1

Functions

10. Given f(x) = 2x 5 and f(x) = 10.

1. Diagram (i): Arrow diagram

Diagram (ii): Ordered pairs
Diagram (iii): Graph
2. (a)
(b)
(c)


(d)

2x 5 = 10
15

x =
2

3
2
(i) {2, 1, 1}
(ii) {3, 3, 6}
(iii) {3, 3, 6}
one-to-one

15
Therefore, the object is .
2
11. h(x) = sin x
h(90) = sin 90

= 1

3. (a) many-to-one
(b) (i) {8, 9, 16}

(ii) {9, 16}

x7
12. g(x) =
5
27
(a) g(2) =
5

= |1|

= 1

4. Since x-coordinate is one more than y, then

(a) x = 12,
(b) y = 14.

6. (a) many-to-many
(b) Range = {d, e, f}

g(x) = 4
x7
= 4
5
x7
= 4
5
x 7 = 20

x = 27

(b)

5. (a) one-to-many
(b) Since image in set B is the square root of object
in set A,
9

then y = AB


= 3

13. f(x) = |x 5|

7. Diagram (i): one-to-one

Diagram (ii): one-to-one
Diagram (iii): is not a function because object c has

no image.
Diagram (iv): is not a function because it is

one-to-many relation.
Diagram (v): many-to-one
8. (a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

When x = 2,
f(x) = |2 5|

= |7|

=7
When x = 7,
f(x) = |7 5|

=2

5
4
f : x x + 3 or f(x) = x + 3
(i) {2, 4, 5}
(ii) {5, 7, 8}

When x 5 = 0

x = 5
When x = 0,
f(x) = 0 5

= 5

=5

9. f(x) = 3x2
Image for object 1 = f(1)

= 3(1)2

=3

or

x7
= 4
5
x 7 = 20
x = 13

f(x)

f (x)
7

When x = 3,
f(3) = 6 1
= 5
When 2x 1 = 0,
1

x =
2

5
2
x

2 0

f(x)

0
1

f (x)

3
5

x
1

f(x) = cos x

2
0

f (x)

Range = 0 < f(x) < 7

14. (a)

f(x) = 2x 1

Therefore, the range of f(x) is 5 < f(x) < 0.

0

17. (a) f(7) = 3(7) 1

= 20
3
(b) f(3) = 5 +
3


=6

90 180 270 360

(b) When x = 120

f(120) = cos 120
1


=
2
1

=
2

Hence, the range of f(x) is 0 < f(x) < 1.

15. (a)






(b)

(i)



(ii)


(i)

18. Since the graph is a straight line,

3
30
the gradient = = , f(x)-intercept = 3
2
0 (2)
3
Therefore, the equation is f(x) = x + 3.
2

f(x) = x2 4
Image for object 3 = f(3)

= 32 4

=5
Image for object 4 = f(4)

= (4)2 4

= 12

19. (a) fg(x) = f(1 6x)

= 3(1 6x)

= 3 18x
(b) gf(x) = g(3x)


= 1 6(3x)


= 1 18x

f (x)
12

5
4
4

(ii)

x
2 3

Hence, the range of f(x) is 0 < f(x) < 12.

f(x) = 5
x2 4 = 5
x2 = 9

x = AB
9

= 3

(c)

f2(x) = ff(x)

= f(3x)

= 3(3x)

= 9x

(d)

g2(x) = gg(x)

= g(1 6x)

= 1 6(1 6x)

= 1 6 + 36x

= 36x 5

20. (a) hp(x) = h(x2 2x)

= 2(x2 2x) + 3

= 2x2 4x + 3
(b)

16. f(x) = 2x 1
When x = 0,
f(0) = 1

= 1

ph(x) = p(2x + 3)

= (2x + 3)2 2(2x + 3)

= (2x + 3)(2x + 3 2)

= (2x + 3)(2x + 1)

 21. (a) fg(2) = f[1 4(2)2]

= f[1 16]

= f(15)
15

= + 3
2
9

=
2

22. (a)

(b) g(r) = 8

5 + 2r = 8

2r = 3
3


r =
2
(c)

Let g1(7) = x,
then 7 = g(x)

= 5 + 2x

2x = 2

x = 1

Hence, g1(7) = 1

27. (a) Let f1(x) = y,

then x = f(y)


= 2y
x


y =
2
x

Hence, f1(x) =
2

f2(x) = 8x + 1
ff(x) = 8x + 1
f(5x) = 8x + 1
5(5x) = 8x + 1
25x = 8x + 1
17x = 1
1
x =
17

(b) Let g1(x) = y,

then x = g(y)
y


=
5


y = 5x

Hence, g1(x) = 5x

23. hg(x) = 4x2 2x + 5

3g(x) 1 = 4x2 2x + 5
3g(x) = 4x2 2x + 6
2

g(x) = (2x2 x + 3)
3

(c)

Let h1(x) = y,
then x = h(y)

= 3y + 1

3y = x 1
x 1


y =
3
x 1
1

Hence, h (x) =
3
(d) Let p1(x) = y,

then x = p(y)
y


= + 1
2
y
= x 1


2


y = 2(x 1)

x
gh(x) = + 1
2
x
g(2 + 5x) = + 1.........................1
2

24.

f(x) = 2x + 1
f(2) = t
2(2) + 1 = t

t = 5
f1(t) = 2

26. (a) g1(5) = 0

fg(x) = 4
f(1 3x) = 4
5(1 3x) = 4
5 15x = 4

15x = 1
1

x =
15

(b) gf(x) = 3 + x
g(5x) = 3 + x

1 3(5x) = 3 + x

1 15x = 3 + x


16x = 4
4


x =
16
1


=
4
(c)

x+8
Therefore, g(x) =
10

25. (a)



(b)

2
(b) gf(2) = g + 3
2


= g(2)


= 1 4(2)2


= 15

y2
= + 1
10
y+8
=
10

Let 2 + 5x = y
y2
x =
5
From 1,
y2

1
5 2

g(y) = + 1
2

Hence, p1(x) = 2(x 1)

= 2x 2

 28. (a) t 3 = 0

t = 3
(b) Let f1(x) = y,

then x = f(y)
2


=
y3
2


y 3 =
x
2


y =
x +3

8
n = 4 +
3
20
=
3

6. (a)
fg(x) = 5x

4g(x) 1 = 5x

4g(x) = 5x + 1
1


g(x) = (5x + 1)
4

2
Therefore, f1(x) =
x + 3, x 0
1
(c) Let g (x) = y,

then
x = g(y)
y


=
y + 1
x(y + 1) = y

xy + x = y

y xy = x

y(1 x) = x
x


y =
1 x
x

Therefore, g1(x) = , x 1
1 x

(b)

gf(x) = 9
g(4x 1) = 9

1
[5(4x 1) + 1] = 9
4
5(4x 1) + 1 = 36

5(4x 1) = 35

4x 1 = 7
8

x =
4

= 2

7. (a) hf(3) = 2
(b) h1(2) = 6
8. Let f1(x) = y,
then x = f(y)

= 3 4y

4y = 3 x
3x

y =
4

29. (a) The inverse function of f, f1, does not exist

for the domain 5 < x < 5 because f1 is a
many-to-one type of relation.
(b) The inverse function of f, f1, exists because f1
is a one-to-one type of relation.

3x
Therefore, f1(x) =
4
Hence, f1g(x) = f1(1 + 2x)

1. (a) many-to-many
(b) Range = {d, f, g}

2. (a)
(b)
(c)

f(2) = 1
g(1) = 3
gf(2) = g(1)

=3

3. (a) The objects of 5 are 0 and 1.

(b) The images of 2 are 9 and 13.

3 (1 + 2x)
=
4
3 1 2x
=
4
2 2x
=
4
2(1 x)
=
4
1 x
=
2

9. (a) Let f1(4) = k,

then 4 = f(k)


= 1 + 2k
4 1


k =
2

3


=
2
3
1

f (4) =
2

4. (a) one-to-one
(b) f : x x2 or f(x) = x2
xn
5. f(x) =
x
2
f(4) =
3
2
4n
=
4
3
8
4 n =
3

(b)

gf(x) = g(1 + 2x)

= (1 + 2x)2 + 4(1 + 2x) 3

= 1 + 4x + 4x2 + 4 + 8x 3

= 4x2 + 12x + 2

(c)

x
h 1 = 6 5x.................1
2
x

Let 1 = y,
2
x

then = 1 + y
2


x = 2 + 2y................2

10. (a) Let p1(x) = y,

then x = p(y)
4


=
y + 1

x(y + 1) = 4
4

y + 1 =
x
4


y =
x 1
4

Hence, p1(x) = 1, x 0
x

4
(b) p1(5) = 1
5
1
=
5

Therefore, 1 becomes h(y) = 6 5(2 + 2y)

= 6 10 10y

= 4 10y
Hence, h(x) = 4 10x

1
1. (a)
2
(b) x = 12 since element in set B is half of set A.

11. Let f1(x) = y,

then x = f(y)

= p 3y

3y = x + p
p
x

y = +
3
3
p
x
1
\ f (x) = + . ....................1
3
3
q
2
Compare 1 to the f1(x) = x +
2
3
q
1
Therefore, =
2
3
2

q =
3
and
p = 2

2. (a) f1(15) = 3
(b) codomain = {10, 15, 20, 30}
3. Let f(x) = y,
then x = f1(y)
y + 1

x =
4
y + 1 = 4x

y = 4x 1
Hence, f(x) = 4x 1
x
4. fg(x) = f + 3
2
x

= 1 + 5 + 3
2
5

= 1 + x + 15
2
5

= x + 16
2

12. (a) Let f1(x) = y,

then
x = f(y)


= 4 + 5y
x4


y =
5
x4
1

Hence, f (x) =
5

5. gf(3) = g(5)

=6

x4
(b) gf1(x) = g
5
x

1


=
2
x4


= 1
10
x 4 10


=
10
x 14


=
10

1
1

hg(x) = 6 5x

2
2

6. (a) many-to-one
(b) f : x x2 or f(x) = x2
7. f(x) = 2x 2
f(2) = 2(2) 2

= 6

= 6
Therefore, the range is 2 < f(x) < 6.

x+5
8. h(x) =
2
h(q) = 8
q+5
= 8
2
q + 5 = 16

q = 11

Compare 1 with h2(x) = 4x + 9

Therefore, a2 = 4

a = 2
and ab + b = 9....................................... 2
Since a . 0,
hence a = 2

1 2
1 2

y
= 1
2

y
= 1 x
2
y = 2 2x
g1(x) = 2 2x

hg1(x) = h(2 2x)

= 4(2 2x) 3

= 8 8x 3

= 5 8x

f(x)

10

When x = 1,
f(1) = 2 3(1)

= 2 + 3

=5

x
11. hg(x) = h
2
x

= 3 1
2
3

= x 1
2
Hence, p(x) = hg(x)

f(x) = 2 3x

Hence, a = 2 and b = 3.

13.

Substitute a = 2 into 2,
2b + b = 9
3b = 9

b = 3

(b) gh(x) = g(4x 3)

4x 3


= 1
2
3


= 1 2x
2
3


= 1 2x +
2
5

2x


=
2
5 4x


= ............................ 1
2


m nx

Compare gh(x) = with 1,
2

Hence, m = 5 and n = 4.

h2(x) = hh(x)

= h(ax + b)

= a(ax + b) + b

= a2x + ab + b................................... 1

12. (a) (i)

(ii) Let g1(x) = y,

then
x = g(y)

x
fg(x) = + 7
4
x
3g(x) 1 = + 7
4
x
3g(x) = + 8
4
8
x

g(x) = +
3
12

9.

10.

When x = 4,
f(4) = 2 12

= 10

= 10
When f(x) = 0,
2 3x = 0
2

x =
3
When x = 0,
f(0) = 2 0

=2

Let h1(x) = y,
then
x = h(y)

= 4y 3
x+3

y =
4
x+3
1

h (x) =
4
2
h1g(2) = h1 1
2

= h1(0)
0+3

=
4
3

=
4

f (x)

10
5
2
1 0 2

x
4

(a)
(b)

The range for 0 < x < 4 is 0 < f(x) < 10.

When f(x) = 5
2 3x = 5
2 3x = 5
or
3x = 3
7

x =
3

x = 1

7
Therefore, the domain is 1 < x < .
3
14. (a) f(2) = 7
2


a + b = 7.................................... 1
f(2) = 2
2

a + b = 2.................................. 2

1 + 2, 2b = 9
9

b =
2

9
Substitute b = into 1,
2
9
2
+

=
7
a
2
9
2

a = 7 2
14 9

=
2
5

=
2

5a = 4

(b)

Let f1(5) = p,
then
5 = f(p)

= 4p + 5

p = 0

Therefore, gf1(5) = g(0)

=03

= 3

(c)

Let g1(x) =
then
x =

=

y =

g1(x) =

f1g1(x) = 2x
f1(x + 3) = 2x
(x + 3) 5
= 2x
4

x 2 = 8x

7x = 34
34

x =
7

y,
and
g(y)
y3
x+3
x+3
9
9

Let f1(x) = y,
then
x = f(y)

= 4y + 5
x5

y =
4
x5

f1(x) =
4

9
36

16. (a) f2(x) = ff(x)

1
4
p =
2
5
2

=
5
2
Hence, f1(4) =
5

2 1 2

x
= f
x+2
x

x+2
=
x

x+2 +2
x

x+2
=
x + 2(x + 2)

x+2
x

x+2
=
3x + 4

x+2
x
4

,x
=
3x + 4
3

(b) Let f1(x) = y,

then x = f(y)
y


=
y+2
x(y + 2) = y

xy + 2x = y

y xy = 2x

y(1 x) = 2x
2x


y =
1 x
2x

Hence, f1(x) = , x 1
1 x

15. (a) fg(x) = 4x 7

f(x 3) = 4x 7........................... 1

Hence, f(x) = 4x + 5

4
a =
5

Let f1(4) = p,
then 4 = f(p)
5
9

= p +
4
2
5
9
p = 4

4
2
1

=
2

Therefore, 1 becomes f(y) = 4(y + 3) 7

= 4y + 12 7

= 4y + 5

x
9
(b) f(x) = +
4
2

5
5x
9


= +
4
2

Let x 3 = y,
then x = y + 3

 17. (a)




(b)

f(x) = x
x2 3x = x
x2 4x = 0
x (x 4) = 0

x = 0, 4

f(x) = 2g(x)

x2 3x = 2x2 + 2
x2 + 3x + 2 = 0
(x + 1)(x + 2) = 0

x = 1, 2

19. (a)

x + 1
18. (a) f(x) =
2

f(r) = 4
r + 1
= 4
2

r + 1 = 8

r = 7

(b) g(4) = p

4 = g1(p)
p

4 = + 5
4
p

4 = 1

p = 4
(c) Let g(x) = y,

then x = g1(y)
y


=
4 +5
y
= x 5


4


y = 4x 20


g(x) = 4x 20

x + 1
gf(x) = g
2
x
+ 1

= 4 20
2

= 2(x + 1) 20

= 2x + 2 20

= 2x 18

1
1

2
2

f(x) , 8
x 5 + 1 , 8
x 5 , 7

7 , x 5 , 7
7 + 5 , x , 7 + 5

2 , x , 12

(b) (i)

f2(x) =
=
=
=

ff(x)
f(x 2)
(x 2) 2
x4

(ii)

f3(x) = f2f(x)

= f2(x 2)

= (x 2) 4

=x6

Hence, f30(x) = x 2 30


= x 60