PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PRESTASI AKADEMIK

PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR TAHUN TINGKATAN 4 2012

PERATURAN PEMARKAHAN
BIOLOGI
KERTAS 2
ANSWER SCHEME
PEPERIKSAAN AKHIR TAHUN TINGKATAN 4 2012
1
JABATAN PELAJARAN NEGERI SELANGOR
MAJLIS PENGETUA SEKOLAH MENENGAH (MPSM)
Question 1
Ques Criteria Marks

1(a)(i) Able name structure Q
Answer:
Q : Epithelial tissue 1
1
1(a)(ii ) Able to state on adaptation of Q
Sample answer
P1 : consists of man ! a "roup of epithelial cells
P# : has cilia
An 1
1
1
1
1( b ) Able to state two functions of structure Q in the trachea$
Sample answer:
P1 : build the linin" wall of the trachea
P# : Cilia to sweep dust
P% : Secrete mucus that traps dust particles
An #
1
1
1
#
1( c )(i) Able to state the cell or"ani&ation of le'el (
Answer :
Sstem 1
1
(c)(ii) Able to e)plain one function of trachea in respirator sstem
Sample answer
:$
P1: Allows o)"en intake ! carbon dio)ide elimination
P#* durin" inhalation!e)halation
P% : as trachea does not collapse
P( : made up of rin"s of cartila"e
An #
1
1
1
1
#
1( d ) Able to e)plain one adaptation of the lun"$
Sample answer:
P1: has man al'eoli
P# : increase total surface area
P% : efficienc of "ases e)chan"e
P( : surface moist
P+: eas for respirator "ases to dissol'e
An #
1
1
1
1
1
#
1( e ) Able to e)plain one difference in structure of the lun" in
indi'idual M and ,
%
2
Sample answer
P1 : surface area of the lun" in M is lar"er than ,
P# : lun" M has more smaller ( rounded ) structures! al'eolus
!air sacs compare to ,
P% : as( more ) al'eolus! (rounded) structures!air sacs in , ha'e
been dama"ed
P(:b ci"arette smoke in ,
P+: , al'eolus shows smptom of emphsema
P+ : decrease rate of "ases e)chan"e
An three
1
1
1
1
1
Total 12
Question 2
,um Criteria Marks
# ( a ) ( i ) Able to name was of transport - and . and "i'e reasons
Sample answer
- : Acti'e transport t! Passi'e transport
/eason : 0ransportation molecules is a"ainst concentration
"radient !!lower molecules to hi"her molecules concentration
. : 1acilitated diffusion
/eason : 0ransportation is followin" concentration "radient
!!hi"her molecules concentration to lower molecules concentration
1
1
1
1
(
#( a )( ii ) Able to state two differences between wa of transport - and . $
Sample Answer
- .
,eeds ener" A0P 2oes not need ener"
A"ainst concentration
"radient
1ollows concentration "radient
1
1
1
#
3
#( b )
3ccurs in li'in" cells 3ccurs in li'in" and non li'in"
cell
An #
Able to e)plain how amino acids molecules are transported b .
Sample answer
P1 : Concentration of amino acids molecules is hi"her in outside
cell compare to inside cell
P# : amino acids molecules binds to the bindin" site of carrier
protein
P% :carrier protein chan"es shape
P( :allow molecules to pass throu"h to the other side of plasma
membrane
P+ : carrier proteins chan"e back to its ori"inal shape
An %
1
1
1
1
1
%
#( c ) Able to e)plain the effect of canide in the transport of minerals
Sample answer
P1 : Acti'e transport cannot be carried out
P# : Acti'e transport needs ener"
P% : canide disrupts respiration
P( : no ener" is produced
P+ : less!no mineral intake
An %
1
1
1
1
1
%
Total 12
Question
,um Criteria Marks
4
%(a) Able to name the tpe of cell di'ision and sta"e M and ,$
Answer
0pe of cell di'ision: Meiosis
Sta"e M : Metaphase 4
0pe of cell di'ision : Mitosis
Sta"e , : Metaphase
1
1
1
1
(
%(b) Able to state the chromosomal beha'iour of cell ,$
Sample Answer
P1: the chromosome !sister chromatids line up at the metaphase
plate !e5uator
P#: the spindle fibre holds on the chromosome at the centromere
An 1
1
1
1
%(c)(i) Able to name structure P$
Answer
Centriole 1
1
%(c)(ii) Able to e)plain what happen to the dau"hter cell formed if there is
no structure P in the cell
Sample answer
P1: no spindle fibres formed
P# : chromosomes are not held at the centromere durin"
metaphase
P%: (sister) chromatids are not separated
P( ( sister ) chromatids not able to mo'e to the opposite poles
P+ : dau"hter cell with une5ual number of chromosomes formed
P+: ma lead to "enetic disorder disease!!an suitable name of
the "enetic disorder disease
An %
1
1
1
1
1
%
%(d) Able to e)plain the importance of process Q to an or"anism
Sample answer
P1: process P is crossin" o'er!! e)chan"e of "enetic material
P# : leads to 'ariation
P% : better adaptation to the en'ironment
P( : better chance of sur'i'al of the species
P+ : better adaptation to the en'ironment
An %
1
1
1
1
1
%
Total 12
Question !
,um Criteria Mark
s
((a) Able to identif or"an / and S #
5
Answer:
S : Stomach
0 : Pancreas
1
1
((b)(i) Able to state the function of S! stomach in the di"estion process$
Sample answer
P1 : 6astric "lands in S produced ! secrete "astric 7uice
P# : Consists of pepsin ! rennin ! hdrochloric acid
P% : Pepsin hdrolses protein to polpeptides
P( : /ennin coa"ulates soluble milk ! caseino"ens to
casein$
P+ : 8drochloric acid pro'ides an acidic medium!! kill
bacteria!!stops the action of amlase
An #
1
1
1
1
1
#
((b) (ii) Able to state the effect of takin" meal at irre"ular time$
Sample answer:
P1 ( 8a'in" meals at irre"ular times ) result in the absence of
food in the stomach at certain period$
P# : "astric 7uice (secreted b "astric "land) act on (the
epithelial linin" of) the stomach wall
P% : result to "astric ulcer ! "astritis!! pain in the stomach
An #
1
1
1
#
((c) Able to state the function of pancreas and effect of cancer of
pancreas to the process of lipid di"estion
Sample answer
P1: Cancer of pancreas pre'ents the pancreas from
releasin" the pancreatic 7uice into duodenum
P# : 9ipase not secreated
P% : 9ipids not hdrolsed b lipase
P( :to produce fatt acid and "lcerol$
An #
1
1
1
1
#
((d) Able to state two adaptations of 'ilii in absorption process$
Sample answer
P1 : 8as dense network of blood capillaries ! lacteal
P# : 8as a 'er thin wall ! one cell thick wall
1
1
#
6
P% : 8as moist surface
P( : 8as lar"e number of 'illus
P+ : to increase the rate of absorption of nutrient$
An #
1
1
1
((e) Able to e)plain the how amino acids is assimilated b li'er
Sample answer:
P1 : E)cess amino acid will be transported to li'er!/
P# : : deamination process
P% : 9i'er !/ hdrolsed amino acid into "lucose and
urea$
P( : 0his will lower the concentration of amino acid in the
blood
P+: 9i'er !/ snthesi&ed plasma proteins!! forms
en&mes!hormones
An #
1
1
1
1
1
#
Total 12
Question "
,o$ Criteria Mark
+(a) ( i ) Able to name species in &one / ; S and 0
Answer
<one / : A'icenia ! Sonneratia
<one S : /hi&ophora
1
1
%
7
<one 0 : :ru"eira 1
+(a)( ii) Able to e)plain two adaptations of species in &one / to sur'i'e
in the ecosstem$
Sample answer
P1 : 8as (lon")cable root
P# :0o "i'e support in mudd soil! traps the mud!soil
P% : 8as 'i'iparit seed !seed "erminate while still bein"
attached to parent tree
P( : 0o float ! a'oid sink in sea water ! stands upri"ht in the mud
P+ : 8as pneumatophores ! breathin" roots
P= : 0o obtain o)"en durin" hi"h tide
P> : 9ea'es ha'e thick cuticle!! sunken stomata
P? : /educe transpiration!water loss
An (
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(
+(b) Able to e)plain the chan"es in the ecosstem that will happen to
&one S after 1@ ears
Sample answer
P1 : <one S has prop roots
P# : trapped mud!sediments
P% : hardened the soil
P( : increase the soil le'el
P+ : soil more fertile
P= : condition no more fa'orable for species in &one S
P> : Species in &one 0 replace species in &one S
An %
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
%
+(c) Able to e)plain one importance of man"ro'e swamp to maintain
biodi'ersit
Sample answer
P1 : Pro'ides habitat to or"anisms
P# : Pro'ides breedin" places for or"anisms
P% : A'oid from e)tinction
P( : :alanced the carbon ccle
P+ : Maintain a balanced ecosstem
An #
1
1
1
1
1
#
Total 12
Question #
,um Criteria Marks
= ( a ) Able to e)plain the adaptations of al'eolus in "aseous e)chan"e$
Sample answer
P1: the wall of al'eolus is onl one cell thick 1
1
(
8
P#: enables rapid diffusion of "ases
P%: inner surface of each al'eolus is lined with a laer of moist
epithelial cells
P(: enables respirator "ases to dissol'e in the fluid before
diffusin" across al'eolar wall
P+: outer surface is co'ered b a dense network of blood capillaries
P= : which pro'ides a lar"e surface area for rapid diffusion of "ases
to and from the al'eoli$
An (
1
1
1
1
=( b ) Able to e)plain inhalation process in human
Sample answer
P1: the e)ternal intercostal muscles contract
P#: internal intercostal muscles rela)
P%: rib ca"e mo'e outwards ! upwards
P(: diaphra"m contracts and flattens
P+: 'olume of thoracic ca'it increases
P=: causin" air pressure within al'eoli to decrease
P>: hi"her atmospheric pressure outside causes air to rush in
An (
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(
=( c ) ( i ) Able to e)plain the need for anaerobic respiration$
Sample answer
P1: o)"en in muscle cells is insufficient
P#: causes o)"en debt
P%: lactic acids accumulates in muscle cells
P(: ma lead to muscle cramp
P+ : pantin"!deep breath
P= : to pa Ao)"en debt B
An #
1
1
1
1
1
1
#
=( c )( ii ) Able to state + differences between aerobic respiration and
anaerobic respiration
Sample answer
P1: 3)idation of "lucose is complete in aerobic respiration but
o)idation of "lucose is incomplete in anaerobic respiration
1
1
+
9
P#: 3)"en is used in aerobic respiration but o)"en is not used
in anaerobic respiration$
P%: 9ar"e amount of ener" (#?C? kD)is released durin" aerobic
respiration but a small amount of ener" (1+@ kD in muscle
cells; #1@ kD in east fermentation)is released durin" anaerobic
respiration$
P(: %? molecules of A0P is released durin" aerobic respiration but
# molecules of A0P is released durin" anaerobic respiration$
P+: Anaerobic respiration occurs in the ctoplasm and mitochondria
but anaerobic respiration occurs in in the ctoplasm onl$
P=: 0he products of aerobic respiration are carbon dio)ide; water
and ener" but the products of anaerobic respiration are
ethanol; carbon dio)ide and ener" in easts !lactic acid and
ener" in muscle cells$
An +
1
1
1
1
=( d ) Able to e)plain the re"ulation of o)"en and carbon dio)ide b his
bod$
Sample answer
P1: when the o)"en le'el in the blood is low
P#: the carbon dio)ide le'el increases due to cellular respiration
P%: carbon dio)ide reacts with water in blood to form carbonic acid
P(: causin" blood p8 to drop
P+: the peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated
P=: and send ner'e impulses to the respirator centre
P>: this stimulates the respirator muscles to contract and rela)
faster
P?: breathin" and 'entilation rates increase
more o)"en inhaled and o)"en le'el in blood returns to
normal$
An +
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
+
Question $
,um Criteria Marks
10
>(a) Able to e)plain how e)tracellular en&me is produced and
transported out of a cell$
Sample Answer
P1: ,ucleus contain "enetic information (of protein snthesis in)
! 2,A
P#: /ibosome is the site of protein snthesis
P%: the snthesi&ed proteins in the ribosomes are transported
throu"h (the spaces between the) rou"h endoplasmic
reticulum$
P(: Proteins (depart from the rou"h endoplasmic reticulum)
wrapped in transport 'esicles$
P+: 0he transport 'esicles bud off from the sides of the rou"h
endoplasmic reticulum$
P=: 0he transport 'esicles tra'el to 6ol"i apparatus$
P>:0ransport 'esicles fuse with the membrane of the 6ol"i
apparatus
P?: and empt their contents into (the membranous space of the)
6ol"i apparatus$
PC: 0he proteins are processed; modified; and repacka"ed in the
6ol"i apparatus$
P1@: Secretor 'esicles containin" these protein!modified
proteins!e)tracellular en&me bud off from the 6ol"i
apparatus membrane
P11: and transported to the plasma membrane$
P1#: these 'esicles will then fuse with the plasma membrane
P1%: :efore releasin" the protein!modified proteins outside the
cell as en&mes$
An =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
=
>(b) Able to e)plain the mechanism of lock and ke hpothesis$
Sample Answer
P1: En&me has acti'e site
P#: the acti'e site has distincti'e shape
P%: en&me hi"hl specific
P(: Substrate binds to the acti'e site of the en&me
P+: to form en&me E substrate comple)
P=: the en&me catalses the substrate to form product
P>: the en&me is now free to bind with another substrate
An (
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(
>(c) Able to e)plain the effect of temperature on the rate of en&me
reaction$
Sample Answer
=
11
P1: At low temperature rate of en&me reaction is slow
P#: /ate of en&me reaction is ma)imum at their optimum
temperature
P%: as temperature increase; the chances of substrate to bind to
the acti'e site of en&me increase
P(: for e'er 1@ C rise in temperature; the rate of reaction
increase
P+: abo'e the optimum temperature; an increase in temperature
will no lon"er increase the rate of reaction
P=:At temperature abo'e =@ C; en&me is denatured so the rate
of en&me reaction is &ero$
P>: bond that hold the en&me molecules be"in to break
P?: alter the three dimensional shape of en&me
PC: substrate no lon"er fit into the acti'e site of en&me
P1@: the en&me lose their acti'ities
An =
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
>(d) Able to e)plain the uses of en&me technolo" in wine industr
Sample Answer
P1 : <mase is use as a catalst
P# : to con'ert "lucose
P% : to ethanol
P( : a tpe of alchohol ! wine
P+ : durin" fermentation
An (
1
1
1
1
1
(
Total 2%
Question &
,um Criteria Marks
12
?(a) Able to e)plain the "ood and bad effects of sprain" fertili&ers on
a"riculture and /i'er S$
Sample Answer
6ood 4mpact
P1: Crops "row health
P#: 4ncrease crop ield
P%: Supplin" minerals such nitrates and sulphates
An #
:ad 4mpact
P% :nitrates!sulfates dissol'ed in rain water
P(: washed awa ! leached into /i'er S
P+: ri'er water rich in nitrates!sulphates
P=: resultin" in the rapid "rowth of al"ae on the surface of the
ri'er
P>: eutrophication !al"al bloom
P? : block!pre'ent sunli"ht to penetrate into the ri'er water
PC: al"a used o)"en for decomposition ! hi"her rate of
decomposition
P1@: decrease the o)"en content (of the /i'er S)
P11 : increased :32 le'el of water
P1#: cause the death of a5uatic or"anisms ( in the /i'er S )
An ?
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1@
?(b) Able to e)plain the bad effects of the presence of industries to of
the en'ironment and health of the residents in the town area
Sample Answer
P1: (:urnin" of coal and oil )in factories releases harmful "ases
!sulphur dio)ide! nitro"en dio)ide!carbon dio)ide!smoke! dust
!dirt$
P# : increase e)cess particles!pollutants to the en'ironment
P% : leads to air pollution
P(: sulphur dio)ide! nitro"en dio)ide cause acid rain
P+: which destros buildin"s! sculpture of stone !'ehicles
P=: acid rain reduces the p8 of soil ! water
P>: causes death of or"anisms
P? : (e)cess) carbon dio)ide cause 6reen 8ouse effect
PC: increase temperature of the en'ironment
P1@ : cause disease to the residents ! difficult in
breathin"!cou"hin"!skin cancer !an suitable disease
P11 : disaster ! drou"ht
P1#: Smoke! dust ! soot cause ha&e
P1% :irritates the ees! si"ht difficult
An 1@
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1@
Total 2%
Question '
No C(ite(ia Ma()
C(a) Able to e)plain the mechanism of photosnthesis$
Sample Answer: 1@
13
Li*+t (ea,tion
P1: 9i"ht reaction occurs in the presence of li"ht
P#: 9i"ht reaction occurs in the "rana in the chloroplast
P% :2urin" li"ht reaction chlorophll captures li"ht ener" which
e)cites the electron of the chlorophll
P(: 0he electron lea'es the chlorophll molecule
P+ : Ener" from the e)cited electron is used to form A0P
P=: 9i"ht ener" is also used to split water molecules into hdro"en
ions and hdro)l ions!photolsis of water
P>: 0he hdro"en ions combine with the electron to form hdro"en
atoms
P? : 0he hdro)l ions loses an electron to form a hdro)l "roup
PC : 0he hdro)l "roups then combine to form water and o)"en
-a() (ea,tion
P> : 2ark reaction occurs in the absence of li"ht
P? : 2ark reaction takes place in the stroma in the chloroplast
PC : 8dro"en atoms are used to fi) carbon dio)ide durin" reduction
of carbon dio)ide
P1@: Carbon dio)ide is reduced into "lucose and water
P11 : 0he "lucose under"oes condensation to form starch
P1# : Starch is stored in chloroplast as starch "rains
An 1@
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
(b) Able to e)plain the effect of the lackin" of micronutrients and
macronutrients in plants$
Sample Answer:
P1: 1erum is a micronutrient
P# : 9ackin"!deficienc of ferum cause ellowin" of oun" lea'es
P% : Copper is a micronutrient
P% : 9ackin"!deficienc of copper cause death of tips of oun"
shoots and stunted "rowth
P( : <inc is a micronutrient
P+ : 9ackin"!deficienc of &inc cause stunted "rowth
P= : :oron is a micronutrient
P> : 9ackin"!deficienc of boron cause lea'es become thick!curled
P? : ,itro"en is a macronutrient
PC : Plant cannot snthesise chlorophll!en&mes for photosnthesis
P1@ : 9ackin"!deficienc of nitro"en cause stunted
"rowth!chlorosis!ellow leaf
P11 : Phosphorus is a macronutrient
P1# : Plant cannot snthesise A0P needed for photosnthesis
P1% : 9ackin"!deficienc of phosphorus cause poor root "rowth
P1( : Potassium is a macronutrient
P1+ : Plant cannot snthesise protein and cofactor of en&mes
P1= : 9ackin"!deficienc of potassium cause ellow lea'es
An 1@
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1@
14
Total 2%
EN- O. MARK SCHEME
15