World of Mathematics on Pappus of Alexandria

Pappus of Alexandria was a late Greek geometer whose theorems provided a foundation for modern
projective geometry. Virtually nothing is known about his life. He wrote his major work, Synagoge, or
theMathematical Collection, as a guide to Greek geometry. This collection of mathematical writings in
eight books is thought to have been written around 340, although some historians believe that Pappus
had completed the work by 325. Pappus' work discusses the theorems of more than thirty different
mathematicians of antiquity, including Archimedes,Euclid, Apollonius, and Ptolemy.
Synagogeis important for two reasons. First, it was a type of concordance to the study of Greek
geometry with historical interpretations and amendments to existing theorems. The initial purpose of
the text was to allow the student to use the Synagoge as a supplement while the original works are
read. He generalized the postulates and theorems of his predecessors, as with the Pythagorean
theorem found in Euclid's Elements.
Secondly, Synagoge was composed in an era that witnessed the gradual decay of the classical world--it
could thus be construed as an attempt on Pappus' part to preserve the mathematical traditions of the
Greco-Roman world. The text chronicles many of the works of ancient mathematicians and
philosophers. Although the first book and part of the second are lost, it is a highly valuable historical
record of Greek mathematics.
_In the silver age of Greek mathematics Pappus stands out as an accomplished and versatile geometer.
His treatise known as the Synagoge or Collection is a chief, and sometimes the only, source for our
knowledge of his predecessors achievements.
The Collection is in eight books, perhaps originally in twelve, of which the first and part of the second are
missing. That Pappus was an Alexandrian is affirmed by the titles of his surviving books and also by an
entry in the Suda Lexicon
1
. The dedication of the seventh and eighth books to his son
Hermodorus
2
provides the sole detail known of his family life. Only one of Pappus other works has
survived in Greek, and that in fragmentary formhis commentary on PtolemysSyntaxis (the Almagest).
A commentary on book X of Euclids Elements, which exists in Arabic, is generally thought to be a
translation of the commentary that Pappus is known to have written, but some doubts may be allowed.
A geographical work, Description of the World, has survived in an early Armenian translation.
#Greek mathematician whose contribution to mathematics was primarily as an encyclopedist. Pappus
summarized all of Greek mathematics in the eight volume Mathematical Collection or simply The
Collection (ca. 340 BC). In it, he states Pappus's theorem, which is also known as the "Guldinus
theorem" since Guldin independently rediscovered it. Pappus also derived the theorem that the centers
of the circles in a Pappus chain of an arbelos lie on anellipse.



Pappus of Alexandria
Biography
1.early life
Pappus was born around the year of 290 bc
He lived in Alexandria , all his life
Very little is known about his life
Greek mathematician
Picture nya
2. middle life
Pappus had a son named hermoduros
Made several theorems sush as the pappus chain,harmonic therem, and hexagonal theorem.
wrote the collection or the synagogue
A colletion of mathematical writings- eigth books written by around the year of 340a AD.
The eigth books pappus has written all had to deal with different types of his theorems
Next present the hexagonal teorems
Next present the centroid therem
Book 1 covered arithmetic
Book 2 is partly lost but the remaining parts have to deal with appollonius methods for dealing with
larger numbers
Book 3 is divided into four parts, such as
Part one: looks at the problem to finding two mean proportionals between two given straight lines.
Part two: gives construction of the arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means
Part three: describes a collection of geometrical paradoxes.( which pappus says are taken from work by
Erycinus
Part four: shows how each of the five regular polyhedral can be inscribed as a sphere
Book 4 contains properties of curves including the spiral of Archimedes and the quatratix oh hippias and
includes his trisection methods
Book 5 pappus discusses the thirteen semi regular solids discovered by Archimedes
Book 6 deals with the books on astronomy so called in contrast to Ptolemys.
Book 7 pappus wrote about the treasurey of analysis
Book 8 deals with mechanics
Death
A lived in the third century
B died around the year 350 AD.
Pappus of Alexandria

The hexagonal

In mathematics, Pappus's hexagon theorem (attributed to Pappus of Alexandria) states that given one
set of collinear points A, B, C, and another set of collinear points a, b, c, then the intersection
points X, Y, Z of line pairs Ab and aB, Ac and aC, Bc and bC are collinear, lying on the Pappus line. These
three points are the points of intersection of the "opposite" sides of the hexagon AbCaBc. It holds in
a projective plane over any field, but fails for projective planes over any noncommutative division
ring.
[1]
Projective planes in which the "theorem" is valid are called pappian planes.
The dual of this incidence theorem states that given one set of concurrent lines A, B, C, and another set
of concurrent lines a, b, c, then the lines x, y, z defined by pairs of points resulting from pairs of
intersections Ab and aB, Ac and aC, Bc and bC are concurrent. (Concurrent means that the
lines pass through one point.)
Pappus's theorem is a special case of Pascal's theorem for a conicthe limiting case when the
conic degenerates into 2 straight lines.
The Pappus configuration is the configuration of 9 lines and 9 points that occurs in Pappus's theorem,
with each line meeting 3 of the points and each point meeting 3 lines. In general, the Pappus line does
not pass through the point of intersection of ABC and abc.
[2]
This configuration is self dual. Since, in
particular, the lines Bc, bC, XY have the properties of the lines x, y, z of the dual theorem, and
collinearity of X, Y, Z is equivalent to concurrence of Bc, bC, XY, the dual theorem is therefore just the
same as the theorem itself. The Levi graph of the Pappus configuration is thePappus graph,
a bipartite distance-regular graph with 18 vertices and 27 edges.



Centroid theorem

The first theorem of Pappus states that the surface area of a surface of revolution generated by the
revolution of a curve about an external axis is equal to the product of the arc length of the generating
curve and the distance traveled by the curve's geometric centroid ,



Similarly, the second theorem of Pappus states that the volume of a solid of revolution generated by
the revolution of a lamina about an external axis is equal to the product of the area of the lamina and
the distance traveled by the lamina's geometric centroid ,