Wind Generator Monitoring and Control System - Jakab Zsolt

W Wi in nd d G Ge en ne er ra at to or r
M Mo on ni it to or ri in ng g a an nd d C Co on nt tr ro ol l
S Sy ys st te em m

www.digilentinc.com/events/DDC2011

page 1 of 19

Copyright Digilent, Inc. All rights reserved. Other product and company names mentioned may be trademarks of their respective owners.

WIND GENERATOR MONITORING AND CONTROL
SYSTEM

Jakab Zsolt
zsolt_levente2000@yahoo.com

Submitted for the 2011 Digilent Design Contest
Cluj Napoca

08.05.2011

Advisor: Assist. Dr. Eng. Duka Adrian-Vasile

Petru Maior University of Tg. Mure

Wind Generator Monitoring and Control System Design Report

www.digilentinc.com page 2 of 19


System features
- measurement of wind generator parameters (voltage, current, power consumption, wind speed)
- voltage range: 7.5....24 V
- current range: 0.1....11 A (adjustable)
- wind speed range 0.20.
- microcontroller based systems
- wireless radio communication between the wind generator system and the remote system
- USB 2.0 communication with the PC
- user application providing: data acquisition, data logging, plotting and display




Project Summary

1. Introduction
1.1Problemtosolve
1.2Proposedsolution
2. Hardwaredescription
2.1Windgeneratorsystem
2.2Remotestation
3. Software
3.1Communication
3.2Microcontrollerapplications
3.2LabWindowsCVIuserinterface

Digilent Products Required

2xPmodCLS
2xPmodRF1



1.Introduction
1.1Problemtosolve
Smallwindgeneratorsuptohundredsofwattsworkinparallelwithchemical
batterieson12V,24Vor48Vdirectcurrentbusbarsystems.A.C.consumerstake
energyfromthesesystemsthroughinverters.
Windgeneratorsdeliverenergywhenwindspeedexceedsacertainthreshold
valueprox.35m/sdependingonthewindgeneratorsize.Ifwindenergyisabsentfor
longertime,theaccumulatorsstarttodischarge,andatacertainvaluetheconsumers
needtobedisconnectedfromthed.c.busbarandtobeconnectedtootherenergy
sources,ifavailable,inordertoavoiddamageintheenergystoragesystem.Thiskind
oftransitionbetweenenergysourcescancauselonginterruptsintheconsumers
operation,orevenpermanentshutdown.
Inthisconditionsthemainproblemistheinstabilityregardingthepower
suppliedbyasmallwindgenerator.
1.2Proposedsolution
Intheideaofaparalleloperationbetweenarenewableenergysourceanda
relativelysecureenergysource,suchasthepublicelectricnetwork,Isuggestthe
followingmonitoringandcontrolsystemforawindgenerator,builtaroundMicrochip
PICmicrocontrollers:



2.Hardwaredescription
TheWindGeneratorMonitoringandControlSystemisbasedontwosubsystems:one
locatednearthewindgeneratorandtheotheroneplacedawayfromthewind
generatorssite.Thesecomponentsarenamed:
Thewindgeneratorsystem
Remotesystem/station
2.1Windgeneratorsystem
thispartoftheequipmenthasthefollowingblockdiagram:
Thesystemhasitsownpowersupplyconnectedtothe12Vdc.busbar.
Energycancomeintothesystemfromseveralsources:thewindgenerator,the
storagesystem(accumulator),thepublicgridorfromallsourcesatthesametime.The
sourceoftheenergydependsontheoperatingconditions,whichthesystemhasto
handle,coordinatedbythemicrocontroller.
ThemainblockisthePICmicrocontroller,whichtakessignalsfromawindspeed
sensorandameasurementcircuit,itprocessesthem,thedisplaystheresultsonthe



Digilent'sPmodCLS,ittransmitstheacquiredsystemdatatotheremoteequipment
andcontrolstheC1andC2circuitbreakersasdescribedinthefollowingtable.

Wind generator systems Control logic:

state Systemevents C1
state
C2
state
Consumersmain
energysource
Cause
1 windspeed
normal
current
normal
voltagenormal
closed open Battery+wind
generator
Thereissufficientwindspeed,theloadcurrent
andoutputvoltageareinnormallimits
2 windspeed
normal
currentabow
normal
voltagebelow
normal
closed closed Network+wind
generator
Thewindgeneratorisworking,thebatteryis
dischargedduetooverload
3 windspeed
belownormal
current
normal
voltagenormal
closed open Battery+wind
generator
Thewindgeneratorisnotworkingbutthebattery
isfullcharged
4 windspeed
belownormal
currentabow
normal
voltagebelow
normal
closed closed Network Batteryhasdischargedduetoapersistentlackin
incomingwindenergy
5 Anywind
speed
currentabow
normal
voltagebelow
normal
+c2closed
open closed 0 Consumerowerload,incomingenergyfrom
networkfailstobringthesystemtonormal
parameters.
Possiblecause:inverterisdefect

Ifcasecase5isreachedthesystemremainsstuckuntiltheuserremovesallpossible
defectsandresetsthesystembythemicrocontrollersresetbutton.



ThemaincomponentsoftheWindGeneratorSystemare:
Windspeedsensoralsoknownasanemometer(homebuilt):
Principleofoperation:
Thediskandcupsetarerotatingonthesameaxes.Duetotheholesonthe
disk'speripherythefotodiodereceivesintermittentlightfromtheLEDplacedonthe
othersideofthedisk.Pulsatingvoltagearisesonpin2ofIC74AC00,whichisaNAND
SchmidtTriggercircuit.Onoutputpin2ofJ1AconnectoraTTLlevelsignalcanbe
collectedanditsfrequencyfmeasuredwiththePICmcu.
Thewindspeediscomputedasfollows:v=20xf[m/s],where20isthe
windspeedsensor'sconstant.
WindSpeedsensorOperatingrange0.320[m/s].



ThePowersuplyandmeasurementcircuit
Supplyvoltagefromdc.busbarisappliedtothemainstabilizerIC7805.Toavoid
linkingpowersupplyagainstbusbar,polarizationdiode1N4148wasintroducedafter
a250mAfuse.Whenwrongconnectedthediodeentersinconductionandshort
circuitsthefusesothecircuitisinterruptedandnodamageisproduced.
IC7805assuresthepowersupplyforthePICmicrocomtroller,anemometer,
relays,a15Vdoublesourceformeasuringcircuitanda3.3VsourceforPmodCLSand
PmodRf1.
The15Vdoublesourceusesad.cd.c.convertertoobtainthenecessary
voltagesfortheLM324operationalamplifier(op.amp.).Theheartoftheconverterisa
classicastableconfigurationoftwoNPNtransistorswiththeprimarywindingsofthe
transformerandafewdiscretecircuitcomponents.1N4148fastswitchingdiodesare
usedtoeliminateautoinductionspikes.
Tomeasurethecurrentoneop.amp.withanamplificationofapprox.100isused
togetthevoltagedroponthe0.0049shuntresistor.
Voltageonbusbarismeasuredusingavoltagedividermadeusing10kand33k
resistors.
Theoperatingrangesforthemeasurementcircuitare:voltage7.524V,current0.1
11A
Ifmalfunctionoccurstheoutputsofthemeasurementcircuitcan'toverride



standardTTLlevelduetotheuseof5VZennerdiodesconnectedonthem.Also10nF
capacitorsareusedtogrounda.c.noisesignalsthatmayappearduringwindgenerator
function.
Microcontrollercircuit
usesaPIC18F4455mcuforADCandcaptureoperation,UARTandSPI
communication,andalsoperformssystemstatecontrolusingrelays.
AlmosteveryI/OpinoftheICisprotectedbya270resistorwhichlimitsthecurrent
below25mA.Further1kand1.5kresistordividersareusedtointerfacePmodRf1
inputpinswith5VoperatingPICmcu.
Transistorbasedamplifiersareusedasrelaydriverswithprotectiondiodes
againstautoinductionvoltage.
Buttons,LED's,DigilentsPmodCLSLCD,andsocketsareincludedforhandlingthe
system.Relaysarenotonthepcbbecauseoftheirsize.



PictureoftheWindGeneratorsystem



Thegenerator
homebuiltgeneratorwithrectifierandelectronicchargingrelayincluded.
Toproducethemagneticflux,permanentmagnetsareused
Thepowersuppliedbythisgeneratorisupto400Wdependingonthespeedof
thewind.Thesystemwastestedbytheauthoruptoapowerof250W(v=5m/s)



2.2TheRemotestation
UsesaPICmicrocontrollertointerfacethe
PmodRf1transceiverwiththePC,andalsooffersthe
capabilityofdatadisplayontheDigilentPmodClS
module.SPI,UARTandUSBlinksareusedherefordata
transfer.
OnthePCanapplicationdevelopedin
LabWindowsCVIperformsdataprocessing,storage
anddisplaysdifferenttasks.
Powersupplyforthissystemistakenfromthe
PC'sUSBportorfromanothercompatiblesource.A3.3
VstabilizericsuppliesthePmodRf1andPmodCLS
module.TwobuttonsandtwoLED'swereprovidedto
beavailableforhandlingdurrigprogrammingandfor
debuggingpurposes.



3.Software
3.1Comunication
UART,SPI,USBandRadiolinkcommunicationwereimplementedasfollows:
betweenbothPICmcu'sandPmodCLS'sa32bytedatapacketis
transmittedwithUARTprotocol;
betweenbothPICmcu'sandtheDigilentPmodRF1's,ansoftware
implementedSPIinterfaceisused
betweentheremotestationandthePCanUSBconnectionisused
betweenthewindgeneratorsystemandtheremotestationa
unidirectionalradiolinkisusedforthedatatransfer
3.2Microcontrollerapplication
TheapplicationonbothmicrocontrollersweredevelopedusingMPLABIDE

Onbothmcu'safterinitializationsandconfigurationofperipheralstheprogramenters
inaloop.



Ontheremotesystem'smcutheloopstartswiththereceptionofdatafromthe
radiolink.Ifthereisnodataavailablethesystemdisplays"Nodata"andif32byte
datapackageisreceivedthevoltage,current,power,andwindspeednumericalvalues
aredisplayed.
In1sec.timeperiods(bytestingTimer0IFflagbit)USBdatatransmissiontoPcis
executed.
Onthewindgeneratorsystem'smcutheloopbeginswiththedataacquisition,
thenthevoltage,current,powerandwindspeedvaluesaredisplayed.Afterthat,the
mcuchecksifthevaluesarewithintheirnormallimitsandifnotittriestoestablishthe
normalparametersinthecircuitbycontrollingthecircuitbreakers.Afterperforming
systemcontrolthemcusendsthedatatotheremotestationusingthePmodRf1.
Ifthemcucan'tbringbackthesystemtoitsnormalparameterswithin5sec.
fromitsfirstactiononthecircuitbreaker(C2),thesystemscontrolremovestheload
from12VbusbarthroughC1circuitbreaker.
3.3PCaplication(LabWindowsCVI)
Themonitoringanddataacquisitionprogramhasthefollowingmainuserinterface:
Thefirstdevelopedversionofthewindgeneratormonitoringandcontrolsystem(.v1)
useswiredUARTcommunication(acableconnection)betweenPcandthegenerator



system.Thefinalversionofthesystem(.v3)usesavirtualUSBcomportbasedona
firmwareprovidedbyMicrochipforPICcontrollers.Thismeansthatthe
communicationwithnewsystemispossiblewithoutmajorhardwareorsoftware
impact.
Themainuserinterfacecontains4analogand4digitalmeasuringinstruments,
textmessages,LEDs,buttonsandalsodisplaysthecurrenttimeanddate.
The"NewAcq"buttonstartsanewdataacquisitionifnootheracquisitionisin
progress.Forthistheusermustselecttheacquisitioninterval,periodandthenameof
thefileinthesettingsboxwhichappearsatstartup.Ifnonameisintroducedthefile
willhavethecurrentdateasaname:
Ifthenamealreadyexistsapromptmessagealertstheuser:
Overwritingafileisnotpossibleandiftheuserdoesnotchangetheintroducedname
noacquisitionwillstart



Whencreatinganewacquisitiontwofilesarecreatedintheprojectsfolder,one
*.txtfileandone*.ccmtefile.Bothfilesarereadonly.Thefirstfiletypecanbe
openedwithanyfilehandlingprogram,andthesecondoneisusedonlybythe
applicationtostoredataneededforplotsandgraphics.
Toviewresultsonagraphtheuserselectsoneoftheplotbuttonsonthemain
userinterface.Afileselectionwindowappearswithalistofavailablefiles:
Afterselectingafile,theplotisshowninanewwindowwiththegenericname"Plot":



Forselectingotherfilesfromthelistan"Openfile"buttonisprovidedonthe
window.



References

(1)ElectronicdeputereDoruSuciu
(2)Dispozitiveelectronicesielectronicaanalogica
Lucrridelaborator(UPM)GERMNSALLZoltn
(3)Sistemecumicroprocesoare.
ndrumtordelaborator(UPM)DukaAdrian,JovreaTitus
(4)ProgramareainterfeelormLabWindows.ndrumtorde
laborator(UPM)HallerPiroska,DukaAdrianVasile,RusuMarius
Sebastian
(5)WindEnergyHandbookTonyBurton,DavidSharpe,NickJenkins,
ErvinBossany
(6)http://www.hobbielectronika.hu



AppendixA:

Sourcecodefiles:
monitoringstation:CCMTE_RadioPC.c
windgeneratorsystem:CCMTE_Radio_T.c
CVIapplication:CCMTE_CVI
CCMTE_CVI.001
CCMTE_CVI.002
CCMTE_CVI.exe
setup
ProgramulCCMTE_CVIseinstaleazfolosindexecutabilulsetupinunecesit
dectdrepturideadministratorpepculincauz.

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