
8
29
Interna| Sex Crgans
nysterectomy
- mosL commonly performed gynecologlcal procedure
- surglcal removal of uLerus, ovarles, falloplan Lubes, and/
or cervlx (parual/compleLe)
- Lo LreaL cancer or dlsease (e.g., severe endomeLrlosls,
posL-parLum placenLal problems, eLc.)

30
Interna| Sex Crgans
Cv|ducts (Ia||op|an 1ubes)
- passageway for Lhe ova from Lhe ovarles Lo Lhe uLerus
- tuba| ||ganon - ue o falloplan Lubes so ova can'L pass
- ectop|c pregnancy - lmplanLauon of Lhe ovum ln Lhe
falloplan Lubes

31
Interna| Sex Crgans
Cvar|es
- produce oocytes (ova)
- abouL 2,000,000 aL blrLh, 400,000 pasL puberLy
- fo|||c|es - hold Lhe oocyLes, one bursL per monLh
- average women wlll release 400 rlpened ova over llfeume
- produce hormones
- estrogen (estrad|o|) - promoLes physlologlcal changes durlng
puberLy and conLrols mensLrual cycle
- progesnn (progesterone) - conLrols mensLrual cycle and
sumulaLes Lhlckenlng (prollferauon) of Lhe endromeLrlum (for
pregnancy)
32
Menstrua| Cyc|e
- cycllcal changes ln physlology conLrolled by Lhe endocrlne
sysLem, Lyplcally 28 days
- menstruanon - sheddlng of Lhe endomeLrlum, no
ferullzauon of ovum
- menarche - rsL mensLruauon
- amenorrhea - absence of mensLruauon
- 3 dlsuncL phases
! folllcular phase, ovulauon, and Lhe luLeal phase
! C8 mensLruauon, prollferauve phase, and secreLory
phase (plus ovu|anon)

9
33
Menstrua| Cyc|e
Gnkn - ConadoLropln-8eleaslng
Pormone
Gonadotrop|ns
ISn - lolllcle Sumulaung Pormone
maLurauon of folllcle
L by folllcle
Ln - LuLelnlzlng Pormone
sumulaLes ovulauon
/L by ovary (corpus luLeum)
Lstrogens - esLradlol, esLrone, esLrlol
rogesterone
34
Menstrua| Cyc|e
Menstrua| hase
- absence of ferullzed ovum leads Lo drop
ln esLrogens/progesLerone
- levels of esLrogens/progesLerone drop Lo
Lhe polnL aL whlch endomeLrlum llnlng
cannoL be supporLed, sloughs
- Lyplcally no longer Lhan a week
- use of pads, Lampons, more recenLly Lhe
keeper
33
Menstrua| Cyc|e
ro||feranve hase
- approxlmaLely 10 days long
- ln response Lo drop ln esLrogens, plLulLary sLarLs Lo
secreLe lSP - slgnals rlpenlng of 10-20 ova wlLhln Lhelr
folllcles
- folllcles begln producuon of esLrogens - endomeLrlum
Lhlckens
- progesLerone remalns low
- rsL half of cycle, low level of L has negauve feedback
eecL on PC axls - evenLual surge ln Cn8P 36 hours
before ovulauon, lncreased LP/lSP sumulaLes nal
developmenL of folllcle and ovulauon
36
Menstrua| Cyc|e
Cvu|anon
- esLrogens peaks, progesLerone remalns low
- release of a maLure ovum from Lhe ovarles lnLo Lhe
falloplan Lube
- Lwo maLure ova ferullzed - fraLernal Lwlns
- one ferullzed ovum dlvldes lnLo Lwo zygoLes - ldenucal
Lwlns
10
37
Menstrua| Cyc|e
Secretory (Lutea|) hase
- corpus |uteum - rupLured folllcle
- acLs as an endocrlne gland secreung loLs of progesLerone
and some esLrogens
- progesLerone peaks
- hlgh levels sumulaLe furLher Lhlckenlng of endomeLrlum
and glands of endomeLrlum Lo secreLe nuLrlenLs for
ferullzed ovum lmplanLed ln uLerus wall
- conunued hlgher levels of L/ have negauve feedback eecL
on PC axls
- lf no lmplanLauon, corpus luLeum decomposes and p/e drop
38
39
Menopause
- mensLrual cycle shorLens as women age pasL 33
- cessauon of mensLruauon
- Lyplcally lasLs for a couple of years beLween ages 43-30
- speclc evenL durlng a longer process:
c||macter|c - gradual decllne ln funcuon of ovarles
- 13 years, ages 43-60
40
Menopause
- many sympLoms, lncludlng hoL ashes (hoLness) and hoL
ushes (reddenlng)
- normone kep|acement 1herapy (nk1): synLheuc
progesLerone/esLrogen Lo LreaL sympLoms of menopause
- conLroverslal - may cause lncreased rlsk of breasL
cancer

11
41
Menstrua| rob|ems
Dysmenorrhea
- paln or dlscomforL (Lyplcally cramps)
pr|mary - no organlc orlgln
secondary - paln secondary Lo organlc problems (e.g.,
endomeLrlosls, pelvlc lnammauon dlsease, ovarlan
cysLs, eLc.)
- cramps (uLerlne conLracuons) from prostag|and|ns
- uld reLenuon, ln breasLs - masta|g|a
- orgasm can relleve mensLrual dlscomforL
42
Menstrua| rob|ems
Amenorrhea
- absence of mensLruauon, prlmary slgn of lnferullLy
pr|mary - ln women who have noL mensLruaLed by age
16-17
secondary - ln women who have prevlously had normal
perlods

43
Menstrua| rob|ems
remenstrua| Symptom (MS)
- physlologlcal/psychologlcal sympLoms presenL 4-6 days
before perlod beglns
- may perslsL lnLo mensLrual phase
- can be conLrolled somewhaL by llfesLyle (e.g., dleL,
exerclse)

44
1he 8um
- anus - openlng
Lwo sph|ncters:
exLernal - volunLary conLrol
lnLernal - Lyplcally lnvolunLary, alLhough conLrol can be
learned
rectum - ouLer-mosL passage
12
43
8reasts
- secondary sex characLerlsuc
- 13-20 mammary g|ands per breasL
- lled wlLh fauy ussue - Lhls deLermlnes slze and shape
- areo|a - nlpple
- sensluve Lo Louch
- large varlauon ln slze, shape, posluon, areola, eLc.
46
Ma|e Anatomy and hys|o|ogy
47
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
en|s
corpora cavernosa
- Lwo cyllnders of spongy ussue
LhaL run lengLh of penls
- s|nuso|ds - vascular space
- engorge wlLh blood when
sexually aroused - suen
corpus spong|osum
- spongy ussue LhaL surrounds
ureLhra - proLecLs ureLhra
from belng squeezed shuL
durlng erecuon
- becomes Lhe glans
48
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
en|s
corona - rldge around Lhe
edge of Lhe glans
frenu|um - Lhln ussue LhaL
connecLs Lhe underslde of
Lhe glans Lo Lhe sha
gen|ta| end-bu|bs - clusLer of
Langled nerve endlngs
13
49
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
en|s
foresk|n (prepuce) - loose
skln LhaL covers Lhe glans
smegma - cheese-llke
subsLance LhaL can collecL
under Lhe foreskln

30
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
C|rcumc|s|on
- surglcal removal of Lhe foreskln
- aL blrLh, adolescence, or adulLhood
31
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
C|rcumc|s|on
32
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
C|rcumc|s|on
14
33
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
C|rcumc|s|on - 1he Controversy
- amLudes
- consenL
- sexual funcuon: evldence
- Plv/S1ls: mlxed evldence
- ln areas where few people use proLecuon, may
decrease rlsk mlnlmally
34
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
C|rcumc|s|on - 1he Controversy
Amer|can Med|ca| Assoc|anon (and WnC)
""#$%&'(() '(( *&$$+,% -.(#*) /%'%+0+,%/ 1$.0 /-+*#'(%)
/.*#+2+/ ',3 0+3#*'( .$4',#5'2.,/ 3. ,.% $+*.00+,3
$.&2,+ ,+.,'%'( *#$*&0*#/#.,6 ',3 /&--.$% %7+ -$.8#/#.,
.1 '**&$'%+ ',3 &,9#'/+3 #,1.$0'2., %. -'$+,%/ %.
#,1.$0 %7+#$ *7.#*+:

Canad|an ed|atr|c Soc|ety
- medlcally unnecessary and recommend agalnsL Lhem
- ManlLoba ls Lhe only provlnce ln whlch healLh care
lnsurance wlll pay for clrcumclslon
33
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
en|s S|ze
average lengLh: 3-6 lnches, erecL
average clrcumference: 4.3-3 lnches
36
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
en|s S|ze Lengthen|ng
- only eecuve was Lo lengLhen
penls ls surgery
- release of Lhe fundlform
llgamenL and Lhe
suspensory llgamenL
15
37
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
en|s Curvature
- mosL penlses are curved and
asymmeLrlcal
- eyron|e's d|sease
en||e Iracture
- rupLurlng of Lhe membrane
LhaL surrounds Lhe corpus
cavernosa
38
Lxterna| Sex Crgans
Scrotum
- pouch of loose skln LhaL
holds Lhe LesLes and
spermanc cord
spermanc cord lncludes:
vas deferens - passage for
sperm
cremaster musc|e - ralses
and lowers LesLes
blood vessels
39
Interna| Sex Crgans
1estes
serve Lwo purposes:
1. produce sperm
2. produce androgens (l.e., LesLosLerone)

secondary sex character|sncs

60
Interna| Sex Crgans
Sperm
- produced ln Lhe sem|n|ferous tubu|es
Lhrough spermatogenes|s (64 days)
- produce 1000/second, 30 bllllon/year
- conLaln 23 chromosomes
- collecLed ln Lhe ep|d|dym|s
16
61
Interna| Sex Crgans
assage of the Sperm
- Lhrough vas deferens
- pasL Lhe sem|na| ves|c|es lnLo
Lhe e[acu|atory duct
- semlnal veslcles secreLe uld
LhaL ls parL of semen
- e[acu|atory duct runs Lhrough
Lhe prostate g|and
- pasL Lhe Cowper's g|and
(l.e., Lhe bu|bourethra| g|and)
62
Interna| Sex Crgans
Semen
made up:
- sperm (1)
- semlnal uld from Lhe sem|na| ves|c|es (70)
- uld from Lhe prosLaLe (30)
- some secreuon from Lhe Cowpers' g|and
- ulds neuLrallze Lhe acldlLy of vaglna, provlde nourlshmenL
for sperm (frucLose)
63
Sexua| Iuncnon
Lrecnons
- hydraullc pressure creaLed by lncreased blood ow lnLo
Lhe penls (corpus canvernosa)
- reexlve (e[aculauon Loo) response Lo Louch
- can also be lnluaLed by Lhe braln: fanLasy, vlsual
sumulauon, audlLory sumulauon - dlerenL paLhway
hlgher up ln splnal cord
- braln also has Lop-down lnhlblLory conLrol
- Lacule sumulauon lnformauon senL upwards Lo braln
64
Sexua| Iuncnon
Lrecnons - Autonom|c Nervous System (ANS)
- AnS dlvlded lnLo Lhe sympaLheuc and
parasympaLheuc branches
- parasympathenc - erecuons
- sympathenc - e[aculauon

17
63
Sexua| Iuncnon
L[acu|anon
- expulslon of semen - wlLh or wlLhouL orgasm
- orgasm - muscle conLracuons aL peak of sexual
arousal assoclaLed wlLh Lenslon release and
experlenced as very pleasurable
- refracLory perlod
66
Sexua| Iuncnon
L[acu|anon
Lwo sLages:
1. em|ss|on stage: conLracuons of prosLaLe, semlnal
veslcles, vas deferens propel semen lnLo urethra| bu|b
(posLerlor ureLhra)
- ureLhral bulb sLreLches, Lwo sphlncLers aL each end
keep semen wlLhln
- e[aculaLory lnevlLablllLy
2. expu|s|on stage: semen propelled ouL Lhe penls by
muscle conLracuons aL lLs base


Powerpoints 2 4up6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Powerpoints 2 4up6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

1

Anatomy and hys|o|ogy

You might also like