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DIAGNOSTIC STUDIES AND INTERPRETATION

DETERMINATIO REFERENCE CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE

N RANGE
Hematology

Bleeding Time 1.5 – 9.5 min. Prolonged in

thrombocytopenia, defective
platelet function and aspirin
therapy
Factor VIII assay 60 % - 140 % Deficient in classical
hemophilia
PTT ( activated ) 25-45 secs. ( normal Prolonged in deficiency of
2.5 x control ) fibrinogen, factors
PTT 60 – 70 secs. II,V,VIII,IX,X,XI And XII and in
Heparin therapy
PT 9 – 14 secs. Prolonged by deficiency of
factors I, II, V, VII and X , fat
malabsorption, severe liver
disease, coumarin
anticoagulant therapy
INR 1.0 Used to standardize the
prothrombin time and
anticoagulation therapy
Erythrocyte count M 4.6 – 6.2 x 1012/ Increased in severe diarrhea
L and dehydration,
F 4.2 – 5.4 x1012/ polycythemia, acute
L
poisoning, pulmonary fibrosis

Decreased in all anemias, in

leukemia, and after
hemorrhage, when blood
volume has been restored
ESR Westergren < 15-20 mm / H Increased in tissue
meth. < 0.40-0.60 destruction, whether
ESR Zeta inflammatory or
Centrifuge degenerative, during
menstruation and pregnancy
and in acute febrile illness
Hematocrit M; 42- 52 % Decreased in severe
F; 35 – 47 % anemias, anemia of
preganancy, acute massive
blood loss

Increased in erythrocytosis of
any cause and in
dehydration or
hemoconcentration
associated with shock
Hemoglobin M; 13 – 18 gm / dl Decreased in various
F; 12 – 16 gm / dl anemias, pregnancy, severe
or prolonged hemorrhage,
with excessive fluid intake
Increased in polycythemia,
chronic obstructive
pulmonary disease, failure of
oxygenation because of CHF
and normally in people living
 at high altitudes
WBC / leukocytes 5,000 – 10,000 Increased in various
/cu.mm infections
Neutrophils
Eosinophils 45 %– 73 % Neutrophils increased with
Basophils 0%-4% acute infections, trauma or
Lymphocytes 0% - 1% surgery, leukemia, malignant
Monocytes 20 %– 40 % disease, necrosis, decreased
2% - 8 % with viral infections, bone
marrow suppression, primary
bone marrow disease

Eosinophils increased in
allergies, parasitic disease,
collagen disease, subacute
infections, decreased with
stress, use of some
medications
( ACTH, epinephrine,
thyroxine)

Basophils increased with

acute leukemia and following
surgery or trauma,
decreased with allergic
reactions, stress, parasitic
disease, use of
corticosteroids

Lymphocytes increased with

infectious mononucleosis,
viral and some bacterial
infections, hepatitis;
decreased in aplastic
anemia, SLE,
immunodeficiency including
AIDS

Monocytes increased with

viral infections, parasitic
disease, collagen and
hemolytic disorders,
decreased with use of
corticosteroids, RA, HIV
infection
Platelet count 150,000- Increased in malignancy,
450,000/cu.mm myeloproliferative disease,
rheumatoid arthritis and post
operatively
Decreased in
thrombocytopenic purpura,
acute leukemia, aplastic
anemia and during cancer
chemotherapy

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