There are about 42 million people worldwide are infected with HIV.

HIV is transmitted when the

person had a single exposure but after repeated risk-taking. The pathogenesis of HIV virus is that
it aims at cells with CD4 surface molecule. HIV virus will combine with the cell membrane by
binding to the receptor that present on surface of CD4 T-lymphocyte. After this fusion, viral
replication is started. When the virus reach the cytoplasm of the host cells, the envelope of the
virus is shed and its contents are released. After that, reverse transcription occurred and DNA is
made from viral RNA-template. These infected cells will remain in a inert state for irregular
period of time. When they are activated, viral proteins will be synthesized. These newly formed
virion will come out from the infected cells and they will circulate until they find a new target
cells. There are four approaches of lab test for HIV infections, first is identification of antibodies
to viral proteins, second detection of viral antigens, third detection of viral nucleic acids or fourth
culturing the virus. Moreover, there are five ethical issues arise during recruitment of subjects for
HIV related research. The first one is to choose who to target whether the young generation or
old generation. Then, what is the exact word or language to use when communicating with the
participants. Third is how to make the intervention give the most potent results. Fourth was how
participant to participant interactive to make the site. The last one is the choosing the preferred
control group. Furthermore, the benefits of counseling in preventing HIV spread are first to
elicit a realistic assessment on the pattern of risk-taking behavior by approaching the patients in
non-judgmental manner. Second is to give information to the patients so that they can receive
appropriate medical care and also the opportunity to modify their behavioral that may cause
transmittance of the virus to uninfected persons. Other benefits are counseling can help the
infected people make decision of their life, increase their self confidence and also improve their
quality of life and also their relationships. Scientific studies have proven that by introducing a
needle exchange method, HIV transmittance in drug injecting persons can be reduced. Health
care providers can ensure their patients confidentiality by limiting the access to the patient
information to authorized individuals only. Lab personnel can take care of their safety at
workplace by avoid any contact with the patients body fluids especially when they are having
broken skin. They should wear gloves, masks and eye protection. The equipment in the lab
should be sterilize properly.