Analog MOS circuits- easy to fabricate fully integrated high quality Analog filters

Lossy Inductor is represented by an Inductor with a Series Resistance

Q
L
= wL/R
Highest practically attainable quality factor=1000
For low frequencies (w becomes low) the size and weight of inductors becomes very
large
Inductors often need ferromagnetic materials for cores. These inductors are usually
nonlinear, and hence generate unwanted harmonics of the signals
Inductors radiate as well as pick up electromagnetic waves. Hence they tend to introduce
interference noise into the circuit
The quality factor =Q
L
is directly proportional to the square of linear dimensions of the
inductor. Hence we cannot reduce the size
A lossy capacitor can be represented by a capacitor in parallel with some impedance
Q
C
= wC/G
Quality factor of Capacitor is independent of physical dimensions. Hence high Q
miniature caps can be built
Q
C
can be as high as 10,000 for practical capacitors
High quality capacitors are available in MOS technologies
Charge storage is possible since any MOS transistor connected to a node can be cut off
almost completely; the off current of a MOSFET is can be less than a picoamp
Nondestructive charge sensing is possible since the low frequency input (gate )
impedance of a MOSFET is infinite
As capacitors consume larger area, caps more than 100pF are not used
MOS resistors are realized using a Diffusion or Polysilicon line, which tend to be non
linear
Since MOS capacitors are made in different fabrication steps than Resistors, their errors
do not track with those of Resistors on the same chip
The errors of the capacitors are of the same order as those of Resistors , hence the error of
any RC time constant may be as large as 20%
Furthermore, the temperature and voltage coefficients of resistors and capacitors are not
correlated, hence the time constants will also vary somewhat with temperature and signal
level
The straightforward element by element integration of an active RC filter cannot satisfy
the accuracy and stability requirements normally needed
Active RC filters can be modified into switch capacitor ones simply by replacing all
resistors by equivalent switched-capacitor branches
The resulting network will thus contain only amps, switches and capacitors
Assuming ideal op-amps the response depends on the values of the Capacitor
A time constant R
1
C
2
will be replaced by (T/C
1
)C
2
= ( C
2
/C
1
)f
c

Here C
1
is the value of the switched capacitor used to replace R
1
and f
c
is the Clock
frequency
Using Switch Cap filters the area is reduced by a factor of 400