PUBLIC SERVANT QUESTIONNAIRE

"Whatever the form in which the overnment f!nction"# an$one enterin

into an arranement with the overnment ta%e" a ri"% of havin
acc!rate&$ a"certaine' that he who (!r(ort" to act for the overnment
"ta$" within the )o!n'" of hi" a!thorit$#
* even tho!h the aent him"e&f * ma$ )e !naware of the &imitation"
!(on hi" a!thorit$+"
See Utah Power , Liht Co+ v+ Unite' State"# -./ U+S+ /01# .213 Unite' State"
v+ Stewart# /44 U+S+ 52# 62# 420# an' "ee# enera&&$# In re 7&o$' Acce(tance"# 6
Wa&&+ 555+
7e'era& Cro( In"!rance v+ 8erri&&# //- U+S+ /02 941.6:
"Public officers are merely the agents of the public, whose powers and
authority are defined and limited by law. Any act without the scope of the
authority so defined does not bind the principal, and all persons dealing
with such agents are charged with knowledge of the extent of their
authority,
Continenta& Ca"!a&t$ Co+ v+ Unite' State"# 44/ 7+-' -0.# -05 9;th Cir+ 41.2:
"It is not the function of our Government to keep the citizen from falling into
error
it is the function of the citizen to keep the government from falling into
error."
American Comm!nication" A""ociation v+ <o!'"# //1 U+S+ /0-# ..- 941;2:
"=!ri"'iction# once cha&&ene'# cannot )e a""!me' an' m!"t )e 'eci'e'+"
8aine v+ Thi)o!tot# 422 S+ Ct+ -;2
"An !ncon"tit!tiona& act i" not &aw3 it confer" no riht"3 it im(o"e" no '!tie"3
affor'" no (rotection# it create" no office3 it i" in &ea& contem(&ation# a"
ino(erative a" tho!h it ha' never )een (a""e'+" "ee# Norton v+ She&)$ Co!nt$#
440 U+S+ .-;# Q!otin from 8ar)!r$ v+ 8a'i"on 9402/:# 8ar)!r$ ho&'" that a
voi' act i" voi' a) initio+ "* the Con"tit!tion re>!ire" the ?!'iciar$ to refrain from
enforcin &aw" enacte' contrar$ to the Con"tit!tion*@
"The "tate citiAen i" imm!ne from an$ an' a&& overnment attac%" an' (roce'!re#
a)"ent contract+" "ee# <re' Scott v"+ Sanfor'# 52 U+S+ 941 Bow+: /1/ or a" the
S!(reme Co!rt ha" "tate' c&ear&$# "*ever$ man i" in'e(en'ent of a&& &aw"#
eCce(t tho"e (re"cri)e' )$ nat!re+
Be i" not )o!n' )$ an$ in"tit!tion" forme' )$ hi" fe&&owmen witho!t hi" con"ent+@
CRU<EN v"+ NEALE# - N+C+ //0 - S+E+ 62
"The in'ivi'!a& ma$ "tan' !(on hi" con"tit!tiona& riht" a" a citiAen+ Be i" entit&e'
to carr$ on hi" (rivate )!"ine"" in hi" own wa$+ Bi" (ower to contract i"
!n&imite'+ Be owe" no "!ch '!t$ Dto "!)mit hi" )oo%" an' (a(er" for an
eCaminationE to the State# "ince he receive" nothin therefrom# )e$on' the
(rotection of hi" &ife an' (ro(ert$+ Bi" riht" are "!ch a" eCi"te' )$ the &aw of the
&an' DCommon LawE &on antece'ent to the oraniAation of the State# an' can
on&$ )e ta%en from him )$ '!e (roce"" of &aw# an' in accor'ance with the
Con"tit!tion+ Amon hi" riht" are a ref!"a& to incriminate him"e&f# an' the
imm!nit$ of him"e&f an' hi" (ro(ert$ from arre"t or "eiA!re eCce(t !n'er a
warrant of the &aw+ Be owe" nothin to the (!)&ic "o &on a" he 'oe" not tre"(a""
!(on their riht"+"
a" (er Ba&e v+ Ben%e&# -24 U+S+ ./ at .6
8cNa&&$ v+ U+S+# .0/ U+S+ /;2# /64F/6- 94106:# Q!otin U+S+ v+ Bo&Aer# 045 7+-'+
/2.# /26G "7ra!' in it" e&ementar$ common &aw "en"e of 'eceit F an' thi" i" one
of the meanin" that fra!' )ear" in the "tat!te# "ee Unite' State" v+ <ia&# 6;6
7+-' 45/# 450 96th Cir+ 410;: F inc&!'e" the 'e&i)erate concea&ment of materia&
information in a "ettin of fi'!ciar$ o)&iation+ A (!)&ic officia& i" a fi'!ciar$
towar' the (!)&ic# inc&!'in# in the ca"e of a ?!'e# the &itiant" who a((ear
)efore him# an' if he 'e&i)erate&$ concea&" materia& information from them he i"
!i&t$ of fra!'+
"The &aw create" a (re"!m(tion# where the )!r'en i" on a (art$ to (rove a
materia& fact (ec!&iar&$ within hi" %now&e'e an' he fai&" witho!t eCc!"e to te"tif$#
that hi" te"timon$# if intro'!ce'# wo!&' )e a'ver"e to hi" intere"t"+" citin 8eier v+
CIR# 411 7 -' /1-# /15 90th Cir+ 41;-:
>!otin -2 Am =!r# Evi'ence# Sec 412# (ae 41/
Notification of &ea& re"(on"i)i&it$ i" "the fir"t e""entia& of '!e (roce"" of &aw"+
See a&"oG U+S+ v+ Twee&# ;;2 7+-'+-16+"!ilence can only be e"uated with fraud
where there is a legal or moral duty to speak or when an in"uiry left
unanswered would be intentionally misleading."
"Soverein imm!nit$ 'oe" not a((&$ where 9a" here: overnment i" a &aw)rea%er
or ?!ri"'iction i" the i""!e+"
Arth!r v+ 7r$# /22 7+S!((+ 5--
"Hnowin fai&!re to 'i"c&o"e materia& information nece""ar$ to (revent "tatement
from )ein mi"&ea'in# or ma%in re(re"entation 'e"(ite %now&e'e that it ha" no
rea"ona)&e )a"i" in fact# are actiona)&e a" fra!' !n'er &aw+"
R!)in"tein v+ Co&&in"# -2 7+/' 452# 4112
DaE "Part$ in intere"t ma$ )ecome &ia)&e for fra!' )$ mere "i&ent ac>!ie"cence
an' (arta%in of )enefit" of fra!'+"
Bran"om v+ Stan'ar' Bar'ware# Inc+# 06. S+W+-' 141# 411.
Ex dolo malo non oritur actio. O!t of fra!' no action ari"e"3 fra!' never ive" a
riht of action+
No co!rt wi&& &en' it" ai' to a man who fo!n'" hi" ca!"e of action !(on an
immora& or i&&ea& act+
A" fo!n' in B&ac%I" Law <ictionar$# 7ifth E'ition# (ae ;21+
"#raud destroys the validity of everything into which it enters,"
N!'' v+ B!rrow"# 14 U+S .-5+
"7ra!' vitiate" ever$thin+"
Bo$ce v+ Jr!n'$# / Pet+ -42
"7ra!' vitiate" the mo"t "o&emn contract"# 'oc!ment" an' even ?!'ment"+"
U+S+ v+ Throc%morton# 10 US 54
When a CitiAen cha&&ene" the act" of a fe'era& or "tate officia& a" )ein i&&ea&#
that officia& cannot ?!"t "im(&$ avoi' &ia)i&it$ )a"e' !(on the fact that he i" a
(!)&ic officia&+ In Unite' State" v+ Lee# 425 U+S+ 415# --2# --4# 4 S+Ct+ -.2# -54#
the Unite' State" c&aime' tit&e to Ar&inton# LeeI" e"tate# via a taC "a&e "ome
$ear" ear&ier# he&' to )e voi' )$ the Co!rt+ In "o voi'in the tit&e of the Unite'
State"# the Co!rt 'ec&are'G
"No man in this country is so high that he is above the law. No officer of the law may
set that law at defiance with impunity. All the officers of the government, from the
highest to the lowest, are creatures of the law and are bound to obey it. It is the only
supreme power in our system of government, and every man who by accepting
office participates in its functions is only the more strongly bound to submit to that
supremacy, and to observe the limitations which it imposes upon the exercise of the
authority which it gives.
"Shall it be said... that the courts cannot give remedy when the citizen has been
deprived of his property by force, his estate seized and converted to the use of the
government without any lawful authority, without any process of law, and without
any compensation, because the president has ordered it and his officers are in
possession If such be the law of this country, it sanctions a tyranny which has no
existence in the monarchies of !urope, nor in any other government which has a
"ust claim to well#regulated liberty and the protection of personal rights."
See Pierce v. United States ("The Floyd Acceptances"), 7 Wall. (74 U.S.) 666, 677 ("We
have no oicers in this !overn"ent ro" the President do#n to the "ost s$%ordinate
a!ent, #ho does not hold oice $nder the la#, #ith prescri%ed d$ties and li"ited
a$thority")& '$nnin!ha" v. (acon, )*+ U.S. 446, 4,-, 4,6, . S.'t. -+-, -+7 ("/n these
cases he is not s$ed as, or %eca$se he is, the oicer o the !overn"ent, %$t as an
individ$al, and the co$rt is not o$sted o 0$risdiction %eca$se he asserts a$thority as s$ch
oicer. To "a1e o$t his deense he "$st sho# that his a$thority #as s$icient in la# to
protect hi"... /t is no ans#er or the deendant to say / a" an oicer o the !overn"ent
and acted $nder its a$thority $nless he sho#s the s$iciency o that a$thority...")& and
Poinde2ter v. 3reenho#, ))4 U.S. -7*, -47, , S.'t. +*., +)-
W5676AS, oicials and even 0$d!es have no i""$nity (See, 8#en vs. 'ity o
/ndependence, )** S 't. ).+4& (aine vs. Thi%o$tot, )** S. 't. -,*-& and 5aer vs. (elo,
,*- U.S. -)& oicials and 0$d!es are dee"ed to 1no# the la# and s#orn to $phold the
la#& oicials and 0$d!es cannot clai" to act in !ood aith in #ill$l deprivation o la#,
they certainly cannot plead i!norance o the la#, even the 'iti9en cannot plead i!norance
o the la#, the co$rts have r$led there is no s$ch thin! as i!norance o the la#, it is
l$dicro$s or learned oicials and 0$d!es to plead i!norance o the la# thereore there is
no i""$nity, 0$dicial or other#ise, in "atters o ri!hts sec$red %y the 'onstit$tion or
the United States o A"erica. See: Title 4- U.S.'. Sec. )+4..
"When la#s$its are %ro$!ht a!ainst ederal oicials, they "$st %e %ro$!ht a!ainst the"
in their "individ$al" capacity not their oicial capacity. When ederal oicials perpetrate
constit$tional torts, they do so $ltra vires (%eyond the po#ers) and lose the shield o
i""$nity." Willia"son v. U.S. ;epart"ent o A!ric$lt$re, 4), F.-d. .6+, A'<U
Fo$ndation v. =arr, +,- F.-d. 4,7, -+. U.S. App. ;' )*), ('A ;' )++)).
"Personal involve"ent in deprivation o constit$tional ri!hts is prere>$isite to a#ard o
da"a!es, %$t deendant "ay %e personally involved in constit$tional deprivation %y
direct participation, ail$re to re"edy #ron!s ater learnin! a%o$t it, creation o a policy
or c$sto" $nder #hich $nconstit$tional practices occ$r or !ross ne!li!ence in "ana!in!
s$%ordinates #ho ca$se violation." (3alle!os v. 5a!!erty, ?.;. o ?e# @or1, 64+ F.
S$pp. +. ()+44).
"The &aw re>!ire" (roof of ?!ri"'iction to a((ear on the recor' of the
a'mini"trative aenc$ an'
a&& a'mini"trative (rocee'in"+"
Baan" v+ Lavine# .4; U+ S+ ;//
"If you$ve relied on prior decisions of the !upreme %ourt you have a perfect
defense for willfulness."
U+S+ v+ Bi"ho(# .4- U+S+ /.5