SUBJECT: SCIENCE

FORM: 5

CHAPTER 3: PRESERVATION AND CONSERVATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT

3.1 Balance in Nature
What is the meaning of balance in nature?
Refer to the situation where living things and non living things ____________________________
for their __________________________ way. That means they are _____________ on one another
so that their ______________________ continue to exist in natural state.
Natural Cycle Helps to Maintain Balance in Nature:

1) Water Cycle

Absorption
Absorption

2) Carbon Cycle

3) Nitrogen Cycle
\

Nitrates
Absorption
Absorption
Plant proteins

Nutrition

Animal proteins

Food Webs Helps to Maintain Balance in Nature:

a) Food chains
Food relationship among organisms forms food chains. That means green plants make their own
food by _____________________, and some animals get their food from eating this green plant,
and some other animals get their food by eating _________________ (animals that feed only green
plants)
Examples of food chains are given below:

Energy is ________________ from organism to organism in food chain.

Some of energy is _____________ during transfer. It is because of :
1) waste (_______________) product by organism
2) _____________ lost to surrounding
3)
No energy is ____________________________ in food chains.
Original source of energy in food chains is the ____________. Why? Because the sun __________
_____________________________ so that they can make their own food by photosynthesis

b) Food webs
Food chains dont exist _______________ on their own in nature. In fact, they are _______________.
This inter-relationship among food chains forms ___________________
Example of food web is given below:
Producers

Primary
consumers

Secondary
consumers

Tertiary consumers

Decomposer

Diagram 3.1
Producers
: All producers are _____________________, because they make their own food under
sunlight via photosynthesis
Primary consumer : Animals which eats plants, either _________________________
Secondary consumer: Animals which eats _________________ consumers
Tertiary consumer : Animals which eats _____________________ consumers
Decomposer : They are ___________________________ and other organisms which break up dead
plants and animals into __________________. These minerals will be ____________ again by plants.
Stable food web ____________________________ in nature. The balance of ecosystem will be
___________________ if members are taken ____________ or ______________ members are put in.

c) Pyramid of Numbers
It shows the relative number of organisms in a particular food chain
Number of organism
decrease

Size of consumer
increase

As we move up from the _______________________ of the pyramid,

a) the number of organisms __________________
b) the organisms become ___________________ and maybe ________________
c) the energy transferred _______________ (Only __________ energy transferred from one organism
to another)
The relative number of organisms at each stage of the number of pyramid is ________________.
Otherwise, __________________ will be disrupted.
Effects of Natural Disasters on the Balance in Nature:

a) Forest fires
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

It can destroys large ______________ and large variety of plants and animals
After a forest fire, the balance of nature in that area is _______________.
The plants grow again, but __________ before animals will return
Forest fire produces plenty of ________________.
These substance form _________________, and result in ______________ and healthy
problem for human beings such as ______________________________

b) Drought
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

Refer to long period of ___________________________.

Plants and animals dont get ____________ water supplies.
Plants are the first to ____________________, followed by the animals.
In severe drought, the complete habitat can be turned into a _________-like region.
It is followed by a ____________.
People who live in that drought area will be _________________ to death unless they receive
aid from outside the affected region

c) Flood
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.
vi.

It is caused by heavy _____________ such as ______________

Large variety of plants is destroyed, and many animals are _________.
Those survived animals have to find ________________ to find food.
Floods are likely to wash away the _____________ and all its ________.
The surviving plants will ___________ of nutrients.
Floods also cause the ____________________, and as a result, a lot of _______________
diseases such as _________________ and _________________ are emerged.

d) Typhoons
i. It is great __________________ which bring ______________________ and winds of very
________________
ii. It can sweep across a whole region very ___________, inflicting wide spread and catastrophic
_________________________ to property and causing ____________ of lives (animals, plants
and human beings).
iii. It also causes _________________

e) Earthquake
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
v.

It happens because of movement of _________________ below the Earths crust

Normally lasts at most for _________________
Can cause catastrophic destruction, loss of lives and upset the _________________
Example: _________________ Earthquake on 1994
However, scientists can predict where the big earthquake will occurs fairly and ___________,
and so that people who live in earthquake-prone area will take proper _________________.
vi. If an earthquake takes place on sea floor, _____________ (mighty sea wave as tall as coconut
tree and moving at _________________ km per hour) may be produced.
vii. Example: Tsunami on _________________

f) Volcanic eruption
i. It throws out __________________________________ such as _________________ (CO),
_________________ (SO2) and _________________ (HS)
ii. The dust and __________ gases pollute the air and dissolve in the rain to form ______
iii. The molten materials, called _________, can flow and spread out over large areas.
iv. It will destroy ______________ and kills organisms which are in its way.
v. Example: _________________ volcanic eruption in 1883
Ways for Maintaining the Balance in Nature:
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)

Prevent _________________ pollution

Prevent _________________
Keep our ponds, _________________ clean
Maintain the _________________ of the soil
Prevent the _________________ of the topsoil
_________________ after logging
Do not destroy plants and animals _________________.
Set up the _________________ if there will be high possibility for natural disaster to occur
3.2 Environmental Pollution and Its Effects

Source of Environmental Pollution:

1) Uncontrolled use of _________________ (e.g: diesel and coal)
i. As a result, they produce a lot of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO),
_______________________________________________. All of them are acidic gases.
ii. These gases dissolve in rain, to form acid rain, which is very _________________.
2) Uncontrolled use of _________________________________ _ in agriculture
i. Some of pesticides and fungicides sprayed onto the crops escape into the air
_________________ and pollute it
ii. Excess pesticides, fungicides and fertilizers which dissolve in water below the ground finally
flow into the _________________
nearby like pond, lake or river.
iii. As result, the water will be _________________.

3) Emission of toxic _________________ ____________from motor vehicles

i. Toxic gases such carbon monoxide (CO) and sulphur dioxide (SO2), and smoke comes from
motor vehicles will pollute the air in big cities.
ii. Besides, the continuous noise comes from motor vehicles in the big cities can be very
_________________.
4) Improper disposal of industrial waste
i. Industrial wastes such as __________________________________ __________________
are indiscriminately disposed into the environment.
ii. Even the _________________
are not being disposed in a safe and proper way.
5) Improper disposal of rubbish
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.

Some of plastics are _________________.

That means, it _________________ _______________by bacteria.
As a result, they stays in the environment for hundred of years.
_________________ ___________________________which are not properly managed can
pollute the water and land.
6) Extensive use of CFC (chlorofluorocarbon)

i. CFC is the main pollutant which destroys the _________________ in the atmosphere.
ii. It is extensively used as a _________________ in _________________ and _____________.
Effects of Environmental Pollution:
7) Harmful Effect on Human Health
Pollutant
Lead (Pb)
Mercury (Hg)
Chromium (Cr)
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Sulphur dioxide (SO2)
Nitrogen dioxide (NO2)
Smoke
Sewage
Radioactive waste
Noise

Harmful Effects
Cause
Destroys the
Cause _________________ in fetus
Leading to _________________ diseases
Cause adverse effects if it accumulate too much in
Depriving _________________ from our body
Irritate and corrode humans _________________ system
Cause
Same as above
Cause
Cause water borne disease such as
Cause
Cause _________________ in fetus
Cause _________________, even worse death
Lead to the total _______________ and _______ disorders

8) Destruction of Habitats
Pollutant
Acid rain
Oil spills

Harmful Effects
Corrodes the mineral in the soil, making the soil is unsuitable
___________ for plants.
Cause the roots of plants to be __________ to absorb water.
Pollute the natural _____________________ like sea, river and lake
When oil spills is washed to the shore, it makes the coast line as
__________________ place for marine organisms

Clearing of forests for _________________ and etc deprive plants, animals and indigenous people
from their habitat.
9) Extinction of Species
This issue comes from many causes, like:
1. Destruction of their habitats by :2. Pollution of natural water resources by :3. __________________ hunting
10) Loss of Economic Resources
This matter comes from many reasons, like:
1. Destruction of forests by :- a)
b) natural disasters (e.g:
2. Pollution of soil by :- a) _________________
b) extensive use of _________________

of industrial waste

3. _________________ settling (comes from thick haze) on the leaves of the green plants prevent
them to receive _________________ for photosynthesis process.
3. Pollution of natural water resources by :Global Warming:
Refer to phenomena where the Earths temperature ____________ due to several factors such as:
1) Clearing of large area of _________________
2) Burning of fossil fuels in _________________
i. Since quantity of CO2 _________________ in atmosphere and it _________________ than
air,
ii. it will forms a layer in _________________ surrounding the Earth
iii. Heat from the ___________ can pass through the layer of CO2 to the Earth.
iv. But heat and infrared _________________ from the Earth ____________ pass through the
layer of CO2 into outer space.

v. Heat and _______________ trapped between the layer of CO2 and the Earth makes the
Earths temperature ______________.
vi. Global warming is similar to the ________________.
vii. Besides CO2 gas, there are other gases that can cause global warming like _______________
Thinning of Ozone Layers:
i. Refer to phenomena where the ozones layer becomes ________ due to usage of CFC in
refrigerator, air conditioner and _________________
ii. Basically, ozone is made up with the combination of __________ oxygen atoms (O3).
iii. It formed and _________________ at the same rate so that there is no change in the
_____________ of ozones layer.
iv. The usage of ozone is to ___________ the Earth from excess of __________ (UV) light
from the Sun
v. However, the usage of CFC increases the rate of ozones _________if it is not treated
immediately,
vi. High intensity UV light can cause :
_________________
kill the _________________ of cells
damage _________________ tissue
reduce _________________ to fight disease
increase the _________________ of the Earth
3.3 Conservation of the Environment

How to control environmental pollution?

1. Controls the usage of fossils fuel

1. Use __________________________
2. Use alternative sources (___________________________)
1. Build very high _________ and use _____________________ inside it
2. Radioactive waste should be stored in ___________________ __
container before it is disposed on the ____________________________.

2.

disposal of industrial waste

3.

usage of chemical pesticides and fertillizers

1. Practice ____________________
2. Practice _________________
3. Use organic fertilizer such as

_________________
4.

emission of pollutants from motor vehicles 1. Use _______________________

5.

disposal of rubbish

6.

usage of CFC

2. Use ____________________
3. Install a ___________ at exhaust system
4. Use _____________________________

1. ____________ materials
2. Recycle ______________________
3. Set up __________________________ along a river
1. ____________ the usage of CFC
2. Replace CFC with ___________