Indices and Logarithms

1 2

3
1. (a)
1 = 13
4
4

= 1
64

(b) (5 + 1)2 = 62


= 36

1 2

(d)
2 =
21
3
3
3


=
2

=
=

34 23
(b) = 34 1 23
3


= 33 23


= 216

(b) 16 2 = (42) 2


=4

(32) 2

42
31

2
1

23
1

3 42
3 1
3. (a) =
5
5
42
3


=
80

2. (a) 8 3 = (23) 3

=2

1
2

1 2

1 2

5
=
6

1 2

2
32
(g)
3 =
4
42


= 9
16

(c)
4
9

32
(g)
4

23 =
52
(e)
52
23
25


=
8
31 =
1
(f)
72
72 3
1


=
147

(f) ABBBBB
17 20 = ABBBBB
17 1
ABB


= 16


=4

ABB
25
25 =

ABBB
36
ABB
36

(e) 3ABBBBB
27
32 + 18 = 3ABB


=3

(c) (3 7)2 = (10)2

= 100
1

(d)

1 2 189 2 = 32 89

(c)
2
3

1
2

4

=
1

9 2 1

(22) 2
=
1

(32) 2
21
=
31
3
=
2

4
=
3

(d)

ABB35 ABB35 = 35

(e)

(4 2 23) (32 9)
= (2 23) 81
= 16 81
= 65

ABB
25 + 3ABB
27
5+3
(f)
=
23
8


= 1


1 2

(g)
9 =
16

x(x2 1)
x3 x
(k) =
(x
+ 1)(x 1)
(x + 1)(x 1)
x(x + 1)(x 1)


=
(x + 1)(x 1)


=x

2 2

31 2 4
3

1 2

3 3
=
4
27
=
64

9x2 + x0 y0 = ABBBBBBBB
9x2 + 1 1
(l) ABBBBBBBBB


= ABBB
9x2


= 3x

AB
x AB
x
x
4. (a) =
x
2
ABxB


= 1

x2y3 2
x4y6
(m)
=
2
1
4
p

4p 2
4 6
xy


=
16p

x AB
y
ABxyB AB

(b) =
ABy
ABy

x
= AB

x y4
(c)
=
2x5 y2


=
2

x2 + 5 y4 2

2
1 x3y2

2
1

5. (a)
16 = 24

log2 16 = 4
(b)
100 = 102

log10 100 = 2

(d) AB

x (2AB

x x 2 ) = AB

x (x 2 )


=x

3 3

ABBBB
x + y ABBBB
x+y
x+y
=
(g)
x2 + yx
x(x + y)
1


=
x

1 2

5
25 = AB
1

(g)
x = ay + 2

loga x = y + 2

1
2

1 2

= 5 2
1

log5 25 =
2
a
(f)
c = b

logb c = a

= (x ) (y )
= xy

x4
(h)
y2

1 = 32

9
1 = 2
log3
9

(e)

= (x3 y3) 3

2
4 =

9
3
4
= 2
9

(d)

ABBBB

3 3

log2
3

x5y3
x5 2 y3
(f) 3
= 3ABBBBBB
x2
3


= ABBB
x3y3

1 2

(c)

(x y)(x + y)
x2 y2
(e) =
2(x + y)
2x + 2y
xy


=
2

(x4) 2
=
1

(y2) 2
x2
=
y1
= x2y

(h)
p = q2x

logq p = 2x
6. (a) log10 1000 = 3


1000 = 103
(b)

(c)

(i) (x 2 y4)2 = (x 2 )2 (y4)2

= xy8

ABBBBB

ABBBBB
x2 y2
x2 y2
(j) =
xy
xy
ABBBB
(x + y)(x y)


=
(x y)
x+y


= ABBBB

log2 8 = 3

8 = 23
logAB2 4 = 4
2 )4

4 = (AB

1 2

(d) log 2
4 = 3

9
3
4 =
2

9
3
(e) loga c = b


c = ab

ABBBBBBBBB

1 2

(f) logb (p +1) = q

p + 1 = bq

(h) logAB2 8 = x
2 )x


8 = (AB

p
(g) logt = d
2
p


= td
2

1 2

(h) logp (xy) = t

xy = pt
(i) log4 1 = 0


1 = 40

(j) log10 0.1 = 1

0.1 = 101

7. (a)

OR

log10 1000 = log10 103

= 3 log10 10

= 3 1

= 3

1 2

(f)

l og2 1 = x

1 = 2x
20 = 2x

x = 0
log2 1 = 0

(g)

log2 16 = log2 24

= 4 log2 2

= 4 1

=4

1 2

3
= 2 log3
2
2
= 2 1
=2

1 2

l og9 9 = x

9 = 9x

x = 1
log9 9 = 1

(k) log2 (5 3) = log2 2

= 1
(l) log1 25 = x

1 = log 1 log 5
(c) log5
5
5
5


= 0 1


= 1

(e)

1 2

9 = log
3
(j) log3
3

4
2
2
2

1 2

log2 8 = log2 23

= 3 log2 2

= 3 1

=3

5 2 = 52x
1
2x =
2
1
x =
4
1
log25 AB
5 =
4

(b) log10 0.1 = log10

1
10


= log10 1 log10 10


= 0 1


= 1

(d)

23 = 2 2
1x

3 =
2

x = 6
logAB2 8 = 6

(i) log25 AB
5 = x
AB5 = 25x

log10 1000 = x

1000 = 10x

103 = 10x

x = 3
\ log10 1000 = 3

1 x

1 2

1
25 =
5

52 = 5x

x = 2
log1 25 = 2

8. (a) log2 15 = log2 (3 5)

= log2 3 + log2 5

= 1.59 + 2.32

= 3.91
(b)

log2 25 = log2 52

= 2 log2 5

= 2(2.32)

= 4.64

1 2

3 = log 3 log 5
(c) log2
2
2
5


= 1.59 2.32


= 0.73
(d)

log2 10 = log2 (2 5)

= log2 2 + log2 5

= 1 + 2.32

= 3.32

(c) 2 log10 a log10 t

= log10 a2 log10 t

1 2

3
(e) log2 0.6 = log2
5

= log2 3 log2 5

= 1.59 2.32

= 0.73
(f) log2

(d) log10 p + 2 log10 q

= log10 p + log10 q2

= log10 (pq2)

1 2

25 = log 25 log 9

2
2
9
= log2 52 log2 32
= 2 log2 5 2 log2 3
= 2(2.32) 2(1.59)
= 2(2.32 1.59)
= 1.46

(e) 2 log2 p + 3 log10 q + log10 m

= log10 p2 + log10 q3 + log10 m

= log10 (p2q3m)
(f) 4 log2 p log2 8 + log2 q

= log2 p4 log2 8 + log2 q
p4q

= log2
8

1 2

1 = log 1 log 4
(g) log2
2
2
4


= 0 2 log2 2


= 0 2 1


= 2
(h)

1 2

1 log b
(g) 2 log2 3 log2 a +
2
2
2
b

= log2 3 log2 a + log2 AB
9AB
b

= log2
a

log2 452 = 2 log2 (45)

= 2 log2 (5 9)

= 2(log2 5 + log2 9)

= 2(2.32 + 2 log2 3)

= 2[2.32 + 2(1.59)]

= 11

1
1

1 2
1 2

ABa
= log2
(4b)(2d)

ABa
= log2
8bd

3
1

1 2

log10 10
10. (a) log8 10 =
log10 8
1

=
log10 8

= 1.107

ABB
25 = log2 25 3

1 log 25
=
2
3
1
= 2 log2 5
3
2 (2.32)
=
3
= 1.547

log10 0.1
(b) log3 0.1 =
log10 3

= 2.096

log10 12
(c) log4 12 =
log10 4

9. (a) log10 a + log10 b = log10 (ab)

(b) log10 p log10 q = log10

(j) 2 log3 AB
a + log3 p2 3 log3 q

= log3 a + log3 p2 log3 q3
ap2

= log3
q3

1 log a log 4b log 2d

(i)
2
2
2
2
a log2 4b log2 2d

= log2 AB

(j) log2 AB
5 = log2 5 2
1 log 5


=
2
2
1


= (2.32)
2


= 1.16
3

(h) 5 log2 a log2 b log2 2c

= log2 a5 log2 b log2 2c
a5

= log2
2bc

(i) log2 0.15 = log2

15
100


= log2 3
20


= log2 3 log2 20


= log2 3 log2 (4 5)


= log2 3 (log2 22 + log2 5)


= log2 3 2 log2 2 log2 5


= 1.59 2(1) 2.32


= 2.73

(k) log2

1 2

a2
= log10
t

1 2


= 1.792

 13. log2 x = 36 logx 2

1

= 36
log2 x
(log2 x)2 = 36
log2 x = ABB
36

= 6

x = 26 or 26

(d) log2 (2 + 7) = log2 9

log10 9


=
log10 2

= 3.170

1 2

25 = log 25 log 8
11. (a) log9
9
9
8
log3 25
log3 8

=
log3 9
log3 9

log3 52
log3 23

=
log3 32
log3 32

2 log3 5
3 log3 2
=

2 log3 3
2 log3 3

2 1.465 3 0.631
=

2 1
2 1
= 0.5185

log3 (2 52)
=
log3 3
10
log3 2 + log3 52
=
log3 3 log3 10
0.631 + 2 log3 5
=
1 (log3 2 + log3 5)
0.631 + 2(1.465)
=
1 (0.631 + 1.465)

1 2

1
= 1 +
c

15.

log3 x2 + 2 logx 3 = 5

1
2 log3 x + 2
= 5
log3 x

2 logx 5 + log5 x = 3

1
2
+ log5 x = 3
log5 x

2 + (log5 x)2 = 3 log5 x
2
(log5 x) 3 log5 x + 2 = 0
(log5 x 1)(log5 x 2) = 0
log5 x 1 = 0 , log5 x 2 = 0
log5 x = 1
log5 x = 2

x = 5
x = 52


= 25

1
=
a 2 log3 3
1
=
a 2

logb b2
(c) log6 b2 =
logb 6

1 2

1
3 2
= log4 x
log4 x

16.

b = log b log 9
(b) log3
3
3
9
1


= log3 32
logb 3

= 3.249

3 2 logx 4 = log4 x

2
log3 x 2 log3 x +
= (log3 x)(5)
log3 x
2

2(log3 x) + 2 = 5 log3 x
2(log3 x)2 5 log3 x + 2 = 0
(2 log3 x 1)(log3 x 2) = 0
2 log3 x 1 = 0 , log3 x 2 = 0
1

log3 x =
log3 x = 2
2
x = 32
1

2

x = 3
= 9
3



= AB

12. (a) log2 (2b) = log2 2 + log2 b

1

= 1 +
logb 2

14.

2
log4 x 3
= log4 x (log4 x)
log4 x

3 log4 x 2 = (log4 x)2
(log4 x)2 3 log4 x + 2 = 0
(log4 x 1)(log4 x 2) = 0
log4 x 1 = 0 , log4 x 2 = 0
log4 x = 1
log4 x = 2

x = 4
x = 42


= 16

log3 50
(b) log0.3 50 =
log3 0.3

1
17. (a) 52x + 1 =
125
1


=
53


= 53

2x + 1 = 3

2x = 4


x = 2

2 logb b
=
logb (2 3)
2 1
=
logb 2 + logb 3
2
=
c+a


(b)

21 3x = 2 8

= 16

= 24
1 3x = 4
3x = 3

x = 1

1
(h) 2x 3x =
ABB
36
1
x

(2 3) =
6


6x = 61


x = 1

1
(c) 2 4x 3 =
81 x
1

2 22x 6 =
23 3x

22x 5 = 23x 3

2x 5 = 3x 3


x = 2
(d)

1 x + 1

18. (a) 3 5x + 25 2 = 140

1 x + 1
21
2

3 5x + 5 2
= 140
x
x+2

3 5 + 5 = 140

3 5x + 5x 52 = 140


5x(3 + 25) = 140
140


5x =
28


= 5


x = 1

33x 5 91 x = 1
33x 5 32 2x = 1

3x 3 = 30

x 3 = 0

x = 3

(e)

(b) 2 3x + 4 3x + 1 = 126

2 3x + 4 3x 3 = 126


3x(2 + 12) = 126
126


3x =
14


= 9


= 32


x = 2

4
ABB
24x =
(ABB
16 )x + 2
1

4
(24x) 2 =
4x + 2
22x = 4x 1

= 22(x 1)
2x = 2(x 1)

= 2x 2
4x = 2
1

x =
2
1x

(f) (25)

125 3
=
5x

1 2x

1x

3 3

(5 )
52(1 2x) =
5x
x
5
52 4x =
5x

= 1

= 50
2 4x = 0

4x = 2
1

x =
2
25

9
5 2

3
3 2
=
5
x = 2

1 2 1 2

5 2x 4 2x 1 = 8
5 2x 4 2x 21 = 8

5 2x 2 2x = 8

2x(5 2) = 8
8

2x =
3

19. (a)

3x
(g)
=
5x
3 x =


5

(c)

(b)

1 2

1 2
1 2

8
x log10 2 = log10
3
8
log10
3

x =
log10 2
= 1.415

5x = 2x + 1

log10 5x = log10 2x + 1

x log10 5 = (x + 1) log10 2

= x log10 2 + log10 2
x log10 5 x log10 2 = log10 2
x(log10 5 log10 2) = log10 2
log10 2

x =
log10 5 log10 2

= 0.7565

32x 1 5 = 10

32x 1 = 15

log10 32x 1 = log10 15
(2x 1) log10 3 = log10 15
log10 15

2x 1 =
log10 3

log10 15
2x = 1 +
log10 3
log10 15
1 1 +
x =
log10 3
2

= 1.732

3x
2x + 1 =
27
3x

=
33

= 3x 3

log10 2x + 1 = log10 3x 3

(x + 1) log10 2 = (x 3) log10 3
x log10 2 + log10 2 = x log10 3 3 log10 3
x log10 3 x log10 2 = log10 2 + 3 log10 3
x(log10 3 log10 2) = log10 2 + 3 log10 3
log10 2 + 3 log10 3

x =
log10 3 log10 2

= 9.838

(c)

(d)









20. (a)

3x 4 = 0 , x + 1 = 0
x = 1
4

x =
3
Since x = 1 does not satisfy the original equation,
4.
then x =
3

(d) logAB 125

+ logAB 5 =
8
x
x

logAB (125

5) =
8
x

x )8
125 5 = (AB
54 = x4
x = 5
(e)

3 logx 3 + logx 125 log5 25 = 1

logx 33 + logx 125 2 = 1

logx (27 125) = 3

27 125 = x3
27 125

x = 3ABBBBBBB

x = 15

2x 1 5x = 4

4
5x =
2x 1
22

=
2x 1

5x = 21 x

log10 5x = log10 21 x

x log10 5 = (1 x) log10 2

= log10 2 x log10 2
x log10 5 + x log10 2 = log10 2
log10 2

x =
log10 5 + log10 2

= 0.301

1. 272x 1 = 94x
33(2x 1) = 32(4x)
3(2x 1) = 2(4x)
6x 3 = 8x

2x = 3
3

x =
2
2.

Since log2 (2) does not satisfy the equation

2 log2 x + log2 4 = 4, then x = 2.

(b)

3 log2 x 2 log2 x = log3 9

log2 x = log3 32

= 2

x = 22

= 4

(c)

log2 2x + 3 = log2 (3x 1)
log2 (3x 1) + log2 2x = 3

log2 2x(3x 1) = 3

6x2 2x = 23

6x2 2x 8 = 0

3x2 x 4 = 0

(3x 4)(x + 1) = 0

1 (x 10)

43x + 2 = 64 2

3 (x 10)

= 4 2
3 (x 10)
3x + 2 =
2
3 x 15

=
2
3 x = 15 2
3x
2
3 x = 17

2
2

x = 17
3
34

=
3

2 log2 x + log2 4 = 4
log2 x2 + log2 4 = 4

log2 (4x2) = 4

4x2 = 24

x2 = 4

x = AB
4

= 2 or 2

43x + 2 = ABBBBB
64x 10

1 2

3.
61 + 3x = 7x

log10 61 + 3x = log10 7x

(1 + 3x) log10 6 = x log10 7
log10 6 + 3x log10 6 = x log10 7
x log10 7 3x log10 6 = log10 6
x(log10 7 3 log10 6) = log10 6
log10 6

x =
log10 7 3 log10 6

= 0.5225

 4. log2 30 = log2 (2 3 5)

= log2 2 + log2 3 + log2 5

= 1 + k + p

1 2

x = 3 + 2 log x log y2
log3
3
3
y
x
2
log3
y 2 log3 x + log3 y = 3

10.

1 2

1 2

49 = log 49 log (4p)

5. logp
p
p
4p

= logp 72 logp 4 logp p

= 2 logp 7 2 logp 2 1

= 2q 2m 1

3
6. 3x 2 + = 2
81
3x + 2
x2

3 + 4 = 2
3
3x 2 + 3x 2 = 2

2(3x 2) = 2

3x 2 = 1

= 30

x 2 = 0

x = 2
x+2

1.

1xy 2(y )
2

log3
= 3
x2
y = 3
log3
x
y = 33

x
y = 27x

1 2

4x 1 = ABB

2x
8

1x

22(x 1)
2

23 = 2
1x

22x 2 3 = 2 2
7.
log2 (4x) 1 = log2 (3x 1)
log2 (4x) log2 (3x 1) = 1
4x

log2 = 1
3x 1
4x

= 2
3x 1

4x = 2(3x 1)

4x = 6x 2

4x 6x = 2

2x = 2

x = 1

2.
32x + 1 = 5x

log10 32x + 1 = log10 5x

(2x + 1) log10 3 = x log10 5
2x log10 3 + log10 3 = x log10 5
2x log10 3 x log10 5 = log10 3
x(2 log10 3 log10 5) = log10 3
log10 3

x =
2 log10 3 log10 5

= 1.869

8.

3 = log2 (1 + 4x) log2 x

1 + 4x

= log2
x
1 + 4x
3
= 2
x

= 8
1 + 4x = 8x

4x = 1
1

x =
4

1x

22x 5 = 2 2
1x
2x 5 =
2
1 x = 5
2x
2
3 x = 5

2
10

x =
3

1
3. 1253x =
5x 1
(53)3x = 51 x
59x = 51 x
9x = 1 x
10x = 1
1
x =
10

9. log3 p + log9 m = 2
log3 m
= 2
log3 p +
log3 9
log3 m
= 2
log3 p +
2
2 log3 p + log3 m = 4

log3(mp2) = 4

mp2 = 34
81

m =
p2

4. log5 P + log25 Q = 2
log5 Q
log5 P + = 2
log5 25
log5 Q
log5 P + = 2
2
2 log5 P + log5 Q = 4


log5 (P2Q) = 4
P2Q = 625
625
P2 =
Q
25
P =
ABB
Q

log10 7
10. log5 7 =
log10 5

11.

1 2

3
5. log2 0.3 = log2
10

= log2 3 log2 10

= m log2 2 log2 5

= m 1 n

1
24 x 23 x =
4
1
4
x
3
x
2 2 2 2 =
4

2x(24 23) =22

2x(8) = 22

2x 23 = 22

23 x = 22

3 x = 2

x = 5

14. log3 81 logAB t

t
logt t
= log3 34
logt AB
t
1
= 4 log3 3
1 log t

t
2
1
= 4
1

2
=42
=2

16p2
8. logp = logp 16 + logp p2 logp 9
9

= logp 24 + 2 logp p logp 32

= 4 logp 2 + 2 2 logp 3
= 4m + 2 2t

15. log3 (2x 1) + log3 (x 2) = 2

log3 [(2x 1)(x 2)] = 2

(2x 1)(x 2) = 9

2x2 5x + 2 = 9

2x2 5x 7 = 0

(2x 7)(x + 1) = 0
2x 7 = 0
,
x + 1 = 0
7

x =
x = 1
2

1 2

x
log3 x 2 log3 y = 3 log3
y
x
log3 x 2 log3 y + log3 = 3
y
x
x
y

log3
= 3
y2

9.

1 2
1 2

3 4

log2 [log3 (2x 5)] = log4 16

= 2

log3 (2x 5) = 22

2x 5 = 34

2x = 81 + 5

= 86

x = 43

13. 8logx + 1 5 = 5
x + 1 = 8

x = 7

7.

= 1.209

12. 5log5 (x 1) = 10
x 1 = 10

x = 11
OR

log5 5log5(x 1) = log5 10
log5 (x 1) log5 5 = log5 10

log5 (x 1) = log5 10

x 1 = 10

x = 11

6. log3 2x log3 (1 3x) = 2

2x

log3 = 2
1 3x
2x
= 32

1 3x

= 9

2x = 9(1 3x)

= 9 27x

29x = 9
9

x =
29

1 2

x2 =
log3
y3
x2 =

y3
y3 =

Since log for negative number is non-existent, then

7.
x=
2

33

x2

27
3ABB
x2
y =
3


1 log x log x =

2
2
2
1

log2 x =
2

log2 x =

x =

=
17. (a)

ABp
(c) logb
= logb AB
p logb b2
b2
1


= logb p 2 logb b
2
1
1


=
2 1
2 1.209


= 1.586

1 2

4
log4 x = 1 log2
x
log2 x
= 1 log2 4 + log2 x
log2 4
log2 x
= 1 2 + log2 x

2
= 1 + log2 x

16.

1 2

19. (a) (i)

1
2
22
4

log2 45 = log2 (5 9)

= log2 5 + log2 9

= 2.32 + 2 log2 3

= 2.32 + 2(1.59)

= 5.5

1 2

3
(b) log2 1.5 = log2
2


= log2 3 log2 2


= 1.59 1


= 0.59

log2 (25 3)
=
log2 5

log2 52 + log2 3
=
log2 5

2 log2 5 + log2 3
=
log2 5

1 2

1
= 1 + 2
0.613
= 4.263

4p
(ii) log2
ABq

= log2 (4p) log2 AB

q

1 log q
= log2 4 + log2 p
2
2
1
= 2 + a b
2

1 2

AB3 (2x 1) = 9

9
2x 1 =
AB3
32
=
1

10

3 log 3
(x 1) log10 2 =
10
2
3 log 3

10
2

x 1 =
log10 2

20. (a)

(b) loga (ap2) = loga a + loga p2

= 1 + 2 loga p
1


= 1 + 2
logp a

2(2.32) + 1.59
=
2.32
= 2.685

ABa
18. (a) logp = logp AB
a logp b
b
1 log a log b


=
p
p
2
1


= (0.613) 1.209
2


= 0.9025

32

log2 (p3AB
q )
q
= log2 p3 + log2 AB
1
= 3 log2 p + log2 q
2
1b
= 3a +
2

(b)

log2 75
(c) log5 75 =
log2 5

= 3 2

log10 2x 1 = log10 3 2

3 log10 3
x =
+ 1
2 log10 2
= 3.377

4x 3(2x) + 2 = 0
22x 3(2x) + 2 = 0
(2x)2 3(2x) + 2 = 0
Let 2x = y
y2 3y + 2 = 0
(y 1)(y 2) = 0

y = 1, 2
Therefore, 2x = 1, 2x = 2

= 20 x = 1

x = 0

(b)
2 log2 (x y) log2 x = 3 + log2 y

log2 (x y)2 log2 x log2 y = 3

log2 x = 3

x = 23

= 8

(x y)2
log2 = 3
xy
(x y)2
= 23
xy
(x y)2 = 8xy
x2 2xy + y2 = 8xy
x2 + y2 = 8xy + 2xy
x2 + y2 = 10xy

1 2

16
2x
21. =
2
4y 1
24
2x 1 =
22y 2

= 26 + 2y
x 1 = 6 + 2y
x = 7 + 2y...................................... 1

1 2

32x 243 = 0

9y
32x = 243

32y

32x 2y = 35
2x 2y = 5...................................... 2

2 log2 x 3 log2 y = 0......................... 2

1 2, 2 log2 x 2 log2 y = 1........... 3
3 2, log2 y = 1

y = 2

Substitute 1 into 2,
2(7 + 2y) 2y = 5
14 + 4y 2y = 5

2y = 9
9

y =
2

Substitute log2 y = 1 into 1,

1
log2 x 1 =
2
3
log2 x =
2

9 into 1,
Substitute y =
2
9
x = 7 + 2
2
=79
= 2

1 2

x
log2
y
x =
23. log4
y
log2 4
log2 x log2 y

=
log2 22
log2 x log2 y

=
2 log2 2
1 (log x log y)

=
2
2
2
x =
1

log4
y
4
1
1
(log2 x log2 y) =

2
4
1 ....................... 1
log2 x log2 y =
2

x = 2 2
= AB
8

24. (a)
2 log10 xy3 + log10 x = 3 log10 y + 6

log10 x2y6 + log10 x log10 y3 = 6
x2y6 x


log10
= 6
y3
3 3


log10 x y = 6


log10 (xy)3 = 6


(xy)3 = 106


xy = 102
100


y =
x

9.
Hence, the solution is x = 2, y =
2
22.
logb (xy) = 2
logb x + logb y = 2............................... 1

logb (x2y3) = 3
2 logb x + 3 logb y = 3......................... 2
1 2, 2 logb x + 2 logb y = 4.......... 3

3x + 1
5x =
2x

5x 2x = 3x + 1

(5 2)x = 3x + 1

10x = 3x + 1

log10 10x = log10 3x + 1

x log10 10 = (x + 1) log10 3

= x log10 3 + log10 3
x log10 10 x log10 3 = log10 3
x(log10 10 log10 3) = log10 3

(b)

2 3, logb y = 1

Substitute logb y = 1 into 1,

logb x 1 = 2

logb x = 3
When b = 2,
log2 y = 1

y = 21
1

y =
2
11

6 n . 106
27. 5000
5
n
6

. 200
5

1 2
1 2

log10 3
x =
log10 10 log10 3
= 0.9125

1 2

6 . log 200
n log10
10
5
log10 200

n .
6
log10
5

n . 29.06
Therefore, n = 30

25. log3 x log3 (1 y) = 1

x

log3 = 1
1 y
x

= 3
1 y

x = 3 3y............... 1
42y

8x =
2

23x = 24y 1

3x = 4y 1............... 2

1 2

2 n , 1500
28. 5000
3
n
1500
2

,
5000
3

1 2
1 2

Substitute 1 into 2,
3(3 3y) = 4y 1
9 9y = 4y 1

13y = 10
10

y =
13
10 into 1,
Substitute y =
13
10
x = 3 3
13
30
= 3
13
= 9
13

123 2 , 0.3
1 2

2 , log 0.3
n log10
10
3
log10 0.3

n .
2
log10
3

n . 2.969
Therefore, n = 3

1 2

1 2

1 2

x = b
loga
y2
loga x 2 loga y = b............................ 1

29.

26. y = mxn 5........................................... 1

Substitute x = 4, y = 3 into 1,
3 = m 4n 5
m 4n = 2
2
m =
4n
2

=
22n
m = 21 2n....................................... 2

loga (x2y) = c
2 loga x + loga y = c............................ 2
1 2,
2 loga x 4 loga y = 2b....................... 3
2 3, 5 loga y = c 2b
c 2b

loga y = ................ 4
5
Substitute 4 into 1,
2 (c 2b) = b
loga x
5
2 (c 2b)

loga x = b +
5
2c
4b

= b +
5
5
1
2

= b + c.......... 5
5
5

Substitute x = 2, y = 11 into 1,
11 = m(2)n 5
m(2)n = 16............................................ 3
Substitute 2 into 3,
21 2n 2n = 16

21 n = 16

= 24
1 n = 4

n = 3

1 2

x2 = 2 log x log y
loga
a
a
y
1
2
c 2b

= 2 b + c
5
5
5
2
4
1
2

= b + c c + b
5
5
5
5
4
3

= b + c
5
5

Substitute n = 3 into 2,
m = 21 2(3)
= 27

12

2 1

log3 (9x) + log9 x = 1

log3 x
log3 9 + log3 x + = 1
log3 9
log3 x

2 + log3 x + = 1
2
3

2 + log3 x = 1
2
3 log x = 1 2

3
2

= 1
2

log3 x =
3

30. (a)

x = 3

32. (a)

(b)
x4 = 7x2 + 18
2 2


(x ) = 7x2 + 18


y2 = 7y + 18

y2 7y 18 = 0

(y 9)(y + 2) = 0

y = 9 , y = 2

x2 = 9 x2 = 2 (x is not defined)
x = 3

1
=
3AB
9

(b) 2 log4 x 2 log4 y

log2 x
log2 y

= 2
2
log2 4
log2 4
log2 x
log2 y
2

= 2
2
2

= log2 x log2 y

1 2

x
= log2
y

31. Given 2p = 5q = 10r.

2p = 10r
p log10 2 = r log10 10

= r
r
log10 2 =
p

5q = 10r
q log10 5 = r log10 10

= r
r
log10 5 =
q
log10 10 = log10 (2 5)

= log10 2 + log10 5
r + r

1 =
p
q
r
r
pq(1) = pq +
p
q

x 4AB

x 5 = 0
(AB

x )2 4AB

x 5 = 0

y2 4y 5 = 0
(y 5)(y + 1) = 0

y = 5 ,
y = 1
AB
x = 5
AB x = 1
(AB

x )2 = 52 (AB

x )2 = (1)2

x = 25
x = 1

pq = qr + pr
pq pr = qr
p(q r) = qr
qr

p =
qr

13