Intro Information

Definitions:
Statistics: The process of collecting, organizing, analyzing, interpreting and presenting data.
Descriptive Statistics: Is the branch of statistics that involves organizing, displaying, and
describing data.
Inferential Statistics: is the branch of statistics that involves drawing conclusions about a
population based on information contained in a sample taken from that population.
Population: is any specific collection of objects of interest; people, animals, objects.
Sample: Is any subset or sub-collection of the population, chosen at random.
Types of Variables:
1. Quantitative: A variable representing a number.( you can do math to)
a: Discrete: A variable representing a number that is countable. (a set
number like 1)
b: Continuous: A variable representing a number that has an infinite
number of possible values. (ex: time, can be broken to hours,
minutes, seconds, milliseconds, etc; or height)
2. Qualitative: A variable representing non numerical data. (ex: gender)
Types of Probability: Scale used is between 0 and 1; closer to 0 means unlikely, closer to 1
means highly likely to happen.
1. Simple: The likely hood an event occurs.
2. Parameters: The likely hood an event occurs within a set parameter.
3. Cause and Event: The probability this will cause that.
4. Theoretical: Doing the math of: what you want divided by all possible outcomes.
5. Experimental: Doing an experiment, using the data to figure out the probability the
event will occur.
Inferential: Guessing based on what you know.
Symbols:
Sample
x = random variable
x = sample average
n = sample size
S = sample deviation
p = sample proportion
Population
x = random variable
= population average
N = population size
= population deviation
P = population proportion
Correlation & Regression
Definitions:
Correlation: The relationship between two or more measures. (ex: relationship
between value of x and value of y)
Regression: The relationship between an independent variable and its dependent
variable.
ex:
xbatting avg 0.3100.3150.320yHR202535
EX: Positive, Strong Correlation
Ex Negative, Strong Correlation
Ex: Positive, Mild Strength Correlation
Ex: No Correlation
How to Enter Data on Calc
Stat Edit Put X values in L and Y values in L
How to Find Line on Calc
Stat Calc linregvax+bu v L, Lu
To get L hit 2nd then 1
Ex:
a = .9
b = 20
y = .9(x) +20
Ex 1:
x= 75
y = .9(75) +20
y = 87.5
Ex 2:
y = 100
100 = .9(x) +20 (subtract 20 from both sides)
80 = .9(x) (divide both sides by .9)
x = 88.9
Probability
Probability: See Earlier deffiniton.
Sample Space: Every likely outcome.
P(A) = Probability of event A
P(A) = What I want to happen
All possible outcomes
P(A
c
) = Compliment of P(A); P(A) + P(A
c
) = 1. (later P= rate of success, Q = rate of failure)
Examples
Ex: P(rolling snake eyes)
There are 36 total outcomes of rolling 2 dice, and snake eyes only occurs
once in the total sample space.
P(rolling snake eyes) = P(1/36) = 0.027 or .03
Sample Space chart
Roll 1 Roll 2
1 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
2 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
3 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
4 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
5 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
6 1 or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6
Ex 2: P(Rolling 2 dice and they have a sum of 10) so 4 then 6, 5 and 5, and 6 then 4)
= P(3/36) = P(1/12) = 0.083
Independent: Each event outcome has no bearing on the other.
and multipl
Ex.
Probability model: the sum of all the probabilities must equal 1
Major Probability
Business 0.75 this becomes 0.25 so the sum is 1.
Nursing 0.25
Social Science 0.20
Science 0.20
Math 0.10
n=125
MajorFrequencyRelative Frequency (f/n)Business3030/125 = 6/25Nursing2020/125 =
4/25Social Science1515/125 = 3/25Science2525/125 = 5/25 = 1/5Math3535/125 = 7/25
Ex 2:
BlackPinkBlueOtherTotalMen10135Women331512Total432817
P(Other)= 8/17
P(men and other)= 5/17 + 8/17 - 3/17(the overlap) = 10/17
P(men and women) = 0 (cannot be a man and woman)
P(pink and blue)= 3/17 + 2/17 = 5/17
Rules:
Multiplication Rule: P(A) * P(B) = P(A and B) [only if
independent]
P(A and B) = P(A) *P(B/A) or P(B) *P(A/B) [only if dependent]
Ex:
BlueOtherTotalMen101222Women152035Total253257 1) P(man given
Blue) = P(Men/Blue)= 10/25
2) P(Man & wearing blue) = 22/57 * 10/22 = 10/57 [22s cancel out]
3)P(Man and Women) = P(man) * P(man/women) = 22/57 * 0 = 0
Ex 2:
P(x) = .15
P(y) = .3
P(x/y) = .5
Find P(x and y)
= P(y) * P(x/y)
= P(.3) * P(.5)
= .15
Ex 3:
P(x) =
P(z) =
P(x/y) =
Find P(x and y).
= Cant be done because no P(y) is given.
Ex 4:
P(A) = .10
P(B) = .90
P(A and B) = .09
[is independent because two events with the sum of 1, so there is
no third event possible]
Add Rule: !ust be mutuall exclusive, n" "utc"mes in c"mm"n# v"r addu
P(A or B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
Ex: [see chart from multiplication rule]
1)P(man or blue)
22/57 + 25/57 - 10/57 = 37/57

2) P( woman or man) = 35/57 + 22/57 - 0 = 1
Ex:
P(A) = .5
P(B) = .3
P(B/A) = .15
Find P(A or B)
= .5 + .3 - [P(.5) * P(.15)]
= .8 - 0.075
= 0.725

Ex:
xyzTotalA12101537B871530C9121031Total29294098 Find:
P(A/B) = 0 [because A and B dont cross each other]
P(X/A) = 12/37
P(Q) = 0 [because there is no Q]
P(A and C) = 0
P(A or C) = 37/98 + 31/98 = 68/98 =34/49
P(Z or B) = P(Z) + P(B)- [P(Z) *P(B/Z)]
= 40/98 + 30/98 - [P(40/98) * P(15/40)]
= 55/98
P(X and A) = P(A) * P(X/A)
= 37/98 * 12/37
= 12/98
Factorials
n!= n * (n-1) * (n-2) * (n-3)..... * 1
0! = 1
1! = 1
Combinations
Definitions:
Combinations: Choosing a set of numbers from a larger set at random, where order
does not matter. [ On calculator nCr]
Formula:
n!
r!(n-r)!
Ex.
Choose 5 people from 10 to win a prize, all prizes are the same.
= C = $ % 10! = 10 * 9 * 8 * 7 * 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 7 * 6 * 3 * 2 = 252
5! 5! 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 1
On calc:
&'at ever ( n is !at' P)* nCr +'at ever number r is Enter
Permutations
Definition:
Permutation: Choosing a set of numbers from a larger set at random, where order
does matter. [ On calculator nPr]
Formula:
n!
(n-r)!
On calc:
&'at ever ( n is !at' P)* nPr +'at ever number r is Enter
Ex: Choose 5 people from 10 to win 5 prizes varying in amounts.
= P = $ % 10! = 10 * 9 * 8 * 7 * 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 10 * 9 * 8 * 7 * 6 =30240
5! 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 1
Ex 2: P ,
= 6! = 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 6 * 5 * 4 = 120
3! 3 * 2 * 1 1
Expected Value
Definition:
Expected Value: The mean of a discrete distribution.
Formulas:
= n * p
OR
= [x* P(x)]
Examples
Ex 1: X= # of games play in a week
P(X) = probability you will play in game
XP(X)X * P(X)00.10010.200.2020.400.8030.300.90 0 + .20 + .80 + .90 = 1.9 games
expected to play
Ex 2:
XP(X)X * P(X)Test 1950.6057Test
2700.3021HW750.107.5Total---------------------------------------------------------85.5
Ex 3: Probability of having 3 boys out of 3 kids
X P(X)
0 0.125
1 0.375
2 0.375
3 0.125
Binomial Probability
Definition:
Binomial Probability: Trying to find the probability of x successes in n tries. Each
try, or trial, must carry a specific p, which is the rate of success. Each trial must be
independent and must take place under identical and ideal conditions. There is never an
unknown probability. The sum of P(X) has to equal one or very close to 1 cause of rounding.
Formula:
P(x) = n! * P
x
* Q
(n-x)
(n-x)! * x!
Examples:
Ex 1: Say I plant 6 seeds; spaced evenly, in the same depth, receive the same amount
of water etc. P = .70 growth Q = .30 failure
P(4) = 6! * .7 * .3
2!4!
= 6 * 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 * .7 * .3 = 30 * .7 * .3 = 15 * .7 * .3 = .324135
2 * 1 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 2
Table for Seeds
X P(X)
0 0.000729
1 0.010206
2 0.059535
3 0.18522
4 0.324135
5 0.302526
6 0.117649
Steps on Calc:
-nd .ars v/istru bin"mpd0 1) bin"mcd0 vn,p,xu
binompdf if you want exactly one number
binomcdf if you want the sum from P(x) from 0 to X
Do 1-binomcdf when you want x and more.
Ex 2: Historically 75 out of 110 students pass my final, what is the prob that 1/2 of my
14 summer students pass my final.
n = 14
x = 7
P = 75/110 = .681
P(X)= .0776
Tips
P(x < 2) then dont include two, binomcdf(n,p,1)
P(X 2) then binomcdf(n,p,2)
If it says less than half do not include what ever number half is in binomcdf
If it says half or less: then include what ever number half is in binomcdf
Intro to Stats Notes for Test 1
Intro to Stats Notes for Test 1
EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 \s
EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 \s
EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 \s
EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 \s
EMBED MSGraph.Chart.8 \s