WAfrica Metocean Data Rev20

1
Chevron Energy Technology Company (ETC)

San Ramon, CA

RESTRICTED TO COMPANY USE

Metocean and Hydrodynamic Criteria for
Shallow Fixed Structures and Pipelines Off W. Africa

Version 20

C. K. Cooper, M. J. Santala

W. Africa Metocean Design Basis Rev 20.0
2
Table of Contents

1 Introduction ...........................................................................................5
1.1 Scope and Limitations ........................................................................... 5
1.2 Conventions, Symbols & Abbreviations ................................................. 8
1.3 General West Africa Climate ................................................................. 9
1.4 Revision History ..................................................................................... 10
2 Nigeria Metocean Criteria .....................................................................11
2.1 Extremes ............................................................................................... 11
2.2 Wave Fatigue Criteria ............................................................................ 16
2.3 Operating Criteria .................................................................................. 18
3 Cabinda Metocean Criteria ...................................................................23
3.1 Extremes ............................................................................................... 23
3.2 Wave Fatigue Criteria ............................................................................ 29
3.3 Operating Criteria .................................................................................. 31
4 Region-Wide Ancillary Parameters ......................................................40
4.1 Marine Growth ....................................................................................... 40
4.2 Rainfall ................................................................................................... 40
5 Metocean Conditions for Other Locations ..........................................41
6 Wind Gust Factors and Spectra ...........................................................42
7 Wave Spectra .........................................................................................43
7.1 Wave Spectral Shape and Spreading ................................................... 43
7.2 The Gaussian Spectrum ........................................................................ 44
7.3 The JONSWAP Spectrum ..................................................................... 44
7.4 The Ochi-Hubble Spectrum ................................................................... 45
7.5 Directional Spreading ............................................................................ 45
8 Hydrodynamics .....................................................................................46
8.1 Extreme Force Calculations .................................................................. 46
8.2 Fatigue Calculations .............................................................................. 47
9 References .............................................................................................52

3
List of Figures

Figure1.11MapofStudyArea.............................................................................................................5
Figure1.12Nigeriaareaofapplicability(inblue)..................................................................................7
Figure1.13Cabindaareaofapplicability(inblue).................................................................................7
Figure2.11:WaveheightfactorandcrestheightversuswaterdepthforoffshoreNigeria...................14
Figure2.31:SeasonalvariationinmeanwindspeedforoffshoreNigeria............................................19
Figure2.32:MonthlymeanH
s
includingwindandswellcomponents,Nigeria.....................................20
Figure2.33:Seasonalvariationofmeanmonthlyairtemperatureandrainfall,offshoreNigeria.........22
Figure3.31:HsfactorandcrestfactorsversuswaterdepthforoffshoreCabinda................................36
Figure3.32:Seasonalvariationin50%,90%,95%and99%nonexceedencewindspeed,offshore
Cabinda......................................................................................................................................36
Figure3.33:Seasonalvariationin50%,90%,95%and99%nonexceedencesignificantwaveheight
offshoreCabinda(nominalwaterdepthof155ft).......................................................................37
Figure3.34:Seasonalmedian,0.1%and99.9%exceedenceairtemperatureandmedianseasurface
temperatureoffshoreCabinda....................................................................................................38
Figure3.35:SeasonalvariationinmeanmonthlyrainfallnearthecoastofCabinda(PointeNoire,Rep.
Congo).......................................................................................................................................38
Figure 3.3-6: Seawater temperature and salinity profile criteria offshore Cabinda........................................39
Figure4.21:Rainfallintensityversusaveragingtimefor10and100yrstormsoffshoreWestAfrica...40
Figure8.21:Hydrodynamicforcecoefficientsfor1yrstorminwaterdepthsof250400ft,offshore
Cabinda......................................................................................................................................50
Figure8.22:Hydrodynamicforcecoefficientsfor100yrstorminwaterdepthsof250400ft,offshore
Cabinda......................................................................................................................................50
Figure8.23:Hydrodynamicforcecoefficientsfor100and1yrstormsinwaterdepthsof50ft(MSL),
offshoreNigeria........................................................................................................................51
Figure8.24:Hydrodynamicforcecoefficientsfor100and1yrstormsinwaterdepthsof16ft(MLW),
offshoreNigeria.........................................................................................................................51

4
List of Tables
Table 1.2-1 Symbols..........................................................................................................................8

Table2.11:NyrSwellandAssociatedParametersforSitein50ft,Nigeria.........................................12
Table2.12:NyrWindSeaandAssociatedParametersforaSitein50ft,Nigeria................................13
Table2.13:SecondaryExtremeLoadingCaseWhichAssumesCurrentMaximumandanAssociated
WaveforOffshoreNigeria..........................................................................................................14
Table2.14:FactorsforWave,Wind,andCurrentbyDirection,Nigeria................................................15
Table2.15:NigeriaAirandWaterTemperatureExtremes,Nigeria......................................................15
Table2.21:PercentoccurrenceofSignificantWaveHeightandPeakPeriodforShallowWaterNigeria
..................................................................................................................................................17
Table2.31:JointFrequencyofOccurrenceofWindSpeedandDirection,OffshoreNigeria..................19
Table2.32:SignificantWaveHeightPersistenceforNovMayDeepwaterNigeria,365days................20
Table2.33:SignificantWaveHeightPersistenceforJunOctDeepwaterNigeria,292Days.................21
Table2.34:PercentFrequencyofOccurrenceofNearSurfaceCurrentSpeedandDirection,Offshore
Nigeria.......................................................................................................................................21
Table2.35:PercentFrequencyofOccurrenceofNearBottomCurrentSpeedandDirection,Offshore
Nigeria.......................................................................................................................................22
Table3.11:MetoceanCriteriaforaSitein250ftwaterdepth,Cabinda..............................................25
Table3.12:WaveHeight,WavePeriodandDirectionFactors,Cabinda...............................................26
Table3.13:ExtremeBottomCurrentCase,Cabinda............................................................................26
Table3.14:ExtremeWindCase,Cabinda............................................................................................27
Table3.15:ExtremeSurfaceCurrentCase,Cabinda............................................................................28
Table3.16:DirectionalScalingFactorsfortheSurfaceCurrentExtremes,Cabinda..............................28
Table3.21:PercentTimeofOccurrenceandParametersforOchiHubbleSpectrumfor250ft,Offshore
Cabinda
1
.....................................................................................................................................30
Table3.31:JointFrequencyofOccurrenceofWindSpeedandDirectionforOffshoreCabinda(33ft,
10minaverage).(20nmoffshore)................................................................................................32
Table3.32:AnnualWaveHeightPersistenceforOffshoreCabinda.....................................................32
Table3.33:JanuaryMarchWavePersistenceforOffshoreCabinda....................................................33
Table3.34:AprilJuneWavePersistenceforOffshoreCabinda............................................................33
Table3.35:JulySeptemberWavePersistenceforOffshoreCabinda...................................................34
Table3.36:OctoberDecemberWavePersistenceforOffshoreCabinda..............................................34
Table3.37:PercentFrequencyofOccurrenceofNearSurfaceCurrentSpeed2ftbelowthesurfaceand
Direction(toward)for250ftwaterdepthOffshoreCabinda.......................................................35
Table3.38:PercentFrequencyofOccurrenceofNearBottomCurrentSpeedandDirection(toward)for
250ftOffshoreCabinda..............................................................................................................35
Table3.39Min/Mean/MaxAirTemperatureOffshoreCabinda..........................................................37
Table3.310PercentOccurrenceofAirTemperatureVersusRelativeHumidityOffshoreCabinda........37
Table3.311:SeawaterTemperatureandSalinityProfileCriteriaOffshoreCabinda.............................39
Table8.21:DefaultValuesofForceCoefficients..................................................................................47
Table8.22:CurrentBlockageFactors
1
.................................................................................................48
Table8.23:ValuesfortheWaveExcursionLength,A,forVariousSitesandReturnIntervals...............48
Table8.24:FatigueAnalysisWavePeriodsandHeightsforTransferFunction.....................................49
Table8.25:FatigueAnalysisInertiaCoefficientsforVariousWaterDepths.........................................49

5
1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

Scope. This report summarizes metocean and hydrodynamic criteria for design
of jackets and pipelines for the shallow waters of offshore equatorial West Africa.
The enclosed information should also prove useful for calculating downtime
statistics for facilities installation, marine terminals, etc. Figure 1.1-1 shows the
overall area of interest. Criteria are provided for waves, winds, tides, currents,
temperature, drag and inertial coefficients, current blockage factors, marine
growth, and shielding factors. Data are included for fatigue, operations, and
extremes.

Figure 1.1-1 Map of Study Area.

Criteria applicability. The primary intention of this document is to provide
design criteria for steel piled jackets and pipelines in West African offshore areas
of high interest to Chevron. In the specific areas addressed high quality data
were available to develop the criteria. The nominal locations presented in the
document are a 250 ft water depth site offshore Cabinda, and a 50 ft depth site
offshore Nigeria. For both regions the depth range of applicability is extended to
water depths of 10 ft through 400 ft with the provision of depth adjustment
factors.

The light blue region in Figure 1.1-2 shows the specific region offshore Nigeria
where the criteria in this document may be considered adequate for the final
6
design of a fixed platform or pipeline. This is the Nigerian shelf in water depths
of 10ft to 400ft in the range of longitudes between 4
o
40E and 5
o
50E.

The light blue region in Figure 1.1-3 shows the specific region offshore Cabinda
where the criteria in this document may be considered adequate for the final
design of a fixed platform or pipeline. Note that in this figure a dark blue region
labeled SMAD has been identified. In this sub-region a more detailed site
specific report has been developed [2].

In general, while the criteria are adequate for final design in the blue regions of
Figure 1.1-2 and Figure 1.1-3, there may be advantages for projects to develop
site specific metocean criteria. The two principal advantages of more site
specific criteria are: (1) that criteria can be presented in tables of values instead
of in terms of the depth and directional factoring approach presented in this
report (which should be easier for designers to interpret) and (2) more recent
data obtained by ETC may be used to update the criteria for a specific region.
As an example, the surface current criteria for Cabinda are nominally based on
the Sanha site. Currents at the Sanha site are, most likely, more severe than in
the region of the GS-Fox platform (Figure 1.1-3). If surface currents were a
design driver, platforms in the region of GS-Fox would probably benefit from a
site specific analysis. Therefore, in some cases, projects will be able to further
optimize their designs if they have a site specific criteria document developed.

These criteria may also serve as a basis for the preliminary designs offshore
West Africa outside the specific application regions. It is recommended that the
ETC Metocean group be contacted prior to such uses so that the user
understands the approximations which are being made when adopting these
criteria outside the regions for which they were specifically developed.

Limitations on use. The criteria in this document do not apply in water depths
greater than 400 ft. These criteria are not appropriate for the design of floating
structures.

Report organization. Most readers will be interested in either Nigeria or
Cabinda

so the metocean criteria for these regions are covered in the next two
sections. Criteria applicable to both regions are provided in Section 4.

Outside Nigeria and Cabinda, the coverage is much more sparse and is
summarized in Section 5. This guidance is only adequate for preliminary design.

The wind gust and wave spectrum Sections (6 & 7) are referenced where
appropriate from the regional criteria.

Section 8 provides hydrodynamic criteria which applies uniformly to all regions.
7

Figure 1.1-2 Nigeria area of applicability (in blue).
Figure notes: 1. The region of applicability for final design is on the Nigerian shelf in water depths of 10ft to 400ft
in the range of longitudes from 4
o
40E to 5
o
50E.

Figure 1.1-3 Cabinda area of applicability (in blue).
Figure notes: 1. The region of applicability for final design is on the Cabinda shelf in water depths of 10ft to 400ft
in the range of latitudes from 5
o
48S to 5
o
15S.
2. Note that in the dark blue region labeled SMAD a site specific criteria document has been
developed. So, though this document applies in the SMAD area and beyond, more detailed
information is provided in the SMAD Metocean Design Basis.
8
1.2 CONVENTIONS, SYMBOLS & ABBREVIATIONS

Direction convention. Criteria for all parameters specified in this document are
in terms of direction toward. Wave directions are the direction towards which
waves propagate, wind directions are the direction toward which winds blow and
current directions are the direction toward which currents flow. All directions are
specified in the nautical convention of being measured in degrees clockwise
relative to true north.

Water depths. In this document mean low water is used as the reference
elevation.

Symbols and abbreviations. Commonly used symbols and abbreviations are
found in the following tables.

Table 1.2-1 Symbols
H
max
maximum wave height
H
s
significant wave height (subscripts denote sea, swell , etc.)
N,NE,E, directions north, northeast, east, etc.
N-year, N-yr Return period in years
T
Hmax
period of maximum wave
T
p
peak spectral period (subscripts denote sea, swell, etc.)
w
s
wind speed (reference elevation and averaging interval specified with speed)
z distance below the sea surface
z
SL
distance above sea surface
max
maximum crest elevation relative to the water level
JONSWAP spectrum peak enhancement factor (Section 7.3)
H
direction toward which waves are travelling
w
direction toward which wind is blowing
Ochi-Hubble spectrum peak enhancement factor (Section 7.4)

9

1.3 GENERAL WEST AFRICA CLIMATE

Winds. In general the climate of the region is mild. The trade winds dominate
the day-to-day conditions. Extreme winds are due to fairly brief but intense
squall (thunderstorm) events. Squalls are much more intense in the north than
the south.

Waves. Normal wave conditions are a mix of swells and seas characterized by
multi-modal spectra. Extreme waves originate from swells that are generated far
to the south of the study area by South Atlantic storms. Swell intensity peaks
during the months of March through September. The 100-yr deepwater
maximum wave height ranges from about 27 ft in the south to 20 ft in the north.

Currents and tides. Currents in the region are more complicated than waves
and winds, and not well understood. Limited measurements suggest mean near-
surface currents in shallow water of about 0.2 kt. Currents will increase
substantially within about a mile of large rivers where they can reach 3-4 kt but
they probably extend only about 10 ft beneath the surface. Tidal currents are
generally less than 0.1 kt.

Tidal elevations in the study region have a spring range of about 4 ft. Storm
surges are insignificant because of the lack of strong large-scale local winds.

Air and water temperature. The air temperature is generally between 72-93F.
Near-surface water temperatures are in the low 80F range.

10

1.4 REVISION HISTORY

Rev Date Change
3 April 19 2002: Increases extreme winds for Nigeria to reflect Bonga measurements. Also changed from 1-hr to 1-
min since this is more appropriate for most structures.
4 Nov 11, 2002 Increase max wave height in Table 2.1-1 & Table 2.1-2 based on Shell ratio of 2.156.
5 Feb 23, 2003 Decreased max wave height in Table 2.1-1 & Table 2.1-2 based on work by Nerzic.
6 Oct 24, 2003 Added Agbami wave and wind information to Nigeria section. Replaced original Angola wave scatter
table with Bereks. Other modifications are too numerous to list.
7 Feb 9, 2004 Changed typo, Table 2.1-1 to Table 2.1-4. Added Wave factors to Table 2.1-4 based on version 5
modified slightly by spot checks with Agbami DB.
8 Feb 12, 2004 Added footnote 3 to Table 2.1-4.
9 May 6 2004 Augmented footnote 1 in Table 2.1-1 & Table 2.1-2. Added wave persistence for Nigeria.
10 June 14 2004 Added winds to Table 3.1-3 & clarified footnotes.
11 June 28 2004 Added River current case for Cabinda.
12 April 25, 2005 Replaced Table 2.2-1 with a table derived from BOP measurements. Table 2.2-1 in Rev 11 was
considered by structural engineers to be too complex.
13 Sept 16, 2005 Corrected crest heights in Figure 3.3-1 & Table 2.1-1. Similar changes to Figure 2.1-1 & Table 3.1-1.
14 Apr 12, 2006 Changed cover page to Chevron
15 April 20, 2006 Changed rainfall for Cabinda. Old graph was too low.
16 June 16, 2006 Removed references to Appendix A (Appendix A was removed in Rev 13)
17 Nov 1, 2006 Increased near-surface currents in Table 3.1-1 & Table 3.1-3 to include mean river current. Created
separate extreme wind case (squalls, Table 3.1-4). Replaced mid-column current jet case (Table
3.1-3) with maximum bottom case.
18 Jan 18, 2007 Modified Figure 2.1-1 and Figure 3.3-1 to account for detailed wave refraction studies done by Berek.
Increased Hmax (and crest height) in Table 2.1-1 and Table 3.1-1 to include effect of wind wave.
19 Feb 11, 2009 Corrected reference to Figure 2.1-1 in Table 3.1-5. Added footnote to Table 3.3-7.
20 Sep 14, 2009 1. Provided directional scaling for Cabinda near-surface currents (Table 3.1-6).
2. Revise Cabinda near-surface current percent occurrence table (Table 3.3-7).
3. Revise operational wind table for Cabinda (Table 3.3-1).
4. Add spectral shape parameters for Cabinda extreme wave heights.
5. Revised air and seawater temperatures (and seawater salinity). Table 3.3-9 to Table 3.3-11.
6. Revised Nigeria sea dominant THmax in Table 2.1-2.
7. Clarified additional footnotes.
8. Changed all directions to direction to.
9. Provided more specific guidance on regions where criteria are appropriate for final design
(Figure 1.1-2, Figure 1.1-3).
10. Revised figure and table numbers to be by sub-section.
11. Add List of Tables, List of Figures and List of Symbols. Use uniform convention for symbols.

11
2 NIGERIA METOCEAN CRITERIA
2.1 EXTREMES

Waves. Table 2.1-1 to Table 2.1-3 summarize extreme criteria for drag-
dominated structures in 50 ft of water, offshore Nigeria. For other depths, the
extreme waves must be multiplied by the wave height factor in Figure 2.1-1. The
dominant wave direction is toward the northeast. For other directions, Table
2.1-4 provides modification factors. When using Figure 2.1-1 make sure the
wave height never exceeds the breaking wave height of 0.78 * (h + 4) where h is
the local mean low water (MLW) depth.

Waves off Nigeria usually have multi-peaked spectra. The swell wave peaks
can be characterized with a Gaussian shape (as specified in Section 7.2) and the
wind sea peak can be characterized with a JONSWAP shape (as specified in
Section 7.3).

The designer should evaluate the extreme wave cases in both Table 2.1-1 and
Table 2.1-2 and design to the case that causes the highest load. Both cases are
equally probable.

Winds. Two types of winds are given in Table 2.1-1. The first is the wind to be
used in conjunction with the design wave (associated wind). Because extreme
waves are generated by storms hundreds to thousands of miles from the site, the
associated wind is based on climatological (average) conditions. The second
wind value shown in Table 2.1-1 is due to gusts during squalls (thunderstorms).
These storms do not generate large waves so this value should not be used with
other values in the table. It is provided for the design of appurtenances such as
flare booms that are dominated by wind.

Wind gusts may be converted to alternate averaging intervals and elevations
using the NORSOK gust factors (see Section 6).

Tides, Currents, and Surges. The tide range in Table 2.1-1 is based on spring
(maximum) tide conditions which occur several days each month. Levels for
mean low water, mean low spring, and lowest astronomical tide are 1.7, 2.3, and
3.4 feet below mean water level, respectively. No storm surge is included in the
table - local winds are too weak or have too small a fetch to generate a
measurable surge. Currents are uncorrelated to extreme waves, so mean values
are used. ETC should be contacted for more refined estimates of current at sites
within a mile of a major river, or in water deeper than 400 ft.
Pipelines. The extreme load on pipelines in shallow water will probably be
governed by the maximum wave conditions; either Table 2.1-1 or Table 2.1-2.
However, another loading case, Table 2.1-3, should also be checked. This case
assumes the current load is dominant and provides the associated wave. The
table which generates the larger load should be used.
12
Other. The temperatures in Table 2.1-5 show the expected minimums and
maximums. These are approximately the 1 in 100 yr event, although the
uncertainty is high because of limited data. The mean relative humidity is 85-
90%. The maximum rainfall expected is given in Figure 4.2-1.

Table 2.1-1: N-yr Swell and Associated Parameters for Site in 50 ft, Nigeria
Parameter/Return Period 1-yr 10-yr 100-yr
MAXIMUM INDIVIDUAL WAVE
1

H
max
(ft)
2

17.4 20.5 23.1
T
Hmax
(sec) 15.0 16.6 17.9
Crest Elevation (ft)
2,3

- - 17.3
SWELL WAVES
H
s,swell
(ft)
2
7.5 9.2 10.5
H,swell
(toward) -5 to 30 -5 to 30 -5 to 30
T
p,swell
(sec) 15.0 16.6 17.9
(Gaussian spectral width) 0.007 0.056 0.0046
ASSOCIATED WIND WAVE
H
s, wind wave
(ft) 3.6 3.9 4.3
H, wind wave
(toward) 0 to 65 0 to 65 0 to 65
T
p,wind wave
(sec) 6.3 6.3 6.3
(JONSWAP) 1.8 1.9 1.9
TIDE (ft) 4.0 4.0 4.0
WIND
w
s
(10-min, 33', kt) 14 14 14
w
(toward) -15 to 75 -15 to 75 -15 to 75
extreme w
s
(1-min, 33, kt)
4
49 60 70
w
(toward) Any Any Any
CURRENT (Inline with Wave)
Surface Speed
5
(kt)
0.5 0.5 0.5
3 ft off bottom
5
(kt)
0.3 0.3 0.3
1
These individual wave parameters are intended for analyses (such as static analyses) where the largest N-
year individual wave is required. For spectral analyses use the bi-modal seastate which results from
combining the Swell Waves and Associated Seas.
2
These values are for a water depth of 50 feet. Wave height in other water depths is found by multiplying
the wave height in this table by the appropriate factor in Figure 2.1-1.
3
Crest elevation is the height above mean water at the time of maximum wave. A 4' tide MUST be added to set
deck elevations, i.e. 17.3 + 4 + air gap.
4
This is the extreme wind value to be used for designing platform quarters, cranes, flare towers, etc. For
other elevations and time periods use the elevation factors specified in Section 6. DO NOT USE IN
CONJUNTION WITH N-YR WAVE.
5
Current is in the direction of the wave.

13
Table 2.1-2: N-yr Wind Sea and Associated Parameters for a Site in 50 ft, Nigeria
1

H
max
(ft)
2

19.7 20.7 21.8
T
Hmax
(sec) 7.1 7.3 7.4
WIND WAVES
H
s, wind wave
(ft) 7.2 8.2 9.2
H, wind wave
(toward) 10 to 40 10 to 40 10 to 40
T
p,wind wave
(sec) 7.1 7.3 7.4
(JONSWAP) 1.8 1.9 1.9
ASSOCIATED SWELL
H
s,swell
(ft)
2
5.2 5.2 5.2
H,swell
(toward) -5 to 30 -5 to 30 -5 to 30
T
p,swell
(sec) 13.7 13.7 13.7
WIND
w
s
(10-min, 33', kt) 27 29 33
w
(toward) 0 to 90 0 to 90 0 to 90
CURRENT (Inline with Wave)
Surface Speed
3
(kt)
0.5 0.5 0.5
3 ft off bottom
3
(kt)
0.3 0.3 0.3
1
These individual wave parameters are intended for analyses (such as static analyses) where the largest N-
year individual wave is required. For spectral analyses use the bi-modal seastate which results from
combining the Wind Waves and Associated Swell.
2
These values are for a water depth of 50 feet. Wave height in other water depths is found by multiplying
the wave height in this table by the appropriate factor in Figure 2.1-1.
3
Current is in the direction of the wave.

14
Table 2.1-3: Secondary Extreme Loading Case Which Assumes Current Maximumand an Associated
Wave for Offshore Nigeria
ASSOCIATED WIND WAVES
H
s, wind wave
(ft) 3.3 3.3 3.3
H, wind wave
(toward) 10 to 40 10 to 40 10 to 40
T
p,wind wave
(sec) 6.2 6.2 6.2
(JONSWAP) 1.6 1.6 1.6
ASSOCIATED SWELL
H
s,swell
(ft)
2
3.6 3.6 3.6
H,swell
(toward) -5 to 30 -5 to 30 -5 to 30
T
p,swell
(sec) 12.5 12.5 12.5
ASSOCIATED WIND
w
s
(10-min, 33', kt) 14 14 14
CURRENT (along isobath)
Surface Speed
1
(kt)
1.6 1.9 2.2
3 ft off bottom
1
(kt)
1.2 1.5 1.8
1
Current is a maximum parallel to local isobaths. For other directions use Table
2.1-4. ETC should be consulted for locations within 30 miles of major rivers or in
water deeper than 400 ft.

Figure 2.1-1: Wave height factor and crest height versus water depth for offshore Nigeria.
Figure notes: 1. To be used in conjunction with Table 2.1-1 to Table 2.1-3 to calculate extreme waves in water
depths other than 50 ft.
2. When calculating deck elevations an air gap and a 4 tide should be added to the crest height.

0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.3
10.0 100.0 1000.0
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
MLW Depth (ft)
Hs
Crest
15

Table 2.1-4: Factors for Wave, Wind, and Current by Direction, Nigeria
(
o
toward)
1

Wave Ht.
Factor
Wave
Period
3

Wind
Factor
Current
Factor
0 1.0 Table
2
1.0 0.6
45 1.0 Table
2
1.0 0.6
90 0.7 7,14 0.8 1.0
135 0.4 6,13 0.8 1.0
180 0.4 6,13 0.4 0.6
225 0.4 6,13 0.3 0.6
270 0.5 6,13 1.1 0.8
315 0.5 6,13 0.6 1.0
1
For example a heading of 90 means toward the east; a heading of 180
means toward the south.
2
See Table 2.1-1 and Table 2.1-2.
3
Use the shorter period for the wind sea case and the longer period for the
swell case.

Table 2.1-5: Nigeria Air and Water Temperature Extremes, Nigeria
Temperature
Parameter Min Max
Air (F) 64 92
Sea (F, near-surface ) 80 85
Sea (F, bottom, 50 ft) 80 85
Sea (F, bottom, 150 ft) 70 85

16
2.2 WAVE FATIGUE CRITERIA

Wave Spectrum and H
s
-T
p
Statistics. In general, the multimodal spectral
model should lead to longer calculated fatigue lives than a unimodal spectral
model. However, there may be some cases involving dynamic structures where
the multimodal spectra create more onerous loads. In any event it is strongly
recommended that the multimodal spectra be utilized as it is more realistic than
unimodal spectra for West Africa. The recommended spectrum for use is the
Ochi-Hubble form (see Section 7.4).

Table 2.2-1 is based on roughly two years of measurements taken from the BOP
platform off the Escravos River in roughly 60 ft. of water. These data are quite
consistent with data collected by Shell at the deepwater Bonga site.

17

Table 2.2-1: Percent occurrence of Significant Wave Height and Peak Period for ShallowWater
Nigeria

H
(toward)
Hs1(ft) Tp1 (s) Hs2 (ft) Tp2 (sec) -45
0
0
o
45
o
90
o
Counts %Total
2.46 11.5 2.46 5.5 0.61 2.14 2.14 1.22 299 6.11
2.46 12.5 2.46 5.5 0.57 1.99 1.99 1.14 278 5.68
0.82 11.5 0.82 4.5 0.44 1.52 1.52 0.87 213 4.35
0.82 11.5 0.82 5.5 0.41 1.43 1.43 0.82 200 4.09
2.46 11.5 2.46 6.5 0.36 1.27 1.27 0.72 177 3.62
2.46 12.5 0.82 5.5 0.35 1.22 1.22 0.70 171 3.50
0.82 12.5 0.82 5.5 0.35 1.21 1.21 0.69 169 3.45
0.82 13.5 0.82 5.5 0.33 1.14 1.14 0.65 160 3.27
0.82 12.5 0.82 4.5 0.33 1.14 1.14 0.65 159 3.25
2.46 11.5 0.82 5.5 0.32 1.11 1.11 0.63 155 3.17
2.46 13.5 2.46 5.5 0.30 1.04 1.04 0.60 146 2.98
2.46 12.5 2.46 4.5 0.29 1.03 1.03 0.59 144 2.94
2.46 13.5 0.82 6.5 0.28 0.97 0.97 0.56 136 2.78
2.46 12.5 2.46 6.5 0.27 0.94 0.94 0.54 131 2.68
2.46 12.5 0.82 6.5 0.26 0.92 0.92 0.53 129 2.64
2.46 13.5 0.82 5.5 0.24 0.84 0.84 0.48 118 2.41
0.82 13.5 0.82 4.5 0.24 0.83 0.83 0.47 116 2.37
2.46 10.5 2.46 5.5 0.23 0.81 0.81 0.46 113 2.31
2.46 11.5 0.82 6.5 0.23 0.80 0.80 0.46 112 2.29
2.46 11.5 2.46 4.5 0.21 0.74 0.74 0.43 104 2.13
2.46 11.5 0.82 4.5 0.21 0.73 0.73 0.42 102 2.09
0.82 11.5 0.82 6.5 0.20 0.72 0.72 0.41 100 2.04
4.1 13.5 2.46 5.5 0.20 0.71 0.71 0.40 99 2.02
0.82 8.5 2.46 6.5 0.20 0.69 0.69 0.39 96 1.96
2.46 10.5 2.46 6.5 0.19 0.68 0.68 0.39 95 1.94
2.46 13.5 2.46 4.5 0.19 0.67 0.67 0.38 93 1.90
2.46 13.5 2.46 6.5 0.19 0.67 0.67 0.38 93 1.90
2.46 12.5 0.82 4.5 0.18 0.64 0.64 0.37 90 1.84
2.46 14.5 2.46 5.5 0.18 0.62 0.62 0.36 87 1.78
4.1 12.5 2.46 5.5 0.16 0.57 0.57 0.32 79 1.61
0.82 8.5 4.1 6.5 0.15 0.52 0.52 0.29 72 1.47
4.1 15.5 2.46 5.5 0.13 0.47 0.47 0.27 65 1.33
4.1 14.5 2.46 5.5 0.13 0.45 0.45 0.26 63 1.29
4.1 13.5 2.46 4.5 0.12 0.42 0.42 0.24 59 1.21
2.46 11.5 4.1 5.5 0.12 0.41 0.41 0.24 58 1.19
4.1 15.5 2.46 6.5 0.11 0.39 0.39 0.22 54 1.10
4.1 13.5 4.1 5.5 0.11 0.38 0.38 0.22 53 1.08
2.46 11.5 4.1 6.5 0.11 0.38 0.38 0.22 53 1.08
4.1 11.5 2.46 5.5 0.11 0.37 0.37 0.21 52 1.06
4.1 14.5 2.46 6.5 0.11 0.37 0.37 0.21 52 1.06
4.1 13.5 2.46 6.5 0.10 0.36 0.36 0.20 50 1.02
2.46 13.5 4.1 5.5 0.10 0.35 0.35 0.20 49 1.00
4.1 13.5 4.1 6.5 0.10 0.34 0.34 0.20 48 0.98
4892 100.00
Notes: 1. Use
1
=6.0,
2
=0.75 for the peak factors in the Ochi-Hubble spectrum.

18
2.3 OPERATING CRITERIA

Winds. Table 2.3-1 shows the joint frequency of occurrence of wind speed and
direction. Winds are very constant reflecting the dominance of the trade winds.
The mean speed is about 5 kt, and the direction is towards the northeast. Figure
2-3 shows that the monthly-mean wind speed varies by about a factor of two
during the course of the year, reaching a maximum in June-August.

Waves. Swells will be weakest from November to May as shown by Figure
2.3-2. Conversely, it is roughest from June to October. Table 2.3-2 and Table
2.3-3 give the wave persistence for the mild and stormy seasons. These are
based on combined swell and wind sea in deepwater so they can be
conservatively applied to shallow water. As an example of how to use the tables,
assume you have a lift with threshold of 1.5 m in the June-October time frame.
Table 2.3-3 tells you that there were 15 occurrences in the 292 days of data in
which Hs exceeded 1.5 m. The average event lasted 13.52 days but the longest
lasted 42.37 days.

Current. Table 2.3-4 (Table 2.3-5) summarizes the joint frequency of occurrence
of near-surface (near-bottom) currents in a water depth of 60 ft. A comparison of
the two tables suggests that near-bottom currents are about half the near-surface
currents in 60 ft of water. Currents at other levels can be calculated using linear
interpolation. At the bottom the currents are directed nearly uniformly. The table
applies to other water depths with the exception of sites within a mile of a large
river, or deeper than 400 ft. In these two cases, ETC should be contacted.

Other. Figure 2.3-3 shows the seasonal variation in the mean monthly air
temperature and rainfall based on 3 years of offshore measurements.

19

Table 2.3-1: Joint Frequency of Occurrence of Wind Speed and Direction, Offshore Nigeria.
w
s
(1-hr, 33', kt)
w
(toward) 2 6 10 14 18 22 26 Total
0 0.99 2.2 0.76 0.19 0.01 0 0 4.15
22.5 1.96 8.04 6.88 1.88 0.06 0 0 18.82
45 2.54 13.67 11.05 1.18 0.02 0 0 28.46
67.5 2.66 10.97 7.34 0.63 0.02 0 0 21.62
90 2.21 4.68 2.39 0.2 0.01 0 0 9.49
112.5 1.64 2.25 0.75 0.04 0 0 0 4.68
135 1.17 1.3 0.34 0.07 0.02 0 0 2.9
157.5 1.1 1.43 0.31 0.06 0.02 0 0 2.92
180 0.89 0.57 0.08 0 0 0 0 1.54
202.5 0.64 0.08 0 0 0 0 0 0.72
225 0.56 0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0.59
247.5 0.36 0.02 0.01 0 0 0 0 0.39
270 0.33 0.19 0.07 0.05 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.68
292.5 0.39 0.29 0.16 0.09 0.08 0.01 0.01 1.03
315 0.36 0.28 0.05 0.01 0 0 0 0.7
337.5 0.73 0.5 0.07 0.01 0 0 0 1.31
Total 18.53 46.5 30.26 4.41 0.26 0.02 0.02 100

Figure 2.3-1: Seasonal variation in mean wind speed for offshore Nigeria.

Month
Wind Spd (kt)
0
2
4
6
8
10
Jan Mar May July Sep Nov
20

Figure 2.3-2: Monthly mean H
s
including wind and swell components, Nigeria.

Table 2.3-2: Significant Wave Height Persistence for Nov-May Deepwater Nigeria, 365 days.
H
s
(m)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
# of Occur 3 3 18 32 9
Avg Days 121.62 121.62 17.01 2.35 0.69
Max Days 202.25 202.25 96.75 14.25 3.63
Min Days 48.13 48.13 0.13 0.13 0.12
Std Dev 77.31 77.31 28.4 3.27 1.2
% Occur 100 100 83.9 20.62 1.71
%>= 0.3 d 99.9 99.9 94.44 78.13 33.33
%>= 0.5 d 99.9 99.9 94.44 62.5 22.22
%>= 0.8 d 99.9 99.9 94.44 56.25 22.22
%>= 1.0 d 99.9 99.9 94.44 50 22.22
%>= 1.5 d 99.9 99.9 88.89 37.5 22.22
%>= 2.0 d 99.9 99.9 83.33 34.38 11.11
%>= 2.5 d 99.9 99.9 77.78 28.13 11.11
%>= 3.0 d 99.9 99.9 77.78 28.13 11.11
%>= 3.5 d 99.9 99.9 72.22 21.88 11.11
%>= 4.0 d 99.9 99.9 72.22 21.88 0

0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month
H
m
0

(
m
)
Monthly
Mean
Minimum
Monthly
Mean
Maximum
Monthly
Mean
Standard
Deviation
21

Table 2.3-3: Significant Wave Height Persistence for Jun-Oct Deepwater Nigeria, 292 Days.
H
s
(m)
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
# of Occur 4 4 5 15 27 6
Avg Days 73.12 73.12 57.97 13.52 1.47 0.4
Max Days 81.25 81.25 81.25 42.37 8 0.88
Min Days 63.75 63.75 34.38 0.25 0.12 0.13
Std Dev 7.19 7.19 21.18 13.36 1.65 0.3
% Occur 100 100 99.1 69.32 13.59 0.81
%>= 0.3 d 99.9 99.9 99.9 99.9 81.48 66.67
%>= 0.5 d 99.9 99.9 99.9 93.33 74.07 33.33
%>= 0.8 d 99.9 99.9 99.9 93.33 66.67 16.67
%>= 1.0 d 99.9 99.9 99.9 93.33 51.85 0
%>= 1.5 d 99.9 99.9 99.9 86.67 29.63 0
%>= 2.0 d 99.9 99.9 99.9 86.67 29.63 0
%>= 2.5 d 99.9 99.9 99.9 80 22.22 0
%>= 3.0 d 99.9 99.9 99.9 80 11.11 0
%>= 3.5 d 99.9 99.9 99.9 66.67 3.7 0
%>= 4.0 d 99.9 99.9 99.9 66.67 3.7 0

Table 2.3-4: Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Near-Surface Current Speed and Direction,
Offshore Nigeria.
direction
Current Spd (kt)
(
o
toward) 0-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.4-0.6 0.6-0.8 0.8-1.0 1.0-1.2 1.2-1.4 1.4-1.6 Total
0 to 45 1.6 6.8 3.9 1.1 0.3 0.1 0 0 13.8
45 to 90 1.9 4.4 1.7 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 8.3
90 to 135 3.3 6.2 4.7 1.8 0.9 0.5 0.1 0 17.5
135 to 180 2.7 5.7 4.9 2.3 1.3 0.8 0.4 0.1 18.2
180 to 225 0.9 3.7 2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0 0 7.5
225 to 270 1.1 2.7 1 0.1 0 0 0 0 4.9
270 to 315 2.5 4.7 2.1 0.7 0.2 0 0 0 10.2
315 to 360 2.5 7.4 5.5 3.1 0.7 0.3 0.1 0 19.6
Total 16.5 41.6 25.8 9.8 3.8 1.8 0.6 0.1 100

22
Table 2.3-5: Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Near-BottomCurrent Speed and Direction,
Offshore Nigeria.
direction
Speed (kt)
(
o
toward)
0-0.2 0.2-0.4 0.4-0.6 0.6-0.8 0.8-1.0 Total
0 to 45 4.2 3.2 0.7 0.2 0 8.3
45 to 90 4.6 3.3 0.7 0.1 0 8.7
90 to 135 9.6 4.5 1 0.1 0.1 15.3
135 to 180 8.5 3.9 1.8 0.2 0 14.4
180 to 225 5.2 4.1 1.4 0.2 0 10.9
225 to 270 8.4 4.8 1.5 0.2 0 14.9
270 to 315 7.9 5.1 1.7 0.3 0.1 15.1
315 to 360 6.5 4.7 1 0.2 0 12.4
Total 54.9 33.6 9.8 1.5 0.2 100

Month
Air Temp. (F)
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
Jan Mar May July Sept Nov
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
Rainfall (in)
Air Temp
Rainfall

Figure 2.3-3: Seasonal variation of mean monthly air temperature and rainfall, offshore Nigeria.

23
3 CABINDA METOCEAN CRITERIA
3.1 EXTREMES

Wave Height. Table 3.1-1 and Table 3.1-3 to Table 3.1-5 summarize extreme
load cases for drag-dominated structures and pipelines in 250 ft of water,
offshore Cabinda. For other depths, the extreme waves in Table 3.1-1 must be
multiplied by the wave height factor in Figure 3.3-1. The dominant wave direction
is toward the northeast. For other directions, Table 3.1-2 provides modification
factors. This table assumes the local isobaths are aligned North-South as in the
applicability region shown in Figure 1.1-3. For cases where this is not true, then
the table should be adjusted by shifting the axis.

Seastates offshore Cabinda may exhibit multi-peaked spectra. When multi-peak
spectra are specified for Cabinda the Ochi-Hubble spectral form is recommended
(Section 7.4). In some cases, especially where waves are a value associated
with a peak wind or current, the seastates may be specified with a single peak.
In these single peak cases for Cabinda the JONSWAP spectral shape is
specified (Section 7.3).

Wave Period. The peak wave period shown in Table 3.1-1 covers a range of
values. The designer should use the period which causes the largest forces for a
particular design. The range reflects uncertainty in the estimate of peak period.
This uncertainty results because the normal procedure for deriving peak period
from a regression with wave height does not work well for swell where the two
parameters are poorly correlated.

Winds. Because extreme waves are generated by storms thousands of miles
from the site, the associated winds Table 3.1-1 are based on climatological
(average) conditions.

A maximum wind case is given in Table 3.1-4. The winds given in Table 3.1-4
are due to gusts during thunderstorms. These storms do not generate large
waves so their associated waves are quite modest. These wind gust extremes
are provided for the design of appurtenances such as flare booms that are
dominated by wind.

Currents. The near-surface (tens of feet below waterline) currents are driven by
the local trade winds and a thin lens of freshwater from the Congo River.
Currents peak in intensity from November through January during the peak
months of the Congo River outflow. The thin upper layer can reach 4 knots near
the river mouth. In the applicability region shown in Figure 1.1-3 these near-
surface currents flow towards northwesterly headings. Extreme surface currents
are provided in Table 3.1-5. The directional variation in intensity of extreme
near-surface currents is provided in Table 3.1-6.

24
Currents deeper in the water column are typically mild (less than 0.3 knots) and
are not coherent throughout the water column. Occasionally currents in different
sub-surface layers may intensify to greater than 0.5 knots. Because of the
modest intensity of mid-depth currents and their lack of correlation to the stronger
surface currents, mid-depth current criteria are not provided in this basis intended
for design of fixed structures.

Bottom current criteria have been provided in Table 3.1-3.

Tides and Surges. The tide range in Table 3.1-1 is based on spring (maximum)
tide conditions which occur several days each month. Levels for mean low water,
mean low spring, and lowest astronomical tide are 1.7, 2.3, and 3.4 feet below
mean water level, respectively. No storm surge is included in the table - local
winds are too weak or have too small a fetch to generate a measurable surge.
ETC should be contacted for more refined estimates of current at sites near a
major river.

Pipelines. The extreme load on pipelines in shallow water will probably be
governed by Table 3.1-1. This table assumes the wave is dominant, and
provides an "associated current" that accounts for joint statistics. However, a
second loading case, Table 3.1-3, should be checked for pipelines. This case
assumes the current load is dominant and provides the associated wave. The
table which generates the larger load should be used. Figure 3.3-1 can be used
to adjust the waves in Table 3.1-1 for different water depths.
Other. Extremes of air and seawater temperature are listed in Section 3.3 where
the normal occurrence statistics are also discussed. Figure 4.2-1 can be used to
calculate rainfall rates.

25

Table 3.1-1: Metocean Criteria for a Site in 250 ft water depth, Cabinda
Parameter/Return Period 1-yr 5-yr 25-yr 100-yr
1

H
max
(ft)
2

18.6 20.5 24.3 26.3
T
Hmax
(sec) 14-16 14-16 15-17 15-17
Crest Elevation (ft)
2,3

- - - 13.9
SWELL WAVES
H
s,swell
(ft)
2
8.0 9.0 11.0 12.0
H,swell
(toward)
4
20 to 70 20 to 70 20 to 70 20 to 70
T
p,swell
(sec) 14-16 14-16 15-17 15-17
swell
(Ochi-Hubble) 3-6 3-6 3-6 3-6
ASSOCIATED WIND WAVES
H
s, wind wave
(ft) 4 4 4 4
H, wind wave
(toward) 0 to 70 0 to 70 0 to 70 0 to 70
T
p,wind wave
(sec) 6 6 6 6
sea
(Ochi-Hubble) 1-3 1-3 1-3 1-3
TIDE (ft) 4 4 4 4
WIND
w
s
(1-min, 33', kt) 11 11 11 11
CURRENT
Spd @ 0 ft (kt) 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
Spd @ 13 ft 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Direction @ 0-25 ft (toward)
5
260 to 360 260 to 360 260 to 360 260 to 360
Spd @ 26 ft 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Direction below 25 ft (toward) Any Any Any Any
3 ft off bottom (kt) 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
1
These individual wave parameters are intended for analyses (such as static analyses) where the largest N-year
individual wave is required. For spectral analyses use the bi-modal seastate which results from combining the
Wind Waves and Associated Swell.
2
These values are for a water depth of 250 feet. Wave height in other water depths is found by multiplying the wave
height in this table by the appropriate factor in Figure 3.3-1. The peak spectral period may be associated with Hmax
(THmax=Tp).
3
Crest elevation is the height above mean water at the time of maximum wave. A 4' tide MUST be added to it to set
deck elevations, i.e. 14 + 4 + air gap.
4
To calculate wave heights from other directions multiply the wave height in this table by the appropriate factor in Table
3.1-2. Do not use Table 3.1-2 to modify associated currents or wind.
5
Current in the upper 0-25 ft can be reduced to 0.3 kt aligned with the deeper current when considering directions
outside the 0-260 range.

26
Table 3.1-2: Wave Height, Wave Period and Direction Factors, Cabinda
(
o
toward)
1

Height
Factor
Wave
Period (s)
Current
Factor
2
0 0.8 12 0.7
45 1.0 15-17 0.8
90 0.7 12 0.8
135 0.5 8 1.0
180 0.3 4 0.8
225 0.3 4 0.6
270 0.4 6 0.8
315 0.5 8 0.8
1
For example a heading of 90 means to the east; a heading of 180 means to the south.
2
Not to be used with surface currents in Table 3.1-5. Surface currents are directionally scaled
with the factors in Table 3.1-6.

Table 3.1-3: Extreme BottomCurrent Case, Cabinda
WAVES
1

H
s
(ft)
2
4 4 4 4
T
p
(sec) 12 12 12 12
H
(toward) -45 to 45 -45 to 45 -45 to 45 -45 to 45

(JONSWAP) 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3
WIND
w
s
(1-min, 33', kt) 11 11 11 11
w
(toward) -45 to 45 -45 to 45 -45 to 45 -45 to 45
TIDE (ft) 0 0 0 0
CURRENT
Near-surface (kt) 1.8 1.8 1.9 2.1
Spd @ 13 ft 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.1
Spd @ 25 ft 1.3 1.6 1.9 2.1
Dir. 0-25 ft (toward) 260 to 360 260 to 360 260 to 360 260 to 360
Dir. below 25 (toward)
3
135 135 135 135
Spd @ mid-depth 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.8
3 ft off bottom (kt) 0.7 1.0 1.3 1.5
1
Waves in this table are specifically associated with the given directional sector and
should not be scaled according to Table 3.1-2.
2
If H
max
values are needed assume H
max
=2H
s
and assume T
Hmax
=T
p
.
3
For current in the other directions use Table 3.1-2 but do not decrease the current in the
upper 25 ft to less than 1 kt. Do not use Table 3.1-2 to modify associated wind or wave.

27

Table 3.1-4: Extreme Wind Case, Cabinda
ASSOCIATED WAVES
1,2

H
s
(ft) 4 4 4 4
u
H

( toward)
3

10 to 45 10 to 45 10 to 45 10 to 45
T
P
(sec) 5-12 5-12 5-12 5-12

(JONSWAP) 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3
WIND
w
s
(1-min, 33', kt) 37 43 47 53
w
(toward)

Any Any Any any
TIDE (ft above MLW) 0-4 0-4 0-4 0-4
N-YR CURRENT (kt)
4

Spd @ 0 ft (kt) 1.8 1.8 1.8 1.8
Spd @ 13 ft 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
Spd @ 25 ft 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Direction @ 0-25 ft ( toward) 260 to 360 260 to 360 260 to 360 260 to 360
3 ft off bottom 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Direction below 25 ft ( toward) Any Any Any Any
1
Use a JONSWAP spectra with the parameters indicated. Use a cos
2
spreading law for
components with of < 4 and a cos
4
for larger .
2
If H
max
values are needed assume H
max
=2H
s
and assume T
Hmax
=T
p
.
3
In all other directions H
s
= 2 feet, T
p
=4 to 8s.
4
Currents between levels can be linearly interpolated.

28

Table 3.1-5: Extreme Surface Current Case, Cabinda
ASSOCIATED WAVES
1

H
s
(ft) 4 4 4 4
u
H

(toward )
3
10 to 45 10 to 45 10 to 45 10 to 45
T
P
(sec) 5-12 5-12 5-12 5-12

(JONSWAP) 2-3 2-3 2-3 2-3
ASSOCIATED WIND
w
s
(10-min, 33', kt) 11 11 11 11
w
(toward)
4
315 to 45 315 to 45 315 to 45 315 to 45
TIDE (ft above MLW) 0-4 0-4 0-4 0-4
N-YR CURRENT (kt)
2

Spd (kt) @ 0 ft 3.4 3.7 3.8 4.2
Spd (kt) @ 5 ft 2.8 3.1 3.2 3.5
Spd (kt) @ 10 ft 2.2 2.5 2.6 2.8
Spd (kt) @ 25 ft 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
Direction in layer 0 ft to 25 ft See Table 3.1-6
Spd (kt) @ 60 ft and lower 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3
Direction @ depth 60 ft (toward) Any Any Any Any
1
Use a JONSWAP spectra with the parameters indicated. Use a cos
2
spreading law for
components with of < 4 and a cos
4
for larger .
2
Current extremes vary directionally according to the scaling factors in Table 3.1-6. Currents
between levels can be linearly interpolated.
3
In sectors outside 10
o
to 45
o
; H
s
=2ft and , T
p
=4 to 8s.
4
Wind speed (1 min, 33ft) in all other directions = 7 kt

Table 3.1-6: Directional Scaling Factors for the Surface Current Extremes, Cabinda
Direction (
o
toward) 0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315
scaling factor 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 1.0 1.0

29
3.2 WAVE FATIGUE CRITERIA

Wave Spectrum and H
s
-T
p
Statistics. Table 3.2-1 lists waves spectral
parameters and percent time of occurrence. It is recommended that the Ochi-
Hubble spectrum be used (Section 7.4). For Cabinda we have specified double-
peaked spectra. The dominant wave direction for each component, u, is also
given in the table. This can be combined with a cos
2
spreading law for the
shorter period components (< 13 s) and a cos
4
for the longer-period components
(Section 7.5). In general the bimodal spectrum should lead to longer calculated
fatigue lives than a unimodal spectrum.

Water Depth. Strictly speaking Table 3.2-1 only applies to a water depth of 250
ft but should be similar in deeper water. For shallower water, the wave energy
will tend to decrease as the depth decreases. Using these heights in shallower
water should be conservative but keep in mind that wave direction changes in a
systematic way with water depth. For applications where wave direction is
considered in water depths much shallower than 250ft a site specific analysis can
be carried out to refine the results.

30

Table 3.2-1: Percent Time of Occurrence and Parameters for Ochi-Hubble Spectrumfor 250 ft,
Offshore Cabinda
1
.
No.
%
Occurrence
H
s1
(ft)

T
p1
(sec)

H
s2
(ft)

T
p2
(sec)

1

2

u
1
(
o
towards)

u
2
(
o
towards)
291 15.3 3 12 2.5 7.7 7 2.1 27 21
231 12.1 2 11 2.3 7.2 7.3 1.6 25 23
208 10.9 2 12 2.3 7.7 7.3 1.8 29 19
154 8.1 3 11 2.5 7.2 7.1 1.8 22 23
117 6.1 4 12 2.7 8.1 7.4 2.9 27 22
103 5.4 2 10 2.4 6.3 5.4 1.4 21 27
94 4.9 3 13 2.5 8.4 7.5 2.3 30 18
90 4.7 4 13 2.8 8.2 7.2 2.2 32 21
72 3.8 2 13 2.6 7.9 7.1 2.2 33 19
65 3.4 3 14 2.9 8.7 7.5 2.4 33 17
63 3.3 2 14 2.6 8.9 7.7 2.3 35 18
52 2.7 5 13 3 8.7 8.1 2.4 29 22
47 2.5 4 14 3.2 9.4 8.3 2.7 31 21
37 1.9 5 14 3.2 9.4 7.3 3.1 32 19
36 1.9 4 11 2.9 7.7 7.5 2 21 22
35 1.8 3 10 2.5 5.9 4 1.4 21 31
32 1.7 2 15 3 9.6 8.4 2.4 32 22
29 1.5 3 15 2.9 9.4 8.7 2.9 34 17
28 1.5 1 12 2 8.6 8.7 3.3 32 15
27 1.4 5 12 2.7 8.6 7.5 5 27 21
26 1.4 1 11 2.5 7 8.1 1.9 28 18
24 1.3 5 15 3.3 9.8 8.1 2.5 31 20
23 1.2 6 14 2.9 8.7 7 1.7 32 18
20 1.1 2 17 3.4 10.2 9 2.8 31 23
1
Use an Ochi-Hubble spectrum (Section 7.4) with the parameters indicated.

31

3.3 OPERATING CRITERIA

Winds. Table 3.3-1 shows the joint frequency of occurrence of wind speed and
direction. Winds are very constant reflecting the dominance of the trades. The
mean speed is about 7 kt toward the northerly quadrant. Figure 3.3-2 shows the
variation in wind speed intensity over the year.

Waves. Swells will be weakest from October to April as suggested in Figure
3.3-3. Conversely, it is roughest from May-September.

Table 3.3-2 summarizes the wave persistence during the year. The table shows
the number of events with significant wave height exceeding ranges from 3-10 ft.
For example, the table shows there were 6 events where the significant wave
height exceeded 9 feet. These events averaged 4.5 hrs in duration, with the
longest event lasting 6 hrs and the shortest 3 hrs. Table 3.3-3 to Table 3.3-6
provide similar information for the four seasons.

Current. Table 3.3-7 (Table 3.3-8) summarizes the joint frequency of occurrence
of near-surface (near-bottom) currents in a water depth of 250 ft. Near-surface
and near bottom currents are poorly correlated.

Air temperature, humidity and rainfall. The air temperature and humidity
criteria in this section are based on 5 years of measurements from Soyo. Air
temperature extremes were also checked against measurements made at Kuito
and Sanha. Seasonal variations in air temperature are plotted in Figure 3.3-4
and monthly mean rainfall is plotted in Figure 3.3-5.

Seawater temperature and salinity. Seawater temperature and salinity on the
Cabinda shelf has been updated using the measurements from the World Ocean
Atlas [2].

32
Table 3.3-1: Joint Frequency of Occurrence of Wind Speed and Direction for Offshore Cabinda (33 ft,
10min average). (20nmoffshore).
Speed (kt)
Direction 0-3 3-6 6-9 9-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 >21 Total
0-45 0.4 2.8 8.3 10.4 7.5 3.4 1.1 0.3 34.2
45-90 0.1 0.3 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.0 2.5
90-135 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
135-180 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
180-225 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
225-270 0.1 0.4 1.0 0.9 0.6 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.1
270-315 0.5 4.5 8.9 7.0 2.4 0.5 0.1 0.0 23.9
315-360 0.7 7.1 13.2 10.0 3.7 0.9 0.1 0.0 35.7
Total 2.0 15.3 32.1 29.2 14.7 5.1 1.3 0.3 100.0

Table 3.3-2: Annual Wave Height Persistence for Offshore Cabinda.
H
s
(ft)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. of Occ. 123 146 106 41 13 7 6 1
Avg (hr) 57 25 13 11 14 12 5 3
Max (hr) 744 198 159 129 108 24 6 3
Std Dev (hr) 121 41 21 21 28 9 2 0
% > 6 hr 63 59 53 39 31 57 50 0
% > 9 hr 51 39 35 24 31 57 0 0
% > 12 hr 45 32 26 20 23 57 0 0
% > 18 hr 40 27 17 12 15 43 0 0
% > 24 hr 34 26 12 10 15 29 0 0
% > 36 hr 28 23 9 7 8 0 0 0
% > 48 hr 26 20 7 7 8 0 0 0
% > 60 hr 24 16 5 2 8 0 0 0
% > 72 hr 21 14 3 2 8 0 0 0
% > 84 hr 20 11 2 2 8 0 0 0
% > 96 hr 17 8 1 2 8 0 0 0

33
Table 3.3-3: January-March Wave Persistence for Offshore Cabinda
H
s
(ft)
3 4 5 6
No. of Occ. 61 34 4 0
Avg (hr) 22 8 9 0
Max (hr) 231 69 18 0
Std Dev (hr) 61 14 2 0
% > 6 hr 66 62 75 0
% > 9 hr 54 24 50 0
% > 12 hr 46 18 25 0
% > 18 hr 38 6 25 0
% > 24 hr 28 6 0 0
% > 36 hr 18 3 0 0
% > 48 hr 16 3 0 0
% > 60 hr 11 3 0 0
% > 72 hr 7 0 0 0
% > 84 hr 5 0 0 0
% > 96 hr 2 0 0 0

Table 3.3-4: April-June Wave Persistence for Offshore Cabinda
H
s
(ft)
3 4 5 6 7 8
No. of Occ. 23 29 37 17 4 1
Avg (hr) 81 40 12 7 10 3
Max (hr) 723 198 81 48 30 3
Std Dev (hr) 158 83 18 11 12 0
% > 6 hr 61 62 46 35 25 0
% > 9 hr 48 48 30 17 25 0
% > 12 hr 43 48 24 12 25 0
% > 18 hr 39 45 19 6 25 0
% > 24 hr 39 38 14 6 25 0
% > 36 hr 35 35 11 6 0 0
% > 48 hr 26 28 8 6 0 0
% > 60 hr 26 28 5 0 0 0
% > 72 hr 26 24 3 0 0 0
% > 84 hr 26 24 0 0 0 0
% > 96 hr 26 21 0 0 0 0

34
Table 3.3-5: July-September Wave Persistence for Offshore Cabinda
H
s
(ft)
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
No. of Occ. 24 36 35 15 8 6 6 1
Avg (hr) 84 35 16 18 18 14 5 3
Max (hr) 627 195 159 129 108 24 6 3
Std Dev (hr) 146 49 60 32 34 9 2 0
% > 6 hr 46 56 57 40 38 67 50 0
% > 9 hr 38 44 37 33 38 67 0 0
% > 12 hr 33 44 26 33 25 67 0 0
% > 18 hr 33 42 14 27 13 50 0 0
% > 24 hr 33 42 14 20 13 33 0 0
% > 36 hr 33 36 14 13 13 0 0 0
% > 48 hr 33 33 9 13 13 0 0 0
% > 60 hr 33 19 9 7 13 0 0 0
% > 72 hr 33 17 6 7 13 0 0 0
% > 84 hr 33 14 6 7 13 0 0 0
% > 96 hr 33 8 3 7 13 0 0 0

Table 3.3-6: October-December Wave Persistence for Offshore Cabinda
H
s
(ft)
3 4 5 6 7
No. of Occ. 15 47 30 9 1
Avg (hr) 118 21 10 5 3
Max (hr) 744 159 51 12 3
Std Dev (hr) 182 35 11 3 0
% > 6 hr 87 57 53 44 0
% > 9 hr 67 40 37 22 0
% > 12 hr 67 23 30 11 0
% > 18 hr 60 21 17 0 0
% > 24 hr 53 21 10 0 0
% > 36 hr 53 19 3 0 0
% > 48 hr 53 17 3 0 0
% > 60 hr 53 17 0 0 0
% > 72 hr 53 15 0 0 0
% > 84 hr 47 9 0 0 0
% > 96 hr 40 4 0 0 0

35

Table 3.3-7: Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Near-Surface Current Speed 2 ft belowthe surface
and Direction (toward) for 250 ft water depth Offshore Cabinda.
Direction Speed (kt)
(
o
toward) 0-0.5 0.5-1.0 1.0-1.5 1.5-2.0 2.0-2.5 2.5-3.0 >3.0 Total
0-45 0.60 0.79 0.32 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.73
45-90 0.42 0.36 0.09 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.88
90-135 0.56 0.50 0.48 0.29 0.11 0.02 0.00 1.96
135-180 0.89 1.55 0.18 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.63
180-225 0.81 0.77 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.59
225-270 0.80 2.33 1.53 0.37 0.01 0.00 0.00 5.04
270-315 1.20 8.55 22.24 21.52 7.97 0.85 0.03 62.36
315-360 1.05 4.49 8.02 7.18 2.74 0.30 0.03 23.81
Total 6.33 19.34 32.87 29.40 10.83 1.17 0.06 100.00
WARNING! These data are based on measurements at 2ftbelow the seas surface. Current severity and directionality
vary fairly rapidly with depth. If currents at an alternate depth are needed contact ETC.

Table 3.3-8: Percent Frequency of Occurrence of Near-BottomCurrent Speed and Direction (toward)
for 250 ft Offshore Cabinda.
Direction Speed (kt)
(
o
toward) 0-0.1 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.3 0.3-0.4 0.4-0.5 0.5-0.6 0.6-0.7 0.7-0.8 Total
0-45 12.8 3.6 3.2 1.1 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.9
45-90 2.4 2.0 1.7 1.0 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.5
90-135 2.2 2.0 1.6 0.9 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.9
135-180 2.8 3.4 3.0 2.0 0.8 0.4 0.2 0.0 12.6
180-225 2.2 4.6 4.5 2.7 1.3 0.9 0.4 0.0 16.6
225-270 2.5 3.4 2.6 1.7 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 11.2
270-315 3.8 2.4 1.6 1.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 9.6
315-360 4.3 3.5 4.1 1.9 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 14.7
Total 33.0 24.9 22.3 12.3 4.6 1.9 0.8 0.2 100

36
Figure 3.3-1: Hs factor and crest factors versus water depth for offshore Cabinda.
Figure notes: 1. Multiply Hs from Table 3.1-1 by these factors to account for effect of water depth.
2. A 4 tide and air gap should be added to the crest height when calculating deck elevations.

Figure 3.3-2: Seasonal variation in 50%, 90%, 95%and 99%non-exceedence wind speed, offshore
Cabinda.
0.5
0.7
0.9
1.1
1.3
1.5
1.7
10.0 100.0 1000.0
F
a
c
t
o
r
s
-
MLW Depth (ft)
Hs
Current
Crest
J F M A M J J A S O N D
0
5
10
15
20
25
month
w
s
,
1
0
m
i
n

(
k
n
o
t
s
)
SMAD 20n.m. Offshore

99
95
90
50
37

Figure 3.3-3: Seasonal variation in 50%, 90%, 95%and 99%non-exceedence significant wave height
offshore Cabinda (nominal water depth of 155ft).

Table 3.3-9 Min/Mean/Max Air Temperature Offshore Cabinda
Statistic Tair (
o
F)
Minimum 59
Mean 78
Maximum 94

Table 3.3-10 Percent Occurrence of Air Temperature Versus Relative Humidity Offshore Cabinda
% Relative Humidity

<55 55 -60 60 -65 65 -70 70 -75 75 -80 80 -85 85 -90 90 -95
95-
100

A
i
r

T
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
o
F
)

<68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.47 0.70 0.14 1.40
68-72 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.09 0.50 1.91 4.45 3.60 0.12 10.68
72-76 0.00 0.03 0.19 0.89 1.96 2.82 4.61 5.71 2.90 0.16 19.27
76-80 0.03 0.17 0.80 2.01 2.82 4.69 9.22 11.48 3.22 0.04 34.48
80-84 0.01 0.06 0.37 2.11 5.50 8.22 6.79 3.17 0.26 0.00 26.49
84-88 0.01 0.17 1.12 2.75 2.49 0.90 0.13 0.00 0.00 0.00 7.57
>88 0.00 0.03 0.05 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.11
0.05 0.46 2.53 7.80 12.86 17.13 22.75 25.28 10.68 0.46 100.00

0
2
4
6
8
month
H
s

(
f
t
)

99
95
90
50
38

Figure 3.3-4: Seasonal median, 0.1%and 99.9%exceedence air temperature and median sea-surface
temperature offshore Cabinda.

Figure 3.3-5: Seasonal variation in mean monthly rainfall near the coast of Cabinda (Pointe Noire,
Rep. Congo)

60
66
72
78
84
90
96
month
t
e
m
p
e
r
a
t
u
r
e

(
o
F
)
Air and Sea Temperature

99.9% T
air
50% T
air
0.1% T
air
50% T
surf ace water
0
50
100
150
200
250
1 3 5 7 9 11
r
a
i
n

(
m
m
)
Month
Rain
39

Figure 3.3-6: Seawater temperature and salinity profile criteria offshore Cabinda.

Table 3.3-11: Seawater Temperature and Salinity Profile Criteria Offshore Cabinda
water temperature (
o
F) salinity (psu)
depth, z (ft) minimum mean maximum minimum median maximum
5 62.6 76.2 87.6 5.2 22.6-32.0 35.7
10 61.9 74.5 86.9 11.7 26.8-33.3 35.8
20 61.3 72.8 86.2 18.3 31.1-34.7 36.0
40 60.6 71.1 85.5 24.4 34.3-35.6 36.1
60 60.2 70.1 85.1 27.4 34.8-35.6 36.2
100 59.7 68.8 84.4 31.0 35.4-35.6 36.3
150 59.0 66.4 79.5 32.2 35.4-35.6 36.4
200 58.4 64.7 76.0 33.1 35.4-35.6 36.4
250 58.0 63.3 73.3 33.7 35.4-35.6 36.5
Notes: 1. For salinity the median value is estimated to lie in the range listed.
2. Values may be assumed to be constant over the upper 5ft of the water column.

44 50 56 62 68 74 80 86
-10
3
-10
2
-10
1
T (
o
F)
d
e
p
t
h

(
f
t
)
Shelf / Inner Slope

min
mean
max
2 8 14 20 26 32 38
-10
3
-10
2
-10
1
salinity (psu)
Shelf / Inner Slope

min
median
max
40
4 REGION-WIDE ANCILLARY PARAMETERS

4.1 MARINE GROWTH

Marine growth profile. Offshore West Africa the marine growth thickness
should be taken as 4 inches from mean high water down to a depth of 150ft
below the sea surface.

4.2 RAINFALL

Rainfall. Maximum rainfall rate events offshore most of West Africa should be
due to thunderstorm event. As such, we expect similar peak rates throughout the
regions and the rainfall rates in Figure 4.2-1 are presently recommended for all
regions offshore West Africa.

Figure 4.2-1: Rainfall intensity versus averaging time for 10- and 100-yr storms offshore West Africa.

41
5 METOCEAN CONDITIONS FOR OTHER LOCATIONS

Criteria for Nigeria Cabinda have been included in the previous two sections.
These two regions lie on the northern and southern boundaries of the general
study area denoted in Figure 1.1-1. Establishing criteria for the large region
between Cabinda and Nigeria is more difficult because of the lack of good quality
site data.

Results from the WAX JIP suggest a modest and nearly linear variation in the
100-year H
s
. This is not surprising given the lack of variability between Nigeria
and Cabinda as documented in Sections 2 and 3.

For preliminary design, it is suggested that a linear interpolation of the results
from Nigeria and Cabinda be used. For example, suppose the site of interest lies
on the equator (Gabon) in 100 ft of water. Using Table 2.1-1 and Figure 2.1-1,
give a 100-year H
s
in 100 ft of water of 9.7 ft for Nigeria. Similarly, Table 3.1-1
and Figure 3.3-1 give a 100-yr H
s
of 12.8 ft for Cabinda. Using linear
interpolation and assuming Gabon is halfway between Nigeria and Cabinda gives
a 100-yr H
s
of 11.2 ft. A similar approach is recommended for the other criteria.

42
6 WIND GUST FACTORS AND SPECTRA

Gust and elevation conversion from reference wind. The wind speed at
different elevations and averaging intervals (gusts) can be calculated using the
following relationships from the NORSOK standard [3]
+
.

( ) ( ) ( )
(
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
o
SL u SL SL s
t
t
z I z W t z w ln 41 . 0 1 ,

where:

( )
(
|
.
|
\
|
+ =
10
ln 1
SL
so
z
C w z W
, ( )
5 . 0
15 . 0 1 0573 . 0
so
w C + = ,
( ) | |
22 . 0
10
043 . 0 1 06 . 0

|
.
|
\
|
+ =
SL
so SL u
z
w z I

where:

- w
so
is the 1-hr average wind speed (m/sec) at 10m elevation,
- t
o
=3600s,
- z
SL
=new elevation above sea level (m),
- t=new averaging interval in sec (t t
o
).

Wind spectrum. The NORSOK wind spectrum recommended is recommended
for computation of dynamic wind loads:

( )
( )
n n
SL so
ww
f
z w
f S
3
5
45 . 0 2
~
1
10 10
320
) (
+
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
,

where n=0.468 and the non-dimensional frequency f
~
is given by:

75 . 0 3 / 2
10 10
172
~

|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
so
w z
f f .

+
Equivalent relationships in English units are provided in API [4].
43
7 WAVE SPECTRA
7.1 WAVE SPECTRAL SHAPE AND SPREADING

Multi-peaked spectra. Offshore West Africa seastates are frequently composed
of waves from different storms. As a result, the wave spectra are normally multi-
peaked. The dominant component is usually associated with swells coming from
the extra-tropical storms in the deep South Atlantic. There may be more than
one swell peak related to multiple distant storms. In addition, there may be a
higher frequency sea component due to local winds. In the case of a single
swell and a single sea component the total spectrum would be:

) ( ) ( ) ( f S f S f S
sea swell total
+ =

where f is the wave frequency (f=1/T). It should be recalled that wave spectra
are proportional to wave elevation-squared. Therefore, if component significant
wave heights are specified the total seastate significant wave height would be:

E
s,totuI
= _E
s,swcII
2
+E
s,scu
2

Throughout this specification three different types of wave spectra are specified:
- Gaussian Spectra. Used to characterize the extremely narrow-band
Nigeria swells.
- JONSWAP Spectra. Used to characterize wind-driven sea offshore
Nigeria (and some associated seastates offshore Cabinda).
- Ochi-Hubble Spectra. Used offshore Cabinda (and in some tables for
Nigeria) to characterize multi-modal seastates.

The specific mathematical forms of these spectra are listed in the following
sections.

44
7.2 THE GAUSSIAN SPECTRUM

Spectrum for Nigerian swell seas: The Gaussian spectrum. The Gaussian
swell spectrum is specified in terms of its significant wave height H
s
, peak period
T
p
(peak frequency f
p
=1/T
p
) and spectral width parameter o:

( )
( )

=
2
2
2
exp
2 o t o
p
o
f f
m
f S ,

where the zero
th
spectral moment m
o
is

16
2
s
o
H
m = .

7.3 THE JONSWAP SPECTRUM

Spectrum for local seas: The JONSWAP spectrum. The JONSWAP wave
spectrum was originally formulated in terms of wind speed and non-dimensional
fetch. A form expressed in terms of significant wave height H
s
, peak spectral
period T
p
(peak frequency f
p
=1/T
p
) and peak enhancement factor is much more
convenient for engineering purposes [5]:

( ) ( ) { }
|
o
4 5 4 2
25 . 1 exp

= f T f T H f S
p p s

where

( )
1
9 . 1 185 . 0 0336 . 0 230 . 0
0624 . 0
+ +
~

o

( )

=
2
2
2
1
exp
o
|
f T
p
,

>
s
=
p
p
f f
f f
when 09 . 0
when 07 . 0
o .

45
7.4 THE OCHI-HUBBLE SPECTRUM

The Ochi-Hubble form. Throughout this document the Ochi-Hubble spectrum is
specified for use. Each of the Ochi-Hubble spectral partitions S
i
(where i=1 may
be swell and i=2 may be sea)
+
is described by the expression:

(
(
I
+
=
+
] ) )(
4
1 4
( exp[
) 2 ( ) (
} ) 1 4 ( 4 {
2
) (
4 ,
1 4
2
,
4
,
4
f
f
f
H f
f S
i p
i
i s
i
i p i
i
i
i
t
t
t

For example, for most of the criteria in this document for first component, the
three parameters H
s
, f
p
and

correspond to H
s,swell
, T
p,swell
, and
swell
and for the
second component correspond to H
s,sea
, T
p,sea
, and
sea
. Note f
p
is the frequency
of the spectral peak or 1/T
p
. The Gamma Function (I), is a mathematical series
given in tables or as a functional call in Matlab or the IMSL math library.

7.5 DIRECTIONAL SPREADING

Directional spreading function. The cosine spreading function is
recommended for use with these criteria. This spreading function is applied
relative to the mean wave direction and is non-zero within 90
o
of the mean wave
direction:

( )
( )
,
90 , 0
90 , cos
>
s
=
o
H
o
H H H
n
H
for
for
D
u u
u u u u k
u

where the constant k is defined such that the energy at each frequency is
preserved:

( )
}
+
=
o
H
o
H
H H
d D
90
90
. 1
u
u
u u

+
Or more generally more than two spectral peaks may be specified with more than two i values.
46
8 HYDRODYNAMICS

These criteria apply to static analysis of jacket structures. ETC should be
contacted for specialized or highly dynamic structures or components like free-
standing conductors, deepwater jackets, or caissons. The criteria given below
are based on API RP2A (20
th
edition).

Marine growth in the region is 4 inches added to the radius of members between
mean high water and 150 ft below mean water. Member diameters in this zone
should be increased by 8 inches and rough drag and inertial coefficients should
be used. Members outside this range can use smooth force coefficients.

8.1 EXTREME FORCE CALCULATIONS

The standard drag and inertial force coefficients (C
d
and C
m
) used by Chevron
in other parts of the world may not be applicable to W. Africa. This is
because the W. Africa environment is so mild that the Kuelegan-Carpenter
number often falls below a critical value, particularly for larger members. The
upcoming release of SACS (Version 3.2) will automatically calculate the
proper coefficients. For those who are not using SACS, Figure 8.2-1 and
Figure 8.2-2 show the force coefficients for offshore Cabinda for the 1- and
100-yr return periods, respectively. The figures apply to nearly vertical
members (< 15 from vertical) in water depths of 250-400 ft. The coefficients
for return periods between 1- and 100-yr can be interpolated from the figures.
The rough (r subscripts) coefficients should be used for members down to
150 ft below mean water. The diameter used in the figures to find rough
coefficients should be increased by 8 inches for marine growth. For bracing
members suggested values are C
ds
=0.65, C
dr
=1.05, and C
ms
=C
mr
=2.0.

Figure 8.2-3 and Figure 8.2-4 give the force coefficients for offshore Nigeria in
46 and 16 ft of water depth (Mean Low Water, MLW). Table 8.2-1 should be
used for coefficients not shown in the figures. These coefficients apply to
near-vertical (< 15 from vertical) members. Each figure shows coefficients
for the 1- and 100-yr storms. Coefficients for large diameter members in
other water depths should not be interpolated from the figures. ETC can
provide these if needed. The diameter used in the figures to find rough
coefficients should be increased by 8 inches for marine growth. For bracing
members suggested values are C
ds
=0.65, C
dr
=1.05, and C
ms
=C
mr
=2.0.

Streamfunction Wave Theory kinematics are recommended for calculating
extreme loads. Use 20th order for the shallow water (< 50 ft), and 7th order
for deeper water.

A wave kinematics factor of 1.0 is recommended for W. Africa because of
lack of directional spreading expected for extreme wave.

47
Current blockage factors are given in Table 8.2-2 as a function of the number
of platform legs and wave direction. For either free-standing or braced
caissons the blockage factor should be 1.0.

Wave shielding factors that account for wave force reductions on closely
spaced conductors may be selected from Figure 2.3.1-4 of the 20th edition of
API RP2A if A/S is greater than 2.5. These factors apply to forces;
consequently both drag and inertia coefficients should be multiplied by this
factor. In the figure, the spacing S is in the direction of wave travel. The
diameter, D, should include the effect of marine growth thickness. Table
8.2-3 shows the values of A (amplitude of the horizontal water particles) to be
used off Nigeria and Cabinda for the 1- and 100-yr events. If A/S is less than
0.5 then there is no shielding and the shielding factor is 1.0. Use linear
interpolation for intermediate values of A/S greater than 0.5 and less than 2.5.

8.2 FATIGUE CALCULATIONS

A frequency domain fatigue analysis is recommended. There is no simplified
approach in the RP2A, 20
th
Edition, that is applicable to W. Africa. Table
8.2-4 recommends the wave heights and periods, and order of the
Streamfunction Theory to be used for developing the stress range transfer
functions. A wave kinematics factor of 1.0 is recommended. Calculations
should be based on the mean water depth (should not include tide) and
should not use current.

The inertia coefficients vary somewhat from site to site because they depend
on water depth, and the wave heights and wave periods that are expected to
cause the most fatigue damage. The recommended values in various water
depths are given in Table 8.2-5. The inertia coefficient in general also
depends on platform member diameters and orientation. The values in Table
8.2-5 are based on a nominal leg diameter of 3.5 ft (including marine growth).
If the leg diameters are considerably different, or the inertia forces contributed
by bracing and conductors are a large portion of the total inertia force, consult
ETC for more refined values of inertia coefficients. Constant drag coefficients
of 0.65 (smooth) and 1.05 (rough) should be adequate since the drag force
will be much smaller than the inertial force for W. Africa jackets subjected to
fatigue waves. A wave shielding factor of 1.0 should be used.

Table 8.2-1: Default Values of Force Coefficients.
Coefficient Value
C
dr
1.05
C
ds
0.65
C
mr
1.2
C
ms
1.6

48
Table 8.2-2: Current Blockage Factors
1

No. of Legs Heading Factor
3 all 0.90
4 end-on 0.80
4 diagonal 0.85
4 broadside 0.80
6 end-on 0.75
6 diagonal 0.85
6 broadside 0.80
8 end-on 0.70
8 diagonal 0.85
8 broadside 0.80
1
For free-standing and braced caissons the
current blockage factor should be 1.0.

Table 8.2-3: Values for the Wave Excursion Length, A, for Various Sites and Return Intervals.
Site 1-yr 100-yr
Cabinda (250-400 ft) 9 ft 12 ft
Nigeria (16 ft MLW) 30 28
Nigeria (46 ft MLW) 20 29

49

Table 8.2-4: Fatigue Analysis Wave Periods and Heights for Transfer Function
Period Height Order of
(sec) (ft) Streamfunction
18.0 3.5 20
16.0 3.5 20
14.0 3.5 20
12.0 3.5 7
11.0 3.5 7
10.0 3.5 7
9.0 3.5 7
8.0 3.3 7
7.5 3.3 7
7.0 3.2 7
6.5 3.1 7
6.0 3.0 7
5.5 2.9 7
5.0 2.8 7
4.5 2.7 7
4.0 2.5 7
3.5 2.4 7
3.0 2.2 7
2.5 1.5 7
2.0 1.0 7
Structures with sharp response peaks should be
checked at finer period increments. For this purpose,
the table can be linearly interpolated.

Table 8.2-5: Fatigue Analysis Inertia Coefficients for Various Water Depths
Depth (ft)
C
m

10 1.7
20 1.9
>30 2.0

50

Figure 8.2-1: Hydrodynamic force coefficients for 1-yr stormin water depths of 250-400 ft, offshore
Cabinda.
Figure notes 1. The "r" subscript means "rough"; the "s" means smooth. When selecting rough coefficient, the
smooth diameter should increased by 8".
2. Members should be within 15 of vertical.
3. Use Table 8.2-1 for coefficients not shown in Figure.

Figure 8.2-2: Hydrodynamic force coefficients for 100-yr stormin water depths of 250-400 ft,
offshore Cabinda.

Diameter (in)
F
o
r
c
e

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cds Cdr Cms Cmr

Diameter (in)
F
o
r
c
e

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Cds Cdr Cms Cmr
51

Figure 8.2-3: Hydrodynamic force coefficients for 100- and 1-yr storms in water depths of 50 ft
(MSL), offshore Nigeria. .

Figure 8.2-4: Hydrodynamic force coefficients for 100- and 1-yr storms in water depths of 16 ft
(MLW), offshore Nigeria.

Diameter (in)
F
o
r
c
e

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cdr-1yr
Cds-1yr
Cmr-1yr
Cdr-100yr
Cds-100yr

Diameter (in)
F
o
r
c
e

C
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
0 20 40 60 80 100
Cdr-1yr Cdr-100yr Cds-1yr
52
9 REFERENCES

1. Cooper, C.K. Metocean and Hydrodynamic Criteria for Shallow Fixed Structures and
Pipelines Off W. Africa, ETC memo, Version 19, Feb 11, 2009.
2. Santala, M. SMAD Fixed Platform Metocean Criteria, June 2, 2009 ETC report; Version B.
3. Norwegian Technical Standards Institute, Actions and Effects, NORSOK N-003, Rev. 1,
February 1999.
4. American Petroleum Institute, Recommended Practice for Planning, Designing and
Constructing Fixed Offshore Platforms-Working Stress Design, API RP 2A-WSD, 21
st

Edition, October 2005.
5. Goda, Y., Random Seas and Design of Maritime Structures, University of Tokyo Press.
1985, Tokyo, Japan.

WAfrica#20 Metocean & the EGP Pipeline 1/3
Chevron Energy Technology Company
6001 Bollinger Canyon Road
San Ramon, CA 94583
FE Department CSME Unit MOSP Team

FROM: Markku Santala (925) 842-4889
TO: Desmond Yan 2 Dec, 2009
CC: Cort Cooper
REF: Recommendations on the use of WAfrica#20 for Final Design
of the EGP3 Pipeline

Summary. This EGP3 pipeline project would like to use the Chevron general shallow
water West Africa criteria document [1] for metocean input to its pipeline designs in water
depths of 200 and less offshore the Escravos River (Figure 1). This memo outlines a few
site specific modifications that should be applied based on review of [1] and the actual
area of the EGP3 pipeline. In short, three modifications are recommended:

1. A maximum wave height to associate with peak bottom currents has been developed.
2. The directional sector of long-period swells should be varied with water depth.
3. Wave heights should not be reduced offshore of the reference water depth of 50.

Areas examined. Since the metocean parameters most relevant to pipeline design are
wave heights and currents; this review of [1] focused on these parameters. A separate
report specifies air and seafloor water temperature criteria which should be used for the
area [2].

Maximum wave heights to be associated with peak bottom currents. The peak
bottom current criteria in Table 2.1-3 of [1] specify an associated bi-modal seastate. If it is
desired to use an individual maximum wave height with the peak bottom current the wave
in Table 1 may be used.

Table 1. Individual Wave to Use with Peak Bottom Currents in Table 2.1-3 of [1].
Parameter Symbol Value
Maximum Wave Height H
max
10.3 ft
Associated Wave Period T
Hmax
9.5 s
Note: This wave height is associated with all return period (1-year to 100-year) current extremes in Table 2.1-3 of [1].

It should also be noted that the data which we have indicate that the return period bottom
current extremes (1-year=1.2knots, 100-year=1.8knots) in Table 2.1-3 of [1] should be
valid all the way out to the 200 depth limit considered.

Wind-wave direction, swell direction and wave height modification versus water
depth. It has been previously pointed out that the wave height modification curve in
Figure 2.1-1 of [1] is not consistent with data we have from the recent WANE J IP hindcast
[4,5]. Developing the precise wave and crest height modification curve versus depth
based on this data is beyond the scope of this work. Analyses do show that wave heights
should not be lower in depths greater than 50ft than they are at 50ft. Hence, it is
recommended that wave heights not be reduced from their reference level at 50ft when
considering sites offshore of the 50ft isobath. Inshore of the 50ft isobath the wave
modification curve may be used as in [1]. Wave directions as a function of water depth
have been estimated directly from the WANE shallow grid point data as they were in [4] for
a single depth.

Table 2 lists the wave height modification factor as a function of water depth to be used in
place of the values in Figure 2.1-1 of [1]. This table also lists the principal direction of
swells and wind seas as a function of water depth to be used in place on the values in
Tables 2.1-1, Table 2.1-2 and Table 2.1-3 of [1]. Due to their longer period the swell
waves turn more strongly towards shore due to refraction as the move into shallow water.
As expected, the directions of short period waves are unaltered with water depth.

Table 2. Wind Sea Direction, Swell Direction and Wave Height Multiplication factors to be
used in place of vales in Tables 2.1-1, Table 2.1-3, Table 2.1-3 and Figure 2.1-1 of [1].
MLW depth H
s
and H
max
swell direction toward,
H,swell
wind sea direction toward,
H,windsea

(ft) factor low limit (deg) high limit (deg) low limit (deg) high limit (deg)
10 0.61 25 75 25 75
16 0.87 25 75 25 75
25 1.03 20 70 20 70
30 1.05 20 70 20 70
37 1.01 20 70 20 70
50 1.00 15 65 20 70
60 1.00 10 60 20 70
80 1.00 5 55 20 70
100 1.00 0 50 20 70
250 1.00 0 50 20 70


Figure 1. Local area of EGP3 pipeline. The purple line is the pipeline. The light gray lines are isobaths. The 30
isobath has been pointed out.

References

1. Cooper, C.K. and M.J . Santala, Metocean and Hydrodynamic Criteria for Shallow
Fixed Structures and Pipelines Off W. Africa, ETC memo, Version 20, Sept 14, 2009.
2. Santala, M.J ., Air and Water Temperature Criteria Offshore the Escravos River (water
depths of 250ft and shallower). 25 Nov, 2009 ETC report.
3. MH, Design Basis for Pipelines & Power Cable, Doc No. OF@-WIL-GN-DES-PL-
00001. Willbros West Africa, Inc. May 5, 2005.
4. Santala, M.J ., Commentary on Metocean Criteria adopted for EGP3 Pipeline, 27 Apr,
2009 ETC memo.
5. Oceanweather, Inc., West Africa Normals and Extremes Hindcast (WANE2),
Submitted to WASP2 J IP Participants J uly 2008.

WAfrica Metocean Data Rev20

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Table 1.2-1 Symbols..........................................................................................................................8

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