Differentiation

1. (a) xlim
(3x 2) = 3(1) 2
1

= 1

2. Gradient of the chord AB =

5
5
=
(b) xlim
4
2(4) 1
2x 1
5


=
7

x2 9 = lim (x 3)(x + 3)

(c) xlim
3
x 3
x3
(x 3)
lim


=
(x + 3)

x3

=3+3
=6
(x 1)(x 2)
x2 3x + 2
= xlim
(d) xlim
1
1
(x 1)
x 1
lim


= x 1 (x 2)

1
1

x+3

= xlim
0
2
0+3
=
2
3
=
2

= 1

4. (a)
y = 4x + 1............................. 1

y + dy = 4(x + dx) + 1.................. 2

2 1, dy = (4x + 4dx + 1) (4x + 1)

= 4dx
dy

= 4

dx
dy
dy
= dlim

x0
dx
dx
lim

=
(4)

x(x + 3)
x2 + 3x

(f) xlim
= xlim
0
0
2x
2x

2x

2x
x
lim

(e) xlim

=

x
4x 1
4x
1

x
2

= xlim

1
4
x
2
lim

= x
40
2


=
4
1


=
2

3. Substitute x = 2, y = a into y = x2 + 1,
a = 22 + 1
=5
52
Gradient of the chord PQ =
2 (1)

= 1 2
= 1

1
4
4

1
2
2
1
4 +
4

1
2
2
15
2

4
5
3

1 2

dx 0

=4

(b)
y = x2 4x............................................... 1

y + dy = (x + dx)2 4(x + dx)

y + dy = x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2 4x 4dx............ 2

2 1, dy = 2xdx + (dx)2 4dx

dy
(dx)2
4dx
2xdx
=
+

dx
dx
dx
dx

= 2x + dx 4
dy
dy
= dlim

x0
dx
dx

= lim (2x + dx 4)

1 2

dx 0

= 2x 4

 5. (a)

2 1, dy = 3x2dx + 3x(dx)2 + (dx)3 + 2dx

dy
= 3x2 + 3xdx + (dx)2 + 2

dx
dy
dy
= dlim

x0
dx
dx

= 3x2 + 2

Therefore, f(x) = 3x2 + 2

(b)

Let y = 1 2x + 3x2........................................1
y + dy = 1 2(x + dx) + 3(x + dx)2

= 1 2x 2dx + 3[x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2]

= 1 2x 2dx + 3x2 + 6xdx + 3(dx)2
y + dy = 1 2x 2dx + 3x2 + 6xdx + 3(dx)2. ..2

2 1, dy = 2dx + 6xdx + 3(dx)2

dy
= 2 + 6x + 3dx

dx
dy
dy
= dlim

x0
dx
dx

= 2 + 6x

Therefore, f(x) = 2 + 6x

8. (a) y = 8x2
dy

= 16x
dx

Let y = x3 + 2x.................................................. 1
y + dy = (x + dx)3 + 2(x + dx)

= (x + dx)[x2 + 2xdx + (dx)2] + 2x + 2dx

= x3 + 2x2dx + x(dx)2 + x2dx + 2x(dx)2

+ (dx)3 + 2x + 2dx
y + dy = x 3 + 3x 2d x + 3x( d x) 2 + ( d x) 3 + 2x

+ 2dx................................................. 2

dy
When x = 1, = 16(1)
dx


= 16
9
(b) y =
x3

= 9x3
dy

= (3)(9)x4
dx
27

=
x4
dy
27

When x = 1, =
dx
14


= 27
1
(c) y =
2x
1 1

= x
2
dy
1 2
= (1)

x
dx
2
1

= 2
2x
dy
1

When x = 2, =
dx
2(2)2
1


=
8

1 2

1 2

9. (a) y = 4x2 3x + 5
dy
= 8x 3

dx

6. Gradient of the tangent at the point A = 2(1)

=2

3
(b) y = 5x3 + 4
x

= 5x3 + 3x1 4
dy
= 15x2 3x2

dx
3

= 15x2
x2
2
(c) y = x5 2 + 1
3x
2

= x5 x2 + 1
3
dy
2 3
4
= 5x (2)

x
dx
3
4

= 5x4 + 3
3x

7. (a) y = 2x
dy
= 6x2

dx
3
(b) y =
x2

= 3x2
dy
= (2)(3)x3

dx
6

=
x3
3

1 2

x4
(c) y =
5
3
dy
4x
=

dx
5
1
(d) y =
6x
1 1

= x
6
dy
1 2
= (1)

x
dx
6
1

= 2
6x

10. (a) f(x) = 4x2 + 5x

f(x) = 8x + 5
(b) f(x) = 5x3 1

f(x) = 15x2

1 2

d
11. (a) (4x2 3x + 5)
dx

= 8x 3

d 8
(b) 4x + 3
dx x
d

= (8x1 4x + 3)
dx

= 8x2 4
8

=
4
x2

x
14. (a) y =
2x 3
dy
(2x 3)(1) x(2)
=

dx
(2x 3)2
2x 3 2x

=
(2x 3)2
3

=
(2x 3)2

1
12. (a) y = 8x2 x + 3
4
dy
1
= 16x

dx
4
1
(b) y = x3 + 2
2x
1

= x3 + x2
2
dy
2

= 3x x3
dx
1

= 3x2
x3
1
(c) f(x) = x2 8x + 1
2

f(x) = x 8

4x 1
(c) y =
x2 + 1
(x2 + 1)(4) (4x 1)(2x)
dy
=

dx
(x2 + 1)2
4x2 + 4 8x2 + 2x

=
(x2 + 1)2
2
4x + 2x + 4

=
(x2 + 1)2
2(2x2 x 2)

=
(x2 + 1)2

13. (a) y = (4x 1)(3x2)

dy
= (4x 1)(6x) + (3x2)(4)

dx

= 24x2 6x + 12x2

= 36x2 6x

= 6x(6x 1)
(b) y = (1 2x)(4x + 3)
dy
= (1 2x)(4) + (4x + 3)(2)

dx

= 4 8x 8x 6

= 2 16x

= 2(1 + 8x)

15. (a) y = (2x 1)10

dy
d
= 10(2x 1)9 (2x 1)

dx
dx

= 10(2x 1)9(2)

= 20(2x 1)9
(b) y = (1 + 4x)7
dy
= 7(1 + 4x)6(4)

dx

= 28(1 + 4x)6

1
(c) y = 2x + 1 (1 3x)
x

= (2 + 2x)(1 3x)
dy

= (2 + 2x)(3) + (1 3x)(2)
dx

= 6 6x + 2 6x

= 4 12x

= 4(1 + 3x)

x2 + 3
(b) y =
2x 5
dy
(2x 5)(2x) (x2 + 3)(2)
=

dx
(2x 5)2
2
4x 10x 2x2 6

=
(2x 5)2
2x2 10x 6

=
(2x 5)2
2(x2 5x 3)
=
(2x 5)2

(c) y = 2(x3 + 4)5

dy
= 5(2)(x3 + 4)4(3x2)

dx

= 30x2(x3 + 4)4

(d) y = 4(x 4)2

= 4(x2 8x + 16)

= 4x2 32x + 64)
dy
= 8x 32

dx

= 8(x 4)

3
(d) y =
(2x + 1)4

= 3(2x + 1)4
dy
= (4)(3)(2x + 1)5(2)

dx
24

=
(2x + 1)5

(f) y =
dy
=

dx

=

=

=

1
(e) y =
4(x2 1)5
1

= (x2 1)5
4
dy
1
= (5) (x2 1)6(2x)

dx
4
5

= x(x2 1)6
2
5x

=
2(x2 1)6

1 2

x3(2x 1)3
x3 3(2x 1)2(2) + (2x 1)3(3x2)
6x3(2x 1)2 + (3x2)(2x 1)3
3x2(2x 1)2[2x + (2x 1)]
3x2(2x 1)2(4x 1)

16. (a) y = 3x(1 2x)5

dy
= 3x 5(1 2x)4(2) + (1 2x)5(3)

dx

= 30x(1 2x)4 + 3(1 2x)5

= 3(1 2x)4[10x (1 2x)]

= 3(1 2x)4(12x 1)

y = 3x2 1
dy
= 6x
dx
Gradient of tangent at (1, 2) = 6(1)

=6

(ii)

Equation of tangent is
y 2 = 6(x 1)
y 2 = 6x 6
y = 6x 4

x
(b) y =
(x2 4)3

= x(x2 4)3
dy

= x(3)(x2 4)4(2x) + (x2 4)3(1)
dx

= 6x2(x2 4)4 + (x2 4)3

= (x2 4)4[6x2 + (x2 4)]

= (x2 4)4(5x2 4)
5x2 4

=
(x2 4)4

17. (a) (i)

x2 + 1
(c) y =
4x
2
x
1

= +
4x
4x
x
1

= + x1
4
4
dy
1
1 2
= x

dx
4
4
1
1

= 2
4
4x

1
(iii) Gradient of normal =
6

Equation of normal is
1

y 2 = (x 1)
6
1
1


= x +
6
6
1
1

y = x + + 2
6
6
1
13

y = x +
6
6

(b) (i)

(d) y = (4x 1)(x2 3)4

dy
= (4x 1) 4(x2 3)3(2x) + (x2 3)4(4)

dx

= 8x(4x 1)(x2 3)3 + 4(x2 3)4

= 4(x2 3)3[2x(4x 1) + (x2 3)]

= 4(x2 3)3(8x2 2x + x2 3)

= 4(x2 3)3(9x2 2x 3)
x2 + 3x 4
(e) y =
x+4
(x + 4)(x 1)

=
(x + 4)

= x 1
dy

= 1
dx

(ii)



(iii)

1
y =
+3
x2
y = x2 + 3
dy
= 2x3
dx
2
=
x3
Gradient of tangent at (1, 4)
2
=
(1)3
=2
Equation of tangent is
y 4 = 2(x + 1)
y = 2x + 2 + 4
y = 2x + 6
Equation of normal is
1
y 4 = (x + 1)
2
1
1
y = x + 4
2
2
1
7
y = x +
2
2

y = 4(2x 1)3
dy
= 12(2x 1)2(2)
dx
= 24(2x 1)2

Gradient of tangent at (1, 4) = 24[2(1) 1]2

= 24

(ii)

Equation of tangent is
y 4 = 24(x 1)
y = 24x 24 + 4
y = 24x 20

(iii) Equation of normal is

1

y 4 = (x 1)
24
1
1

y 4 = x +
24
24
1
1

y = x + + 4
24
24
1
97

y = x +
24
24

(c) (i)

y = 1 3x x2................... 1
dy
= 3 2x
dx
dy
= 0,
dx
3 2x = 0
3

x =
2

(b)

3
Substitute x = into 1,
2
3
3 2
y = 1 3
2
2
9
9
= 1 +
2
4
13
=
4
3 13
Hence, the turning point is , .
2 4

2 1

dy

dx

y = x(2 x)3
dy
= x(3)(2 x)2(1) + (2 x)3(1)
dx
= 3x(2 x)2 + (2 x)3
= (2 x)2(3x + 2 x)
= (2 x)2(2 4x)
= 2(2 x)2(1 2x)

Gradient of tangent at (2, 0)

= 2(2 2)2[1 2(2)]
=0

(ii) Equation of tangent is

y 0 = 0(x 2)

y = 0

(iii) Equation of normal is x = 2

dy
When = 0,
dx
3x2 4x = 0
x(3x 4) = 0

18. (a) y = 3x2 6x + 1....................................1

dy
= 6x 6

dx
dy

For turning point, = 0
dx


6x 6 = 0


x = 1

Substitute x = 0 into 1,
y=4
4
Substitute x = into 1,
3
4 3
4 2
y = 2 + 4
3
3
64
32
= + 4
27
9
76
=
27

(d) (i)

dy
Sketch of
dx

Substitute x = 1 into 1,
y = 3 6 + 1
= 2

Hence, the turning point is (1, 2).

dy

dx

dy
Sketch of
dx

13
1 32 ,
2 is a maximum point.
4

(c) y = x3 2x2 + 4........................ 1

dy
= 3x2 4x

dx

(1, 2) is a minimum point.



4
x = 0,
3

1 2

1 2

4 76
The turning points are (0, 4) and , .
3 27

For (0, 4),

x

dy

dx

dy

dx

18

dy
Sketch of
dx

dy
Sketch of
dx

(0, 4) is a maximum point.

4 76
For , ,
3 27

dy

dx

Area, A = xy...................................2
Substitute 1 into 2,
A = x(50 x)

= 50x x2
dA
= 50 2x
dx
0 = 50 2x
x = 25

76
143 ,
2 is a minimum point.
27

y = 2x3 + 6x.....................1
dy
= 6x2 + 6

dx

0 = 6x2 + 6

6(x2 1) = 0
6(x + 1)(x 1) = 0

x = 1, 1

Substitute x = 1 into 1,
y = 2(1)3 + 6(1)
=26
= 4

Substitute x = 1 into 1,
y = 2(1)3 + 6(1)
= 2 + 6
=4

The turning points are (1, 4) and (1, 4).

For (1, 4),

y = 25
d2A

= 2 , 0
dx2
Therefore, A is a maximum when x = 25 and y = 25.

(d)

Maximum area = xy

= 25 25

= 625 unit2
20. Volume = 20 cm3
r2h = 20
20

h =
r2
Surface area, A = 2r2 + 2rh

dy

dx

18

dy
Sketch of
dx

(1, 4) is a maximum point.

19. x + y = 50
y = 50 x.................................1

dy
Sketch of
dx

For (1, 4),

(1, 4) is a minimum point.

20
= 2r2 + 2r
r2
40
= 2r2 +
r
dA
40
= 4r
r2
dr
40
0 = 4r
r2
40

= 4r
r2
40
r3 =
4
10
=

7
= 10
22
70
=
22
r = 1.471

dr
dr
dV
=
dt
dV
dt

20
h =
r2
7 20
= 2
22(1.471)
= 2.941

d2A
80

= 4 +
r3
dr2
80

= 4 +
.0
1.4713
Hence, the area is a minimum when r = 1.471 and
h = 2.941.

25. y = 3x 1
dy
= 3
dx
x = 2.01 2
= 0.01 unit

dr
21. = 0.1 cm s1
dt
A = r2
dA

= 2r
dr
dA
dA
dr
=
dt
dr
dt
= 2r (0.1)
= 2(5) (0.1)
= cm2 s1

dy
dy

dx
dx
dy
y = x
dx
= 3(0.01)
= 0.03 unit
26. y = x2 + 4
dy
= 2x
dx

22. y = x2 2x
dy
= 2x 2
dx
dx
= 8 when x = 3,
dt
dy
dy
dx
=
dx
dt
dt
= (2x 2)(8)
= (2 3 2)(8)
= 32 units s1

x = 1.9 2
= 0.1 unit
dy
y = x
dx
= 2x(0.1)
= 2(2)(0.1)
= 0.4 unit

dx
3.2 3.0
23. =
2
dt
= 0.1 cm s1

2
27. y =
x
= 2x1
dy
2
=
dx
x2
y = 3.001 3
= 0.001 unit

y = 3x2 1
dy
= 6x
dx
dy
dy
dx
=
dt
dx
dt
= (6x)(0.1)
= (6 3.1)(0.1)
= 1.86 cm s1

When y = 3,
2

x =
y
2

=
3

dV
24. = 9 mm3 s1
dt
4
V = r3
3
dV
=
dr
=

1
= 2 (9)
4r
9
= 2
4r
9
=
4 32
1
= cm s1
4

4
3r2
3
4r2

dx
dx

dy
dy
dx
x = y
dy
x2
= (0.001)
2
2 2

3 (0.001)
=
2
= 0.00022 unit

1 2

1
(b) y =
x2
dy
2
=

dx
x3

28. y = x2
dy
= 2x
dx
When x = 3,
dy
= 2(3)
dx

= 6

x = 2.9 3
= 0.1

When x = 4,
dy
2
=
dx
43
1

=
32
x = 4.1 4
= 0.1
1
1

=
+ y
4.12
42
dy
1

= + x
dx
16

= x 2

x = 3.1 3
= 0.1

1
29. (a) y =
x2

y = x2
dy
2
=

dx
x3

1
1

=
+ dy
3.92
42
dy
1

= + x
dx
16
1
1

= + (0.1)
16
32

= 0.06563

30. (a) y = AB
x

(a) 3.1 = 3 + y
dy


= 9 + x
dx


= 9 + (6)(0.1)


= 9.6
(b) 2.92 = 32 + y
dy


= 9 + x
dx


= 9 + (6)(0.1)


= 9 0.6


= 8.4
2

When x = 4,
dy
1
=
dx
32
x = 3.9 4.0
= 0.1

dy
1 2
= x
dx
2
1
=
2AB
x

When x = 4,
dy
1
=
dx
2AB
4
1

=
4

x = 4.1 4
= 0.1

ABB
4.1 = AB
4 + x

(b)

ABB
3.9 = AB
4 + x

31. (a)

1
1
= + (0.1)
16
32
0.1
1
=
16
32
= 0.05938

dy
dx
1

= 2 + (0.1)
4
= 2.025

dy
dx
1
= AB
4 + (0.1)
4
0.1
= 2
4
= 1.975

y = 5x3 + 4x + 1
dy
= 15x2 + 4
dx
d2y

= 30x
dx2

x = 3.9 4
= 0.1

(b)

(b)

y = (4x2 1)5
dy
= 5(4x2 1)4(8x)
dx

= 40x(4x2 1)4
d2y

= 40x 4(4x2 1)3(8x) + (4x2 1)4(40)
dx2

= 1280x2(4x2 1)3 + 40(4x2 1)4

(c)

2
y =
x3

= 2x3
dy
= 3(2x4)
dx

= 6x4
2
d y

= 24x5
dx2
24

=
x5

1
(c) f(x) = 3 5
2x
x3


= 5
2
3

f(x) = x4
2
12 5

f(x) = x
2
6


=
x5

y = 4x 4x + 1
dy
= 8x 4
dx
8 x 4 = 0
4

x =
8
1

=
2
2

1 2

(b) f(x) = 5x2 + 4x 3

f(x) = 10x + 4

y = 5 2(1)2 + 4(1)
= 7
d2y

= 4 , 0
dx2
The turning point (1, 7) is a maximum point.
1
y = x3 2x2 + 50
3
dy
= x2 4x
dx
x2 4x = 0
x(x 4) = 0

x = 0, 4
1
When x = 0, y = (0)3 2(0)2 + 50
3

= 50
1
When x = 4, y = (4)3 2(4)2 + 50
3
64

= 32 + 50
3
1

= 39
2
3
d y

= 2x 4
2
dx
For turning point (0, 50),
d2y

= 4 , 0
dx2
Therefore, (0, 50) is a maximum point.
1
For turning point 4, 39 ,
3
d2y

= 2(4) 4
dx2

=4.0

(c)

32. (a) f(x) = 4x3 1

f(x) = 12x2

f(x) = 24x

33. (a)

y = 5 2x2 + 4x
dy
= 4x + 4
dx
4x + 4 = 0

x = 1

1
Therefore, 4, 39 is a minimum point.
3
1
(d)
y = x3 + x2 + 3x
3
dy
2

= x + 2x + 3
dx
2

x + 2x + 3 = 0

x2 2x 3 = 0

(x 3)(x + 1) = 0


x = 3, 1

1 2

1 2
1
y = 4 4 + 1
2
2
=0
d2y

=8.0
dx2
1
The turning point , 0 is a minimum point.
2

1
When x = 3, y = (3)3 + 32 + 3(3)
3

= 9 + 9 + 9

=9

v = 4 3x
dv
= 3
dx
dy
dy
dv
=
dx
dv
dx
10

= v3(3)
3

= 10(4 3x)3

1
When x = 1, y = (1)3 + (1)2 + 3(1)
3
1

= + 1 3
3
2

= 1
3
5

=
3
d2y

= 2x + 2
dx2
For turning point (3, 9),
d2y

= 2(3) + 2
dx2

= 4 , 0
Therefore, (3, 9) is a maximum point.
5
For turning point 1, ,
3
d2y

= 2(1) + 2
dx2

=2+2

=4>0
5
Therefore, 1, is a minimum point.
3

1
3. f(x) =
(2 3x)4

= (2 3x)4
f(x) = 4(2 3x)5(3)

= 12(2 3x)5
f(x) = 5(12)(2 3x)6(3)

= 180(2 3x)6

f (1) = 180(1)6

= 180
4. x = 2.01 2
= 0.01

y = 5x x2
dy
= 5 2x
dx
= 5 2(2)
= 5 4
= 1

y = x3 2x + 1
dy
= 3x2 2

dx
d2y

= 6x
dx2
dy
d2y

+ y = x3 8
dx2
dx
6x + 3x2 2 x3 + 2x 1 = x3 8

3x2 + 8x + 5 = 0

(3x + 5)(x + 1) = 0
5

x = , 1
3

34.

dy
y = x
dx
= 1(0.01)
= 0.01
5. (a) y = x2 + 3x 5
dy
= 2x + 3

dx
dy

When x = 2, = 2(2) + 3
dx


=7
(b) x = 2 + k 2

=k
dy

y = x
dx

= 7k

d
1. [2x(4 3x2)4]
dx
d
d
= 2x (4 3x2)4 + (4 3x2)4 (2x)
dx
dx
= 2x 4(4 3x2)3(6x) + (4 3x2)4(2)
= 48x2(4 3x2)3 + 2(4 3x2)4

6. y = (2x 1)2
dy
= 2(2x 1)(2)
dx
= 4(2x 1)

5
2. y = v4
6
dy
20
= v3
dv
6
10
= v3
3

1
Given gradient of the normal at A is .
2

10

Therefore, gradient of the tangent at A is 2.

dy
= 2

dx
4(2x 1) = 2
1
2x 1 =
2
1

2x =
2
1

x =
4
1
Substitute x = into y = (2x 1)2,
4
2
1

y = 2 1
4
2
1

=
2
1

=
4
1 1
Hence, the coordinates of A are , .
4 4

dy
=
dt
dx
=
dt

y = 7x(x 3)
= 7x2 21x
dy
= 14x 21
dx
d2y

= 14
dx2
dy
For minimum y, = 0
dx

14x 21 = 0
21

x =
14
3

=
2

1 21
1 21

3
= (5)
7
15
= units per second
7

y = x2 + 4x + 4
dy
= 2x + 4
dx
d2y

= 2
dx2
d2y
dy
x2
+ (1 x) = 7
dx2
dx
x2(2) + (1 x)(2x + 4) = 7
2x2 + 2x + 4 2x2 4x = 7

2x + 4 = 3

x2 + 2x + 1 = 0

(x + 1)(x + 1) = 0

x = 1

7. (a)

dx dy

dt
dy

9.

31 2 4
1 2
1

y
(x2 + 4x + 4)
x2 4x 4
x2 4x

1
10. V = h3 + 12h
3
dV
= h2 + 12
dh
dV
When h = 3, = 9 + 12
dh

= 21
dV

= 7 cm3 s1
Given
dt
dh
dh
dV
=
dt
dV
dt
1

= 7
21
1

= cm s1
3

3 3
(b) Minimum y = 7 3
2 2
3
3


=7
2
2
63


=
4

11.

3
8. y =
x 2x
y = 3x1 2x

0.4 m
0.4 m

rm
hm

dy
= 3x2 2
dx
3
=
2
x2

Let r be the radius, h be the height and V be the

volume of oil.
dV
dh
Given = p, = 0.1
dt
dt
r
0.4

=

h
0.4

= 1
Therefore, r = h

dy
3
When x = 3, = 2
dx
9
7

=
3

11

f(x) = (3)(2)(1 4x)4(4)

24

=
(1 4x)4

1
V = r2h
3
1
V = h3
3
dV
= h2
dh
dV
dV
dh
=
dt
dh
dt
p = h2 0.1

24
\ f(0) =
1

= 24
d x 1
7.
dx 4 x2
d
d
(4 x2) (x 1) (x 1) (4 x2)
dx
dx
=
(4 x2)2
(4 x2)(1) (x 1)(2x)
=
(4 x2)2
4 x2 + 2x2 2x
=
(4 x2)2
x2 2x + 4
=
(4 x2)2

When h = 0.2,
p = (0.2)2(0.1)
= 0.004

x2 2x

1. xlim
= xlim
(x 2)
0
0
x

= 2

d x2 1
8.
dx x + 1

2x

2x
x
lim

2. xlim

=

x
1 + x
1 + x

x
2

= xlim

x + 1
2

=
0 + 1

=2

1
y = 5x3 + 2
x
y = 5x3 x1 + 2
dy
= 15x2 + x2
dx
d2y

= 30x 2x3
dx2
2

= 30x
x3

9.

(2 x)(2 + x)
4 x2

3. xlim
= xlim
2
2
(x 2)
x2
[(2
+ x)]

= xlim
2

= 4

d (x + 1)(x 1)
=
dx
(x + 1)
d
= (x 1)
dx
= 1

1 2
1

10. f(x) = 2(3 4x)6

f(x) = 62(3 4x)5(4)

= (48)(3 4x)5
f(x) = 48 5(3 4x)4(4)

= 960(3 4x)4

4. y = 2xx + 4x2
dy
= 2x + 8x
dx
dy
= dlim
(2x + 8x)
x0
dx
= 2x

f(1) = 960(1)4

= 960

5. y = 4x(x2 1)5
dy
d
d
= 4x (x2 1)5 + (x2 1)5 (4x)
dx
dx
dx
= 4x 5(x2 1)4(2x) + (x2 1)5(4)
= 40x2(x2 1)4 + 4(x2 1)5

11. y = 2x(x + 3)
y = 2x2 + 6x
dy
= 4x + 6
dx
When x = 2,
dy
= 4(2) + 6
dx

= 14

2
6. f(x) =
(1 4x)3

= 2(1 4x)3

12

 12. y = 4x3 5x2 + 2x 10

dy
= 12x2 10x + 2
dx
dy
When = 4,
dx
12x2 10x + 2 = 4
12x2 10x 2 = 0
6x2 5x 1 = 0
(6x + 1)(x 1) = 0
1

x = , 1
6

Given gradient of the tangent is 8.

dy
= 8

dx
4(2x + 5) = 8
2x + 5 = 2

2x = 7
7

x =
2
7
Substitute x = into y = (2x + 5)2,
2
2
7
y = 2 + 5
2
=4
7
Therefore, the coordinates are , 4 .
2

31

13. y = (4 3x)
dy
= 5(4 3x)4(3)
dx
= 15(4 3x)4
5

2 4

18. y = 3(4x 5)2 + 6

dy
= 6(4x 5)(4)
dx
= 24(4x 5)

The gradient function is 15(4 3x)4.

1
14. y =
(1 + 2x)3
y = (1 + 2x)3
dy
= 3(1 + 2x)4(2)
dx
= 6(1 + 2x)4

The gradient of the tangent for the point with gradient

1
of the normal is 2.
2
dy
= 2
dx
24(4x 5) = 2

The gradient at the point (1, 1)

= 6(1 2)4
6
=
1
= 6

15. y = (x 1)(x + 1)
y = x2 1
dy
= 2x
dx
The gradient of the tangent at the point (1, 0)
= 2(1)
=2

1
4x 5 =
12
1
4x = 5
12
59
=
12
59
x =
48

59
Substitute x = into y = 3(4x 5)2 + 6,
48

3 1 2 54

59
y = 3 4
48
59
= 3
12
1
= 3
12
1
= 3
144
1
= + 6
48
1
= 6
48

16. y = x2 + 4x
dy
= 2x + 4
dx
The gradient of the tangent at the point (1, 5)
= 2(1) + 4
=6
Therefore, the gradient of the normal at the point
1
(1, 5) is .
6

+6

5 +6

2+6

+6

59
1
Therefore, the coordinates are , 6 .
48
48

17. y = (2x + 5)2

dy
= 2(2x + 5)(2)
dx
= 4(2x + 5)

13

p
19. y =
+ qx 1.......................1
x2
2
y = px + qx 1
dy
= 2px3 + q
dx
2p
=
+q
x3
Given the gradient of the tangent at the point
(1, 3) is 14.
2p

+ q = 14
(1)3

2p + q = 14..........................2

dy
= 8(3x 1)3(3)
dx
24
=

(3x 1)3
At the point (0, 4), the gradient of the tangent
24
=
(1)3
= 24
1
Therefore, the gradient of the normal is .
24
Hence, the equation of the normal is
1
y 4 = (x 0)
24
1

y = x + 4
24

Substitute x = 1, y = 3 into 1 since the point

(1, 3) lies on the curve 1,
p
3 =
+ q(1) 1
(1)2
3 = p q 1
p q = 2......................................3

23. y = x3 6x2 + 3
dy
= 3x2 12x
dx
For the tangent parallel to the x-axis, gradient = 0

2 + 3, 3p = 12

p = 4
Substitute p = 4 into 3,
4 q = 2
q = 6

dy
Therefore, = 0
dx

3x2 12x = 0

3x(x 4) = 0

x = 0, 4

20. y = 2x2 + ax + b........................1

dy
= 4x + a
dx

When x = 0,
y = 03 6(0)2 + 3
=3

Given the gradient at the point (1, 5) is 8.

4(1) + a = 8

a = 4

When x = 4,
y = 43 6(4)2 + 3
= 64 96 + 3
= 29

Substitute x = 1, y = 5 and a = 4 into 1,

5 = 2(1)2 + 4(1) + b
b = 1

Hence, the points are (0, 3) and (4, 29).

2
21. y =
x + 4x
= 2x1 + 4x
dy
2
=
+4
dx
x2

24. Substitute y = 8 into y = x2 + 4x + 4,

8 = x2 + 4x + 4
x2 4x + 4 = 0
(x 2)2 = 0

x = 2

2
The gradient of the tangent at (1, 6) =
+4
12

=2

Therefore, p = 2 and q = 8.

The equation of the tangent is

y 6 = 2(x 1)
y = 2x 2 + 6
y = 2x + 4

25. y = x2(x 3) 1
y = x3 3x2 1.........................1
dy
= 3x2 6x
dx
dy
For stationary point, = 0
dx

3x2 6x = 0

3x(x 2) = 0

x = 0, 2

4
22. y =

(3x 1)2
2
= 4(3x 1)

14

Substitute x = 0 and x = 2 into 1 respectively,

When x = 0, y = 1
When x = 2, y = 23 3(2)2 1

= 8 12 1

= 5

28. p = x2y and x + y = 10

y = 10 x......................... 1
Substitute 1 into p = x2y,
p = x2(10 x)
= 10x2 x3
dp
= 20x 3x2
dx
dp
When = 0,
dx
20x 3x2 = 0
x(20 3x) = 0
20

x = 0, x =
3

Therefore, the stationary points are (0, 1) and

(2, 5).
26. y = px2 + qx + 4........................1
dy
= 2px + q
dx
dy
= 0 at the point (1, 5).
dx
2p(1) + q = 0
2p + q = 0

q = 2p.............................2

d2p
2 = 20 6x
dx

d2p
2 = 20 6(0)
dx

= 20 . 0
d2p
20
20
For x = , 2 = 20 6
dx
3
3

= 20 40

= 20 , 0

For x = 0,

Substitute x = 1, y = 5 into 1,
5 = p(1)2 + q(1) + 4
p q = 1........................................3

1 2

Substitute 2 into 3,
p 2p = 1
p = 1

p = 1

20
Therefore, for p to be maximum, x = .
3
29. y = (2x 1)3
dy
= 3(2x 1)2(2)
dx
= 6(2x 1)2

Substitute p = 1 into 2,
q = 2(1)
= 2

dx
Given = 2
dt
dy
dy dx
=
dt
dx
dt

= 6(2x 1)2(2)

= 12(2x 1)2

27. y = x3 + 6x2 9x 2..........................1

dy
= 3x2 + 12x 9
dx
dy
= 0
For stationary points,
dx

3x2 + 12x 9 = 0
Divide by (3),
x2 4x + 3 = 0

(x 1)(x 3) = 0

x = 1, 3

When x = 1,
dy
= 12(1)2
dt

= 12 units per second

Substitute x = 1 and x = 3 into 1 respectively,

When x = 1, y = 1 + 6 9 2

= 6
When x = 3, y = (3)3 + 6(3)2 9(3) 2

= 27 + 54 27 2

= 2

30. h = xy
h = (1 2t)(1 + 3t)
dh
= (1 2t)(3) + (1 + 3t)(2)
dt
= 3(1 2t) 2(1 + 3t)
= 3 6t 2 6t
= 1 12t

The stationary points are (1, 6) and (3, 2).

d2y

= 6x + 12
dx2
d2y
= 6(1) + 12
For point (1, 6),
dx2

=6.0

When t = 2,
dh
= 1 12(2)
dt

= 23

d2y
= 6(3) + 12
For point (3, 2),
dx2

= 6 , 0
Therefore, the minimum point is (1, 6).

15

dx
dx

dy
dy
dx
dx = dy
dy
= (2)(0.1)
= 0.2

1
1
1v
31.
u =
7
uv
1

vu =
7
7u 7v = uv
uv + 7v = 7u
v(u + 7) = 7u
7u

v =
u+7

34. y = 2x2 + 3
dy
= 4x
dx
When x = 4,
dy
= 4(4) and x = 4.1 4
dx

= 16
= 0.1

dv
(u + 7)(7) (7u)(1)
=
du
(u + 7)2
7u + 49 7u

=
(u + 7)2
49

= 2
(u + 7)
du
Given = 12
dt
dv
dv du
=
dt
du dt
49

= 2 12
(u + 7)
49

= 2 12
12
49

= units s1
12
32. pv =
p =

dy
y = x
dx
= 16(0.1)
= 1.6

dy
1.6
100
100 =
y
2(4)2 + 3
1.6 100

=
35

= 4.57%
27
35. y =
x3
= 27x3
dy
= 81x4
dx
81
=
x4
When x = 3,
dy
81 and x = 3.01 3
=
dx
34
= 0.01

= 1

20
20

= 20v1
dp
= 20v2
dv
20
=
v2
When v = 2,
dp
20
=
and v = 2.01 2
dv
22
= 0.01

= 5
dp
p = v
dv
= (5)(0.01)
= 0.05

27
27 + y
3 =
33
(3.01)
dy

= 1 + x
dx

= 1 + (1)(0.01)

= 1 0.01

= 0.99

2
33. y =
x 5
= 2x1 5
dy
= 2x2
dx
2
= 2
x

4
36. y =
x2
= 4x2
dy
= 8x3
dx
8
=
x3

When x = 2,
dy
2
=
and y = 1.9 2
dx
22
= 0.1
1

=
2

When x = 2,
dy
8
=
dx
23

= 1

16

x = 1.9 2
= 0.1

4 =
4 + y

22
1.92
dy

= 1 + x
dx

= 1 + (1)(0.1)

= 1 + 0.1

= 1.1

1
37. y =
x3
= x3
dy
= 3x4
dx
3
=
x4

3
1

= 3 3
(1.01)3
(1.01)

1
1

1 + y
= 3
13
dy
= 3 1 + x
dx
= 3[1 + (3)(0.01)]
= 2.91

4 1
2

1 x +
1 x
y = 4
2
2
(1 x)2
1
1x
= 4 +
4
2
2
1
1
2
= (1 x) + x
2
2
dy
1
= 2(1 x)(1)
2
dx
1
= 2 + 2x
2
5
= 2x
2

dy
= 2(1)
dx

=2
y = x2 4x + 1
dy
= 2x 4
dx
d2y

=2
dx2

dy 2
d2y

+ y = 2x + 1
2
dx
dx
2 + (2x 4)2 (x2 4x + 1) = 2x + 1
2 + 4x2 16x + 16 x2 + 4x 1 2x 1 = 0
3x2 14x + 16 = 0
(x 2)(3x 8) = 0
8

x = 2,
3

When t = 2.01, x = 1 2(2.01)

= 3.02

17

1 2

(b) (i)

(b) When t = 2, x = 1 2(2)

= 3

40. (a)

x = 1 2t
1 x ...............................2
t =
2
Substitute 2 into 1,

(b) When x = 3,

3 = 1 2t
2

t =
2

t = 1

38. (a) y = 4t2 + t................................1

x = 1.01 1
= 0.01

dy
5
When x = 3, = 2(3)
2
dx
5

= 6
2
17

=
2
dy
y = x
dx
17 (0.02)
=
2
= 0.17

39. (a) y = 2t2 + 1, x = 1 2t

dy
dx
= 2
= 4t

dt
dt
dy
dy
dt
=

dx
dt
dx
1


= 4t
2


= 2t

When x = 1,
dy
= 3
dx

x = 3 (3.02)
= 0.02

dy
= kx 5
dx
y + 7x 5 = 0

y = 7x + 5
The gradient of the tangent at the point
(1, 12) is 7.

dy
Therefore, = 7 when x = 1.
dx
kx 5 = 7
k(1) 5 = 7

k = 2

k = 2

1
(ii) The gradient of the normal =
7

The equation of the normal is
1 (x + 1)

y 12 =
7
1x+
1 + 12


y =
7
7
1
85


y = x +
7
7

When x = 1,
y = x3 + 3x2 7x + 2
= 13 + 3(1)2 7(1) + 2
= 1 + 3 7 + 2
= 1

When x = 3,
y = x3 + 3x2 7x + 2
= (3)3 + 3(3)2 7(3) + 2
= 27 + 27 + 21 + 2
= 23

Therefore, the coordinates of P are (1, 1).

43. (a)

1 2

Perimeter = 120
y + y + 8x + 2(60 9x) = 120
2y + 8x + 120 18x = 120

2y = 10x

y = 5x
The area of the diagram
= Area of rectangle ABCE + Area of CDE
1 (8x)(ABBBBBB
= 8x(60 9x) +
y2 16xB2 )
2
= 480x 72x2 + 4xABBBBBBBB
25x2 16x2
2
= 480x 72x + 4x(3x)
= 480x 72x2 + 12x2
= 480x 60x2

A = 480x 60x2
dA
= 480 120x
dx
d2A

= 120 , 0
dx2
dA
When = 0,
dx
480 120x = 0

x = 4

Therefore, x = 4 for the area to be maximum.

42. (a) Area of the shaded region

= Area of OAB Area of rectangle OPQR
1 5 10 xy

=
2

= 25 xy

1 2

5 2 10
5
Minimum area = 25 + 2
2
2
25
50

= 25 +
2
2
25

= 25
2
25

=
2

(b)

(b) Another point is (3, 23).

A = 2x2 10x + 25
d2A
dA
= 4x 10,
=4.0
dx
dx2
4x 10 = 0
10

x =
4
5

=
2

(b)

41. (a) y = 2x 3 has a gradient of 2 at point P.

y = x3 + 3x2 7x + 2
dy
= 3x2 + 6x 7


dx
dy
= 2


dx

3x2 + 6x 7 = 2

3x2 + 6x 9 = 0

x2 + 2x 3 = 0

(x 1)(x + 3) = 0


x = 1, 3

Therefore, the area of the shaded region,

A = 25 x(2x + 10)
= 25 + 2x2 10x

44. (a)

Gradient of AB = Gradient of QA
10 0 y 0

=
x5
05

y = 2(x 5)

y = 2x + 10

A
m

c
10
S

y cm

10

cm
R

x cm
B

18

M
16 cm

In ABM,
M2 = AB2 BM2
A

= 102 82

= 36 cm
AM = 6 cm
Since ABC and ASR are similar, then
y
6x
=
16
6
16(6 x)
y =
6
8(6 x)
=
3
Area of rectangle PQRS, A = xy

3
1

(b) (i)

4
2

8 (6 x)
=x
3
8x
= x 16
3
8
= 16x x2
3

8 x2
A = 16x
3
dA
16
= 16 x
3
dx
d2A
16 , 0

=
3
dx2

(b)

45. (a)

V = 400x 200x2
dV
= 400 400x

dx
dV
= 0

dx
400 400x = 0

x = 1
d2V

= 400 , 0
dx2
Therefore, V is a maximum when x = 1.

(ii) Maximum value of V = 400(1) 200(1)2

= 200

2x
46. (a) Height of the box =
2
2x

Volume of the box, V = (x)(x)
2
x
2


= x 1
2
1
2


= x x3
2
1
2
3
(b) V = x x
2
dV
3 x2
= 2x

2
dx

dA
When = 0,
dx
16 x = 0
16
3
16 x = 16

3

x = 3
8 (6 x),
Substitute x = 3 into y =
3
8
y = 3
3
=8

For the area of the rectangle to be largest, x = 3

and y = 8.

10x cm
M
(10 8x) cm
A

Volume of the solid, V

= Area of trapezium BC
1 (8x)(10 8x + 10 2x) 5
=
2
= 20x(20 10x)
= 400x 200x2

8x cm

EM2 = EF2 MF2

= 100x2 64x2

= 36x2
EM = 6x cm
EA = 6x + 10 8x

= (10 2x) cm

19

dV
When = 0,
dx
3 x2 = 0
2x
2
3
x 2 x = 0
2
4

x = 0,
3
2
d V

= 2 3x
dx2
d2V
When x = 0,
=2.0
dx2

d2V
4 ,
4
= 2 3
When x =
3 dx2
3

= 2 , 0

1 2

Therefore, the volume is a maximum when

4.
x=
3

Let the point of contact between the tangent and the

curve be P(a, b).
y = x2 8x + 12
dy
= 2x 8
dx
Gradient of the tangent at point P is 2a 8.
b+8
Gradient of PA =
a4
b
+
8
= 2a 8
a4
b + 8 = (a 4)(2a 8)

= 2a2 16a + 32

b = 2a2 16a + 24....................................... 1

47. (a) Volume of the cylinder = 81 cm3

r2h = 81
81

h =
r2

4r2
Total surface area, A = r2 + 2rh +
2


= r2 + 2rh + (2r2)


= 3r2 + 2rh
81


= 3r2 + 2r
r2
162


= 3r2 +
r
(b) A = 3r2 + 162r1
dA
= 6r 162r2

dr

= 6r 162

r2
dA

When = 0,
dr
162

6r
=0
r2


6r = 162

r2
3


r = 27


r = 3

1 2

Substitute x = a, y = b into y = x2 8x + 12,

b = a2 8a + 12................................................... 2
1 = 2, 2a2 16a + 24 = a2 8a + 12

a2 8a + 12 = 0

(a 2)(a 6) = 0

a = 2, 6
Substitute a = 2 into 2,
b = 4 16 + 12
=0
Substitute a = 6 into 2,
b = 36 48 + 12
=0

d2A
324

= 6 +
dr2
r3
When r = 3,
d2A

= 18 . 0
dr2
Therefore, the total surface area is a minimum
when r = 3.

Gradient of the tangent PA = 2(2) 8

= 4
\ Equation of the tangent is
y 0 = 4(x 2)
y = 4x + 8
Gradient of the another tangent = 2(6) 8

=4

48. (a) y = px2 4x + 1

dy
= 2px 4

dx

When x = 4, the gradient of the tangent is 0.

Therefore, 0 = 2p(4) 4


8p = 4
1


p =
2

Equation of the second tangent is

y 0 = 4(x 6)
y = 4x 24
y = x(x2 4)
y = x3 4x
dy
= 3x2 4
dx
d2y

= 6x
dx2
dy
d2y
x
+ = x(6x) + (3x2 4)
dx2
dx

= 9x2 4

50.

1 (4)2 4(4) + 1
(b) When x = 4, y =
2

= 8 16 + 1

= 7

49.

Equation of the tangent is y = 7.

y

y = x 2 8x + 12
P(a, b)

P(a, b)

dy
d2y
x
+ , 0
dx2
dx

9x2 4 , 0
(3x 2)(3x + 2) , 0

A(4, 8)

20

Let p be the perimeter,

p = 2r
dp
= 2
dr

dp
dp dA
=
dt
dA dt
dp
dr
dA

=
dr
dA
dt

2 ,x,
2.
Therefore, the range is
3
3
dr
51. (a) = 0.3 cm s1
dt
6

Time taken =
0.3


= 20 seconds
(b) A = r2
dA

= 2r
dr
dA
dA
dr

=
dt
dr
dt
dr

= 2r
dt

= 2(4)(0.3)

= 2.4

Surface area of the sphere, A = 4r2

dA
= 8r

dr
dA
dA dV
=
dt
dV dt
dA dr dV

=
dr dV dt

The area is decreasing at the rate of 2.4 cm s .

2

x2y + 1 = 3y + x
x2y 3y = x 1
y(x2 3) = x 1
x 1

y =
x2 3
(x2 3)(1) (x 1)(2x)
dy
=


(x2 3)2
dx
2
x

2x2 + 2x


=
(x2 3)2
x2 + 2x 3


=
(x2 3)2
dp
(b) Given = 6 units s1
dt

p = 3x + 2
dp
= 3

dx

52. (a)

dV
54. Given = 30 cm3 s1
dt
4 r3
Volume of the sphere, V =
3
dV

\ = 4r2
dr

1 2

1 (10)
= (2)
2r
10

=
r
dp
10
When r = 10, =
10
dt

= cm s1

1 (30)
= (8r)
4r2
60
=
r

When the volume = 36,

4 r3 = 36

3
3
r3 = 36
4

= 27

r = 3

1 2

The rate of change of the surface area

60
=
3
= 20 cm2 s1

dx
dx dp
=
dt
dp dt
1 (6)

=
3

= 2 units s1

55. (a)

dA
= 10 cm2 s1
dt
Area, A = r2
dA
= 2r
dr

6 cm
10 cm r cm

53.

h cm

21

Using properties of similar triangles,

r =
h

6
10
6 h
r =
10
3h
r =
5
Volume of the unfilled space, V
1 62(10)
1 r2h
=
3
3

1 2

1 2

1
9 h3
= 120
3 25
3 h3
= 120
25
3 (1000 h3)
=
25

dh
dh dV
=
dt
dV dt
25
(10)

=
9h2
250

=
9h2
250

= 2
9 (2)
250

=
36
125

=
18

56. (a)

h cm
A

r2 + h2 = 52

r2 = 52 h2

(b)

The surface area of the water, A = r2

= (52 h2)

= (25 h2)
A = 25 h2
dA
= 2h
dh

(ii) T = 2.2 2.0

= 0.2

When T = 2.0,
dl
2
=
20
dT

= 0.1
dl
l = T
dT
= (0.1) (0.2)
= 0.02

2000
Half of original volume =
3
4
2000
3
r =

3
3

r3 = 500

1 2

5 cm

5 cm
5 cm

ABBB

l
T = 20
10
l
T2 = 400
10
T2
l =
40
dl
2T
=
40
dT
T
=
20

dr
(b) = 0.5
dt

When r = 10,
4 (10)3

Volume =
3
4000


=
3

The height of water is decreasing at the rate of

125

cm s1.
18

r cm

= 0.1 cm s1

dA dh
=
dh dt
= (2h)(0.1)
= 0.2h
dA
When h = 3, = 0.6 cm2 s1.
dt

57. (a) (i)

1 (360)
1
3 h 2h
=
3
3 5

dV
dV
9 h2
(b) = 10 cm3 s1, =
25
dt
dh

dh

dt
dA

dt

58. (a)

22

r = 3ABBB
500
r = 7.937

10 7.937
Time taken =
0.5

= 4.126 seconds
x + x + y + y = 24

2x + 2y = 24

x + y = 12

y = 12 x

Volume of 1 unit of cuboid = t t 1

= t2 cm3

Total surface area of the cuboid = 2t2 + 4(t 1)

= 2t2 + 4t
xy
Number of cuboids =
=y
2t2 + 4t

x = 2t2 + 4t

Volume of total cuboids, V = yt2

= (12 x)t2

= (12 2t2 4t)t2

= t2(12 2t2 4t)

= 2t2(6 t2 2t)

(b) V = 2t2(6 t2 2t)

= 12t2 2t4 4t3
dV
= 24t 8t3 12t2

dt

dV
When = 0,
dt
24t 8t3 12t2 = 0
8t3 + 12t2 24t = 0
4t(2t2 + 3t 6) = 0

Since t . 0 for the length, then t = 1.137

3 ABB
57
=
4
= 2.637, 1.137

d2V

= 24 24t2 24t
dt2
When t = 1.137,
d2V

= 24 24(1.137)2 24(1.137)
dt2

= 24(1 1.1372 1.137)

= 34.31 , 0

Hence, volume is a maximum when t = 1.137.

23

3 ABBBBBBBBB
32 4(2)(6)
t =
2(2)