NATIONAL STATE of ENVIRONMENT REPORT 2011 "SOLID WASTE" Steering Panel: Nguyen Minh Quang, Minister of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) Bui Cach Tuyen, Vice Minister cum General Director of Vietnam Environment Administration, MONRE.
NATIONAL STATE of ENVIRONMENT REPORT 2011 "SOLID WASTE" Steering Panel: Nguyen Minh Quang, Minister of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) Bui Cach Tuyen, Vice Minister cum General Director of Vietnam Environment Administration, MONRE.
NATIONAL STATE of ENVIRONMENT REPORT 2011 "SOLID WASTE" Steering Panel: Nguyen Minh Quang, Minister of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) Bui Cach Tuyen, Vice Minister cum General Director of Vietnam Environment Administration, MONRE.
NATIONAL STATE OF ENVIRONMENT REPORT 2011 SOLID WASTE Steering Panel: Nguyen Minh Quang, Minister of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (MONRE) Bui Cach Tuyen, Vice Minister cum General Director of Vietnam Environment Administration, MONRE Hoang Duong Tung, Deputy General Director of Vietnam Environment Administration, MONRE Secretariat: MSc. Tang The Cuong, Eng. Nguyen Van Thuy, MSc. Le Hoang Anh, MSc. Mac Thi Minh Tra, MSc. Luong Hoang Tung, BSc. Nghiem Thi Hoang Anh, BSc. Duong Thi Phuong Nga - Vietnam Environment Administration Group of Authors: Prof. Doctor of Science. Pham Ngoc Dang, Dr. Nguyen Ngoc Sinh, Prof.Dr. Dang Kim Chi, Dr. Tuong Thi Hoi, Dr. Le Hoang Lan, Ass.Dr. Nguyen Thi Kim Thai, Dr. Nguyen Trung Viet, Ass.Dr. Tran Duc Ha, Dr. Mai Thanh Dung, MSc. Le Minh Duc, MSc. Luu Linh Huong, Doctor. MSc. Nguyen Thuy Quynh, MSc. Nguyen Hoa Binh, MSc. Nguyen Thuong Hien, Eng. Hoang Minh Dao, Eng. Nguyen Gia Cuong, BSc. Le Ngoc Tuan. Comments and Data sources: Departments of Vietnam Environment Administration. Departments of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Ministry of Industry and Trade, Ministry of Public Security, Ministry of Transportation, Ministry of Planning and Investment, Ministry of Science and Technology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ministry of National Defense, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism, Ministry of Health. Departments of Natural Resources and Environment, Urban Environment Limited Company (URENCO) of provinces and cities. A-PDF Image Downsample DEMO: Purchase from www.A-PDF.com to remove the watermark III List of Tables V List of Diagrams VI List of Figures VII List of Box VIII List of Abbrevations X Foreword XI Executive Summary XII CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM 1.1. Socio-Economic development 3 1.2. Overview of solid waste management in Vietnam 5 1.3. Solid waste classification and the proportion of waste generation 7 1.3.1. Solid waste classification at source 7 1.3.2. Solid waste classification basing on the level of toxicity 9 CHAPTER 2. URBAN SOLID WASTE 2.1. Urban Development in Vietnam 13 2.2. Urban solid waste generation 15 2.2.1. Sources of urban solid waste generation 15 2.2.2. Volume of urban solid wastes generation 16 2.2.3. Components of urban solid wastes 20 2.2.4. Estimated urban waste generation and composition until 2025 26 2.3. Urban solid waste classification and collection 27 2.3.1. Sorting at source 28 2.3.2. Collection method 29 2.3.3. Collection ratio 30 2.4. Reuse and recycle of urban solid wastes 33 2.5. Treatment and disposal of urban solid wastes 36 CHAPTER 3. AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL SOLID WASTE 3.1. Overview of rural development 41 3.2. Generation of agricultural and rural solid waste 42 3.2.1. Generation of domestic rural solid waste 42 3.2.2. Generation of agricultural solid waste 42 3.2.3. Generation of craft villages solid waste 45 3.3. Classification and collection of agricultural and rural solid waste 48 3.3.1. Classification and collection of rural solid waste 48 3.3.2. Classification and collection of agricultural solid waste 49 3.3.3. Classification and collection of craft villages solid waste 49 3.4. Reuse and recycle of agricultural and rural solid waste 50 3.5. Treatment and disposal of agricultural and rural solid waste 52 3.5.1. Treatment and disposal of rural domestic solid waste 52 3.5.2. Treatment and disposal of hazardous agricultural solid waste 52 CHAPTER 4. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE 4.1. Overview of industrial development 57 4.2. Industrial solid waste generation 59 4.2.1. Solid waste generated in industrial, processing, and high-tech zones 59 4.2.2. Solid waste in mineral mining 61 4.2.3. Solid waste in other industries 63 4.3. Collecting and transporting industrial solid waste 68 4.4. Processing and recycling industrial solid waste 70 4.5. Hazardous industrial waste 72 4.5.1. Generation of hazardous industrial waste 72 4.5.2. Collecting, transporting hazardous industrial waste 74 4.5.3. Treating, burning hazardous industrial waste 75 CHAPTER 5. MEDICAL SOLID WASTE 5.1. Overview of the development of hospitals and healthcare facilities 83 5.2. Medical solid waste generation 83 5.2.1. Source of medical solid waste 83 5.2.2. The amount of medical solid waste generation 84 5.2.3. Compositions of medical solid waste 86 TABLE OF CONTENTS IV 5.3. Sorting, collecting and transporting medical waste 87 5.4. Treating and recycling non-hazardous medical waste 89 5.5. Hazardous medical waste 90 5.5.1. The generation of hazardous medical waste 90 5.5.2. Treating and incinerating hazardous medical waste 92 CHAPTER 6. THE ENVIRONMENT IMPACT OF SOLID WASTE 6.1. The impact of solid waste on the environment 99 6.1.1. Air pollution caused by solid waste 99 6.1.2. Water pollution caused by solid waste 101 6.1.3. Soil pollution by solid waste 103 6.2. The impact of solid waste on peoples health 105 6.3. The impact of solid waste on socio-economic development 106 6.3.1. The cost of solid waste treatment is increasing 106 6.3.2. The impact of solid waste on tourism and aquaculture 108 6.3.3. Solid waste leads to environmental dispute 109 CHAPTER 7. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: STATUS, SHORTCOMINGS AND SOLUTIONS 7.1. Institution and policy 115 7.1.1. Institution and policy have been put into practice 115 7.1.2. Institutions and policies are incomplete and not fully implemented 120 7.2. Organization system and responsibility assignment 121 7.2.1. The organization system and responsibility assignment are being consolidated and relatively specific from central to local level 121 7.2 2. Responsibility assignment is fragmented and overlapped 123 7.3. Regional and provincial planning 125 7.3.1. The regional planning was developed 125 7.3.2. Lack of provincial planning 127 7.4. The participation of state owned enterprises (SOEs) 128 7.4.1. The participation of SOEs has made remarkable contribution 128 7.4.2. The SOEs have not been sufficiently invested 130 7.5. Participation of private sectors and community 130 7.5.1. The private sectors have made considerable progress 130 7.5.2. The participation of community has gained the initial results 131 7.5.3. The socialization remains weak 132 7.6. Inspection, examination and violation handling 133 7.6.1. Inspection, examination and violation handling have become an effective tool but limited resources 133 7.6.2. Inspections, examinations and violations handling have not prevented the illegal import of wasted materials 134 7.7. Finacial investment 135 7.7.1. The financial investment sources are diversified 135 7.7.2. The financial investment is insufficient and imbalanced 136 7.8. International cooperation 137 7.8.1. The international cooperation has diversified the invested capital 137 7.8.2. International cooperation has not promoted its role and effectiveness 137 7.9. The recovery measures 138 7.9.1. Improving institutions, policies and strengthening the capacity of enforcement and supervision 138 7.9.2. Strengthening management system, eliminating overlaps in assignment and responsibility 139 7.9.3. Reviewing and evaluating the 3R project: Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle 140 7.9.4. Promoting socialization and mobilizing the public participation into solid waste management 141 7.9.5. Making plan and selecting the adequate solid waste treatment technology 142 7.9.6. Strengthening and diversifying financial investment resources 143 7.9.7. Increasing public awareness, encouraging waste classification at source 143 7.9.8. The concrete management measures 144 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS .......... 147 REFERENCES ........................................................ 158 V LIST OF TABLES CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM Table 1.1. Structure of GDP at current prices between 2006 and 2010 3 Table 1.2. Solid wastes and different sources of generation 7 Table 1.3. Volume of solid wastes generated in 2003 and 2008 8 CHAPTER 2. URBAN SOLID WASTE Table 2.1. Number of urban areas of different levels from 2005 until 2025 13 Table 2.2. Types of urban solid wastes in Hanoi in 2011 15 Table 2.3. Urban solid wastes generated between 2007 and 2010 16 Table 2.4. Volume of urban municipal solid wastes generated in Vietnam in 2007 17 Table 2.5. Municipal SW generation per capita indicator in urban areas in 2009 18 Table 2.6. Municipal solid wastes in some provinces, cities in 2010 20 Table 2.7. Components of municipal solid wastes at the input of landfills in some localities: Ha Noi, Hai Phong, Hue, Da Nang, HCM city (1) and Bac Ninh (2) In 2009 - 2010 21 Table 2.8. Volume of construction solid wastes in some localities in 2009 23 Table 2.9. Electronic wastes generated in Vietnam between 2002 and 2006 25 Table 2.10. Estimated urban SW generation until 2025 26 Table 2.11. Urban solid waste collection ratio in Da Nang and Hue 30 Table 2.12. Municipal SW collection in some urban areas in 2009 32 Table 2.13. Proposed criteria for the selection of urban SW treatment technology 38 CHAPTER 3. AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL SOLID WASTE Table 3.1. Total volume of agricultural solid waste discharged in 2008, 2010 43 Table 3.2. Total volume of solid waste from animal husbandry in Vietnam 44 CHAPTER 4. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE Table 4.1. Growth rate from 2005 - 2010 57 Table 4.2. Solid waste generation estimation in industrial zones in the southern key economic region in 2009 59 Table 4.3. Estimating and forecasting solid waste in industrial zones in Vietnam by 2020 60 Table 4.4. Solid waste in coal mining by 2025 61 Table 4.5. Demand and waste from thermal power plants 65 Table 4.6. Estimated solid waste in thermal power generation by 2030 65 Table 4.7. Solid waste generated in beer production by composition 66 Table 4.8. Industrial waste treated by URENCO Hanoi 70 Table 4.9. Industrial waste generated in some cities and provinces in 2010 72 Table 4.10. Amount of industrial waste in Hanoi in 2009 73 Table 4.11. Amount of hazardous industrial solid waste generated from typical industries in industrial zones in the southern key economic region 73 Table 4.12. Number of hazardous waste treatment companies licensed by the MONRE in 2009 75 Table 4.13. Typical and popular hazardous waste treatment technology in Vietnam 76 VI CHAPTER 5. MEDICAL SOLID WASTE Table 5.1. Sources of typical solid waste generation in medical activities 84 Table 5.2. The amount of medical waste in some localities in 2009 84 Table 5.3. The amount of waste produced in departments in the hospital 85 Table 5.4. Collecting and sorting medical waste in hospitals in Hanoi in 2010 87 Table 5.5 The situation of medical solid waste collecting and storing equipmet in some cities 88 Table 5.6. Changes of hazardous medical solid waste generated by different kinds of health facilities 90 CHAPTER 6. THE ENVIRONMENT IMPACT OF SOLID WASTE Table 6.1. Microorganism contaminated in 5 samples of soil taken from 2 landfill sites 103 Table 6.2. Estimation of the land area affected by the mining industry in Vietnam 104 CHAPTER 7. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: STATUS, SHORTCOMINGS AND SOLUTIONS Table 7.1. The performance level of solid waste management under the targets set for 2010 in the National Strategy on Environment Protection 116 Table 7.2. Scheme of regional solid waste treatment facilities for key economic regions 126 Table 7.3. ODA projects relating to urban solid waste management in Vietnam 138 LIST OF DIAGRAMS CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM Diagram 1.1. GDP at current prices by kinds of economic activity 3 Diagram 1.2. Income per capita in urban and rural areas 4 Diagram 1.3. Components of solid wastes nationwide in 2008 and predicted changes in the years to come 8 Diagram 1.4. State of solid waste generation in economic regions and forecasts for the future 8 Diagram 1.5. Components of hazardous medical solid wastes 10 CHAPTER 2. URBAN SOLID WASTE Diagram 2.1. Vietnams population in different economic regions between 2006 and 2010 14 Diagram 2.2. Rate of urban municipal solid waste generation in Vietnam in 2007 17 Diagram 2.3. State of SW generation in Vietnams economic regions in 2003, 2008 and forecasts for 2015 18 Diagram 2.4. Volume of solid wastes generated in some provinces, cities between 2005 and 2010 19 CHAPTER 3. AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL SOLID WASTE Diagram 3.1. Structure of production sector in rural Vietnam in 2010 41 Diagram 3.2 . The proportion of Vietnams rural domestic solid waste in 2007 41 Diagram 3.3. Estimated volume of rice straw and rice stubble remained on the fields in several provinces in the Red river Delta 43 Diagram 3.4. Waste generated by production and households in Da Hoi iron steel village 47 VII Diagram 3.5. Waste generated by production and households in i Bi bronze casting village 47 Diagram 3.6. Status quo of the construction and installation of tank to store pesticide containers in localities in Hanoi 48 CHAPTER 4. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE Diagram 4.1. Industrial output by economic region (practical price) 58 Diagram 4.2. Output and solid waste of the alcohol, beer, and beverage sectors 66 Diagram 4.3. Number of hazardous industrial waste collection and treatment companies 75 Diagram 4.4. The amount of hazardous industrial waste being treated annually 76 CHAPTER 5. MEDICAL SOLID WASTE Diagram 5.1. Development in healthcare conditions 83 Diagram 5.2. Increasing medical waste in some localities from 2005 to 2009 85 Diagram 5.3. Medical solid waste compositions basing on physicochemical properties 86 Diagram 5.4. The rate of medical hazardous waste generation by economic regions 90 Diagram 5.5. Compositions of hazardous medical solid 91 Diagram. 5.6. Generation hazadous medical waste in some provinces and cities 93 Diagram 5.7. Medical waste treatment in health facilities at all levels 94 CHAPTER 6. THE ENVIRONMENT IMPACT OF SOLID WASTE Diagram 6.1 The percentage of morbidity between the research group and the control group 105
LIST OF FIGURES CHAPTER 2. URBAN SOLID WASTE Figure 2.1. Urban wastes that can be used, recycled 35 Figure 2.2. Current technology to treat, dispose urban solid wastes in Vietnam 36 CHAPTER 7. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: STATUS, SHORTCOMINGS AND SOLUTIONS Figure 7.1. Organizational diagram of solid waste management at central level 122
VIII LIST OF BOXS CHAPTER 1. OVERVIEW OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM Box 1.1. Changes in the component of solid wastes 9 CHAPTER 2. URBAN SOLID WASTE Box 2.1. Urban solid waste generation in Ho Chi Minh city 16 Box 2.2. Urban solid waste generation in Hanoi in 2010 19 Box 2.3. Urban solid waste generation in Thai Nguyen in 2009 19 Box 2.4. Current use of persistent nylon bags 22 Box 2.5. Projects, programs on waste sorting at source in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh city 27 Box 2.6. Difficulties in sorting solid wastes at source and orientations for implementation in Ho Chi Minh city 28 Box 2.7. Concern of people living near landfills and rubbish transfer sites 29 Box 2.8. Socializing the collection of municipal solid wastes in Ho Chi Minh city 30 Box 2.9. Municipal solid waste collection in Da Nang city 31 Box 2.10. Waste collection in Hanoi 31 Box 2.11. Solid waste recycling in Thuy Phuong waste treatment plant, Thua Thien Hue 33 Box 2.12. Sanitary and unsanitary landfills 36 Box 2.13. Pollution characteristics of some closed landfills 37 Box 2.14. Thuy Phuong sanitary dumping ground, Thua Thien Hue 37 CHAPTER 3. AGRICULTURAL AND RURAL SOLID WASTE Box 3.1. Agricultural by-products in the Mekong River Delta 44 Box 3.2. Solid waste from Hanois craft villages 45 Box 3.3. Solid waste from the craft villages producing cassava 46 Box 3.4. Generation of solid waste in Bac Ninhs craft villages 46 Box 3.5. Solid waste generated in the craft villages 47 Box 3.6. Two widely used and effective methods of treat solid waste treatment 50 Box 3.7. Screw compressor for agricultural waste - by-products 52 Box 3.8. Methods of treating pesticide and chemical fertilizer containers which have been researched and found possible to apply in Vietnam 52 CHAPTER 4. INDUSTRIAL SOLID WASTE Box 4.1. Importing dry battery and electronic boards 67 Box 4.2. Investigating paper mills and Phu My steel company in Ba Ria - Vung Tau 68 Box 4.3. Processing industrial waste in Hanoi 70 Box 4.4. Registering and granting hazardous waste source license for industrial establishments in 2009 74 Box 4.5. Typical and popular technology to treat hazardous waste in Vietnam 78 CHAPTER 5. MEDICAL SOLID WASTE Box 5.1. Statistics of medical waste sorting and collecting in hospitals 87 Box 5.2. Hazardous medical solid waste treatment in 7 economic regions nationwide 92 Box 5.3. Technology to treat hazardous medical solid waste in big cities 93 CHAPTER 6. THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF SOLID WASTE Box 6.1. Potential impact of gases emitted from dumping grounds and landfill sites 99 Box 6.2. Air pollution caused by stink emitted from Tho Quang aquaculture zone 100 Box 6.3. Solid waste pollutes river basins in Binh Dinh province 101 Box 6.4. The groundwater in Hanoi is polluted by amonia 102 IX Box 6.5. Negative impact of plastic bags 104 Box 6.6. Red-mud spill in Cao Bang province 105 Box 6.7. Hot spots of dioxin and its impact on peoples health 106 Box 6.8. Solid waste treatment remains a great burden to Ho Chi Minh city 107 Box 6.9. The cost of medical solid waste treatment in some major cities 107 Box 6.10. Solid waste in tourist attraction sites 108 Box 6.11. Losing the livelihood because of waste water leakage 109 Box 6.12. Environmental complaints and disputes in some localities 110 Box 6.13. Dispute between productive actitities and the protection of natural scenery and cultural heritage in coconut fiber producing village of Mo Cay, Ben Tre province 111 CHAPTER 7. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT: STATUS, SHORTCOMINGS AND SOLUTIONS Box 7.1. Regulations related to socialization in solid waste management 117 Box 7.2. State management system of urban solid waste in Ho Chi Minh city 123 Box 7.3. Overlapping in solid waste management system causes overlapping in implementing the programs 124 Box 7.4. Socialization of waste disposal in HCM city 131 Box 7.5. Tao Phu Hamlet (Tam Hong commune, Yen Lac District, Vinh Phuc province) processed the waste into organic fertilizer 132 Box 7.6. The implementation of thorough handling of hazardous landfills and waste storage points under the Decision No. 64/2003/Q-TTg, as of mid-2011 133 Box 7.7. Handling administrative violations on hazardous waste managementin Thai Nguyen 134 Box 7.8. Effectiveness from the waste collection model in Trieu Thuan commune, Trieu Phong district, Quang Tri province 140 Box 7.9. Lessons from the environmental improvement of Chin Te channel (Ben Tre province) project under the Pollution Control in Poor Densely Populated Areas component (PCDA) 144 X BOD Bioligical Oxygen Demand CDM Clean Development Mechanism CITENCO Ho Chi Minh city Urban Environment Company COD Chemical Oxygen Demand DO Content of Dissolved Oxygen DONRE Department of Natural Resources and Environment EIA Environment Impact Assessment EP Environmental Protection EVN Electricity Vietnam EZ Economic zone FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product GSO General Statistics Office HCMC Ho Chi Minh city IC Industrial cluster IZ Industrial zone JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency Ltd. Co Limited Company MARD Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development MK Mekong MOC Ministry of Construction MOH Ministry of Health MOIT Ministry of Industry and Trade MONRE Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment MPI Ministry of Planning and Investment ODA Official Development Assistance PC Peoples Committee PPC Provincial Peoples Committee PTSC Petro Vietnam Technical Services Corporation QCVN Vietnam National Technical Regulation SEA Strategic Environment Assessment SOEs State owned enterprises SW Solid waste TCCP Permitted Standard TCVN Vietnam National Standard TCXDVN Vietnam Construction Standards TSP Total suspended particles TSS Total suspended solids TV Television URENCO Urban Environment Limited Company USD United State Dollar VEA Vietnam Environment Administration VND Vietnam Dong WHO World Health Organisation LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XI FOREWORD T he process of industrialization in Vietnam is currently taking place rapidly with the formation and development of many production sectors and increased needs for goods, materials, and energy, boosting national socio-economic development. However, this has resulted in serious concerns about the environment, especially the handling of solid waste including domestic waste, industrial waste, agricultural waste, medical waste, construction waste, and hazardous waste. The collection, transportation, treatment, and disposal of solid waste have become a headache for managers in almost all countries in the world, particularly in developing economies such as Vietnam. In Vietnam, sustainable solid waste management is one of the 7 priority programs of the National strategy for environmental protection until 2010 and vision toward 2020 and one of the priority contents of the development policy of Agenda 21 - Vietnam strategic orientation for sustainable development. With the aim of evaluating solid waste-related issues in Vietnam in recent years, development trends and challenges, proposing solutions and recommendations to resolve such issues in the years to come, the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment has chosen Solid waste as the topic for the National State of Environment Report 2011. The report has received the contribution of ministries, sectors, and localities nationwide, particularly managers, scientists, and experts in the field of solid waste, as well as the technical and financial assistance of the Embassy of Denmark in Vietnam. The Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment hopes that the National State of Environment report 2011 - Solid waste will serve as not only a tool for the establishment of an effective and sustainable solid waste management system but also a source of reference for researching and training programs of education and scientific research centers and the community. JOHN NIELSEN Ambassador The Embassy of Denmark in Vietnam NGUYEN MINH QUANG Minister Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment XII EXECUTIVE SUMMARY T he National State of Environment Report 2011 - Solid Waste, analyzes issues related to solid waste in Vietnam: characteristics of solid waste, how solid wastes emerge, sol- id waste collection, classification, transportation, treatment, and recycling; evaluates the state and shortcomings of management work, thus proposing solutions for more effective solid waste management in the coming years. Like previous years, the Report is based on the D-P-S-I-R model (Driving forces - Pressures - State - Impacts - Responses). Driving forces means population growth, the development of socio-economic sectors, urban and rural development... These driving forces have resulted in increased exploitation and use of natural resources and release of solid waste; creating great Pressures, thus changing the state of the environment. The State of solid waste is evaluated through the volume of solid wastes collected and treated recently, the ratio of solid waste collected and treated in localities. Limitations in solid waste management will have negative impacts on the surrounding environment, human health and socio-economic issues. Responses is an integrated solution to effectively manage, prevent, minimize pollution caused by solid waste through policies, laws, institutions, management work and related community activities. The concept Solid waste (SW) used in the report is understood as waste in solid forms released during the processes of production, business, service, domestic and other activities. Solid wastes include normal solid wastes and hazardous solid wastes. Statistics in the report are taken from sources of ministries, departments, sectors and research works that have been published. The report includes 7 chapters. Chapter 1 Overview of solid wastes in Vietnam indicates that as one of the countries with the highest rates of population density and a population rank- ing 14 th in the world, Vietnam is facing huge pressures on the environment and solid waste management in particular. People in urban areas consume natural resources 2-3 times higher than those in rural areas and so is the volume of wastes released in urban and rural areas. Solid wastes are increasing 10% annually nationwide and are expected to continue going up in terms of volume and toxic level. 46% of solid wastes are produced in urban areas, 17% from industrial production; rural solid wastes and wastes released by craft villages and the medical sector account for the remaining percentage. It is predicted that by 2015 the propor- tion of urban and industrial solid wastes will increase to 51% and 22% respectively. Chapter 2 is about the state of urban solid waste. The process of urbanization in Vietnam is taking place rapidly, 26.22 million people live in big and small cities scattered in different regions, thus releasing a huge volume of urban solid waste. The total volume of urban solid waste nationwide increases 10 16 % a year; and this volume depends on the living condi- XIII tions of urban areas (in 2010, according to local reports, this figure was approximately 1kg/ person/day). Solid wastes classification at source has just been piloted in some major cities. Most of the urban solid wastes are not classified at source but are collected and transported together to the rubbish dumps. The urban solid waste collection ratio currently stands at around 83 - 85%, but only 60% of urban solid wastes are properly buried and treated in solid waste treatment plants to produce compost fertilizers and recycled plastics. The state of agricultural and rural solid wastes is presented in Chapter 3. Accordingly, solid wastes released from daily activities in rural areas, agricultural production, animal husbandry, tree growing, and craft villages have been increasing in terms of volume and toxic level (par- ticularly packages of preservatives, fertilizers and solid wastes from craft villages). However, the solid waste collection ratio in this area remains low (around 40-55%) and the treatment of agricultural and rural solid wastes has not received due attention. Most measures to collect and treat agricultural and rural solid wastes are outdated and do not meet necessary requirements of environmental sanitation. Assessing the state of industrial solid wastes, Chapter 4 gives examples of some sectors expe- riencing strong growth such as: mining, oil and gas, shipbuilding, industrial parks, which are the main source of industrial solid wastes. The 3 key economic regions account for approximately 80% of the total volume of industrial solid wastes. The industrial solid waste collection ratio is relatively high at over 90% but the management and treatment of post-collection wastes is only based on contracts with Urban Environment Companies (URENCO) and not properly controlled. This chapter also touches on hazardous wastes, a major part of industrial solid wastes (ac- counting for 15%-20% and increasing remarkably in recent years). Hazardous wastes are a potential source of pollution, affecting the environment and public health. In addition to urban environment companies that collect and treat industrial solid wastes and hazardous wastes, other hazardous waste treating businesses licensed by the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment or provincial Departments of Natural Resources and Environment are mainly concentrated in the southern region. To treat normal and hazardous solid wastes, Vietnam has been using multi-purpose tech- nologies for different types of solid wastes on a small scale, which meet only part of the needs for solid waste treatment. But generally, technologies to treat solid wastes, especially hazard- ous wastes are still incapable of meeting current needs. Concerning medical solid wastes, Chapter 5 indicates an increase in the volume of solid wastes from medical activities due to the growth of the medical and pharmaceutical sectors and an increase in the number of hospital beds. In the content of medical solid wastes, haz- ardous wastes containing micro-biological agents, radioactives, chemicals, heavy metals, and toxics causing cell modifications might have huge potential impacts on the environment and public health, particularly those in direct contact. XIV Most hospitals collect and classify wastes but their collection equipment are not sufficient and synchronous, not meeting necessary standards and these hospitals lack equipment to ensure safe transportation of wastes. Medical waste treatment has not received adequate in- vestment in provinces and cities. It is worrisome that the collection and recycling of medical solid wastes does not abide by current medical waste management regulations. After referring to the 4 most typical types of solid waste, Chapter 6 of the report gives an evaluation of the negative impacts of environmental pollution caused by solid wastes. Consequences of ineffective management and unsanitary treatment of solid wastes are the integrated impacts on the water and land environments, public health, and socio-economic development. Environmental pollution caused by solid wastes also leads to environmental conflicts, which include conflicts of interest between businesses polluting the environment and the affected community, and conflicts between social groups in craft villages. Chapter 7 analyzes the issues related to solid waste management and the results achieved in recent years. Many policies, strategies on solid waste management have been issued and put in place. The state solid waste management system has been gradually finalized and many local management models have yielded positive results. The role of private organiza- tions in collecting, transporting and treating solid wastes has been confirmed. Inspections, examaninations and the handling of violations in solid waste management, financial invest- ment, international cooperation, and the socialization of solid waste management have been strengthened and have obtained positive results. However, there still remain many shortcomings and difficulties stemming from lack of clarity in legal regulations, overlapping management systems, insufficient investment, all of which lead to ineffective implementation. Therefore, to ensure effective solid waste manage- ment as expected, synchronous measures need to be implemented to overcome such short- comings and weaknesses. The National State of Environment Report 2011 proposed that the National Assembly and Government adjust to a number of strategic targets on solid wastes to conform with the current conditions in Vietnam; properly and adequately allocate tasks and responsibility to central and local agencies; issue necessary mechanisms, policies and solutions to speed up technological development, boost the socialization of solid waste management; gear up and diversify investment sources, maintain the sustainability of investment sources. At the same time, the report also proposed that sectors and localities continue implementing measures to fulfill the task of solid waste management in their areas. XV Chapter 1 OVERVIEW OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT IN VIETNAM