Questions for Assignment

Q) How did WWII lay the foundations for the Cold War?
Key Questions) Russia-America relations prior to the war
Adent of the Cold War
Conclusion of the Cold War
Russia-America relations post war
!ordham "niersity #primary sources$
%annen-Hiroshima #primary sources$
&'(( word essay
)ld topics *+rought into ,uestion during the class ote)
-apan posed a genuine threat to Australia. %iscuss
Russia deseres the ma/ority of the credit for the defeat of 0a1i 2ermany.
%iscuss
How did WWII lead straight into the Cold War? %iscuss.
What was the most significant +attle3eent of the war?
Who was the most effectie military leader in the war?
Words4 &56'. 67(& * - &859 6&&9 &:9 '59 579 559 &6'9 &: -6& ,uotes) ; &:<&
=A-)R >)?IC@
Russia and America Aefore >he 2reat War
>rying times4 Ainding together to fight for the greater good *relations during
WWII)
>he nuclear +om+9 a change of perspectie
Adent of the cold war
KBB? I0 =I0%4 RussianCs arenCt ,uicD to forget *looD at what occurred +efore
WWII)
)rigins of the war *not the actual war itself).
Aom+ing of -apan
0BW =A-)R >)?IC@ *all ="@> +e concerning the American and "@@R
Relations during WWII. 0othing else9 other than +rief insights are worthwhile
adding)
)ut+reaD of WWII *with a +rief intro to prior relations +etween America-
Russia and how they influenced the current iews. Also ensure to add the
=oloto-Ri++entrop ?act9 the =unich agreement *how Russia was eEcluded9
and the Russian Reolution in &:&79 and American 2reat %epression).
)peration Aar+arossa F Aom+ing of ?earl Har+our *eEplain how this
suddenly thrust Russia and America together to fight for the greater good9 and
how they cooperated during times of war
@pies and mistrust *>he Atomic Aom+ programs9 as well as spies in +oth
countries and the sei1ing of the 2erman 0uclear Research !acility)
>rade9 politics and power *assistance offered to countries during and after the
war9 as well as the most important of political meetings that occurred)
*>eheran Conference 0o 6< to & %ec &:G8) *Halta Conference9 in the "@@R9
!e+ &:G') *>he ?otsdam Conference9 near Aerlin9 -uly &:G')
Adent of the Cold War *land diision after WWII9 including Aerlin9 and how
the eents of WWII *+attle destruction etc) led to the Cold War)
>he ".@. Iend-Iease ?rogram *=oney they lent to other nations throughout
WWII)
J >he Russian Reolution and the eents of hostility +etween the nations
throughout WWI and thereafter
>he =arshall ?lan
%iision of 2ermany *>he Allies get Aerlin9 een though the Russians
captured itK >he reasoning for this4 @talin needed aid to support the poor
financial situation in his country. He had three options4 &) 2ie his people
inade,uate supplies and force them to worD long hours 6) ?lunder wealth from
the land he had con,uered during WWII) 0)>B4 In the end @talin chose the
first two options.
Cold War ?eriod *&:G'-&:<: #declaration of the Lend of the war.M )r&::&9
when the "@@R collapsed)
>he change of currency in 2ermany9 followed +y the Russians mistrust and
the su+se,uent sealing of the +orders.
>he diision of Italy *how during the decision-maDing Russia wanted control
oer the land9 yet Aritain and !rance eEcluded her from any choices made).
?olandN land that Russia con,uered
>he meeting of the two armies at the Bl+a or Rhine rier outside 2ermany
*note how well they got along9 and how Russia was portrayed to America as a
democratic country that was aDin to theirs. )nly Churchill3Rooseelt Dnew
this to not +e the case)
>he two countries9 who were long adersaries9 united for this short span of
time9 for only one solitary purpose4 >o defeat 0a1i 2ermany. >heir fear of
Hitler9 the current leader of 2ermany9 and man +ehind the 2erman
inolement and therefore adent of WWII9 had oerridden their hostilities to
each other.
American Atomic Aom+ program *&:G'). Russian Atomic Aom+ ?rogram
*completed in &:G:).
>he arms Race9 the @pace Race.
!ormation of 0A>) * 0BB%@ @I>A>I)0 ) 9 and Warsaw ?act *the Warsaw
?act was a cooperation treaty signed in &:'' +etween the repu+lics of Al+ania9
Aulgaria9 Hungary9 Bast 2ermany9 ?oland9 Rumania9 C1echosloaDia and the
"@@R) *Bastern Aloc9 or Communist Aloc)
A0 AA@)I">B "R2B0> 0)>ICB9 >HI@ ="@> AB
RBA%OOOOOOOOOOOOO H)"9 @>B!!A09 0BB% >) RB@BARCH >HB
@"??IIB@ >HA> A=BRICA )!!BRB% R"@@IA >HR)"2H)"> >HB
WWII ?BRI)% I0 )R%BR >) %B>BR=I0B I! >HBH AB2A0 >)
)!!BR IB@@ >)WAR%@ >HB C)0CI"@I)0 )! >HB WAR9 %"B >)
A0 "0%BR@>A0%I02 >HA> H)@>IIB RBIA>I)0@ W)"I% @))0
RBB=BR2B
@?IB@ >HR)"2H)"> WWII
Aut it was until &:G:9 when Russia tested their first nuclear +om+9 that the Cold War
was set into full pace. What followed was a period of tensions9 with +oth America and
Russia hoering a finger oer the PlaunchC +utton for their atomic weaponsN each
country possessing enough arsenal to wipe-out each other9 and the entire world
>he Cu+an =issile Crisis *)cto+er &:56)9 the climaE of the Cold War. >his crisis
almost resulted in catastrophe9 and the out+reaD of nuclear warfare +etween the ".@.
and ".@.@.R. >hough the prelude to these eents can trace +acD to &:8:9 to the 2reat
War9 World War >wo.
World War 2 Research Essay

By: Steffan Kosky
Teacher: Paul Leins
Class: Year 10 Unicorn SOSE
Weihtin: !0"
How did WWII lay the foundations of the Cold War?
-apan surrendered on the &'
th
of August &:G'9 thus ending World War >woN yet
without delay a new war started to unfold4 >he Cold War. >he Cold War was a period
of eEtreme tensions +etween the ".@. and ".@.@.R. from around &:G' to &::&N
howeer9 there was neer any fighting on either side9 or any declaration of war.
Although the tensions did reach a climaE that almost resulted in nuclear warfare. >his
was unliDe any other war that humanity had seen9 and the ineita+le ,uestion that is
always recurring among historians is4 were WWII and the Cold War linDed? %id the
former prooDe the latter? !or it appeared that +efore one war had ended9 another had
+egun.
World War >wo is inargua+ly the cause of the Cold War9 yet the reason it led to this
conflict traces +acD to the Russian Reolution9 which tooD place many years +efore
either war had +egun. >he Russian Reolution tooD place from the <
th
of =arch &:&7
to the &'
th
of =arch &:&7N the conclusion was that the ruler of the country9 >sar
0icholas Romano II9 was eEecuted with his family. >o replace the rule of the >sar a
proisional goernment was setupN howeer9 a second reolution led +y Qladimir
Ilich Ienin and his supporters *the AolsheiDs) resulted in the proisional goernment
+eing oerthrown on the 5
th
of 0oem+er &:&7. Ienin was the new leader of Russia9
yet that meant that an arduous /ourney awaited him9 a /ourney Dnown as the Russian
Ciil War.
>he Russian Ciil war was fought +etween the Russian Red Army *AolsheiDs) and
the Russian White Army *anti-AolsheiDs) from &:&<-&:6(. >he Red Army were pro
communist9 the other were anti-communist. =any countries9 namely Aritain and
America had concerns regarding the glo+al conse,uences of Russia +ecoming a
communist country and for this reason they proided money to the White Army9 yet
een with assistance9 the White Army succum+ed to the power of the AolsheiDs.
>his eEtract from the minutes of a meeting of the Aritish War ca+inet in &:&: coneys
the attitudes of the Western Countries at the time9 L=r. Aonar Iaw said that an effort
must +e made to distinguish our actiities in the Aaltic @tates from the larger Russian
policy. We had undertaDen to support the Aaltic @tates against the menace of
AolsheiDs. =r. Cham+erlain said we had decided that we were not going to fight the
AolsheiDs all along the line. It was +eyond the capacity of !rance and Aritain to do
so9 and the "nited @tates would not co-operate. >hat could +e made plain to the
2eneral @taff. >hey should address themseles to the ,uestion of what was necessary
to preent the Aaltic @tates from +eing su+merged. =r Churchill said that the 2eneral
@taff could only proceed on certain hypotheses9 and he wished again to impress the
War Ca+inet that the danger was growing eery moment and spreading with
eEtraordinary rapidity.M
&
If the Red Army had +een o+liious to the role Aritain and
America had played in their Ciil War9 they discoered it soon thereafter their
ictory. >he Russians from the Red Army werenCt ,uicD to forget9 and hence they
certainly +ore in mind the attempts made +y Aritain and America to destroy them. As
years passed +y9 hostile feelings +etween these ery different countries +egan to
intensify. >hey continued throughout the )cto+er American stocD marDet crash that
resulted in the 2reat %epression9 throughout parts of World War >wo9 and R most
importantly R they +ecame +latantly o+ious when the Cold War +egan.
When the =oloto-Ri++entrop pact was signed in the late hours of 68 August &:8:9
the allies of !rance and Aritain were completely astounded. 0ot only did this pact
imply that peace and cooperation was to +e maintained +etween 0a1i 2ermany and
@oiet Russia9 +ut it also collapsed the hopes of Aritain and !rance esta+lishing an
alliance with Russia. 0ow they were left to face the sheer power of the 0a1i army9
L&(( infantry diisions and 5 armoured diisions9 an infantry diision usually
contained from &69 ((( to 6'9 ((( menM
6
. -oseph @talin9 leader of Russia9 stated that
he had acted on his own accord +ecause Aritain and !rance had done the same +y him
with the =unich Agreement *&:8<). >his eEtract from a @oiet newspaper coneys
the general consensus toward the =unich Agreement9 L>he Communi,uS announces
that the >ass is authorised to state that the message pu+lished in the P?rager ?resseC
does not correspond to reality. =onsieur Aonnet said that Iord HalifaE in their recent
conersations with ==. @urit1 and =aisDi gae the latter no information which went
+eyond what was pu+lished daily in the press. >here were no discussions and there
was no agreement +etween the @oiet 2oernment on the one hand and the !rench
and Aritish on the other regarding the fate of C1echosloaDia and the ,uestion of
concessions to the aggressor. 0either !rance nor 2reat Aritain consulted the @oiet
"nion +ut simply informed the @oiet 2oernment of already accomplished facts.
>he communi,uS concludes +y repeating once again that the @oiet 2oernment had
nothing to do and has nothing to do with the =unich Conference and the decisions
reached at it. Aoth the P?radaC and the PI1estiyaC9 which had hitherto refrained from
all comment on the =unich Conference and its results9 to-day pu+lished iolent
leading articles on the settlement which has +een reached. After declaring that it must
+y now +e clear to all that =r. Cham+erlain and =onsieur %aladier did not9 as they
themseles pretend9 sae the peace of the world at =unich +ut rather accomplished an
act of unparalleled shamelessness.M
8

In no way was @talin included in the decision-maDing that tooD place regarding the
=unich Agreement9 instead9 he was gien the outcome of decisions made. >his
proided a /ust eEcuse for @talin to sign the =oloto-Ri++entrop pact9 +ut the
underlying purpose of him signing inoled the @ecret Additional ?rotocol section of
the pact R a section that Aritain and !rance were unaware of. Russia was to aid
2ermany in inading ?olandN the land would then +e diided +etween the two nations.
Russia would also inade !inland9 Bstonia9 Iatia and Iithuania. >he pact appeared
that it would +enefit @talin immensely9 in addition to gaining new land9 Russia would
no longer hae to fear su+stantial loss of life and finances related to fighting
2ermany. )n the &
st
of @eptem+er &:8:9 +efore there had +een any time to consider
the repercussions of the new 0a1i-@oiet ?eace ?act9 2ermany had inaded ?oland.
World War >wo +egun on the 8
rd
of @eptem+er &:8:9 when Aritain and !rance *allies
of ?oland) declared war upon 2ermany. Russia remained neutral9 although her troops
assisted the 2erman inasion of ?oland from the &7
th
of @eptem+er onwards.
%espite all apparent signs that Adolf Hitler *leader of 2ermany) was recDless and
could not +e trusted9 @talin had followed-through with /oining forces with the man9
and now he was a+out to reap his rewardN the year was &:G& and )peration
Aar+arossa was a+out to +egin. !ollowing swift 2erman ictories in ?oland and
!rance R where each country had stood for little more than a month R Hitler had
ordered his generals to +egin planning an attacD on the @oiet "nion een +efore the
Aattle of Aritain was fought. >his attacD against the @oiet "nion made senseN Hitler
and his 0a1i moement were against communists9 it was now clear that the only
reason Hitler agreed to the =oloto-Ri++entrop pact was to +uy himself time to
defeat his other foes +efore moing-in to claim Russia. )peration Aar+arossa was
launched on -une 66 &:G&. >he offensie appeared rather prosperous at first9 and the
2ermans came within '( Dilometres of the =oscow9 the capital of Russia.
0eertheless9 Hitler decided to delay the attacD of =oscow and instead attacD Kie9
the capital of "Draine. Kie was successfully captured *along with 7'( ((( Red Army
troops)9 and the 2erman force now turned toward =oscow9 +ut the capture of Kie
had +ought the Russians time. >heir capital was +etter fortified9 and the onset of
winter was an omen of their chances to surie the 2ermany onslaught. >heir enemy
was not prepared for the free1ing-cold winter in RussiaN men died9 fell ictim to
frost+ite and the fuel inside the ?an1er tanDs fro1e. An anonymous 2erman soldier
recounts a fraction of the ordeal9 L)f :(( man9 men of my +attalion9 6(( hundred fell-
out +ecause of9 er9 free1ingK At the first fourteen days.M
G
When the Russians
launched their counteroffensie9 the crippled 2erman force was oerwhelmed and
thus destroyed. ?erhaps the most important outcome of this +attle was the Anglo-
@oiet Agreement of -uly &69 &:G&. >his agreement pledged the signatory powers
*".@.@.R.9 2reat Aritain and the "nited @tates) to assist one another and to a+stain
from maDing any separate peace with 2ermany.
>he American 0aal Aase in the ?acific *?earl Har+our) was +om+ed on the 7
th
of
%ecem+er &:G& +y the -apanese. Conse,uently America was thrust into World War
>wo9 a war they had hoped to aoid9 as is clearly indicated +y the speech of ".@.
?resident !. %. Rooseelt9 LI hope the "nited @tates will Deep out of this war. I
+eliee that it will. And I gie you assurance and reassurance9 that eery effort of
your goernment will +e directed toward that end. As long as it remains within my
power9 to preent9 there will +e no +lacDouts of peace9 in the "nited @tates.M
'
)n the
<
th
of %ecem+er &:G& ".@. congress declared war on -apan with only one dissenting
ote. America entered the war on the side of the Allies9 and 2ermany and Italy +eing
the allies of -apan were now at war with America. With America a part of the war9
they would hae to forget their hostilities toward Russia9 and cooperate to reach
ictory9 L>he "nited @tates of course during the war had +een propagandised into
seeing Russia as a democracy. A land of freedom loers with essentially +road social
aims a+out the same as those of the WestN which seemed to maDe sense since they
were clearly an enemy of the 0a1is9 and we were an enemy of the 0a1is9 thus it
appeared we had a great deal in common.M
5
At the current time it was impossi+le to
foresee that )peration Aar+arossa and the Aom+ing of ?earl Har+our and other eents
that were a+out to follow would lead to the Cold War.
@pies. A crucial factor for gaining intelligence of the enemiesC actions throughout
World War >woN the usage of spies would indu+ita+ly transition into the Cold War.
Although the notion of spying on ones enemy wasnCt relatiely new9 World War >wo
saw some reolutionary moements9 those +eing the actions of Russia spying on
America and ise ersa. >his form of espionage was reolutionary +ecause the two
allies didnCt trust each other. !or eEample9 Russia spied on the Atomic Aom+ research
and deelopment program Dnown as the =anhattan ?ro/ect9 LIt was +y these means
that Russians o+tained top secret +lue prints of the original >rinity design of the Atom
Aom+.M
7
Russia had spies in 2ermanyN it was for this reason that @talin was aware of the
eEistence of the 2erman 0uclear Aom+ ?rogramme9 located at the Kaiser Wilhelm
Institute. %uring the +attle of Aerlin9 he rushed the Red Army into the city to o+tain
whateer information the 2ermans had +efore the Americans could enter and do the
same. It was from this institute that they plundered one of the most important
resources for the Cold War4 oer three >onnes of "ranium )Eide *something they
lacDed in supply). Iord Aon recounts how when the details that America had
produced an Atomic Aom+ were disclosed to @talin9 ery little surprise was coneyed
+y the man9 LAfter one of our meetings9 /ust as we ad/ourned9 >ruman went up with
his interpreter to @talin9 and told him +riefly what we had discoered and what the
fate of the Atomic Aom+ would +e9 and all that @talin did was to nod his head and say
PthanD youC ,uite curtly and his eEpression changed in no way and that was all there
was to it.M
<
Another recount of the eents is as follows9 LWell it was a tremendous
disappointment. We thought he would +e fla++ergasted at this thing +ut he /ust passed
it off in an instant. Whether he Dnew a+out it9 whether he didnCt want to show any
great9 emotion in regard to it9 I donCt Dnow. All I Dnow is that he tooD it ery much
within his stride9 and somewhat to our disappointment went on to the neEt item in the
agenda9 and this rather9 dismayed @timson9 cause he thought once haing disclosed
this there would +e immediately a great rush on the part of the @oiets to sit-down and
talD to us a+out what the future implications of this thing9 what the future uses of it
would +e. He got no encouragement at all.M
:
>he first Atomic +om+ was dropped on
the city of Hiroshima9 -apan on the date of the 5
th
of August &:G'9 with a death toll of
7(9 (((. >he second +om+ was dropped on the city of 0agasaDi9 -apan on the :
th
of
August &:G'9 Dilling somewhere +etween 8'9 ((( and G(9 ((( people. !or the first
time the world saw the deastation of nuclear warfare. In &:G:9 once Russia had the
0uclear Aom+ under their arsenal9 a race had emerged9 a race for military superiority
with the two contestants +eing Russia and America *this was one of the Dey elements
of the Cold War).
>he adent of the Cold War is something difficult to eEplain9 as with most wars there
were ,uite a num+er of triggers. @ome of these final triggers included the ".@.
=arshall ?lan9 which aimed to offer American aid to all the nations of Burope.
Howeer9 the condition of the plan was that the ".@. would +e allowed to inspect how
the money was +eing spent. %ue to this term9 the @oiets declined and missed-out on
the T&6 +illion that was gien to other Buropean countries. Another contri+uting
factor was 2ermany. >he country had +een diided +etween the ".@.9 ".@.@.R. !rance
and Aritain following its capture in WWII. In =arch of &:G< the ".@.A.9 Aritain and
!rance merged their occupation 1ones of 2ermany into a single entity. In -une they
introduced a new currency to replace the old currency of Reichs-marDs. >he post-war
setup of 2ermany had +een planned to aoid the country eer +ecoming powerful or
independent again. @talin perceied the actions of the West as treason9 and +ecame
anEious that the Western countries /oining together was indicatie of them preparing
to oertaDe the remainder of 2ermany. His response was to +locD any rail or road
sectors to West Aerlin9 which was part of the Western countriesC territory. >his lasted
until &:G:9 yet Aerliners suried +y liing-off the supplies proided +y American
and Aritish aircraft. Ay &:G:9 West and Bast 2ermany were esta+lished as separate
countries9 Russia emerged with the Atom Aom+9 and two alliances were formed for
protection in case of the out+reaD of war. >he first alliance was the 0orth Atlantic
>reaty )rganisation9 or 0A>) *which consisted of &6 countries9 including Aritain9
America9 and Canada). >he second alliance was the Warsaw ?act *which consisted of
eight countries9 one of which was the @oiet "nion). >he countries of democracy and
communism were diided. >he Cold War was underway.
In conclusion9 it is eident that the eents of World War >wo led to the Cold War.
World War >wo gae +oth Russia and America a legitimate reason to claim
ownership of the land they had fought to capture9 it led to the strengthening of the
hostilities +etween these two glo+al superpowers9 it +rought a+out the trend of
espionage9 and most importantly it +rought a+out the Atom Aom+. Had Russia
remained neutral throughout World War >wo9 and had America remained neutral
throughout World War >wo9 then there would hae +een no de+ating oer who
receies what land in Burope. 0either country would hae +een a+le to claim a right
to ownership of the land9 as they wouldnCt hae payed to con,uer the landN the Cold
War would not hae occurred. >his in itself is the eidence that World War >wo laid
the foundations for the Cold War.
Words4 &7((
&
BEtract from the minutes of a meeting of the Aritish War Ca+inet in =arch &:&:. >his eEtract contains comments from
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A Iist of ?rimary @ources used *listed under the same num+ers as they appear in the a+oe
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0um+ers4 69 79 &69 &'9 &:9 6&.
!I0AI 0)>B4 >here was one more point that I had hoped to ela+orate on in this essayN that point
+eing9 Ltrade9 politics and power.M I had hoped to eEplain the ".@. Iend-Iease ?rogram9 the
reduction of goods offered to Russia toward the conclusion of WWII9 the three meetings of the
Pthree leadersC at the >ehran9 Halta and ?otsdam Conferences and the implications of these
meetings. As it was9 I couldnCt incorporate that into my essay9 for I had already had to cut-+acD '((
words from the original essay. >herefore9 I decided to leae that point out9 as it wasnCt crucial for
proing the point of my essay *although it would hae enhanced the oerall ,uality). Hou can asD
me a+out these eents if you wish9 as I did research them. 0eEt essay should +e 6((( words.