Diferencia de potencial (DV) y Potencial Electrico (V)

E
+
-
F=q
o
E
F=q
o
E
When the test charge is moved in the field
by some external agent, the work
done by the field on the charge is equal to
the negative of the work done by the
external agent causing the displacement.
For an infinitesimal displacement ds of a charge, the work
done by the electric field on the charge is F. ds = q
0
E. ds.
For a finite displacement of the charge from point A to point
B, the change in potential energy of the systemDU=U
B
-U
A
is:
The integration is performed along the path that q
0
follows as it moves from A to B. Because the force q0E is
conservative, this line integral does not depend on the
path taken from A to B.
Dividing the potential energy by the test charge gives a physical quantity that depends
only on the source charge distribution. This quantity U/q
0
is called the electric potential
(or simply the potential) V. Thus, the electric potential at any point in an electric field
is:
cantidad escalar
If the test charge is moved between two
positions A and B in an electric field, the
chargefield system experiences a change
in potential energy. The potential difference
DV = V
B
-V
A
between two points A and B in
an electric field is defined as the change in
potential energy of the system when a test
charge is moved between the points
divided by the test charge q
o
:
Potential difference should not be confused with difference in potential energy.
The potential difference between A and B depends only on the source charge
distribution (consider points A and B without the presence of the test charge),
while the difference in potential energy exists only if a test charge is moved
between the points.
Electric potential is a scalar characteristic of an electric field, independent of
any charges that may be placed in the field.
Because electric potential is a measure of potential energy per
unit charge, the SI unit of both electric potential and potential
difference is joules per coulomb, which is defined as a volt (V):
This equation shows that potential
difference also has units of electric field times
distance. From this, it follows that the SI unit
of electric field (N/C) can also be expressed in
volts per meter:
Therefore, we can
interpret the
electric field as a
measure of the
rate of change
with position of
the electric
potential.
Example: Motion of a Proton in a Uniform Electric Field
A proton is released from rest in a uniform electric field
that has a magnitude of 8x10
4
V/m, as shown the
figure. The proton undergoes a displacement of 0.5 m
in the direction of E.
(A) Find the change in electric potential between
points A and B.
(B) Find the change in potential energy of the protonfield systemfor this displacement.
EXAMPLE
Ejercicios
Potencial electrico y energia potencial
debido a cargas puntuales
DV =
To find the electric potential at a point located a
distance r from the charge, we begin with the
general expression for potential difference:
where A and B are the two arbitrary points
shown in Figure. At any point in
space, the electric field due to the point
charge is :
where is a unit vector directed from
the charge toward the point. The quantity
E. ds can be expressed as
Como es un vector unitario, entonces:
DV =
SE CONOCE COMO
EL POTENCIAL ELECTRICO CREADO
POR UNA CARGA PUNTUAL q A UNA DISTANCIA r.
LA EXPRESION
p
Q1
Q2
Qn
.
.
.
r
2
r
1
r
n
Potencial electrico debido a una distribuciondiscreta de carga
EJERCICIO
1.
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EJERCICIO