Curso Inglés Militar

-3-
PRLOGO
La mayor integracin de los Ejrcitos de las naciones de nuestro entorno
en estructuras supranacionales para, con la puesta en comn de las
capacidades conjuntas, poder responder a los nuevos desafos de seguridad
que pudieran amenazar la estabilidad mundial, ha obligado a que el Ejrcito
de Tierra espaol se adapte a las nuevas circunstancias en consonancia con
los cambios experimentados por la sociedad espaola, pasando de un
Ejrcito territorial de guarnicin, a otro de proyeccin, con una alta
disponibilidad y en el que se ha profesionalizado la tropa.
Este operar conjunto con otros Ejrcitos exige, adems de contar con
armamento y materiales interoperables con los de nuestros aliados, el
disponer de unos procedimientos operativos comunes. No obstante, aun
siendo importante lo anterior, resultara de todas luces mposible el llevar a
buen trmino este trabajo conjunto, si los componentes de cada uno de estos
Ejrcitos son incapaces de comunicarse en un lenguaje comn. Siendo el
ingls la lengua adoptada por la comunidad internacional como el idioma en
el que se desarrollan normalmente las operaciones militares, se hace
necesario que los componentes del Ejrcito tengan una formacin adecuada
en este idioma.
Este libro de ingls ha sido concebido y diseado para responder
fundamentalmente a las necesidades que en esta lengua tengan los
componentes del ET., estando orientado a sus niveles bsicos, y sirviendo
como pilar en el que se asienten posteriores conocimientos y niveles ms
avanzados.
En consecuencia, considero que el Basic English Book for the Military es
un libro pensado para los profesionales de las armas y que constituye una
herramienta muy til para iniciarse en los fundamentos de la lengua inglesa.
Juan Ramn Amat Gutirrez
TENIENTE GENERAL
J efe del Mando de Adiestramiento y Doctrina del Ejercito de Tierra
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UNIT GRAMMAR DAILY SPEAKING CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
1
page
9-15
Personal pronouns
Verb " To Be"
-Affirmative form
-Negative form
-Question form
Greetings
-Whats your name?
-How old are you?
-How are you?
Cardinal numbers I
-(1-30)
Ordinal number I
-(1st-5th)
2
page
17-26
Articles
-Definite article The
-Indefinite article A, An
-Some
-Any
Possession
-Saxon genitive
-Possessive adjectives
-Possessive pronouns
Verb " To Have"
Affirmative form
Negative form
Question form
Plurals
-Regular plurals
-Irregular plurals
Introductions
Good morning
Good afternoon
This is my
Nice to meet you
Colours
Cardinal numbers II
-(30-100)
Ordinal numbers II
-(6
th
-25
th
)
3
page
27-35
Demonstratives
-This, That
-These, Those
Infinitive, participle and gerund
Simple present
-Affirmative form
-Negative form
The time
The time
-What time is it?
-Its half past five
How are you?
-How are you?
-Im not fineIm very tired
-Lately I don't sleep very well
-Take some sleeping pills
Family and relationships
Meals I
4
page
37-46
The adjective
-Degrees of comparison
-Superiorty comparatives and
superlatives
-Inferiority comparatives
-Equality comparatives
Irregular forms of the comparative
and superlative
How to make comparisons
The adverb I
-Where to put the verb
-Adverbs classification
On the phone
-Who's calling?
-This is
-Do you want to leave a message?
-I call you back later
Days of the week
Seasons of the year
Months of the year
Dates
Cardinal numbers III
-(101-2.000.000)
5
page
47-54
The adverb II
-"-ly" ending adverbs
Adverb degrees
Irregular forms of the adverbs
Adverbial phrases
At the travel agency
-Id like to know if there are any
seats on
On the plane
-Is there still a long way to go?
-The plane is landing now
Moods
Weather phenomena and natural
catastrophes
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 T O U N I T 5
6
page
59-68
" There is" and " there are"
sentences and partitives
-"There is" and "there are"
sentences
-The use of "Some"
-The use of "Any"
Quantities
-The use of "too", "too much", "too
many", "enough", "not enough"
-"Some", "any" and "no" compounds
At the hotel
-Ive booked two single rooms
-How long are you going to stay
at this hotel for?
-Wed like to have half board
-Could you change us pounds
into euros?
Parts of the house
Rooms of the house
Furniture
The bathroom
7
page
69-77
Questions I
-Auxiliary "To Do"
-The verb "To Be"
Prepositions I
In the Restaurant
-Where would you like to sit?
-Could you bring me whatever
you think is best on the menu?
-Which wine do you recommend?
Breakfast
Fruit, cereals and vegetables-
meat and fish
Drinks, desserts, the table
8
page
79-88
Past Simple of the regular verbs
-Affirmative form
-Negative form
-Question form
-Negative question form
Past Simple of the irregular verbs
Past Simple of the verb " To Be"
-Affirmative form
-Negative form
-Question form
In the train station
-Were about to take a train
-When does your train leave?
-Do you know where the platform?
Countries and nationalities
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CONTENTS MAP
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READING COMPREHENSION MILITARY TERMS MILITARY CONVERSATION
" This is the description of Miguel and
Teresa"
-He /She is a
-He /She is years old
-His /Her telephone number is
Ranks
Various
Conversation between a Staff Sergeant
and a Private
-May I come in, Sir?
-This is. assigned to
-Whats your post?
"Description of Miguel's little brother"
-He has lots of
-He likes
-He plays football
In the barracks and
generalities
Conversation between a Full Corporal
and a Private
-Are you on duty?
-Im the sentry
-Did you clean your rifle?
-There is an inspection parade in the
battery
" My family"
-My mother's name is
-I have one brother
-My mother's parent's are my grandparents
Units and command
schelons
Conversation between a Private and a
Corporal
-Whats that unit?
-Whos the commander?
" Holidays"
-Christmas
-New Year's Eve
-St. Valentine's Day
-Easter
-Festival of Passover
-Good Friday
-Easter Day
-Easter Monday
-Mother's Day
-Father's Day
-Fourth of J uly
Weapons, specialities and
assignments
Conversation between a Full Corporal
and a Corporal
-Whats your branch?
-Im posted in
-I don't have a driver license
-I should apply for
" El Nio and La Nia"
-El Nio takes place in
-These effects occur around
-These fires create
-Opposite to El Nio
-Climate historians speculate that
The uniform
Conversation between two Privates
-These boots are very big for me
-Whats your size?
-I need size
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 T O U N I T 5
" The History of Harrods"
-This tale begins with
-Init becomes
-It is the best and the most well known
department store in the world
Light weaponry
-Im collecting ammunition for
-What kind of exercise is it about?
-Will it be carried out with live ammunition?
" British meals"
-British people have three meals a day
-Beakfast is usually between
-The second meal of the day is
-The last meal of the day is
Heavy weaponry
Conversation between a Sergeant and a
Private
-Did you check the track of the tank?
-Don't forget to install the machine on the turret
-Did you already refuel the tank?
" Prejudices"
-There are a lot of prejudices according
to nationalities
-German people are considered to
-Danish people are thought to be
-British people are believed to be
The Navy and the Air Force
Full Corporal
-Did you see that warjet?
-I think that it is an F-18
-Look at that helicopter
CONTENTS MAP
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UNIT GRAMMAR DAILY SPEAKING CIVILIAN VOCABULARY
9
page
89-99
Questions II
-Wh questions
-How to form Wh questions
How to write a letter in English
-Date and place of origin
-Opening a letter
-Closing a letter
Rent a car
-Wed like to rent a car
-Can I see your ID or passport?
-I'm afraid you will have to pay an
additional fee for being under 25
-Which car would you like to rent?
-Is there an additional driver fee?
-No, but there is limited mileage of
" Do" or " Make" ?
-When to use make
-When to use do
10
page
101-111
How to form the gerund
Present Continuous
-Affirmative form
-Negative form
Past Continuous
-Affirmative form
-Negative form
Present and Past Continuous
question
-Question form
Wh questions with present and
Past Continuous
Questions with " How"
How to make an appointment to
see the doctor
-Could I make an appointment to
see the doctor?
-Id like to see the doctor assoon
as possible
Animals and plants
Parts of the head
Parts of the body
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 6 T O U N I T 1 0
11
page
117-129
-Future Tense
-Affirmative form
-Negative form and question form
-Future with "going to"
First Type Conditional Sentences
Present Perfect
-Use of " Since" and " For"
Asking the Way
-Is far from here?
-You might need to take a bus to
-The bus stop is quite near
-Go straight on along this street
until
-Take the third turning on
-Could you show us in the map?
Means of transport
Clothes
The sizes and their equivalences
The city
12
page
131-138
The Conditional tense
-Affirmative form
-Negative form
-Question form
The Imperative
Customs
-Where are you from?
-Do you have an entry permit?
-Whats the purpose of your
journey?
Sports and leisure time
13
page
139-148
Modal Verbs
Can
Could
Must
Need
May
Might
Should /Ought to
Shopping. Buying food
-Could I have some of?
-Which one do you want?
-How much is it?
-I'll have
Shopping. Buying clothes
-It goes with
-Try on.
-I need a smaller size
-To change for
Length
Weight
Capacity
14
page
149-157
Passive voice
Prepositions II
At the doctor's
-Whats the matter?
-My head hurts
-How is the pain like?
-Acute and constant pain
-To be allergic to
-To take pills
Diseases and pains
15
page
159-171
Phrasal verbs
-How to form phrasal verbs
So/Neither do I
-So
-Neither
-Grammatical constructions to
disagree with someone
Verb + -Ing (=Gerund)
Calling the insurance company
-My cars broken down
-To tow the car
-Whats your insurance company?
Differences between British and
American English
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 1 T O U N I T 1 5
CONTENTS MAP
C
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READING COMPREHENSION MILITARY TERMS MILITARY CONVERSATION
Writing a Letter in British English
In the office
On the maneuvers
Formed in parade
Conversation between two operators
-Whats the position of?
-Were deployed in
-Move on up to
-Over
-Roger. Out
"Climatic Change"
-People and environment are
experiencing the consequeces of
-This change is mainly due to
-There are extreme weather events
-Climate impacts
-Predictions for the future
-To slow down global warming
-To avoid climate catastrophe
-Renewable energy sources
-Clean energies
In the training
Sergeant
-NBC attack
-To put the mask on
-To avoid being affected by the radiations
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 6 T O U N I T 1 0
" The United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland"
-The United Kingdom is situated in
-Its neighbours are
-The United Kingdom consists of four
nations
-Great Britain is often incorrectly used
to refer to the United Kingdom
Parts of the rifle, machine
gun & pistol
Sergeant
-Show me your rifle
-I have a cartridge in the chamber
-Pull the charging handle down and take it out
" Terrorist Attack"
-The terrorist attacks on
-There is a great uncertainty about
-An emergency communications plan
-Meeting place
-Disaster supplies kit
-Seriously injured people
Communications
First aid
-Do you know what happened to?
-He was wounded on
-Shell explosion
-Mortar shrapnel
-A severe injury
" David Bowie"
-David J ones was born on
-David J ones started playing
-In, he changed his name to
-He married
-He produced albums for
-Bowie had no luck in
Operations, offensive
Conversation between a Captain and a
Lieutenant
-Cross the departure line at
-My platoon will advance up to
-Where is the enemy position?
-The attack will be performed
-To receive the order by radio
-Fire support
-Departure line
" The Euro"
-European single currency
-The euro has replaced
-To join the euro
-Faces of the coin
-Strong currency
Operations, defensive
Conversation between a Sergeant and a
Private
-Watch that cord
-Take care
-Come back to the trench
-To report by radio
" Stonehenge"
-The most famous monument of
-To be built in several phases
-Is Britain's greatest national icon
-Its original purpose
-Worship of
-Astronomical observatory for
-Sacred site
-Burial of ancient
Peacekeeping missions
Conversation between a Corporal and a
Private
-My unit is in a peacekeeping mission
-To operate in
-Hot spot
-There are lots of snipers in
-What Organization is leading?
-To be in charge
-To be in command
R E V I E W F R O M U N I T 1 1 T O U N I T 1 5
EXERCISES
VERBS 183 - 198
REGULAR VERBS: CONJ UGATION . . . . . . . . . . 183 - 196
IRREGULAR VERBS: LIST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 - 198
GLOSSARIES 199 - 225
PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
CIVILIAN GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 - 219
MILITARY GLOSSARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221 - 225
KEYS TO THE EXERCISES 227 - 235
CONTENTS MAP
1
UNIT 1
UNIT 1
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1.-PERSONAL PRONOUNS
(PRONOMBRES PERSONALES)
Ntese que en ingls, a diferencia de lo que
ocurre en espaol, hay tres gneros (masculino,
femenino y neutro) para el pronombre personal
de tercera persona del singular. La traduccin
que ofrecemos para el pronombre personal
neutro de tercera persona del singular (it) es
*ello.
2.-THE VERB TO BE
(EL VERBO TO BE)
A diferencia de lo que ocurre en espaol,
todas las formas verbales en ingls han de estar
acompaadas por un sujeto explcito, ya sea
un pronombre personal (I, you, etc.) o uno o
varios sustantivos (John, Paul and Ane, etc.)
TO BE (ser; estar)
Simple present / Question form
English Spanish
1
st
S
am I?
soy (yo)?
estoy (yo)?
2
nd
S
are you?
eres (t)?; ests (t)?
es (usted)?; est (usted)?
3
rd
S
is he/ she/ it?
es (l/ ella/ *ello)?
est (l/ ella/ *ello)?
1
st
P
are we?
somos (nosotros/ as)?
estamos (nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
are you?
sois (vosotros/ as)?
estis (vosotros/ as)?
son (ustedes)?
estn (ustedes)?
3
rd
P
are they?
son (ellos/ as)?
estn (ellos/ as)?
TO BE (ser; estar)
Simple present / Negative form
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am not
I'm not
(yo) no soy
(yo) no estoy
2
nd
S
you are not
you arent
(t) no eres; (t) no ests
(usted) no es; (usted) no est
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is not
he/ she/ it isnt
(l/ ella/ *ello) no es
(l/ ella/ *ello) no est
1
st
P
we are not
we arent
(nosotros/ as) no somos
(nosotros/ as) no estamos
2
nd
P
you are not
you arent
(vosotros/ as) no sois
(vosotros/ as) no estis
(ustedes) no son
(ustedes) no estn
3
rd
P
they are not
they arent
(ellos/ as) no son
(ellos/ as) no estn
TO BE (ser; estar)
Simple present / Affirmative form
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am
I'm
(yo) soy
(yo) estoy
2
nd
S
you are
you're
(t) eres; (t) ests
(usted) es; (usted) est
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is
he's/ she's/ it's
(l/ ella/ *ello) es
(l/ ella/ *ello) est
1
st
P
we are
we're
(nosotros/ as) somos
(nosotros/ as) estamos
2
nd
P
you are
you're
(vosotros/ as) sois
(vosotros/ as) estis
(ustedes) son
(ustedes) estn
3
rd
P
they are
they're
(ellos/ as) son
(ellos/ as) estn
PLURAL
English Spanish
1
st
we nosotros/ as
2
nd
you
vosotros/ as
ustedes
3
rd
they ellos/ as
SINGULAR
English Spanish
1
st
I yo
2
nd
you t/ usted
3
rd
he/ she/ it l/ ella/ *ello
G R A M M A R
1
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D A I L Y S P E A K I N G
1.-GREETINGS
(SALUDOS)
Isabel: Hello! My names Isabel.
Whats your name?
Isabel: Hola! Me llamo Isabel. Cmo
te llamas?
Nuria: My names Nuria.
Nuria: Me llamo Nuria.
Isabel: How old are you?
Isabel: Cuntos aos tienes?
Nuria: Im thirty-six years old. And
you?
Nuria: Tengo treinta y seis aos. Y t?
Isabel: Im thirty-nine.
Isabel: Tengo treinta y nueve.
Alicia: Hi!
Alicia. Hola!
Isabel: Hi! How are you?
Isabel: Hola! Cmo ests?
Alicia: Fine, thank you. And you?
Alicia: Bien, gracias. Y t?
Isabel: Fine, thanks.
Isabel: Bien, gracias.
Hello! My names
Isabel.
Whats your name?
My names Nuria
How old are you?
Im thirty-six years old.
And you?
Im thirty-nine
Hi!
Hi! How are you?
Fine, thank you.
And you?
Fine, thanks
1
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1.-CARDINAL NUMBERS I (1-30)
(NMEROS CARDINALES I [1-30])
C I V I L I A N V O C A B U L A R Y
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 four
5 five
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 fourteen
15 fifteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 twenty
21 twenty-one
22 twenty-two
23 twenty-three
24 twenty-four
25 twenty-five
26 twenty-six
27 twenty-seven
28 twenty-eight
29 twenty-nine
30 thirty
2.-ORDINAL NUMBERS I (1
st
-5
th
)
(NMEROS ORDINALES I [1-5])
English Spanish
1
st
first primero/ a/ os/ as
2
nd
second segundo/ a/ os/ as
3
rd
third tercero/ a/ os/ as
4
th
fourth cuarto/ a/ os/ as
5
th
fifth quinto/ a/ os/ as
English Spanish
The Fourth of July is the American Independence Day. El cuatrode julio es el Da de la Independencia estadounidense.
The second day of the week is Tuesday. El segundo da de la semana es martes.
His first last name is Prez. Su primer apellido es Prez.
English Spanish
I have three cars. Tengo tres coches.
George is twenty-six years old. George tiene veintisis aos.
My brother spent eight days in London. Mi hermano estuvo ocho das en Londres.
Examples:
Examples:
1
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R E A D I N G C O M P R E H E N S I O N
1.DESCRIPTION OF MIGUEL AND TERESA
(DESCRIPCIN DE MIGUEL Y TERESA)
Miguel and Teresa are a couple. He is
twenty-four years old and she is twenty-three
years old. They are students. He is a biologist
and she is an economist. His telephone
number is 4-8-6-7-1-5 and her telephone
number is 7-6-9-1-6-4. Miguel is a sportsman
but she is not. They are in Granada, they live
at 13 Telephone Road. This is the first time
they live together.
M I L I T A R Y T E R M S
1.-RANKS
(EMPLEOS MILITARES)
Private
Corporal Full Corporal
Corporal Major
Sergeant Staff Sergeant
Warrant Officer Sergeant Major
Second
Lieutenant
First
Lieutenant
Captain Major
Lieutenant
Colonel
Colonel
N.C.O.
all rank and file
officers
generals
Brigadier Major
General
Three Star
General
Four Star
General
Five Star
General
2.-VARIOUS
(VARIOS)
English Spanish
recruit recluta
all rank and file tropa
N.C.O. suboficiales
English Spanish
temporary officer oficial de complemento
conscript soldier soldado de reemplazo
professional soldier soldado profesional
generals oficiales generales
2.- ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
(CONTESTA LAS SIGUIENTES PREGUNTAS)
1) How old is Miguel?
2) What are they?
3) What is her telephone number?
1
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M I L I T A R Y C O N V E R S A T I O N
Private: May I come in, Sir?
Soldado: Puedo entrar, mi Brigada?
Staff Sergeant: Yes, come in.
Brigada: S, entre.
Private: This is the Private Juan Ramrez
Martnez, assigned to this Rifle
Company, Sir.
Soldado: Mi Brigada, soy el Soldado Juan
Ramrez Martnez, destinado a la
Compaa de Fusiles.
Staff Sergeant: Whats your post given to you by the
Sergeant?
Brigada: Cul es el encuadramiento que te ha
dado el Sargento?
Private: Second Rifle Platoon, first Squad.
Soldado: Segunda Seccin de Fusiles, primer
Pelotn.
Staff Sergeant: OK, why did you join the Army?
Brigada: De acuerdo, por qu entr en el Ejrcito?
Private: Because I always liked this kind of
life and I love serving my country in
the Army.
Soldado: Porque siempre me ha gustado este
tipo de vida y me encanta servir a mi
patria en el Ejrcito.
E X E R C I S E S
May I come in, Sir?
Yes, come in
This is the Private
Juan Ramrez
Martnez, assigned to
this Rifle Company, Sir
Whats your post
given to you by the
Sergeant?
Second Rifle Platoon,
first Squad OK, why did you join
the Army?
Because I always liked
this kind of life and I
love serving my country
in the Army
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING
THE CORRECT WORD.
a) Hello. My name is Cristina. What is your name?
b) My _____ is Patricia.
c) Hello. I _____ Charles. What is _____ name?
d) _____ _____ _____ Hellen.
e) I am twenty-two years old. How old _____ you?
f) _____ _____ nineteen _____ old.
g) _____ old are _____?
h) I am _____ years _____?
i) What is your telephone number?
j) My _____ number is 5-6-2-8-4-5.
k) Is your telephone _____ 5-6-2-8-4-5
l) Yes, it _____.
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE
CORRECT FORM OF THE VERB TO BE.
a) Are you a student?
b) _____ she Patricia?
c) _____ they Spanish?
d) _____ I nice?
e) _____ we friends?
3) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A
SUITABLE WORD.
a) Are you a student?
b) No, I am not a _____.
c) Are they Paul and Mary?
d) _____, they are.
e) _____ I your friend?
f) Yes, you _____.
g) Are you a soldier?
h) No, I _____ _____ a soldier.
1
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4) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING CARDINAL NUMBERS
BY USING WORDS.
a) 14
a) Fourteen
b) 30
b) __________________
c) 28
c) __________________
d) 16
d) __________________
e) 13
e) __________________
f) 11
f) __________________
g) 25
g) __________________
h) 3
h) __________________
5) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING
CONTRACTIONS.
a) What is your name?
a) What's your name?
b) My name is Michael.
b) ______________________________.
c) What is your telephone number?
c) ______________________________?
d) My telephone number is 4-5-6-3-7-5.
d) ______________________________.
e) I am thirty years old.
e) ______________________________.
f) She is twenty-four years old.
f) ______________________________.
6) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING ORDINAL NUMBERS BY
USING WORDS.
a) 1st
a) First
b) 2nd
b) __________________
c) 3rd
c) __________________
d) 4th
d) __________________
e) 5th
e) __________________
7) HOW MUCH DO THESE COUPLES OF NUMBERS ADD UP?
WRITE THE SOLUTIONS WITH THE CORRECT WORD.
a) six + ten
a) Sixteen
b) five + nine
b) __________________
c) one + three
c) __________________
d) thirteen + nine
d) __________________
e) two + eight
e) __________________
f) three + three
f) __________________
g) four + ten
g) __________________
h) eleven + twelve
h) __________________
i) twenty + ten
i) __________________
j) twenty-four + one
j) __________________
English terms Spanish terms
1) Recruit a) General de Brigada
2) First Lieutenant b) Teniente
3) Conscript c) Cabo Primero
4) Non-commissioned officer d) Coronel
5) Staff Sergeant e) Recluta
6) Full Corporal f) Suboficial
7) Brigadier g) Soldado de reemplazo
8) Colonel h) Sargento Primero/ Brigada
1
-15-
8) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 8) WITH WORDS A) TO H).
9) PUT THE RANKS IN THE RIGHT DECREASING ORDER.
a) ____________ Three Star General
b) ____________ Lieutenant Colonel
c) ____________ Warrant Officer
d) ____________ Corporal
e) ____________ Sergeant
f) ____________ Major General
g) ____________ Second Lieutenant
h) ____________ Captain
i) 1 Five Star General
j) ____________ Private
2
UNIT 2
UNIT 2
-17-
1.-ARTICLES
(ARTCULOS)
El artculo determinado "the" es invariable,
esta nica forma se usa para el masculino, el
femenino, el singular y el plural:
Examples:
El artculo indefinido para las formas del
masculino, del femenino y del neutro singular es
"a", pero se cambia por "an" delante de "h"
muda y de vocal cuyo sonido no sea [ju:]:
Examples:
El artculo indefinido no tiene plural, y en su
lugar se usan adjetivos indefinidos, la forma
"some" para oraciones afirmativas y "any" para
oraciones negativas e interrogativas:
Examples:
2.-POSSESSION
(POSESIN)
2.1.-SAXON GENITIVE
(GENITIVO SAJN)
En ingls para expresar posesin o
pertenencia se puede emplear el genitivo sajn.
Se forma aadiendo al nombre del poseedor una
"s" precedida de un apstrofo. Para expresar
posesin tambin puede utilizarse la preposicin
"of" (de), como ocurre en espaol. Cuando se
usa el genitivo sajn, el orden de las palabras en
la oracin se altera y se coloca el poseedor en
primer lugar seguido del apstrofo y la "s", y a
continuacin el objeto posedo sin artculo.
Examples:
La "s" del genitivo, en los siguientes casos, se
omite aunque se conserva el apstrofo :
a) Si el poseedor es un sustantivo en plural
acabado en "s":
b) Si el poseedor es un sustantivo singular
acabado en "s":
English Spanish
Moses law la ley de Moiss
Jess friend el amigo de Jess
English Spanish
these girls' mother la madre de estas nias
these boys' pens los bolgrafos de estos nios
English Spanish
the mother of the girl
la madre de la nia
the girl's mother
the hats of these men
los sombreros de estos hombres
these men's hats
English Spanish
I have some questions. Tengo algunas preguntas.
Is there any question? Hay alguna pregunta?
I don't have any question. No tengo ninguna pregunta.
He has a question. (l) tiene una pregunta.
There are some students. Hay algunos estudiantes.
There is a student. Hay un estudiante.
English Spanish
a girl una chica
a boy un chico
a dog un perro
an arm un brazo
an hour una hora
a human being un ser humano
English Spanish
the girl la chica
the boy el chico
the girls las chicas
the boys los chicos
G R A M M A R
2
-18-
Ntese que el adjetivo posesivo en ingls
concuerda con el poseedor, indistintamente del
gnero y nmero del objeto posedo:
Examples:
2.3.-POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
(PRONOMBRES POSESIVOS)
Ntese que el pronombre posesivo en ingls
concuerda con el poseedor, indistintamente del
gnero y nmero del objeto posedo:
Examples:
English Spanish
This car is mine. Este coche es mo.
These oranges are mine. Estas naranjas son mas.
The cat is hers. El gato es suyo (de ella).
The tables are hers. Las mesasson suyas(de ella).
PLURAL
English Spanish
1
st
ours nuestro/ a/ os/ as
2
nd
yours
vuestro/ a/ os/ as
suyo/ a/ os/ as (de ustedes)
3
rd
theirs suyo/ a/ os/ as
SINGULAR
English Spanish
1
st
mine mo/ a/ os/ as
2
nd
yours
tuyo/ a/ os/ as
suyo/ a/ os/ as (de usted)
3
rd
his, hers, its suyo/ a/ os/ as
English Spanish
her house su casa (de ella)
her houses sus casas (de ella)
their house su casa (de ellos/ as)
their houses sus casas (de ellos/ as)
our car nuestro coche
our apples nuestras manzanas
Sin embargo, si el poseedor es un sustantivo
monoslabo terminado en "s", se conserva la "s"
del genitivo:
Examples:
El genitivo sajn se emplea con nombres
propios, sustantivos que denotan persona,
sustantivos que denotan seres animados, etc.:
Examples:
Si el poseedor es un sustantivo compuesto o
bien son varios poseedores, el genitivo se
forma con el ltimo sustantivo:
Examples:
2.2.-POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES
(ADJETIVOS POSESIVOS)
PLURAL
English Spanish
1
st
our nuestro/ a/ os/ as
2
nd
your
vuestro/ a/ os/ as
su/ sus (de ustedes)
3
rd
their su/ sus
SINGULAR
English Spanish
1
st
my mi
2
nd
your tu/ su (de usted)
3
rd
his, her, its su/ sus
English Spanish
my sister-in-law's car el coche de mi cuada
Mary and Peter's house la casa de Mary y Peter
English Spanish
Mary's cat el gato de Mary
my sister's book el libro de mi hermana
the dog's tail el rabo del perro
English Spanish
Bess's table la mesa de Bess
2
-19-
3.-THE VERB TO HAVE
(EL VERBO TO HAVE)
4.-PLURALS
(PLURALES)
4.1.-REGULAR PLURALS
(PLURALES REGULARES)
El plural de los nombres en ingls se forma
aadiendo una "s" al singular:
Examples:
Los nombres que terminan en "s", "ss", "sh",
"x" o "z" forman el plural aadiendo la slaba
"es":
Examples:
English Spanish
class/ classes clase/ clases
box/ boxes caja/ cajas
watch/ watches reloj/ relojes
English Spanish
plate/ plates plato/ platos
roof/ roofs tejado/ tejados
TO HAVE (tener)
English Spanish
1
st
S
have I? tengo yo?
2
nd
S
have you?
(t) tienes?
(usted) tiene?
3
rd
S
has he/ she/ it? tiene (l/ ella/ *ello)?
1
st
P
have we? tenemos (nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
have you ?
tenis (vosotros/ as)?
tienen (ustedes)?
3
rd
P
have they? tienen (ellos/ as)?
TO HAVE (tener)
English Spanish
1
st
S
I have not
I havent
(yo) no tengo
2
nd
S
you have not
you havent
(t) no tienes
(usted) no tiene
3
rd
S
he /she /it has not
he /she /it hasnt
(l/ ella/ *ello) no tiene
1
st
P
we have not
we havent
(nosotros/ as) no tenemos
2
nd
P
you have not
you havent
(vosotros/ as) no tenis
(ustedes) no tienen
3
rd
P
they have not
they havent
(ellos/ as) no tienen
TO HAVE (tener)
English Spanish
1
st
S
I have (yo) tengo
2
nd
S
you have
(t) tienes
(usted) tiene
3
rd
S
he /she /it has (l/ ella/ *ello) tiene
1
st
P
we have (nosotros/ as) tenemos
2
nd
P
you have
(vosotros/ as) tenis
(ustedes) tienen
3
rd
P
they have (ellos/ as) tienen
2
-20-
Los nombres terminados en "o" precedida de
consonante tambin forman el plural aadiendo
la slaba "es". Sin embargo, si la "o" est
precedida por una vocal forman el plural
aadiendo solamente "s":
Examples:
Algunos nombres de origen sajn terminados
en "f" o en "fe" cambian la "f" en "v" antes de
aadir la terminacin "es":
Examples:
Los nombres terminados en "y" precedida de
consonante al formar el plural cambian aqulla
en "i" antes de aadir la terminacin "es".
Cuando la "y" est precedida por vocal al para
formar el plural simplemente hay que aadir "s":
Examples:
4.2.-IRREGULAR PLURALS
(PLURALES IRREGULARES)
Existen algunos nombres en ingls cuyo
plural es irregular:
Examples:
Hay nombres que siempre se emplean
en plural:
Examples:
English Spanish
trousers pantalones
sweets caramelos
thanks gracias
scissors tijeras
English Spanish
ox/ oxen buey/ bueyes
child/ children nio/ nios
man/ men hombre/ hombres
woman/ women mujer/ mujeres
tooth/ teeth diente/ dientes
foot/ feet pie/ pies
mouse/ mice ratn/ ratones
goose/ geese ganso/ gansos
person/ people persona/ personas
English Spanish
sky/ skies cielo/ cielo
body/ bodies cuerpo/ cuerpos
boy/ boys nio/ nios
day/ days da/ das
English Spanish
calf/ calves ternera/ terneras
elf/ elves duende/ duendes
leaf/ leaves hoja/ hojas
English Spanish
potato/ potatoes patata/ patatas
hero/ heroes hroe/ hroes
duo/ duos do/ dos
2
-21-
1.-INTRODUCTIONS
(PRESENTACIONES)
Good afternoon!!
It's one o'clock
Good morning!
Nice to meet you
Nuria, this is my
friend Miguel
Hi, Miguel!
Alicia: Good morning!
Alicia: Buenos das!
Nuria: Good afternoon!!
Its one oclock.
Nuria: Buenas tardes!!
Es la una de la tarde.
Alicia: Nuria, this is my friend Miguel.
Alicia: Nuria, ste es mi amigo Miguel.
Nuria: Hi, Miguel!
Nuria: Hola, Miguel!
Miguel: Nice to meet you.
Miguel: Encantado de conocerte.
1.-COLOURS
(COLORES)
English Spanish
black negro
white blanco
red rojo
blue azul
yellow yellow amarillo amarillo
English Spanish
green verde
pink rosa
purple violeta
grey gris
orange naranja
brown marrn
2
-22-
La mayora de los colores son susceptibles
de aparecer junto con adjetivos que denoten su
luminosidad (un color claro, un color oscuro). En
ingls estos adjetivos son "light" (claro) y
"dark" (oscuro):
Examples:
2.-CARDINAL NUMBERS II (30-100)
(NMEROS CARDINALES II [30-100])
30 thirty
35 thirty-five
40 forty
45 forty-five
50 fifty
55 fifty-five
60 sixty
65 sixty-five
70 seventy
75 seventy-five
80 eighty
85 eighty-five
90 ninety
95 ninety-five
100 one hundred
English Spanish
light red rojo claro
dark pink rosa oscuro
3.-ORDINAL NUMBERS II (6
th
-25
th
)
(NMEROS ORDINALES II [6-25])
English Spanish
6
th
sixth sexto
7
th
seventh sptimo
8
th
eighth octavo
9
th
ninth noveno
10
th
tenth dcimo
11
th
eleventh undcimo
12
th
twelfth duodcimo
13th thirteenth dcimo tercero
14
th
fourteenth dcimo cuarto
15
th
fifteenth dcimo quinto
16
th
sixteenth dcimo sexto
17
th
seventeenth dcimo sptimo
18
th
eighteenth dcimo octavo
19
th
nineteenth dcimo noveno
20
th
twentieth vigsimo
21
st
twenty-first vigsimo primero
22
nd
twenty-second vigsimo segundo
23
rd
twenty-third vigsimo tercero
24
th
twenty-fourth vigsimo cuarto
25
th
twenty-fifth vigsimo quinto
This is Miguel's little brother, his
name is Pedro and he is eight years
old. He has lots of toys: a football,
some tennis balls, a yellow bicycle, a
pair of skates and a blue radio-
controlled car. He likes some sports
but his favourite sport is football. His
idol is David Beckham, a Real Madrid
football player. He plays football with
his friends Antonio, Carlos, Juan and
Rubn. Their idol is also Beckham.
Pedro has a football T-shirt but he
hasn't any trainers.
2.-ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
1.-DESCRIPTION
(DESCRIPCIN)
1) How old is Pedro?
2) What is Pedro's favourite sport?
3) Who is Beckham?
4) Who are Antonio, Carlos, Juan and Rubn?
2
-23-
1.-IN THE BARRACKS AND GENERALITIES
(EN EL CUARTEL Y GENERALIDADES)
English Spanish
barracks cuartel
main gate puerta principal
mess mesn, cantina
weapon support company compaa de armas de apoyo
headquarters battery batera de plana mayor
armour squadron escuadrn acorazado
courtyard patio de armas
crest metopa [de una unidad]
boot camp campamento de reclutas
sleeping bag saco de dormir
rucksack mochila
lorry camin
on duty de servicio
on leave de permiso
promotion ascenso
outpost puesto avanzado
military parade formacin
march past desfile
inspection parade revista
drill parade ejercicios de orden cerrado
sentry centinela
base base
flagpole mstil de la bandera
dormitory nave de dormitorio
Navy Armada
Air Force Ejrcito del Aire
equipment equipo
salute saludar; saludo
salary sueldo
rucksack
lorry
military parade
march past
inspection parade
drill parade
sentry
Navy
Air Force
salute
2
-24-
Full Corporal: Are you on duty this weekend?
Cabo Primero: Ests de servicio este fin de semana?
Private: Yes, Im the sentry in the main gate
next Saturday.
Soldado: S, soy el centinela de la puerta
principal el prximo sbado.
Full Corporal: Did you already clean your rifle?
Cabo Primero: Has limpiado ya tu fusil?
Private: Yes, tomorrow theres an inspection
parade in the battery.
Soldado: S, maana hay una revista en la
batera.
E X E R C I S E S
Yes, Im the sentry
in the main gate
next Saturday
Are you on duty
this weekend?
Did you already
clean your rifle?
Yes, tomorrow
theres an
inspection parade
in the battery
THE CORRECT WORD.
a) Anna: Hello. Good morning!
b) Paul: Good _____!
c) Anna: _____ are you?
d) Paul: Fine, thank _____. And you?
e) Anna: _____. Paul, this _____ my boyfriend, John.
f) Paul: Nice to _____ you, John!
g) John: _____ to _____ _____, Paul!
h) Anna: John is twenty-five _____ old, he _____
a student.
i) Paul: That is right! I _____ a student too.
2) WRITE THE SUITABLE GREETING ACCORDING TO THE
WATCHES.
a) 10:00
a) Good morning
b) 15:00
b) ______________________________
c) 20:00
c) ______________________________
d) 23:45 (bed time)
d) ______________________________
2
-25-
3) WHAT ARE THE COLOURS OF THE FOLLOWING
NUMBERS?
a) 6
a) Number six is blue.
b) 17
b) __________________.
c) 7
c) __________________.
d) 1
d) __________________.
e) 3
e) __________________.
f) 20
f) __________________.
g) 29
g) __________________.
h) 1 13 3
h) __________________.
i) 9
i) __________________.
j) 11
j) __________________.
k) 15
k) __________________.
d) 13 + 54
d) ______________________________
e) 12 + 15
e) ______________________________
f) 17 + 10
f) ______________________________
g) 9 + 57
g) ______________________________
h) 25 + 8
h) ______________________________
4) HOW MUCH DO THESE COUPLES OF NUMBERS ADD UP?
WRITE THE SOLUTIONS BY USING WORDS.
a) 45 + 23
a) Sixty-eight
b) 13 + 8
b) ______________________________
c) 24 + 10
c) ______________________________
5) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY
USING POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
a) Mary's book
a) The book is hers.
b) Peter and Paul's dog
b) ______________________________.
c) Laura's house
c) ______________________________.
d) My car
d) ______________________________.
e) Your note book
e) ______________________________.
f) Michael's ball
f) ______________________________.
g) Anna's doll
g) ______________________________.
2
-26-
6) WRITE SENTENCES BY USING THE NEGATIVE
FORM OF THE VERB TO HAVE: (1) HAVE NOT /
HAS NOT (FULL FORM) (2) HAVENT / HASNT
(ABBREVIATED FORM).
a) Peter / computer.
a) Peter has not a computer.
a) Peter hasnt a computer.
b) Hellen and Michael / newspaper.
b) ______________________________
b) ______________________________
c) Julian / house.
c) ______________________________
c) ______________________________
d) Andrew / girlfriend.
d) ______________________________
d) ______________________________
e) My mother / dog.
e) ______________________________
e) ______________________________
f) I / bag
f) ______________________________
f) ______________________________
g) Louise / a pair of shoes.
g) ______________________________
g) ______________________________
7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING THE
SUITABLE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.
a) These are (1 sg) my keys.
b) That is (3 pl) _______ house
c) This is (3 sg fem) _______ boyfriend, and this
is (3 sg mas.) father.
d) Those are (1 pl) _______ teachers.
e) Those are (1 sg) _______ pencils.
f) That was (2 sg) _______ girlfriend.
g) That was (2 pl) _______ class.
8) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS.
a) What is the colour of your tie?
a) My tie es red.
b) What is the colour of the sky?
b) ______________________________
c) What is the colour of the sun?
c) ______________________________
d) What is the colour of your dog?
d) ______________________________
e) What is the colour of your mothers hair?
e) ______________________________
f) What is the colour of your hair?
f) ______________________________
g) What is the colour of the snow?
g) ______________________________
9) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN
INDEFINITE ARTICLE (A OR AN FORM).
a) My neighbour is a photographer.
b) I have _____ very bad night.
c) _____ travel agent gives you information
about hotels.
d) Mr Smith is _____ old man.
e) You are not _____ worker, you are _____
capitalist.
f) He goes to _____ concert.
g) I have _____ day off.
h) I had _____ amazing experience last night,
I saw _____ dinosaur.
1) on leave a) cuartel
2) drill parade b) escuadrn acorazado
3) dormitory c) de permiso
4) salute d) ascenso
5) on duty e) ejercicios de orden cerrado
6) armour squadron f) saludar o saludo
7) barracks g) nave de dormitorio colectivo
8) promotion h) de servicio
3
UNIT 3
UNIT 3
- 27 -
1.-DEMONSTRATIVES
(DEMOSTRATIVOS)
2.-INFINITIVE, PAST PARTICIPLE AND GERUND
(FORMAS IMPERSONALES DEL VERBO)
3.-SIMPLE PRESENT
(PRESENTE SIMPLE)
3.1.-AFFIRMATIVE FORM
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA DEL VERBO)
La forma del presente simple se forma quitando la
partcula "to" al infinitivo (to walk, andar; I walk, yo
ando). Es invariable para todas las personas excepto
para la tercera persona del singular (he, she, it)
que aade una "-s" o la slaba "-es" (se aplica la regla
de ortografa del plural de los sustantivos).
3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM
(FORMA NEGATIVA DEL VERBO)
En ingls la forma negativa del verbo se forma con
el auxiliar "to do" en forma negativa, "do not" (dont).
Esto ocurre con todas las personas, salvo en el caso
de la tercera persona del singular, que se forma con
"does not" (doesnt.)
TO WALK (andar)
English Spanish
1
st
S
I do not walk
I dont walk
(yo) no ando
2
nd
S
you do not walk
you dont walk
(t) no andas
(usted) no anda
3
rd
S
he/she/it does not walk
he/she/it doesnt walk
(l/ ella/ *ello) no anda
1
st
P
we do not walk
we dont walk
(nosotros/ as) no andamos
2
nd
P
you do not walk
you dont walk
(vosotros/ as) no andis
(ustedes) no andan
3
rd
P
they do not walk
they dont walk
(ellos/ as) no andan
TO WALK (andar)
English Spanish
1
st
S
I walk (yo) ando
2
nd
S you walk
(t) andas
(usted) anda
3
rd
S
he/she/it walks (l/ ella/ *ello) anda
1
st
P we walk (nosotros/ as) andamos
2
nd
P you walk
(vosotros/ as) andis
(ustedes) andan
3
rd
P
they walk (ellos/ as) andan
English Spanish
INFINITIVE to walk andar
PAST
PARTICIPLE
walked andado
GERUND walking andando
PLURAL
English Spanish
these estos/ as
those
esos/ as
aquellos/ as
SINGULAR
English Spanish
this este/ a/ o
that
ese/ a/ o
aquel/ aquella/ o
G R A M M A R
THAT
THIS
3
- 28 -
Examples:
NEGATIVE
English Spanish
I dont eat (yo) no como
you do not walk
(t) no andas
(vosotros/ as) no andis
(usted) no anda
(ustedes) no andan
he does not drink (l) no bebe
she doesnt love (ella) no ama
it does not rain no llueve
we dont drive (nosotros/ as)noconducimos
they do not swim (ellos/as) nadan
AFFIRMATIVE
English Spanish
I eat (yo) como
you walk
(t) andas
(vosotros/ as) andis
(usted) anda
(ustedes) andan
he drinks (l) bebe
she loves (ella) ama
it rains llueve
we drive (nosotros/ as) conducimos
they swim (ellos/ as) nadan
Como se ve en el cuadro, en ingls para decir
la hora se utilizan las expresiones:
"o'clock" (en punto);
"half past" (y media);
"to" (menos);
"past" (y);
"noon" (medioda);
"midnight" (medianoche).
A excepcin de la expresin "It is ... o'clock"
(son las/ es la ... en punto) la cifra que indica las
horas se pospone a la cifra o expresin que
indica los minutos:
English Spanish
It is half past one. Es la una y media.
It is twenty to ten. Son las diez menos veinte.
It is nine oclock. Son las nueve en punto.
oclock
to
past
4.-THE TIME
(LA HORA)
What time is it?
(Qu hora es?)
It is...
Its...
(Son las...)
(Es la...)
five oclock
(cinco en punto)
ten to five
(cinco menos diez)
ten past five
(cinco y diez)
a quarter to five
(cinco menos cuarto)
a quarter past five
(cinco y cuarto)
half past five
(las cinco y media)
noon
(medioda)
midnight
(medianoche)
3
- 29 -
What time is it?
Its half past five
Are you sure?
Yes, I am
Oh! My watch doesnt
work! Thank you very
much
You are welcome
Nuria: What time is it?
Nuria: Qu hora es?
Alicia: Its half past five.
Alicia: Son las cinco y media.
Nuria: Are you sure?
Nuria: Ests segura?
Alicia: Yes, Im.
Alicia: S, lo estoy.
Nuria: Oh! My watch doesnt work!
Thank you very much.
Nuria: Vaya! No me funciona el reloj!
Muchas gracias.
Alicia: You are welcome.
Alicia: De nada.
Alicia: Hi, Nuria!
Alicia: Hola, Nuria!
Nuria: Hi, Alicia! How are you?
Nuria: Hola, Alicia! Cmo ests?
Alicia: Im not fine Im very tired.
Alicia: No estoy bien Estoy muy cansada.
Nuria: Why?
Nuria: Por qu?
Alicia: I usually get up at seven oclock, but
today I got up at half past five.
Alicia: Me suelo levantar a siete en punto, pero hoy
me he levantado a las cinco y media.
Nuria: Really?
Nuria: De veras?
Alicia: Lately I dont sleep very well
Alicia: ltimamente no duermo muy bien
Nuria: Take some sleeping pills.
Nuria: Toma somnferos.
Alicia: Maybe Oh, it is too late! I have to go
home! Bye, see you soon!
Alicia: Tal vez Vaya, es muy tarde! Me tengo
que ir a casa! Adis, hasta luego!
Nuria: Bye!
Nuria: Adis!
2.-HOW ARE YOU?
(CMO ESTS?)
1.-THE TIME
(LA HORA)
Hi, Nuria!
Hi, Alicia!
How are you?
Lately I dont sleep
very well...
... Im not fine...
Im very tired
I usually get up at
seven oclock, but today
I got up at half past five
Why?
Really?
Maybe... Oh, its too
late! I have to go home!
Bye, see you soon!
Bye!
Take some
sleeping pills
3
- 30 -
1.-FAMILY AND RELATIONSHIP
(LA FAMILIA Y PARENTESCOS)
English Spanish
husband marido, esposo
wife mujer, esposa
father padre
mother madre
parents padres [padre y madre]
son hijo
daughter hija
children hijos [hijos e hijas]
brother hermano
sister hermana
aunt ta
uncle to
cousin primo/ a
grandmother abuela
grandfather abuelo
grandparents abuelos [abuelo y abuela]
granddaughter nieta
grandson nieto
grandchildren nietos/ as
nephew sobrino
niece sobrina
brother-in-law cuado
sister-in-law cuada
daugther-in-law nuera
son-in-law yerno
mother-in-law suegra
father-in-law suegro
husband and wife
mothers and children
grandfather and grandson
English Spanish
My grandmother is my mothers mother. Mi abuela es la madre de mi madre.
My cousin got married last year. Mi primo se cas el ao pasado.
My brother is very kind. Mi hermano es muy agradable.
I do not get along with my mother-in-law. No me llevo bien con mi suegra.
Examples:
3
- 31 -
2.-MEALS I
(LAS COMIDAS I)
1.-MY FAMILY
(MI FAMILIA)
1) What are my parents' names?
2) How old is my brother?
3) Who are my aunt's sons and daughters?
I am Sarah. My mothers name is Anne. My
father's name is Paul. I have one brother. His
name is Richard and he is seven years old. My
mother's parents are my grandparents. My
grandmother likes singing and my grandfather
likes painting. I am my grandparents
granddaughter. My parent's brothers and sisters
are my uncles and aunts. I have four uncles and
five aunts and I am their niece. Their sons and
daughters are my cousins. One day I hope I get
married to a nice man (my husband) and have
lots of children.
lemond
(limn)
vegetable
(verdura)
milk
(leche)
eggs
(huevos)
dessert
(postre)
fish
(pescado)
meat
(carne)
orange
(naranja)
potato
(patata)
fruit
(fruta)
breakfast
(desayuno)
to have breakfast
(desayunar)
lunch
(almuerzo)
to have lunch
(almorzar)
tea time
(hora del t)
to have a cup of tea
(tomar una taza de t)
dinner
(cena)
to have dinner
(cenar)
GRANDFATHER
GRANDMOTHER
MOTHER
BROTHER
FATHER
SARAH
UNCLE AUNT
COUSIN
English Spanish
I usually have eggs for breakfast. Normalmente tomo huevos para desayunar.
In Great Britain people have lunch at midday. En Gran Bretaa la gente almuerza a medioda.
I invited some friends for dinner. Invit a algunos amigos a cenar.
Examples:
3
- 32 -
1.-UNITS AND COMMAND SCHELONS
(UNIDADES Y ESCALONES DE MANDO)
English Spanish
fire team escuadra
task force agrupacin tctica
battalion task group
grupo tctico
battalion group
company task force
subgrupo tctico
company/ squadron
team
branch rama; arma
brigade headquarters cuartel general de brigada
chain of command cadena de mando
commander jefe
company commander jefe de compaa
deputy officer oficial segundo en el mando
leader lder
squad section platoon
company battalion regiment
brigade division corps
army
Private: Whats that unit?
Soldado: Cul es esa unidad?
Corporal: Its the second Rifle Company of
the 3
rd
battalion.
Cabo: Es la segunda Compaa de
Fusiles del tercer Batalln.
Private: Whos the commander?
Soldado: Quin es el jefe?
Corporal: Captain Mayoral.
Cabo: El Capitn Mayoral.
Private: Thats right, and the deputy?
Soldado: Bien, y el oficial segundo en el
mando?
Corporal: Lieutenant Glvez. Hes just
arrived. Hes commanding the
2
nd
Rifle Platoon.
Cabo: El Teniente Glvez. Se acaba de
incorporar. Va a mandar la segunda
Seccin de Fusiles.
Private: He looks very young.
Soldado: Parece muy joven.
Whats that unit?
Its the second
Rifle Company of
the 3
rd
battalion
Whos the
commander?
Captain Mayoral
Lieutenant Glvez.
Hes just arrived.
Hes commanding
the 2
nd
Rifle Platoon
Thats right, and the
deputy?
He looks very young
3
- 33 -
E X E R C I S E S
FAMILY TREE
(RBOL GENEALGICO)
Alfred Joan William Hannah
Joshua Bob Caroline Peter Mary
Susanne John Paul Alex Emily
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS ACCORDING
TO THE FAMILY TREE.
a) (JOHN) Alex and Emily are my...
a) Alex and Emily are my cousins.
b) (PETER) Mary is my
b) ____________________________.
c) (MARY) Peter is my
c) ____________________________.
d) (JOHN) Paul is my
d) ____________________________.
e) (HANNAH) Peter is my
e) ____________________________.
f) (WILLIAM) John is my
f) ____________________________.
g) (JOAN) Mary is my
g) ____________________________.
h) (ALFRED) Emily is my
h) ____________________________.
i) (PAUL) Joan and Hannah are my
i) ____________________________.
j) (CAROLINE) Paul is my
j) ____________________________.
k) (PETER) Emily is my
k) ____________________________.
TO THE FAMILY TREE.
a) Caroline is Joshua and Peter's
a) Caroline is J oshua and Peter's sister.
b) Joan and Alfred are Joshua's
b) ____________________________.
c) Mary is Alex and Emily's
c) ____________________________.
d) Alex and Emily are John's
d) ____________________________.
e) Susanne is Caroline's
e) ____________________________.
f) Susanne is Mary's
f) ____________________________.
g) Peter is Alex and Emily's
g) ____________________________.
h) Joan is Paul's
h) ____________________________.
i) Bob is Peter's
i) ____________________________.
j) Alex is Peter's
j) ____________________________.
k) Hannah is Peter's
k) ____________________________.
1) It is seven oclock in the morning a) I have lunch
2) It is midnight b) I have dinner
3) It is a quarter past two in the afternoon c) I wake up
4) It is ten to ten in the evening d) I go to bed
5) It is nine oclock in the morning e) I go to work
3
- 34 -
3) MATCH TIMES 1) TO 5) SENTENCES A) TO E).
4) LOOK AT THE WATCHES AND WRITE THE TIME. 5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING
THIS, THESE, THAT OR THOSE.
a) (Aquellos) Those boys are my friends.
b) I live with (estos) _____ boys.
c) (Esa) _____ woman is her mother.
d) I love (ese) _____ car.
e) (Esos) _____ cats are wild.
f) My father says (estas) _____ words.
g) They go to (aquella) _____ city.
h) You smell (aquellas) _____ flowers.
SUITABLE WORD OF THE BOX.
a) I wake up at seven oclock. For breakfast I
have toast, one glass of _____ and an orange
juice. At half _____ seven I go to work by
_____.
b) Vegetarian people do not eat _____. They eat
_____ and _____.
c) Spanish omelette is made of _____ and _____.
d) _____ and _____ are rich in vitamin C.
e) I go to bed at _____ and I watch _____.
eggs vegetable car milk past
oranges midnight wake up fruit lemons
o'clock meat potatoes television
a) 12:00
a) It is twelve oclock/
It is midday/ It is noon
b) 13:45
b) ______________________
c) 02:15
c) ______________________
d) 19:40
d) ______________________
e) 09:35
e) ______________________
f) 17:10
f) ______________________
g) 20:05
g) ______________________
h) 00:00
h) ______________________
English terms Spanish Terms
1) Army a) Cuarter General de Brigada
2) Task Force b) Regimiento
3) NATO c) Agrupacin Tctica
4) Brigade Headquarters d) Ejrcito
5) Squad e) Seccin
6) Regiment f) Escuadra
7) Branch g) OTAN
8) Platoon h) Arma, Rama (Inf., Art., Cab., etc.)
3
- 35 -
8) MAKE SENTENCES WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
a) mother's /My / my/ aunt/ sister /is
a) My mother's sister is my aunt.
b) wake up /I /past /seven /at /half
b) ______________________________.
c) soup /dinner /take / for/I /take
c) ______________________________.
d) mine /books /are /These
d) ______________________________.
e) expensive /car /Julian's/ very /is
e) ______________________________.
f) with /whisky /drink /I /soda
f) ______________________________.
4
UNIT 4
UNIT 4
-37-
1.-THE ADJECTIVE
(EL ADJETIVO)
El adjetivo calificativo en ingls es invariable
(es decir, tiene la misma forma para el singular
masculino y femenino y para el plural masculino
y femenino) y precede al sustantivo:
Examples:
2.-DEGREES OF COMPARISON
(GRADOS DE COMPARACIN)
2.1.-SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
(GRADO COMPARATIVO DE SUPERIORIDAD Y SUPERLATIVO RELATIVO)
El grado comparativo de superioridad (ms +
adjetivo) y el grado superlativo relativo (el/ la/ los/
las ms + adjetivo) de los adjetivos en ingls se
forma:
a) Aadiendo al adjetivo positivo la terminacin
"er" para el comparativo de superioridad, y la
terminacin "est" para el superlativo relativo. Esto
ocurre con los adjetivos monoslabos, con los
bsilabos y con los trislabos terminados en "ow",
"er", "y", "e", "l":
Examples:
Para aadir las terminaciones propias del
comparativo y superlativo se siguen las reglas
usuales de ortografa que se han visto
anteriormente, por ejemplo, las palabras
terminadas en "y" precedida de consonante
cambian la "y" por "i" antes de tomar la
terminacin correspondiente.
b) Los adjetivos calificativos monoslabos
(aquellos compuestos por unas sola slaba)
acabados en consonante precedida de vocal
corta*, duplican dicha consonante final.
Examples:
*Se entiende por vocal corta la existencia de
una nica vocal (hot, thin), por el contrario,
ntese que cheap tambin es un adjetivo
calificativo monoslabo, sin embargo, est
compuesto por dos vocales.
Recuerde que, por ejemplo, cold o rich
tampoco duplican dicha consonante final ya que
la consonante final est precedida de otra
consonante.
c) El resto de adjetivos de dos o ms
slabas forman el comparativo aadiendo
"more" y el superlativo aadiendo "the most":
Examples:
Spanish
Positive Comparative Superlative
terrible ms terrible el ms terrible
sensato ms sensato el ms sensato
cndido ms cndido el ms cndido
English
terrible more terrible the most terrible
sensible more sensible the most sensible
candid more candid the most candid
English Spanish
hot / hotter clido / ms clido
thin / thinner delgado / ms delgado
Spanish
feliz ms feliz el ms feliz
sabio ms sabio el ms sabio
fcil ms fcil el ms fcil
fro ms fro el ms fro
amarillo ms amarillo el ms amarillo
English
happy happier happiest
wise wiser wisest
easy easier easiest
cold colder coldest
yellow yellower yellowest
English Spanish
the good boy el nio bueno
a slim girl una nia delgada
the bad cats los gatos malos
some white flags algunas banderas blancas
G R A M M A R
4
-38-
2.2.-INFERIORITY COMPARATIVES
(GRADO DE INFERIORIDAD DEL ADJETIVO)
Para formar el grado de inferioridad del
adjetivo ("menos + adjetivo, el /la /los /las
menos + adjetivo") siempre se utiliza la forma
"less" en el comparativo, y "the least" en el
superlativo, antepuesto al adjetivo (ya sea un
adjetivo de una o ms slabas):
Examples:
2.3.-EQUALITY COMPARATIVES
(GRADO DE IGUALDAD DEL ADJETIVO)
La comparacin de igualdad en ingls se forma
con "as + adjetivo en grado positivo +as" (tan +
adjetivo + como) para las oraciones afirmativas.
Para las oraciones negativas se emplea "so +
adjetivo en grado positivo + as.
Examples:
* Ntese que en la segunda parte de
la estructura comparativa la construccin
she i s se puede susti tui r por el
pronombre personal her.
** Ntese que en la segunda parte de
la estructura comparativa la construccin
you are se puede susti tui r por el
pronombre personal you.
Spanish
Joan es tan guapa como Mary, pero no es tan
buena como ella.
No soy tan perezoso como t.
English
Joan is as beautiful as Mary, but she is not so good
as she is/ as her. *
I am not so lazy as you are/ as you. **
Spanish
terrible menos terrible el menos terrible
feliz menos feliz el menos feliz
English
terrible less terrible the least terrible
happy less happy the least happy
3.-IRREGULARFORMSOFTHECOMPARATIVEANDSUPERLATIVE
(FORMAS IRREGULARES DEL ADJETIVO COMPARATIVO Y SUPERLATIVO)
Varios adjetivos en ingls tienen la forma del
comparativo y superlativo irregulares, y/o
derivadas de otras races.
4.-HOW TO MAKE COMPARISONS
(FORMACIN DE COMPARACIONES)
Para realizar comparaciones entre dos
sustantivos en ingls se utiliza la siguiente
estructura:
Examples:
Spanish
(T) eres ms fuerte que yo.
Mi hermana es ms alta que tu madre.
(T) lo quieres (a l) ms que yo, y menos que ella.
English
You are stronger than me.
My sister is taller than your mother.
You love him more than me, and less than her.
How to make comparisons
SUST + VERBO +
adjetivo en
grado
comparativo
+ THAN + SUST
Spanish
bueno mejor el ptimo
malo peor el psimo
pequeo menos el mnimo
viejo
ms viejo
mayor
el ms viejo
el mayor
English
good better the best
bad worse the worst
little less the least
old older/ elder the oldest/ eldest
4
-39-
5.-THE ADVERB I
(EL ADVERBIO I)
5.1.-WHERE TO PUT THE VERB
(COLOCACIN DEL ADVERBIO)
A la hora de colocar los adverbios en ingls
hay que tener en cuenta una serie de
consideraciones:
a) si el verbo no tiene complemento, el adver-
bio sigue inmediatamente al verbo;
b) si tiene complemento y ste es corto,
puede intercalarse entre el verbo y el adverbio;
Examples:
Examples:
c) los adverbios de tiempo indefinido y
algunos de modo preceden generalmente al
verbo;
Examples:
English Spanish
I always read the newspaper. Siempre leo el peridico.
He briefly told the news.
(l) dijo las noticias
brevemente.
English Spanish
I shall read your letter now. Leer su carta ahora.
Put your hat on, please. Pngase el sombrero, por favor.
English Spanish
He reads well. (l) lee bien.
She walks quickly. (Ella) anda deprisa.
d) sin embargo, los adverbios siguen al verbo
"to be" y a los verbos anmalos;
Examples:
5.2.-ADVERBS CLASSIFICATION
(CLASIFICACIN DE LOS ADVERBIOS)
Los adverbios en ingls segn su significado
se dividen en:
Examples:
English Spanish
My sister is so nice! Mi hermana es tan simptica!
Your house is very far from
here.
Tu casa est muy lejos de
aqu.
Spanish
Place Time Manner Quantity
aqu pronto as slo
all tarde deprisa bastante
en antes ciertamente casi
fuera despus as mucho
cerca hasta
lejos pronto
English
Place Time Manner Quantity
here early so only
there late quickly rather
in before certainly almost
out after thus much
near still
far soon
English Spanish
He is never in time. Nunca llega a tiempo.
I could hardly read it. Apenas pude leerlo.
4
-40-
Nuria: Is that Teresa?
Nuria: Es usted Teresa?
Alicia: Who's calling?
Alicia: Quin llama?
Nuria: This is Nuria.
Nuria: Soy Nuria.
Alicia: She isnt here at the moment.
Do you want to leave a message?
Alicia: No se encuentra aqu en estos momentos.
Quiere dejar un mensaje?
Nuria: Yes, please. Could you tell her
that I called?
Nuria: S, por favor. Podra decirle que la
he llamado?
Alicia: Does she have your phone number?
Alicia: Tiene su nmero de telfono?
Yes, I think she does. Im
going to give you my
number just in case. Do you
have a pen and a piece of
paper with you?
My phone number is:
0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6
Thank you
very much
Nuria: Yes, I think she does. Im going to
give you my number just in case.
Do you have a pen and a piece of
paper with you?
Nuria: S, creo que lo tiene. De todas maneras
le voy a dar mi nmero de telfono.
Tiene bolgrafo y papel?
Alicia: Yes, I do.
Alicia: S.
Nuria: My phone number is: 0-9-8-2-3-4-7-9-6.
Nuria: Mi nmero de telfono es: 098 23 47 96.
Alicia: OK, shell call you back later.
Alicia: Vale, ya la llamar ella ms tarde.
Nuria: Thank you very much.
Nuria: Muchas gracias.
Alicia: You are welcome.
Alicia: De nada.
Is that Teresa?
This is Nuria
Yes, please. Could
you tell her that I
called?
1.-ON THE PHONE
(AL TELFONO)
Whos calling?
She isnt here at
moment. Do you
want to leave a
message?
Does she have your
phone number?
Yes, I do
OK, shell call you
back later
You are welcome
4
-41-
1.-DAYS OF THE WEEK
(DAS DE LA SEMANA)
2.-SEASONS OF THE YEAR
(ESTACIONES DEL AO)
3.-MONTHS OF THE YEAR
(MESES DEL AO)
English Spanish
January enero
February febrero
March marzo
April abril
May mayo
June junio
July julio
August agosto
September septiembre
October octubre
November noviembre
December diciembre
spring summer
autumn/ fall winter
English Spanish
Monday lunes
Tuesday martes
Wednesday mircoles
Thursday jueves
Friday viernes
Saturday sbado
Sunday domingo
En ingls, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en
espaol, los das de la semana y los meses del
ao reciben el tratamiento que se da a los
nombres propios, es decir, la inicial de cada uno
de ellos siempre aparece en mayscula:
Examples:
4.-DATES
(FECHAS)
What is the date today?
Whats the date today?
5.-CARDINAL NUMBERS III (101-2.000.000)
(NMEROS CARDINALES III [101-2.000.000])
101 one hundred and one
102 one hundred and two
103 one hundred and three
110 one hundred and ten
125 one hundred and twenty-five
130 one hundred and thirty
Today is the
Todays the
(AmE)
January
the
first
of
2000
Febrary second 2001
March third 2002
April fourth 2003
... ... ...
Today is the
Todays the
(BrE)
first
of
January
of
2000
second Febrary 2001
third March 2002
fourth April 2003
... ... ...
Spanish
El tercer da de la semana es mircoles.
El ltimo mes del ao es diciembre.
English
The third day of the week is Wednesday.
The last month of the year is December.
4
-42-
145 one hundred and forty-five
150 one hundred and fifty
165 one hundred and sixty-five
170 one hundred and seventy
185 one hundred and eighty-five
190 one hundred and ninety
200 two hundred
1 000 one thousand
1 100 one thousand and a hundred
1 101 one thousand one hundred and one
10 000 ten thousand
100 000 one hundred thousand
1 000 000 one million
2 000 000 two million
Ntese que en ingls entre la decena y la
unidad (forty-five, cuarenta y cinco) no se
emplea la conjuncin "and" (y) como ocurre en
espaol. Tambin hay que tener en cuenta que
despus de million, "thousand" y "hundred"
los nmeros inferiores a cien deben ir
precedidos por la conjuncin "and" (1 304, "one
thousand three hundred and four").
"Million", "thousand" y "hundred" son
invariables, es decir, aparecen siempre en singular
aunque su traduccin en espaol pueda ser plural.
Sin embargo, s que tienen forma de plural cuando
se utilizan como sustantivos:
1.-HOLIDAYS
(VACACIONES)
In Great Britain, Ireland and the United States
of America there are quite a few important
holidays. Families get together to celebrate these
important holidays. The 25
th
of December is
Christmas and the 31
st
of the same month New
Year's Eve. On St. Valentine's Day (14
th
of
February) some men give roses and presents to
their girlfriends or wifes
In Ireland people celebrate St. Patrick's Day on
the 17
th
of March, for Irish people it is the biggest
party.
People don't work in bank holidays, Easter and
Mother's and Father's Day. The date of these
holidays changes every year. The most important
dates in Easter are: Festival of Passover, Good
Friday, Easter Day and Easter Monday.
In the United States of America people
celebrate the Independence Day on the 4
th
of
July and Thanksgiving Day in November.
English Spanish
Are there many books here? Hay muchos libros aqu?
Yes, there are several hundreds. S, hay varios centenares.
Examples:
1) What do people celebrate on the 25
th
of
December?
2) What is the biggest party for Irish people?
3) What are the most important dates at Easter?
4
-43-
1.-WEAPONS, SPECIALITIES AND ASSIGNMENTS
(ARMAS, ESPECIALIDADES Y DESTINOS)
English Spanish
light infantry infantera ligera
field artillery artillera de campaa
antiaircraft artillery artillera antiarea
cavalry caballera
engineers ingenieros
sappers zapadores
signals/ communications transmisiones
recognisance reconocimiento
logistics logstica
transportation transporte
electronic warfare guerra electrnica
army aviation FAMET(helicpteros del E.T.)
technical branch especialidad tcnica
maintenance team equipo de mantenimiento
supply unit unidad de abastecimiento
special operations operaciones especiales
parachutist paracaidista
Spanish Legion Legin Espaola
airborne operation operacin aerotransportada
combat diver buceador de combate
APC
(Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier)
BMR
(transporte de personal)
mechanised infantry infantera mecanizada
motorised unit unidad motorizada
armoured acorazado
military police polica militar
bugle corneta [objeto]
bugler corneta [persona]
vehicle vehculo
light infantry
field artillery
cavalry
engineers
communications
army aviation
APC
parachutists
vehicle
special operations
Spanish Legion
4
-44-
Full Corporal: Whats your branch, Ramrez?
Cabo Primero Cul es tu especialidad, Ramrez?
Corporal: Light Infantry, Sir. Im posted in
the 3
rd
Rifle Company.
Cabo: Infantera Ligera, mi Primero. Estoy
destinado en la 3 Compaa de Fusiles.
Full Corporal: I need a driver for this recovery
truck.
Cabo Primero: Necesito un conductor para este
camin gra.
Corporal: Im sorry, Sir, I dont have the
driving license.
Cabo: Lo siento, mi Primero, no tengo el
carnet de conducir.
Full Corporal: Dont worry, Ill look for a driver in
the Headquarters Company.
Cabo Primero: No te preocupes, buscar a un conductor
en la Compaa del Cuartel General.
Corporal: Certainly, I should apply for the
driving course.
Cabo: La verdad es que debera solicitar el
curso de conduccin.
Light Infantry, Sir.
Im posted in the
3
rd
Rifle Company
E X E R C I S E S
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING
SUPERIORITY COMPARATIVES.
a) (tall) Peter is taller than John.
b) (happy) Sally is _____ than her sister.
c) (difficult) This exam is _____ than the previous one.
d) (good) My teacher is _____ than yours.
e) (easy) This exercise is _____ than last one.
f) (cheap) In this shop this book is _____.
g) (bad) This year my grades are _____ than the
year before.
h) (old) I am four years _____ than you.
SUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES.
a) (good) Only you is the best song in the history
of music.
b) (old) My ______ brother is already married.
c) (intelligent) William is the ______ person in his class.
d) (strong) Peter is the ______ person in this
base.
e) (pretty) Sally is the ______ girl in this town.
f) (brilliant) Shakespeare is the ______ writer of
English literature.
g) (rich) Bill Gates is the ______ on earth.
h) (thin) Anna is the ______ girl in her class.
i) hot) August is the ______ month of the year.
Whats your
branch, Ramrez?
I need a driver for
this recovery truck
Im sorry, Sir, I dont
have the driving license
Dont worry, Ill look for a
driver in the
Headquarters Company
Certainly, I should
apply for the driving
course
4
-45-
INFERIORITY COMPARATIVES.
a) (clever) Julian is less clever than you.
b) (happy) I am sure Judith is ______ than Mary.
c) (angry) This morning I am ______ than yesterday.
d) (beautiful) Pekin is ______ than Tokyo.
e) (blue) The sky in England is ______ than in Spain.
f) (cold) April is ______ than January.
g) (clear) Things seem to be ______ with this book.
h) (clean) Jodie is ________than Mary.
4) FILL THE BOXES WITH THE SUITABLE FORM OF THE
FOLLOWING ADJECTIVES.
5) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN ADVERB.
a) (aqu) The prices here are very expensive.
b) (despus) We'll go to the party ______ the cinema.
c) (temprano) We have to get up ______ in the
morning to go to work.
d) (casi) It is ______ two o'clock.
e) (lejos) Don't go too ______! We are having
lunch in half an hour.
f) (fuera) There were lots of people ______ of the building!
g) (tarde) Last night I went to bed very ______.
hot hotter hottest
good
least
older
beautiful
worst
green greenest
dirtier
small
6) FILL EACH OF THE BOXES OF COLUMN B BY
INSERTING THE NAMES OF THE MONTHS. ANSWER
THE QUESTIONS ACCORDING TO THE INFORMATION
SHOWN IN COLUMN C.
a) When is Peter's wedding?
a) Peters wedding is in September.
b) When is your birthday?
b) ____________________________.
c) When is Julian's birthday?
c) ____________________________.
d) When does Spring begin?
d) ____________________________.
e) When is William's interview?
e) ____________________________.
f) When does summer begin?
f) ____________________________.
g) When are Sally's holidays?
g) ____________________________.
A B C
1
st
month of the year J anuary
5
th
month of the year William's interview
11
th
month of the year
3
rd
month of the year
Spring begins
8
th
month of the year
4
th
month of the year Sally's holidays
2
nd
month of the year
6
th
month of the year
Summer begins
9
th
month of the year Peter's wedding
12
th
month of the year
10
th
month of the year
7
th
month of the year Julian's birthday
4
-46-
7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING BOXES WITH THE CORRESPONDING NAME OF
MONTH AND/OR SEASON.
8) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 10) WITH WORDS A) TO J).
1) technical branch a) equipo de mantenimiento
2) APC (Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) b) Logstica
3) maintenance team c) operaciones especiales
4) cavalry d) unidad motorizada
5) special operations e) FAMET (helicpteros del ET)
6) parachutist f) especialidad tcnica
7) logistics g) acorazado
8) motorised unit h) caballera
9) armoured i) transporte de personal (BMR)
10) army aviation j) paracaidista
SPRING
March
September
November
SUMMER
J une
December
5
UNIT 5
UNIT 5
-47-
G R A M M A R
1.-THE ADVERB II
(EL ADVERBIO II)
1.1.--LY ENDING ADVERBS
(ADVERBIOS TERMINADOS EN -LY)
La mayor parte de los adverbios de modo y
de cantidad derivan de los adjetivos
calificativos y participios pasados. La mayora
de estos adverbios terminan en -ly,
equivalente a la terminacin espaola -mente.
Para formar adverbios, se aade -y a los
adjetivos que terminan en -ll; los adjetivos que
terminan en -le cambian la e por una y, as
como los que terminan en -ue pierden la e
antes de tomar la terminacin -ly.
Sin embargo hay adjetivos que no tienen que
sufrir modificacin alguna para funcionar como
adverbios:
Examples:
*Ntese que el adverbio hard, para
referirse a duramente no aade la terminacin
-ly, ya que cambiara su significado por el de
apenas.
2.-ADVERB DEGREES
(GRADOS DEL ADVERBIO)
Los adverbios en ingls, al igual que los
adjetivos calificativos, admiten los grados de
comparacin. Los monoslabos y algunos
bislabos forman el comparativo aadiendo la
terminacin -er, y el superlativo, aadiendo la
terminacin -est.
Los polislabos, categora donde se incluyen
casi todos los adverbios terminados en -ly,
forman el comparativo anteponiendo el
adverbio de cantidad more al adverbio
comparado y colocando inmediatamente
despus de ste la conjuncin than. El grado
superlativo se consigue anteponiendo the
most al adverbio.
Examples:
English
I believe most honestly and strongly that...
Spanish
Creo de la manera ms honesta y firme que...
English
He works harder than Mary.
Spanish
Trabaja ms duro que Mary.
English
Yesterday I ate sooner than last week.
Spanish
Ayer com ms temprano que la semana pasada.
English Spanish
proud/ proudly orgulloso/ orgullosamente
full/ fully completo/ completamente
noble/ nobly noble/ noblemente
true/ truly verdad/ verdaderamente
friendly/ friendly amistoso/ amistosamente
daily/ daily diario/ diariamente
hard/ hard* duro/ duramente
5
-48-
3.-IRREGULAR FORMS
(FORMAS IRREGULARES)
Algunos adverbios forman el comparativo y
el superlativo de manera irregular:
Examples:
Ntese que far puede ser tanto adjetivo
calificativo como adverbio. En el primer
supuesto (adjetivo), forma el comparativo en
farther y el superlativo en farthest. En el
segundo supuesto (adverbio), forma el
comparativo y superlativo como se muestra en
los ejemplos.
4.-ADVERBIAL PHRASES
(LOCUCIONES ADVERBIALES)
Algunas de las locuciones adverbiales ms
comunes en ingls son:
English Spanish
last night anoche, ayer noche
at night
in the night
por la noche
de noche
a week ago hace una semana
two days ago hace dos das
in the day time
by day
de da
durante el da
at noon
a medioda
al medioda
English Spanish
this
morning esta maana
afternoon esta tarde
evening esta noche
in the
morning por la maana
afternoon por la tarde
evening por la noche
tomorrow
morning maana por la maana
afternoon maana por la tarde
evening maana por la noche
yesterday
morning ayer por la maana
afternoon ayer por la tarde
evening ayer por la noche
ADVERB DEGREES (IRREGULAR)
Spanish
bien mejor
lo mejor
ptimamente
mal peor
lo peor
psimamente
poco menos
lo menos
lo mnimo
mucho ms
lo ms
lo mximo
lejos ms lejos lo ms lejos
ADVERB DEGREES (IRREGULAR)
English
well better the best
badly worse the worst
little less the least
much more the most
far further the furthest
ADVERB DEGREES
Spanish
prudentemente
ms
prudentemente
lo ms
prudentemente
fcilmente ms fcilmente
lo ms
fcilmente
tarde ms tarde lo ms tarde
cerca ms cerca lo ms cerca
ADVERB DEGREES
English
wisely more wisely the most wisely
easily more easily the most easily
late later the latest
near nearer the nearest
-49-
5
Travel agent: Good morning! Can I help you?
Agente: Buenos das! Puedo ayudarle?
Customer: Yes, please. Id like to know if
there are any seats on the first
plane tomorrow to London.
Cliente: S, por favor. Me gustara saber si
hay alguna plaza en el primer avin
de maana a Londres.
Travel agent: Let me check on the computer, there
are seats available. Would you like
smoking or non-smoking?
Agente: Djeme comprobarlo en el ordenador,
hay plazas disponibles. Prefiere
fumador o no fumador?
Customer: I prefer non-smoking and, if its
possible, a window.
Cliente: Prefiero no fumador, y, si es posible,
ventana.
Travel agent: Im afraid there are no windows
available.
Agente: Me temo que no hay ventanas disponibles.
Customer: OK, an aisle will do.
Cliente: Bueno, me conformar con el pasillo.
Travel agent: Can you give me your forename
and surname?
Agente: Me puede dar su nombre y apellido?
Customer: Teresa Smith. At what time does
the plane leave?
Cliente: Teresa Smith. A qu hora sale el
avin?
Travel agent: At nine a.m., but you should be at the
airport at least one hour before take-off.
Agente: Alas nueve de la maana, pero tiene que
estar en el aeropuerto al menos una hora
antes del despegue.
Customer: Thank you very much.
Cliente: Muchas gracias.
Travel agent: You are welcome.
Agente: De nada.
Customer: Is there still a long way to go?
Cliente: Falta mucho para llegar?
Air hostess: No, just ten minutes. Are you feeling OK?
Azafata: No, tan slo diez minutos. Se siente bien?
Customer: Im feeling a bit sick.
Cliente: Me siento un poco mareado.
Air hostess: Do you want a sick bag?
Azafata: Quiere una bolsa para el mareo?
Customer: No, thank you.
Cliente: No, gracias.
Air hostess: The plane is landing now, you will
feel better in a few minutes.
Azafata: El avin esta aterrizando ahora, se
sentir mejor en unos minutos.
2..-ON THE PLANE
(EN EL AVIN)
1.-AT THE TRAVEL AGENCY
(EN LA AGENCIA DE VIAJES)
Good morning!
Can I help you?
Yes, please. Id like to
know if there are any
seats on the first plane
tomorrow to London
Let me check on the computer,
there are seats available. Would
you like smoking or non smoking?
I prefer non-smoking and,
if its possible, a window
Im afraid there are no
windows available
OK, an aisle will do
Can you give me your
forename and surname?
Teresa Smith. At what
time does the plane
leave?
At nine a.m., but you should
be at the airport at least one
hour before take-off
Thank you very much
You are welcome
Is there still a long
way to go?
No, just ten minutes.
Are you feeling OK?
Im feeling a bit sick
Do you want a
sick bag?
No, thank you The plane is landing now,
you will feel better in a
few minutes
5
-50-
2.-WEATHER PHENOMENAAND NATURAL CATASTROPHES
(FENMENOS METEOROLGICOS Y CATSTROFES NATURALES)
English Spanish
What is the weather like? qu tiempo hace?
rain lluvia
snow nieve
fog niebla
storm tormenta
wind viento
cloud nube
sun sol
tornado tornado
hurricane huracn
drought sequa
seaquake maremoto
earthquake terremoto
fire incendio
happy sad angry
English Spanish
happy contento
sad triste
tired cansado
exhausted exhausto
hungry hambriento
thirsty sediento
awake despierto
asleep dormido
nervous nervioso
surprised sorprendido
interested interesado
angry enfadado
scared asustado
relaxed relajado
calm calmado
terrified aterrorizado
1.-MOODS
(ESTADOS DE NIMO)
nervous scared surprised
snowy
cloudy
English Spanish
He makes me feel happy when Im sad. (l) me hace feliz cuando estoy triste.
Im usually nervous before an exam. Normalmente me pongo nervioso antes de un examen.
She gets scared when she sees a big dog. (Ella) se asusta cuando ve un perro grande.
Examples:
-51-
5
1.-EL NIO AND LA NIA
(EL NIO Y LA NIA)
El Nio takes place in 1997-98. Peruvian
fishermen call this phenomenon El Nio -the
Spanish name for Christ child- because these
effects on the Pacific Ocean occur around
Christmas.
It is considered* extremely severe when it
causes drought in one country and rampant
floodings, in another.
Other phenomena** observed with El Nios
appearance include forest fires in Indonesia. These
fires create a cloud of smoke that chokes 20 million
people and affect Southeast Asian cities. In
Australia it causes droughts and bush fires.
In the late 1998, an episode of La Nia -a
cooling of those same tropical Pacific waters-
changes the weather conditions. Opposite to
El Nio, droughts occur in areas drenched by
El Nio***.
Climate historians speculate that many
significant events are linked**** to El Nio.
* Se considera.
** Phenomena es la forma de plural de phenomenon.
*** En zonas inundadas por El Nio.
**** Estn relacionados.
English Spanish
rain llover
snow nevar
freeze helar
shine brillar
its rainy/ its raining est lluvioso/ lloviendo
it rains llueve
its snowy/ its snowing est nevado/ nevando
it snows nieva
its foggy hay niebla
its stormy hay tormenta
its windy hace viento
its cloudy est nublado
its frozen/ freezing est helado/ helando
its sunny hace sol
its cold hace fro
its hot hace calor
foggy
freezing
English Spanish
When it rains I always bring my umbrella. Cuando llueve siempre llevo mi paraguas.
Lots of people died in the earthquake. Mucha gente muri en el terremoto.
Examples:
1) Why do Peruvian fishermen call this
phenomenon El Nio?
2) What are the consequences of forest fires?
3) What is the name of the opposite
phenomenon to El Nio?
4) What does La Nia consist of?
5
-52-
1.-THE UNIFORM
(EL UNIFORME)
English Spanish
garrison cap gorra cuartelera
service cap gorra (tb gorro) de bonito
tab hombrera
badge parche, emblema
fatigue uniform uniforme de faena
boots botas
combat harness correaje de combate
belt cinturn
buckle hebilla del cinturn
dress uniform uniforme de paseo
helmet casco
beret boina
holster pistolera
chinstrap barbuquejo
flak jacket chaleco antifragmentacin
mat esterilla
combat pack mochila de combate
compass brjula
magazine pouch cartuchera del correaje
canteen cantimplora
poncho poncho
name tag tirilla del nombre
overall mono
jumper jersey
field jacket
chaquetn
parka
Private: These boots are very big for me.
Soldado: Estas botas son muy grandes para m.
Private: Tell the Full Corporal about it, hell
change them for you.
Soldado: Dselo al Cabo Primero, te las cambiar.
Private: Whats your size?
Soldado: Qu nmero calzas?
Private: Normally, 8 .
Soldado: Normalmente, el 42.
Private: I need a size 10. Im going to tell the
Full Corporal about it.
Soldado: Necesito el nmero 44. Voy a decrselo al
Cabo Primero.
Private: Thats OK, he may solve your
problem.
Soldado: Muy bien, el Cabo Primero te puede
solucionar el problema.
These boots are
very big for me
Tell the Full Corporal
about it, hell change
them for you
Whats your
size?
Normally,
8
1/2
I need a size 10. Im
going to tell the Full
Corporal about it
Thats OK,
He may solve
your problem
beret
canteen
tabs
garrison cap
combat pack
-53-
5
E X E R C I S E S
THE SUITABLE ADVERB IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE
ADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS.
a) (unfortunate) Unfortunately this year we dont
have holidays.
b) (former) Do you know him ______?
c) (frequent) Lebanon is more ______
associated with civil war.
d) (perfect) I understand the book ______ well.
e) (cheap) The trip is done ______.
f) (easy) These exercises are ______ done.
g) (serious) I am ______ telling you that you
must stay here.
h) (real) He is ______ a good doctor.
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THE
COMPARATIVE FORM OF THE ADVERBS IN BRACKETS.
a) (far) I went as far as the house, not further.
b) (late) Six years ______ he got married.
c) (long) Today the palace is no ______ a royal
institution.
d) (near) Madrid is ______ Barcelona than London.
e) (wise) Nowadays things are done ______ than
years before.
f) (well) Today she is well but tomorrow she
will be ______.
g) (little) No ______ than 50 people came to the party.
3) FILL THE BOX BY INSERTING THE SUITABLE FORMS
OF THE FOLLOWING ADVERBS.
a) late later latest
b) far
c) recently
d) near
e) well
f) easily
g) little
h) badly
i) early
j) soon
4) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 9) WITH WORDS A) TO I).
1) in the morning(s) / afternoon/ evening a) ayer noche / anoche
2) this morning / afternoon / evening b) ayer por la maana / tarde / noche
3) yesterday morning / afternoon / evening c) a /al medioda
4) tomorrow morning / afternoon / evening d) de da / durante el da
5) last night e) esta maana / tarde / noche
6) in the night / at night f) por la(s) maana(s) / tarde / noche
7) a week ago / last week g) por la noche
8) in the day time / by day h) maana por la maana / tarde / noche
9) at noon i) hace una semana
5
-54-
5) FILL THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY INSERTING THE
TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH OF THE ADVERBS IN
BRACKETS.
a) (ayer noche) I could not sleep last night.
b) (esta maana) _______ I got up at 8 oclock.
c) (medioda) In Great Britain people eat _______.
d) (la semana pasada) I went to Mlaga _______.
e) (durante el da) I study _______ from Monday
to Friday.
f) (ayer por la maana) _______ we went to
the beach.
g) (esta tarde) _______ there is a good film on tv.
h) (maana por la noche) _______ I work in that
old pub.
6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY
INSERTING THE SUITABLE STATE OF MIND.
a) When I won the prize I was very happy.
b) I want to drink, I am __________.
c) Before an exam I get very __________.
d) At 8 oclock I am still __________.
e) After working for ten hours I was __________
or __________.
f) I want to learn lots of things about Biology, I
am quite __________ in that subject.
g) When I am in dark places I get __________.
h) When I heard the bad news I was
__________.
7) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING
SENTENCES.
a) En invierno nieva.
a) In winter it snows.
b) En verano hace calor.
b) ____________________________.
c) Llueve.
c) ____________________________.
d) Hace un da nublado.
d) ____________________________.
e) Qu tiempo hace?
e) ____________________________.
f) El sol brilla.
f) ____________________________.
1) uniform a) cinturn
2) garrison cap b) uniforme de faena
3) belt c) brjula
4) chinstrap d) uniforme
5) fatigue uniform e) gorra cuartelera
6) combat harness f) correaje de combate
7) overall g) barbuquejo
8) compass h) mono
REVIEW
REVIEW
-55-
R
E
V
I
E
W
SUITABLE WORD.
a) Hello. What ______ ______ name?
b) My ______ ______ Henry.
c) How old ______ ______?
d) ______ ______ twenty ______ old. And ______?
e) ______ ______ twenty-two ______ old.
f) What is ______ telephone ______?
g) It ______ 063 14 86 25.
2) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING CARDINAL NUMBERS
BY USING WORDS.
a) 18 eighteen
b) 13 ____________________
c) 17 ____________________
d) 19 ____________________
e) 28 ____________________
f) 23 ____________________
g) 30 ____________________
h) 25 ____________________
3) TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO
SPANISH.
a) My oldest brother's name is John.
a) Mi hermano mayor se llama J ohn.
b) My grandmother is a lot older than my father.
b) ______________________________.
c) What time is it? It is half past five.
c) ______________________________.
d) Unfortunately my cousin is not here.
d) ______________________________.
e) On fridays I have breakfast in my cousin's bar.
e) ______________________________.
POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.
a) Sally's computer.
a) The computer is hers.
b) My text book.
b) ______________________________.
c) Your walkman.
c) ______________________________.
d) My dog and your dog.
d) ______________________________.
e) Paul's cat.
e) ______________________________.
f) Anne and Peter's novel.
f) ______________________________.
5) WHAT TIME IS IT?
a) 13:45 It is a quarter to two.
b) 17:20 _________________________.
c) 18:15 _________________________.
d) 20:30 _________________________.
e) 00:00 _________________________.
f) 08:35 _________________________.
g) 10:05 _________________________.
"THIS", "THESE", "THAT" OR "THOSE".
a) (Estas) These chairs are Paul's.
b) I am talking to (este) ______ boy.
c) (Esa) ______ house is very beautiful.
d) I don't like (aquellos) ______ boys.
e) (Este) ______ dog lives in a kennel.
f) (Estas) ______ letters are not for you.
g) (Aquella) ______ giraffe is very tall.
h) (Ese) ______ computer is very expensive.
REVIEW FROM UNIT 1 TO UNIT 5
-56-
R
E
V
I
E
W
7) WHAT ISTHEPLURALFORMOF THEFOLLOWINGWORDS?
a) business businesses
b) orange ________________
c) class ________________
d) watch ________________
e) duty ________________
f) hero ________________
g) day ________________
h) person ________________
i) catch ________________
j) wolf ________________
k) fuss ________________
l) glory ________________
m) fax ________________
n) city ________________
o) knife ________________
p) tornado ________________
q) tooth ________________
r) fly ________________
THE PLURAL OF THE NOUNS IN BRACKETS.
a) (strawberry) Do you like strawberries?
b) (child) My _______ are all grown up.
c) (fox, goose, cat, mouse) _______ catch
_______ and _______ catch _______.
d) (foot) My _______ hurt from walking.
e) (tomato) We are growing _______ in our
garden.
f) (man, woman) _______ come from Mars,
_______ from Venus.
g) (book, box) I have all my _______ packed in
_______.
h) (city) New York is one of the most fascinating
_______ in the world.
i) (ring) Suzanne always wears beautiful _______.
j) (tree, leaf) In winter most _______ lose their
_______.
THE SUITABLE POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVE.
a) This is (1st sg) my car.
b) (3rd pl) _____ books are very long.
c) (2nd sg) _____ suitcase is very heavy.
d) (1st pl) _____ computers are very expensive.
e) (3rd sg masc) _____ mobile phone takes
pictures.
f) (2nd pl) _____ dictionaries are bilingual.
g) (3rd sg fem) _____ skirt is too short.
h) (3rd sg neutral)In the long run, _____ effects
are very dangerous.
10) MAKE SENTENCES BY USING THE FOLLOWING
WORDS.
a) your /than /am /I /brother /taller
a) I am taller than your brother.
b) brother /uncle /my /My /is /mother's
b) ______________________________.
c) Physics /better /are /me /than /You /at
c) ______________________________.
d) summer /colder /is /much /Winter /than
d) ______________________________.
e) not /boots /mine /These /are
e) ______________________________.
f) for /I /eggs /have /breakfast
f) ______________________________.
g) a /dinner /at /past /quarter /I /seven /have
g) ______________________________.
h) hers /is /My /not /book
h) ______________________________.
i) my /brother's /sister-in-law /My /wife /is
i) ______________________________.
-57-
R
E
V
I
E
W
SUITABLE WORD FROM THE BOX.
a) I have lunch at _____ past one.
b) I am not _____ in that subject.
c) I am _____. I need to drink.
d) She is so _____ that she doesn't talk to anyone.
e) _____ begins in March and summer in _____.
f) The sky is _____ and roses are _____.
g) The _____ of _____ is a very important date
for Americans.
TO THE FAMILY RELATIONSHIP.
a) My wife's mother is my mother-in-law.
b) My sister's husband is my ______.
c) My brother's daughter is my ______.
d) My daughter's son is my ______.
e) My daughter's husband is my ______.
f) My sister's son is my ______.
g) My father's mother is my ______.
h) My son's daughter is my ______.
i) My brother's wife is my ______.
j) My son's wife is my ______.
k) My wife's father is my ______.
l) My daughter's sons and daughters are my ______.
13) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY USING AN
INDEFINITE ("A", "AN") ARTICLE.
a) I have to call an ambulance. Peter is very ill.
b) _____ chair is _____ place to sit.
c) Is there _____ book on the floor?
d) I ate* _____ hour ago.
e) My uncle has _____ eagle in his house.
f) That man is _____ teacher.
g) In case of _____ emergency call the police.
h) Please, don't wear _____ skirt for the meeting.
*com
THE COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORTY OF THE
ADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS.
a) (near) This year I live nearer university than
the year before.
b) (clear) Things are much _____ now to me.
c) (happy) I couldn't be _____ than now.
d) (good) Things are getting _____.
e) (interesting) The old films are _____ than the
new ones.
f) (strong) My father is _____ than me.
g) (busy) I am a lot _____ with my new job.
h) (fat) Eating chocolate makes me _____.
SUPERLATIVE FORM OF THE ADJECTIVES IN BRACKETS.
a) (expensive) John has the most expensivecar
in Barcelona.
b) (rich) Julia Roberts is the ______ actress on
earth.
c) (cold) This is the ______ day I can remember.
d) (bad) Paul is the ______ student in his class.
e) (wise) My grandfather is the ______ person I
have ever seen*.
f) (hot) Brazil is the ______ country.
g) (old) Julian is the ______ brother.
h) (good) Gone with the wind is the ______ film I
have ever seen*.
i) (easy) This is the ______ exercise.
*jams haya visto.
16) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS BY
INSERTING THE COMPARATIVE OF SUPERIORITY OF
THE FOLLOWING ADVERBS.
a) (soon) This year the crop will be harvested
sooner than the year before.
b) (late) I call you ______.
c) (little) Now I have to eat ______ than before
because I suffered a heart attack.
d) (early) I talked to him ______ this morning.
e) (well) I know her ______ than you might think.
f) (far) Children are not allowed to go ______ the
main door.
g) (long) Margaret Thatcher is no ______ the
United Kingdom's Prime Minister.
h) (badly) The report was ______ written than
expected.
Angry blue interested thirsty lunch June
Fourth drink July half red Spring
6
UNIT 6
UNIT 6
-59-
G R A M M A R
1.THEREIS ANDTHEREARE SENTENCESANDPARTITIVES
(IMPERSONALES CONTHERE IS YTHEREARE YPARTITIVOS)
1.1. THERE IS AND THERE ARE SENTENCES
(ORACIONES CON THERE IS Y THERE ARE)
Algunas de las oraciones impersonales en
presente, que en espaol se forman con hay se
construyen en ingls utilizando there is (para
hacer referencia a la existencia de un objeto, ser,
etc.) o there are (para hacer referencia a la
existencia de ms de un objeto, ser, etc.), en ingls,
a diferencia de lo que ocurre en espaol, el verbo
de estas oraciones concuerda con el sujeto. En
espaol, sin embargo, se utiliza una misma forma
verbal (hay) para referirse a la existencia tanto de
uno como de varios objetos, seres, fenmenos, etc.
Las oraciones interrogativas se construyen
anteponiendo la forma verbal is o are a
there y a continuacin se colocan el sujeto y
los complementos si los hubiera.
Examples:
1.2.-THE USE OF SOME
(EL USO DE SOME)
Some equivale en espaol a algo, un poco
de, una pequea cantidad de, algn,
alguno(s) alguna(s) o cualquier otra expresin
que transmita la idea de particin indeterminada.
Examples:
En espaol es muy frecuente omitir las
palabras que expresan particin, sin embargo,
en ingls es muy frecuente el uso de some
para expresar esta idea; por lo tanto, en muchas
ocasiones cuando en ingls se usa some en
espaol no se usa ningn tipo de partcula
partitiva.
English Spanish
I shall take some wine. Tomar vino.
Give me some bread. Dame pan.
English
He gave some credit to him.
Spanish
Le dio algn crdito.
English
Pay me some attention.
Spanish
Prsteme un poco de atencin.
English
I have some friends at school.
Spanish
Tengo algunos amigos en el colegio.
English
There are some children in the house.
Spanish
Hay algunos nios en la casa.
Simple present
English
Singular Plural
Affirmative There is a boy. There are five boys.
Negative There isnt any boy. There arent five boys.
Question Is there any boy? Are there five boys?
6
-60-
El uso de some suele restringirse a las
oraciones afirmativas, sin embargo, tambin
puede utilizarse en oraciones interrogativas
cuando se espera una respuesta afirmativa,
como por ejemplo cuando se ofrece alguna
cosa, especialmente si la pregunta
interrogativa se formula de forma negativa.
Examples:
1.3.-THE USE OF ANY
(EL USO DE ANY)
Any, al igual que some, es un trmino
partitivo en ingls. Any se emplea en
oraciones negativas e interrogativas. En
espaol any puede traducirse por ningn,
ninguno(s), ninguna(s), algn, alguno(s)
o alguna(s).
Examples:
Al igual que con some, puede que en la
traduccin hacia el espaol de una oracin en
la que se emplee any, esta partcula no se
traduzca por nada.
Examples:
.
Asimismo, any puede emplearse en
oraciones afirmativas, pero entonces su
significado difiere del de some y debe
traducirse por cualquier(a).
Examples:
Por lo tanto, despus de explicar los usos de
some y any, podemos deducir que la
respuesta afirmativa a una oracin interrogativa
en la que se use any har uso de some.
English Spanish
Have you got any sister? Tienes alguna hermana?
Yes, I have got some. Si, tengo (algunas).
English Its true, ask any doctor.
Spanish Es cierto, pregntale a cualquier mdico.
English Any upset could kill him.
Spanish Cualquier disgusto podra matarlo.
English Any day the war coud break out.
Spanish Cualquier da la guerra podra estallar.
English Do you need any help?
Spanish Necesitas ayuda?
English
I dont have any brother.
Spanish
No tengo ningn hermano.
English
Is there any teacher in the garden?
Spanish
Hay algn profesor en el jardn?
English
There arent any cats in the kennel.
Spanish
No hay ningn gato en la perrera.
English
Wont you take some time to think about
the matter?
Spanish
No vas a tomarte algo de tiempo para
pensar sobre el asunto?
English Wont you take some more tea?
Spanish No vas a tomar algo ms de t?
-61-
6
2.-QUANTITIES
(CANTIDADES)
A continuacin vamos a ver algunos
ejemplos de las expresiones de cantidad ms
comunes en ingls:
Examples:
Muchos trminos ingleses que hacen
referencia a comidas son incontables, sin
embargo los envases que las contienen son
contables.
Examples:
2.1.-THE USE OF TOO, TOO MUCH, TOO MANY,
ENOUGH, NOT ENOUGH
(EL USO DE TOO, TOO MUCH, TOO MANY, ENOUGH,
NOT ENOUGH)
Para expresar la idea de que hay algo en
exceso utilizaremos este tipo construcciones:
Examples:
Ntese que, frecuentemente, las connotaciones
de este tipo de oraciones son negativas ya que
expresan una queja por ese exceso:
Examples:
Enough se escribe despus del adjetivo
pero antes del sustantivo y expresa la idea de
suficiencia, de tener todo lo que uno necesita.
Examples:
English
My screen is too small.
Id like a bigger one.
Spanish
Mi pantalla es demasiado pequea.
Me gustara una ms grande.
English
My house is too big.
Id like a smaller one.
Spanish
Mi casa es demasiado grande.
Me gustara una ms pequea.
English I dont want to go out. Im too tired.
Spanish No quiero salir. Estoy demasiado cansado.
English Im stressed. Ive got too much work.
Spanish Estoy estresado. Tengo demasiado trabajo.
English There are too many chairs in this room.
Spanish Hay demasiadas sillas en esta habitacin.
TOO
+ adjetivo
+ much + sustantivo incontable
+ many + sustantivo contable
English How many bottles of water did they drink?
Spanish Cuntas botellas de agua bebieron?
English How much water did they drink?
Spanish Cunta agua bebieron?
English How many apples do you have?
Spanish Cuntas manzanas tienes?
English I have only got a few tapes.
Spanish Slo tengo unas pocas cintas.
English
They drank a lot of wine, not much
beer, and very little lemonade.
Spanish
Bebieron mucho vino, poca (no mucha)
cerveza y muy poca limonada.
English Were there many people?
Spanish Haba muchas personas?
English How much money do you have?
Spanish Cunto dinero tienes?
English
I have got a lot of books, but I havent
got many CDs.
Spanish
Tengo muchos libros, pero no tengo
muchos compacts.
English I have much money.
Spanish Tengo mucho dinero.
English Was there much noise?
Spanish Haba mucho ruido?
English There are many people here.
Spanish Aqu hay mucha gente.
countable uncountable
large
quantities
a lot(s) of
(muchos/ as)
a lot(s) of
(mucho/ a)
(not) many
([no] muchos/ as)
(not) much
([no] mucho/ a)
how many...?
(cuntos/ as...?)
how much...?
(cunto/ a...?)
small
quantities
a few
(pocos/ as)
a little
(poco/a)
very few
(muy pocos/ as)
very little
(muy poco/ a)
6
-62-
Examples:
2.2.-SOME, ANY AND NO COMPOUNDS
(INDEFINIDOS CON SOME, ANY Y NO)
Estos trminos, como se ve, son compuestos
de any y some, por lo tanto, se emplearn
en frases negativas, afirmativas e interrogativas
(de acuerdo con lo que se ha visto
anteriormente) con la funcin de pronombres
indefinidos.
En ingls, al contrario que en espaol, no se
debe negar dos veces. Por lo tanto, se utilizan
los compuestos anybody, anywhere y
anything cuando anteriormente se ha
negado.
Examples:
Examples:
English Are you doing anything tonight?
Spanish Vas a hacer algo esta noche?
English I met somebody interesting last night.
Spanish Anoche conoc a alguien interesante.
English Nobody turned up for the meeting.
Spanish Nadie apareci en la reunin.
English
There wasnt anybody in the party.
There was nobody in the party.
Spanish
No haba nadie en la fiesta.
English
They are trapped, they cant go anywhere.
They are trapped, they can go nowhere.
Spanish
Estn atrapados, no pueden ir a ninguna parte.
English
I cant see anything with this fog.
I can see nothing with this fog.
Spanish
No puedo ver nada con esta niebla.
Negative and question
People
anybody / anyone
nadie, alguien, cualquier persona
Things
anything
nada, algo, cualquier cosa
Places
anywhere
ninguna parte, alguna parte, cualquier parte
Negative
People
nobody / no one
nadie
Things
nothing
nada
Places
nowhere
ninguna parte
Affirmative
People
somebody / someone
alguien
Things
something
algo
Places
somewhere
alguna parte
English Have you got enough money?
Spanish Tienes suficiente dinero?
English The table isnt big enough for six people.
Spanish
La mesa no es suficientemente grande
para seis personas.
English There isnt enough food for everybody.
Spanish No hay suficiente comida para todos.
-63-
6
Receptionist: Good evening, ladies! Can I help you?
Recepcionista: Buenas noches, seoras! Puedo
ayudarles en algo?
Customer: Ive booked two single rooms for
Mrs. Smith and Mrs. Johnson.
Cliente: He reservado dos habitaciones individuales
a nombre de la Sra. Smith y Sra. Johnson.
Receptionist: Let me check on the computer.
Thats right. Would you like two
single rooms with a bathroom?
Recepcionista: Djeme comprobarlo en el ordenador.
S, as es. Quieren dos habitaciones
individuales con bao?
Customer: Yes, please.
Cliente: S, por favor.
Receptionist: How long are you going to stay at
this hotel for? Would you like half or
full board?
Recepcionista: Cunto tiempo van a quedarse en este hotel?
Quieren media pensin o pensin completa?
Customer: Were just going to stay at this hotel for
two days. Wed like to have half board.
Cliente: Tan slo vamos a quedarnos en este hotel
dos das. Preferimos media pensin.
Receptionist: May I see your passports, please?
Recepcionista: Me pueden ensear sus pasaportes,
por favor?
Customer: Of course, here you are.
Cliente: Por supuesto, aqu los tiene.
Customer: Do we have to fill in any form?
Cliente: Tenemos que rellenar alguna hoja de
registro de entrada?
Receptionist: No, Ill do it for you.
Recepcionista: No, lo har yo por ustedes.
Receptionist: You are welcome.
Recepcionista: De nada.
Customer: Could you please wake us up at
seven a.m.?
Cliente: Podra despertarnos a las siete de la
maana?
Receptionist: Of course, anything else?
Recepcionista: Por supuesto, desean algo ms?
Customer: Could you change us pounds into
euros? Whats the exchange rate?
Cliente: Podra cambiarnos libras por euros?
A cmo est el cambio?
Receptionist: The exchange rate is 1.3 euro to the
pound. How much would you like to
change?
Recepcionista: El cambio est a 1,3 euros por libra.
Cunto quieren cambiar?
Customer: 50, please.
Cliente: 50 libras, por favor.
1.-AT THE HOTEL
(EN EL HOTEL)
Good evening, ladies!
Can I help you?
Ive booked two single
rooms for Mrs. Smith and
Mrs. Johnson
Let me check on the
computer. Thats right.
Would you like two single
rooms with a bathroom? Yes, please
How long are you going to
stay at this hotel for? Would
you like half or full board?
Were just going to stay
at this hotel for two days.
Wed like to have half
board
Could you please wake
us up at seven a.m.?
Of course, anything else?
Could you change us
pounds into euros?
Whats the exchange rate?
The exhange rate is 1,3 euro to
the pound. How much would
you like to change?
50, please
May I see your
passports, please?
Of course, here you are
Do we have to fill in any
form?
No, Ill do it for you
Thank you very much
You are welcome
6
-64-
2.-ROOMS OF THE HOUSE
(HABITACIONES DE LA CASA)
English Spanish
bedroom dormitorio
bathroom cuarto de bao
kitchen cocina
living-room sala de estar
dining-room comedor
garage garaje
toilet aseo
garden jardn
English Spanish
window ventana
door puerta
floor suelo
roof tejado
wall pared
1.-PARTS OF THE HOUSE
(PARTES DE LA CASA)
3.-FURNITURE
(MOBILIARIO)
English Spanish
armchair silln
fridge nevera
curtains cortinas
cooker hornilla
table mesa
bed cama
alarm clock despertador
chair silla
sofa sof
television televisin
lamp lmpara
carpet alfombra
closet armario
vase florero
blanket manta
pillow almohada
sheets sbanas
bedside table mesita de noche
ashtray cenicero
drawer cajn
matress colchn
door
living-room
ashtray alarm-clock
lamp bed
kitchen
-65-
6
1.-THE HISTORY OF HARRODS
(LA HISTORIA DE HARRODS)
The tale begins with Charles Henry Harrod
who is a grocery wholesaler and a tea merchant.
He buys this store in 1849, and in 1889 it
becomes a public limited company, which sells
food, furniture, perfumes, jewellery and glass. In
1902 it becomes Londons biggest store and
remains like that throughout the 1920s and
1930s.
The Canadian Royal Navy and the Royal Air
Force use parts of the building during the
Second World War.
In 1985, the famous businessman Mohamed
Al Fayed buys it and decides to prepare it for the
decades ahead. Nowadays, Harrods is probably
the best and the most well known department
store in the world. Through constant innovation
and evolution it is in the forefront of the changing
trends.The stores motto is everything for
everyone everywhere. If you are in London,
dont miss the opportunity to come!
2.-ARE THESE SENTENCES TRUE (T) OR FALSE (F)?
(DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALASAS)
English Spanish
shower ducha
wash-basin lavabo
towel toalla
soap jabn
tap grifo
sponge esponja
tooth brush cepillo de dientes
brush cepillo
comb peine
lotion locin
4.-THE BATHROOM
(EL CUARTO DE BAO)
a) Charles Henry Harrod is a grocery
wholesaler and tea merchant.
T / F
b) The tale begins with Mohemend Al Fayed. T / F
c) In 1889 it only sells food. T / F
d) In 1902 it becomes Londons biggest
store.
T / F
e) The Canadian Royal Navy and the
Royal Air Force use parts of the
building during the First World War.
T / F
f) In 1985 the famous businessman
Mohamed Al Fayed buys Harrods.
T / F
g) Since 1985 Harrods is the best and the
most well known department store in
the world.
T / F
wash-basin
tap
tooth brush
comb
1) When does Charles Henry Harrod buy the store?
2) What is the name of the famous businessman
who buys Harrods in 1985?
3) What is the stores motto?
6
-66-
1.-LIGHT WEAPONRY
(ARMAMENTO LIGERO)
English Spanish
bayonet bayoneta
mortar mortero
pistol pistola
sword espada
knife cuchillo
revolver revlver
burst rfaga
round disparo
machine gun ametralladora
rocket launcher lanzagranadas
bullet bala
blank cartridge cartucho de fogueo
live ammunition municin de guerra
shell granada de mortero
hand grenade granada de mano
rate of fire cadencia de fuego
barrel can
bore nima
chamber recmara
flash suppressor bocacha apagafuegos
trigger disparador
sub-machine gun subfusil
shoot disparar
Private: What are you doing?
Soldado: Qu ests haciendo?
Private: Im collecting ammunition for the
exercise we have tomorrow.
Soldado: Estoy cogiendo municin para el ejercicio
que tenemos maana.
Private: What kind of exercise is it about?
Soldado: De qu tipo de ejercicio se trata?
Private: Its a double action exercise, an
ambush drill.
Soldado: Es un ejercicio de doble accin, un
ejercicio de emboscada.
Private: Will it be carried out with live ammunition?
Soldado: Se realizar con municin de guerra?
Private: No, well shoot blank cartridges. By the
way, I must prepare the magazines.
Soldado: No, usaremos cartuchos de fogueo. Por
cierto, tengo que preparar los cargadores.
What are you doing?
Im collecting ammunition
for the exercise we have
tomorrow
What kind of
exercise is it about?
Its a double action
exercise, an ambush
drill
Will it be carried out
with live ammnuniton?
No, well shoot blank
cartridges. By the way, I
must prepare my
magazines
pistol
knife-bayonet
bullet
machine gun
sub-machine gun
-67-
6
E X E R C I S E S
1) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE,
A OR AN.
a) The door of the room is open.
b) You are _______ pupil but I am a teacher.
c) I have _______ uncle in Russia.
d) Day after day she sees ______old dog in the street.
e) _______ colour of this watch is very nice.
f) Anthony is _______ best boy in the world.
g) William wants _______ car for his birthday.
2) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH MUCH
OR MANY.
a) How many people are there in this room?
b) How _____ money do you have?
c) How _____ chairs are there in the living-room?
d) How _____ milk is there?
e) How _____ wine is there?
f) How _____ books are there in the bedroom?
SUITABLE FORM OF THE VERB TO BE.
a) There are twenty pupils in the room.
b) There _____ a big dog in the street.
c) There _____ two cats in the sofa.
d) There _____ too much paint in your painting.
e) There _____ some wine in the bottle.
f) There _____ a lot of water in the swimming pool.
g) There _____ a couple of girls in the kitchen.
h) There _____ a table in the dining-room.
4) WHERE CAN YOU FIND THE FOLLOWING THINGS?
a) Sugar
a) In the kitchen
b) Soap
b) __________________
c) Water
c) __________________
d) Cheese
d) __________________
e) Bed
e) __________________
f) Rice
f) __________________
g) Car
g) __________________
h) Television
h) __________________
i) Matress
i) __________________
j) Cooker
j) __________________
k) Towel
k) __________________
1) flash suppressor a) cadencia de fuego
2) rate of fire b) ametralladora
3) light weaponry c) can
4) trigger d) granada de mortero
5) bullet e) bocacha de apagafuegos
6) machine gun f) disparo
7) shell g) armamento ligero
8) barrel h) bala
9) burst i) disparador
10) round j) rfaga
5) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 8) WITH WORDS A) TO J).
6
-68-
6) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH
SOME OR ANY.
a) There is not any butter.
b) There is not _____ table in my bedroom.
c) There is _____ water in the bath.
d) There is _____ milk in your glass.
e) There is not _____ chocolate in the fridge.
f) There are _____ trees in the garden.
g) There is _____ wine in Angelicas glass.
h) There are _____ medicines in the first-aid kit.
7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH SOME OR
ANY, MAKING THE APPROPRIATE COMPOUNDS IF
NECESSARY (SOMEBODY, ANYTHING, ANYONE,
ANYBODY, SOMETHING, SOMEWHERE, ETC.).
a) Theres some milk in that jug.
b) Im afraid there isnt _______ coffee left; will
you grind _______?.
c) Is there _______ here who speaks Italian?
d) Id like to buy you _______ new clothes but
dont have _______ money.
e) Are there _______ letters for me?
f) When would you like to come? _______ day
would suit me.
g) _______ told me youve got _______ bad
news for me.
h) I see you dont have _______ maps. Would
you like to borrow _______ of mine?
i) Come and have supper with us if you arent
doing _______ tonight.
j) Dont let _______ in. Im too busy to see
_______.
k) He lives _______ in France now.
l) Would you like _______ to drink?
SUITABLE WORD FROM THE BOX.
a) My bedroom is bigger than yours.
b) Peters house has a big bathroom and two little
_____.
c) Please, Michael, open the _____ and draw the
_____.
d) In the zoo there _____ many animals.
e) Wasnt she _____ very nice girl?
f) The bed is in the _____, the _____ in the
kitchen.
g) The _____ and the towel are in the _____.
h) In Adrians living-room there are two _____,
three_____ and one _____.
9) MAKE SENTENCES USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
a) many /How /children /in/ are/ room /the /there?
a) How many children are there in the room?
b) sugar /any /not /There /is
b) ______________________________.
c) living-room /very /isnt /Your /nice
c) ______________________________.
d) lamp /does / work /not / That
d) ______________________________.
e) have /an /bed /We /old
e) ______________________________.
10)CHANGE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE
INTERROGATIVE FORM.
a) There is a boy in the garden.
a) Is there a boy in the garden?
b) There are two televisions in Thomas living-room.
b) ______________________________
c) There isnt any sugar.
c) ______________________________
d) There is some tea in the teapot.
d) ______________________________
e) There are many people here.
e) ______________________________
f) There is a big bed in her living-room.
f) ______________________________
g) There is some coffee in the coffeepot.
g) ______________________________
curtains television bedroom yours
than shower fridge carpets
window toilets are a
sofas bathroom
7
UNIT 7
UNIT 7
- 69 -
1.-QUESTIONS
(ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS)
1.1.-AUXILIARY "TO DO"
(AUXILIAR TO DO)
La forma interrogativa de las oraciones en presente
de indicativo para los verbos regulares es la siguiente:
La forma del auxiliar "to do" cambia para la
tercera persona del singular y adopta la forma de
"does":
Examples:
Todos los verbos, exceptuando los anmalos
o defectivos, se conjugan en su forma interroga-
tiva segn el modelo anterior.
La forma interrogativo-negativa del auxiliar "to
do" suele contraerse en "dont" y "doesnt". Las
oraciones interrogativo-negativas se construyen
siguiendo el mismo orden de la forma
interrogativa en afirmativa:
Examples:
1.2.-THE VERB "TO BE"
(EL VERBO TO BE )
La forma interrogativa del verbo "to be" se
constituye de la siguiente manera:
Examples:
Por lo general, en las oraciones interrogativo-
negativas "is not" se contrae en "isnt" y "are
not" en "arent:
Examples:
English Spanish
Isnt she pretty? No es (ella) guapa?
Arent they tall? No son (ellos) altos?
Arent we brave? No somos (nosotros) valientes?
Arent you blind? No eres (t) ciego?
TO BE (ser; estar)
Simple present / Contracted negative question form
ISNT/ ARENT + SUJETO + (complts.) ?
English Spanish
Am I tall? Soy (yo) alto?
Are you clever?
Eres (t) listo?
Es (usted) listo?
Sois (vosotros) listos?
Son (ustedes) listos?
Is he a student? Es (l) un estudiante?
Is she intelligent? Es (ella) inteligente?
Is it hard? Es (eso) difcil?
Are we engaged? Estamos(nosotros) comprometidos?
Are they interesting? Son (ellos) interesantes?
TO BE (ser; estar)
AM/ IS/ ARE + SUJETO + (complts.) ?
English Spanish
Dont you like English? No te gusta el ingls?
Dont they eat apples? No comen (ellos) manzanas?
Doesnt she go to class? No va (ella) a clase?
English Spanish
Do you like any sport? Te gusta algn deporte?
Do they eat apples? Comen (ellos) manzanas?
Does she go to class? Va (ella) a clase?
REGULAR VERBS (3
rd
)
DOES + SUJETO +
ver bo en
INFINITIVO
+ (complts.) ?
REGULAR VERBS
DO + SUJETO +
ver bo en
INFINITIVO
+ (complts.) ?
G R A M M A R
7
- 70 -
Si no se usa esta contraccin, la forma para
estas interrogativas es la siguiente:
Examples:
2.-PREPOSITIONS I
(PREPOSICIONES I)
Las preposiciones inglesas ms usadas son:
...
...
Las siguientes preposiciones en espaol pueden
traducirse de varias formas. A continuacin aparecen
las ms comunes:
English Spanish
a
at [reposo]
to [movimiento]
por
by [el agente]
for [la causa]
sobre
above (ms elevado, arriba, superior)
on, upon [con apoyo]
hasta
till, until [tiempo]
as far as [espacio]
en into [cuando est expresado el lugar]
de
of [posesin]
from [procedencia]
with [materia]
debajo
under (debajo de)
below (ms bajo de, inferior a)
beneath (ms bajo de, inferior a)
fuera off (lejos de, quitado de)
entre
among [ms de dos]
between [dos]
English Spanish
in en; (a)dentro
near
cerca de, junto a
next to
of de
off separado de; lejos de
on sobre, en
out fuera
over sobre; ms all de
(a) round alrededor de
since desde
till, until hasta
through por; por medio de
to a, hacia; para
towards hacia
under debajo de, bajo
up sobre, en lo alto de
underneath debajo de, bajo
with con
within entre; en el espacio de, dentro de
without sin; fuera de
English Spanish
above sobre
about alrededor de; acerca de, sobre
across por medio de, a travs de
against contra
after despus de, tras
along a lo largo de
at en
before delante de, ante; antes de
behind tras; detrs de
below debajo de
beneath debajo de
beside al lado de
besides adems de
between entre
beyond ms all de, sobre
by por; de; junto a
down abajo
during durante
for por; durante; para
from de; desde; por
English Spanish
Is she not pretty? No es (ella) guapa?
Are they not tall? No son (ellos) altos?
Are we not brave? No somos (nosotros)valientes?
Are you not blind? No eres (t) ciego?
TO BE (ser; estar)
Simple present / Negative question form
AM/ IS/ ARE + SUJETO + NOT + (complts.) ?
- 71 -
Waiter: Good evening! Where would
you like to sit?
Camarero: Buenas tardes! Dnde desean
sentarse?
Customer: Good evening! Near the win-
dow, please.
Cliente: Buenas tardes! Cerca de la
ventana, por favor.
Waiter: Here you have the menu.
Camarero: Aqu tienen el men.
Customer: Could you bring us whatever
you think is best on the
menu?
Cliente: Podra traernos lo que ms le
guste del men?
Waiter: I'd go for veal cutlets and
French fries.
Camarero: Yo me tomara unas chuletas de
ternera con patatas fritas.
Customer: That's wonderful. Which wine
do you recommend?
Cliente: Perfecto. Qu vino nos
recomienda?
Waiter: I think you'd love a bottle of
table wine.
Camarero: Creo que una botella de vino del
pas les encantara.
1.-IN THE RESTAURANT
(EN EL RESTAURANTE)
Good evening!
Where would you
like to sit?
Good evening!
Near the window,
please
Here you have the
menu
Could you bring us
whatever you think
is best on the
menu?
I'd go for veal cutlets
and French fries
That's wonderful.
Which wine do you
recommend?
I think you'd love a
bottle of table wine
7
7
- 72 -
1.-BREAKFAST
(DESAYUNO)
English Spanish
milk leche
egg
(fried egg, boiled egg)
huevo
(huevo frito, huevo cocido)
cheese queso
ham jamn
bread pan
sugar azcar
salt sal
omelette tortilla
cereals cereales
butter mantequilla
jam mermelada
honey miel
tea t
coffee caf
cereals
fried eggs with ham
coffee tea
jam
2.-FRUITS, CEREALS AND VEGETABLES
(FRUTAS, CEREALES Y VERDURAS)
English Spanish
lemon limn
orange naranja
pear pera
grape uva
banana pltano
fig higo
plum ciruela
peach melocotn
tomato tomate
potato patata
strawberry fresa
apple manzana
lettuce lechuga
carrot zanahoria
beans judas
onions cebollas
olives aceitunas
cucumber pepino
flour harina
peas guisantes
watermelon meln
dates dtiles
rice arroz
pasta pasta
noodles fideos
lemons
pears
figs
apples
watermelons
oranges
strawberries dates
grapes
7
- 73 -
3.-MEAT AND FISH
(CARNE Y PESCADO)
4.-DRINKS
(BEBIDAS)
English Spanish
water agua
beer cerveza
champagne champn
wine (white wine, red wine) vino (vino blanco, vino tinto)
juice zumo
whisky whisky
lemonade limonada
soda gaseosa
rum ron
gin ginebra
non-alcoholic drinks bebidas no alcohlicas
spirits bebidas alcohlicas
English Spanish
salami salchichn
sausage salchicha
ham jamn
veal ternera
beef buey
pork cerdo
chicken pollo
steak filete
cutlet chuleta
trout tucha
hake merluza
tuna atn
mussels mejillones
crab cangrejo
shrimp gamba
sword-fish pez espada
squid calamar
turkey pavo
hamburguer hamburguesa
beer
champagne
water
5.-DESSERTS
(POSTRES)
6.-THE TABLE
(LA MESA)
English Spanish
knife cuchillo
fork tenedor
spoon cuchara
teaspoon cucharilla
glass vaso
serviette servilleta
napkin servilleta
table cloth mantel
plate plato
caster vinagrera
salt cellar salero
vinegar vinagre
pepper pimienta
oil aceite
tray bandeja
mug taza
toothpicks palillos de dientes
lay / set the poner la mesa
oven horno
cook cocinar
English Spanish
ice-cream helado
yoghurt yogur
sweets / candies caramelos
cake tarta
pudding pudin
rice pudding arroz con leche
chocolate chocolate
custard natillas
jelly gelatina
cake
yogohurt
ice-cream
7
- 74 -
1.-HEAVY WEAPONRY
(ARMAMENTO PESADO)
British people have at least three meals a day:
breakfast, lunch and dinner. Many people take an
additional meal known as tea. Beakfast is usually
between half past seven and half past eight in the
morning. It is a more substantial meal than the
Spanish breakfast. British people usually choose:
fruit, porridge, eggs (boiled or fried) bacon, ham,
fish, bread and butter or toast with jam or
marmalade, and coffee, tea or milk.
The second meal of the day is lunch. People
have lunch between midday and half past one. It
is a light meal consisting of a simple dish of hot or
cold meat, a vegetable, bread and butter and
pudding. Sometimes fruit and cheese too.
In the afternoon, at about four o'clock, it is tea
time. People eat bread and butter, toast, biscuits,
cake and tea.The last meal of the day is dinner.
This is the principal meal. It starts at seven o'clock
in the afternoon. In special occasions a full dinner
consists of several courses: soup, fish, meat or
poultry with potatoes and vegetables, pudding,
cheese and dessert.
English Spanish
loader cargador
turret torreta
hatch escotilla
gun can
howitzer obs
towed artillery artillera remolcada
self propelled gun can autopropulsado
guided weapon arma guiada
artillery piece pieza de artillera
crew tripulacin
antitank weapon arma contracarro
turret
howitzer
1) At least, how many meals do British people
have a day?
2) Is British breakfast a more substantial meal
than Spanish breakfast?
3) When do British people have tea?
4) According to the text, what is the last meal
of the day?
1.-BRITISH MEALS
(COMIDAS BRITNICAS)
7
- 75 -
Sergeant: Did you check the track of the
tank?
Sargento: Has comprobado la cadena del
carro de combate?
Private: Yes, Sir, everything was OK.
Soldado: S, mi Sargento, todo estaba correcto.
Sergeant: Don't forget to install the machine
gun on the turret.
Sargento: No olvides instalar la ametralladora
en la torreta.
Private: Don't worry, Sir, it is already
done.
Soldado: No se preocupe, mi Sargento, ya
est hecho.
Sergeant: Did you already refuel the tank?
Sargento: Has repostado ya el carro?
Private: Yes, this morning I went to the
gas station.
Soldado: S, esta maana fui a la gasolinera.
Sergeant: You're really efficient.
Sargento: Eres verdaderamente eficiente.
Private: Thanks, Sir.
Soldado: Gracias, mi Sargento.
English Spanish
gunner tirador
tank carro de combate
missile misil
rocket cohete
antitank mine mina contracarro
explosive explosivo
caliber calibre
bombardment bombardeo
indirect fire fuego indirecto
barrage barrera
shrapnel metralla
splinter esquirla
gunner
tank
missile
Did you check the
track of the tank?
Yes, Sir,
everything was
OK
Dont forget
to install the
machine gun
on the turret
Dont worry, Sir,
it is already done
Did you already
refuel the tank?
Yes, this morning
I went to the gas
station
Youre really
efficient
Thanks, Sir
7
- 76 -
E X E R C I S E S
1) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTERROGATIVE
AND NEGATIVE.
a) You like apples.
a) Don't you like apples?
b) They want a car.
b) ______________________________
c) She plays the guitar.
c) ______________________________
d) We buy some tickets for the theatre.
d) ______________________________
e) I have a mobile.
e) ______________________________
f) He takes several pictures.
f) ______________________________
g) You eat potatoes.
g) ______________________________
2) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES (1) INTERROGATIVE
AND (2) INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE.
a) You are tall.
a) Are you tall?
a) Aren't you tall?
b) They are interested in Geography.
b) ______________________________
b) ______________________________
c) She is a pretty girl.
c) ______________________________
c) ______________________________
d) We are Mary's best friends.
d) ______________________________
d) ______________________________
e) I am five feet tall.
e) ______________________________
e) ______________________________
f) He is the best good-looking boy.
f) ______________________________
f) ______________________________
g) You are my sister-in-law's brother.
g) ______________________________
g) ______________________________
3) TRANSLATE INTO SPANISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
a) What city do you come from?
a) De qu ciudad vienes?
b) Put the glass on the table.
b) __________________________________.
c) The road passes across the valley.
c) __________________________________.
d) The sun shines over the city.
d) __________________________________.
e) Stay by my side.
e) __________________________________.
f) The chair is between the door and the window.
f) __________________________________.
g) Don't leave until I tell you.
g) __________________________________.
h) Before going out, put your application on the table.
h) __________________________________.
SENTENCES.
a) Cerca de mi casa hay un cine.
a) There is a cinema near my house.
b) Debajo de nuestra casa hay un cementerio.
b) __________________________________.
c) Hay un supermercado detrs de la escuela.
c) __________________________________.
d) En septiembre llueve mucho.
d) __________________________________.
e) El martes se casa John.
e) __________________________________.
f) Con un coche es suficiente.
f) __________________________________.
g) De Madrid a Granada hay 450 km.
g) __________________________________.
h) Despus de cuatro horas estamos cansados.
h) __________________________________.
i) La guerra contra aquel pas es un fracaso.
i) __________________________________.
1) crew a) escotilla
2) indirect fire b) carro de combate
3) tank c) artillera remolcada
4) artillery piece d) tripulacin
5) hatch e) arma contracarro
6) towed artillery f) pieza de artillera
7) antitank weapon g) fuego indirecto
8) splinter h) esquirla
7
- 77 -
7) MATCH TERMS 1) TO 8) SENTENCES A) TO H).
THE TRANSLATION INTO ENGLISH OF THE WORDS IN
BRACKETS.
a) (pan, tomate, aceite de oliva)
I like bread with tomato and olive oil.
b) (cuchara, tenedor, cuchillo)
Chinese people don't use ______ ,______ nor ______.
c) (cocinar, pollo, horno)
I ______ the ______ in the ______, that way it
is very tasty!
d) (vinagre, pimienta)
I am allergic to ______ and ______.
e) (azcar, t)
I don't like ______ with ______.
f) (pavo)
English people eat ______ at Christmas.
g) (ensalada, tomate, lechuga, cebolla)
I make ______ with ______ ,______ and ______.
6) WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING WORDS DON'T FIT INTO
EACH COLUMN?
A B C D
beer salami tea lemon
sugar sausage strawberry orange
wine ham apple tuna
juice veal lettuce grape
whisky vinegar carrot banana
lemonade pork beans fig
8
UNIT 8
UNIT 8
-79-
G R A M M A R
1.-SIMPLE PAST OF THE REGULAR VERBS
(PASADO SIMPLE DE LOS VERBOS REGULARES)
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA)
El pasado de los verbos regulares en ingls
se forma aadiendo la terminacin "-ed" al
infinitivo sin la preposicin "to". El pasado
simple en ingls equivale al pretrito imperfecto
de indicativo espaol (e.g.: I walked, andaba;
I worked, trabajaba) y al pretrito perfecto
simple de indicativo (e.g.: I walked, anduve;
I worked, trabaj). A diferencia de lo que
ocurre en presente, que se aade la
terminacin "-s" para formar la tercera persona
del singular (e.g.: he walks, [l] anda), en
pasado simple existe una nica forma verbal
para todas las personas, tanto en afirmativa,
como en negativa, como en interrogativa.
Para la adicin de la terminacin "-ed" hay
que tener en cuenta las siguientes reglas
ortogrficas:
a) Si el infinitivo termina en "e", dicha "e"
desaparece al aadir "-ed":
Example:
b) Si termina en y precedida de consonante,
al tomar la terminacin -ed dicha y se
cambia por i; pero si en lugar de estar
precedida por consonante lo est por
vocal, se sigue la regla general:
Examples:
1.2. NEGATIVE FORM
(FORMA NEGATIVA)
La forma negativa del pasado simple en
ingls de los verbos (salvo los verbos
anmalos), se construye (para todas las
personas) anteponiendo la forma negativa del
pasado simple del auxiliar to do (did not o
didnt) al verbo en infinitivo sin la partcula to.
TO WALK (andar)
Simple past / Negative form
English Spanish
1
st
S
I did not walk
I didnt walk
(yo) no andaba; no anduve
2
nd
S
you did not walk
you didnt walk
(t) no andabas; no anduviste
(usted) no andaba; no anduvo
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it
did not walk
he/ she/ it
didnt walk
(l/ ella/ *ello) no andaba;
no anduvo
1
st
P
we did not walk
we didnt walk
(nosotros/ as) no andbamos;
no anduvimos
2
nd
P
you did not walk
you didnt walk
(vosotros/ as) no andabais;
no anduvisteis
(ustedes) no andaban;
no anduvieron
3
rd
P
they did not walk
they didnt walk
(ellos/ as) no andaban;
no anduvieron
English to play/ I played
Spanish jugar/ (yo) jugaba; jugu
English to cry/ I cried
Spanish llorar/ (yo) lloraba; llor
English to live/ I lived
Spanish vivir/ (yo) viva; viv
TO WALK (andar)
Simple past / Affirmative form
English Spanish
1
st
S
I walked (yo) andaba; anduve
2
nd
S
you walked
(t) andabas; anduviste
(usted) andaba; anduvo
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it walked (l/ ella/ *ello) andaba; anduvo
1
st
P
we walked
(nosotros/ as) andbamos;
anduvimos
2
nd
P
you walked
(vosotros/ as) andabais;
anduvisteis
(ustedes) andaban; anduvieron
3
rd
P
they walked (ellos/ as) andaban; anduvieron
8
-80-
1.3.-QUESTION FORM
(FORMA INTERROGATIVA)
La forma interrogativa del pasado simple en
ingls se forma con el auxiliar "to do" en pasado
("did") -tal y como se explica en la unidad 7-,
seguido del sujeto y del verbo en infinitivo sin la
partcula "to". La forma verbal es igual para
todas las personas, incluso para la tercera de
singular:
1.4.- NEGATIVE QUESTION
(FORMA INTERROGATIVO-NEGATIVA)
La forma interrogativo-negativa del pasado
simple en ingls se forma con el auxiliar "to do"
en pasado y la partcula negativa "not" ("did
not" o "didn't") -tal y como se explica en la
unidad 7- seguida del verbo en infinitivo sin la
partcula "to". Existen dos maneras posibles
para construir la forma interrogativo-negativa,
no obstante, es ms comn el uso de la forma
contrada (didnt) que el de la forma no
contrada ("did not"). La forma verbal es igual
para todas las personas, incluso para la tercera
de singular:
2.-PAST SIMPLE OF THE IRREGULAR VERBS
(PASADO SIMPLE DE LOS VERBOS IRREGULARES)
En ingls hay un gran nmero de verbos que
toman formas irregulares para las oraciones en
pasado simple afirmativas (ver lista de verbos
irregulares). En el resto de oraciones en pasado
simple (las negativas, las interrogativas y las
interrogativo-negativas) estos verbos se
comportan como verbos regulares:
Examples:
English Spanish
When did you go to Madrid? Cundo fuiste a Madrid?
I went to Madrid last week. Fui a Madrid la semana pasada.
Didnt you go to Barcelona? No fuiste a Barcelona?
No, I didnt go to Barcelona. No, no fui a Barcelona.
TO WALK (andar)
Simple past / Negative question form
English Spanish
1
st
S
did I not walk?
didnt I walk?
no andaba; no anduve (yo)?
2
nd
S
did you not walk?
didnt you walk?
noandabas; no anduviste (t)?
noandaba; no anduvo (usted)?
3
rd
S
did he/ she/ it
not walk?
didnt he/ she/ it
walk?
no andaba; no anduvo
(l/ ella/ *ello)?
1
st
P
did we not walk?
didnt we walk?
no andbamos; no anduvimos
(nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
did you not walk?
didnt you walk?
no andabais; no anduvisteis
(vosotros/ as)?
no andaban; no anduvieron
(ustedes)?
3
rd
P
did they not walk?
didnt they walk?
no andaban; no anduvieron
(ellos/ as)?
TO WALK (andar)
Simple past / Question form
English Spanish
1
st
S
did I walk? andaba; anduve (yo)?
2
nd
S
did you walk?
andabas; anduviste (t)?
andaba; anduvo (usted)?
3
rd
S
did he/ she/ it
walk?
andaba; anduvo (l/ ella/ *ello)?
1
st
P
did we walk?
andbamos; aduvimos
(nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
did you walk?
andabais; anduvisteis
(vosotros/ as)?
andaban; anduvieron (ustedes)?
3
rd
P
did they walk? andaban; anduvieron (ellos/ as)?
-81-
8
3.-SIMPLE PAST OF THE VERB TO BE
(PASADO SIMPLE DEL VERBO TO BE)
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA)
El verbo to be es un verbo anmalo, por lo
tanto para formar el pasado simple no hay que
seguir las reglas que hemos visto con anteriori-
dad, sino que que hay que aprender las formas
irregulares. Para la primera y tercera persona
del singular la forma es was, para el resto de
las personas es were.
3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM
(FORMA NEGATIVA)
Las formas verbales del pasado simple del
verbo to be en negativa son was not
/wasnt para la primera y tercera persona del
singular y were not /werent para el resto de
las personas.
TO BE (ser; estar)
English Spanish
1
st
S
I was not
I wasnt
(yo) no era; no fui
(yo) no estaba; no estuve
2
nd
S
you were not
you werent
(t) no eras; no fuiste
(t) no estabas; no estuviste
(usted) no era; no fue
(usted) no estaba; no estuvo
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it was not
he/ she/ it wasnt
(l/ ella/ *ello) no era; no fue
(l/ ella/ *ello) no estaba; no estuvo
1
st
P
we were not
we werent
(nosotros/ as) no ramos; no fuimos
(nosotos/ as) no estbamos;
no estuvimos
2
nd
P
you were not
you werent
(vosotros/ as) no erais; no fuisteis
(vosotros/ as) no estabais;
no estuvisteis
(ustedes) no eran; no fueron
(ustedes) no estaban; no estuvieron
3
rd
P
they were not
they werent
(ellos/ as) no eran; no fueron
(ellos/ as) no estaban; no estuvieron
TO BE (ser; estar)
English Spanish
1
st
S
I was
(yo) era; fui
(yo) estaba; estuve
2
nd
S
you were
(t) eras; fuiste
(t) estabas; estuviste
(usted) era; fue
(usted) estaba; estuvo
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it
was
(l/ ella/ *ello) era; fue
(l/ ella/ *ello) estaba; estuvo
1
st
P
we were
(nosotros/ as) ramos; fuimos
(nosotos/ as) estbamos; estuvimos
2
nd
P
you were
(vosotros/ as) erais; fuisteis
(vosotros/ as) estabais; estuvisteis
(ustedes) eran; fueron
(ustedes) estaban; estuvieron
3
rd
P
they were
(ellos/ as) eran; fueron
(ellos/ as) estaban; estuvieron
8
-82-
3.3. QUESTION FORM
Como se ha visto en el punto 1.2. de la
unidad 7, el verbo "to be" en su forma
interrogativa no hace uso del auxiliar "to do".
Para construir oraciones interrogativas en
pasado simple con el verbo "to be" hay que
seguir el mismo patrn que se emplea para las
de presente simple, con la salvedad de que hay
que cambiar las formas "am" e "is" por "was", y
la forma "are", por "were".
3.4.- NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM
Para construir oraciones interrogativo-
negativas en ingls con el verbo "to be" hay dos
posibilidades: (1) utilizar la forma contrada o (2)
utilizar la forma no contrada. Lo ms comn es
(como se ha visto en el punto 1.2. de la unidad
7) usar la forma contrada:
La forma contrada sigue esta estructura:
La forma no contrada sigue esta estructura:
TO BE (ser; estar)
English Spanish
1
st
S
wasnt I?
was I not?
no era; no fui (yo)?
no estaba; no estuve (yo)?
2
nd
S
werent you?
were you not?
no eras; no fuiste (t)?
no estabas; no estuviste (t)?
no era; no fue (usted)?
no estaba; no estuvo (usted)?
3
rd
S
wasnt he/ she/ it?
was he/she/it not?
no era; no fue (l/ ella/ *ello)?
no estaba; no estuvo
(l/ ella/ *ello)?
1
st
P
werent we?
were we not?
no ramos; no fuimos
(nosotros/ as)?
no estbamos; no estuvimos
(nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
werent you?
were you not?
no erais; no fuisteis (vosotros/ as)?
no estabais; no estuvisteis
(vosotros/ as)?
no eran; no fueron (ustedes)?
no estaban; no estuvieron
(ustedes)?
3
rd
P
werent they?
were they not?
no eran; no fueron (ellos/ as)?
no estaban; no estuvieron
(ellos/ as)?
TO BE (ser; estar)
WAS/
WERE
+ SUJETO + NOT + (complementos) ?
TO BE (ser; estar)
Simple past / Contracted negative question form
WASNT /
WERENT
+ SUJETO + (complementos) ?
TO BE (ser; estar)
English Spanish
1
st
S
was I?
era; fui (yo)?
estaba; estuve (yo)?
2
nd
S
were you?
eras; fuiste (t)?
estabas; estuviste (t)?
era; fue (usted)?
estaba; estuvo (usted)?
3
rd
S
was he/ she/ it?
era; fue (l/ ella/ *ello)?
estaba; estuvo (l/ ella/ *ello)?
1
st
P
were we?
ramos; fuimos (nosotros/ as)?
estbamos; estuvimos (nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
were you?
erais; fuisteis (vosotros/ as)?
estabais; estuvisteis (vosotros/ as)?
eran; fueron (ustedes)?
estaban; estuvieron (ustedes)?
3
rd
P
were they?
eran; fueron (ellos/ as)?
estaban; estuvieron (ellos/ as)?
TO BE (ser; estar)
WAS /
WERE
+ SUJETO + (complementos) ?
-83-
8
Miguel and Teresa: Hi! How are you?
Miguel y Teresa: Hola! Qu tal?
Itziar: Hi! Fine, thanks, and you?
Itzar: Hola! Bien, gracias, y
vosotros?
Miguel and Teresa: Fine.
Miguel y Teresa: Bien.
Itziar: What are you doing here?
Itzar: Qu estis haciendo aqu?
Miguel: Were about to take a train to
our familys city.
Miguel: Estamos a punto de coger un
tren que nos lleve a la ciudad
de nuestra familia.
Itziar: And, when does your train
leave?
Itzar: Y, cundo sale el tren?
Teresa: In fifteen minutes.
Teresa: Dentro de quince minutos.
Miguel and Teresa: Bye!
Miguel y Teresa: Adis!
Itziar: Bye! Have a good journey!
Itzar: Adis! Buen viaje!
1.-IN THE TRAIN STATION
(EN LA ESTACIN DE TREN)
Hi! How are you?
Hi! Fine, thanks, and
you?
Fine
What are you doing
here?
Were about to
take a train to
our familys city In fifteen
minutes
Bye!
Bye!
Have a good
journey!
Do you know where
the platform four is?
At the back of the
station, I go with you
Thank you very much
And, when does
your train leave?
Miguel: Do you know where the platform
four is?
Miguel: Sabes dnde est el andn
cuatro?
Itziar: At the back of the station, I
go with you.
Itzar: Al final de la estacin, os
acompao.
Miguel and Teresa: Thank you very much.
Miguel y Teresa: Muchas gracias.
8
-84-
1.-COUNTRIES AND NATIONALITIES
(PASES Y NACIONALIDADES)
COUNTRIES NATIONALITIES
English Spanish English Spanish
Australia Australia Australian australiano
Austria Austria Austrian austriaco
Belgium Blgica Belgian belga
England Inglaterra English ingls
France Francia French francs
Germany Alemania German alemn
Greece Grecia Greek griego
Holland Holanda Dutch holands
India India Indian hind
Ireland Irlanda Irish irlands
Italy Italia Italian italiano
Irak Iraq Iraqi iraqu
Japan Japn Japanese japons
Norway Noruega Norwegian noruego
Portugal Portugal Portuguese portugs
Russia Rusia Russian ruso
Spain Espaa Spanish espaol
Switzerland Suiza Swiss suizo
Turkey Turqua Turk turco
Africa
Europe
Asia
Oceania America
CONTINENTS NATIONALITIES
Africa frica African africano
America Amrica American americano
Asia Asia Asiatic asitico
Europe Europa European europeo
Oceania Oceana Oceanic ocenico
En ingls, al igual que en espaol, los
topnimos se consideran nombres propios y,
por lo tanto, su inicial se escribe con letra
mayscula(Spain, Espaa; England, Inglaterra).
Sin embargo, y a diferencia de lo que ocurre en
espaol, en ingls los gentilicios tambin
reciben este tratamiento (Spanish, espaol;
English, ingls).
Los gentilicios en ingls, al igual que ocurre
en la mayora de los casos en espaol, tambin
sirven para referirse al idioma del pas. As, "l
habla ruso" se traduce por "he speaks
Russian" (los nombres de los idiomas en ingls
tambin se escriben con mayscula.)
English Spanish
Where are you from? De dnde eres?
Im from England, Im English. Soy de Inglaterra, soy ingls.
Where are they from? De dnde son?
They are from Switzerland, they are Swiss. Son de Suiza, son suizos.
Examples:
-85-
8
1.-PREJUDICES
(PREJUICIOS)
There are a lot of prejudices according to
nationalities. As Albert Einstein said, it is easier to
split an atom than to erase prejudices. For
example, Danish people are thought to be blond
and to row in Viking boats, drinking a lot of beer;
German people are considered to drink too much
beer, to eat frankfurters and to have a straight mind
(everything must go the right way); European
people think that Swiss people do things very
slowly; people from Russia are consided to drink
too much vodka. Normally, French people are
considered to be arrogant about their language
and to have the best European food. Spanish
people are thought to be brave and party lovers
and to like bullfights too. British people are
believed to be snobs, to be always on time and to
drink tea; people think that British people do the
opposite things European people do in the
continent, for example, driving on the left side.
Italian mothers are thought to wear the trousers at
home and to cook a lot of pasta and pizza. Italian
men are considered to love football and to live at
their parents house until the age of thirty.
1.-THE NAVY AND THE AIR FORCE
(LA ARMADA Y EL EJERCITO DEL AIRE)
English Spanish
seaman marinero
warship barco de guerra
vessel buque
warjet avin de combate
combat aircraft avin de combate
helicopter / chopper helicptero
submarine submarino
wine sweeper dragaminas
frigate fragata
aircraft carrier portaaviones
wings alas
deck cubierta
air-to-surface missile misil aire-tierra
air-to air missile misil aire-aire
tanker plane avin nodriza
surveillance flight vuelo de reconocimiento
aircraft aeronave
helipad helipuerto
pilot piloto
airport aeropuerto
prow proa
port puerto
warjet / combat aircraft
helicopter / chopper
submarine
aircraft carrier
warship
1) What did Albert Einstein say about prejudices?
2) What do people think about English people?
3) What do people think about Russian people?
4) What do people think about Italian mothers?
8
-86-
E X E R C I S E S
Private: Did you see that warjet?
Soldado: Ha visto ese avin de combate?
Full Corporal: Yes, that one flying over the city.
Cabo Primero: S, aquel que sobrevuela la ciudad.
Private: What kind of warjet is it?
Soldado: Qu clase de avin de combate es?
Full Corporal: I think that it is an F-18.
Cabo Primero: Creo que es un F-18.
Private: Really beautiful, isnt it?
Soldado: Realmente bonito, verdad?
Did you see that warjet?
Full Corporal: Look at that helicopter.
Cabo Primero: Mira aquel helicptero.
Private: Oh, yes! Its an American APACHE.
Soldado: Oh, s! Es un APACHE americano.
Yes, that one flying over
the city
What kind of warjet is it?
Really beautiful,
isnt it?
I think that it is an
F-18
Look at that helicopter
Oh, yes! Its an American
APACHE
1) WRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING THE
PAST TENSE.
a) I go to school.
a) I went to school.
b) She likes oranges but she does not like lemons.
b) ______________________________.
c) Peter goes to work by bus.
c) ______________________________.
d) I meet her on Tuesday.
d) ______________________________.
e) Anke is my best German friend.
e) ______________________________.
f) Europe is the cradle of civilization.
f) ______________________________.
g) Andrea is less beautiful than Joan.
g) ______________________________.
h) She speaks slowly.
h) ______________________________.
i) He leaves that house at six oclock.
i) ______________________________.
j) I usually pay him 5.
j) ______________________________.
k) He rides every day.
k) ______________________________.
l) I lie down after lunch.
l) ______________________________.
m) We sleep badly.
m) ______________________________.
-87-
8
THE SUITABLE WORD.
a) I am from England, I am English.
b) I am from __________, I am German.
c) I am from __________, I am Australian.
d) I am from France, I am __________.
e) I am from __________, I am Dutch.
f) I am from Italy, I am __________.
g) I am from Norway, I am __________.
h) I am from __________, I am Turk.
i) I am from Spain, I am __________.
NEGATIVE PAST TENSE.
a) I like apples.
a) I did not like apples.
a) I didnt like apples.
b) I go to Scotland.
b) ______________________________.
b) ______________________________.
c) She is my best friend in London.
c) ______________________________.
c) ______________________________.
d) I drive my car all night long.
d) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
e) My parents drink beer.
e) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
f) I see her.
f) ______________________________.
f) ______________________________.
g) Peter loses his job.
g) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
h) We want those carpets.
h) ______________________________.
h) ______________________________.
i) I watch television at home.
i) ______________________________.
i) ______________________________.
4) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING QUESTIONS BY USING
NEGATIVE QUESTIONS.
a) I dont like apples.
a) Didnt I like apples?
b) I go to Scotland.
b) ______________________________
c) She is my best friend in London.
c) ______________________________
d) I drive my car all night long.
d) ______________________________
e) My parents drink beer.
e) ______________________________
f) I dont see her.
f) ______________________________
g) Peter loses his job.
g) ______________________________
h) We dont want those carpets.
h) ______________________________
i) I watch television at home.
i) ______________________________
1) chopper a) submarino
2) submarine b) avin de combate
3) frigate c) cubierta
4) combat aircraft d) helicptero
5) deck e) fragata
6) prow f) avin nodriza
7) tanker plane g) aeronave
8) aircraft h) proa
8
-88-
SUITABLE WORD OF THE BOX.
a) Alice went to Ireland last year. ________ liked
it very ________.
b) ________ you like baseball? Yes, ________ do.
c) They ________ in Marios restaurant last
week, and they ________ very well.
d) ________ are you ________? I ________
from France, I am ________.
e) ________ you enjoy yourself yesterday? No, I
________.
f) ________ your mother from Greece? Yes, she
is ________.
g) Did you see my sister? Yes, I ________.
7) ANSWER THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE
AFFIRMATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORM.
a) Did they have eggs for breakfast?
a) Yes, they had eggs for breakfast.
a) No, they didnt have eggs for breakfast.
b) Did he want a new coat?
b) ______________________________.
b) ______________________________.
c) Did they have to work hard?
c) ______________________________.
c) ______________________________.
d) Did he have a heart attack?
d) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
e) Did they do their homework after dinner?
e) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
f) Did you see us?
f) ______________________________.
f) ______________________________.
g) Did Mary know the way?
g) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
h) Did you see the difference?
h) ______________________________.
h) ______________________________.
i) Did he come every day?
i) ______________________________.
i) ______________________________.
didnt I am went
where were Greek Did
Is She ate from
Do much did French
9
UNIT 9
UNIT 9
-89-
G R A M M A R
1.-QUESTIONS II
(ORACIONES INTERROGATIVAS II)
1.1.-WH QUESTIONS
(INTERROGATIVAS PARCIALES)
Hasta el momento hemos visto formas de
construir oraciones interrogativas basadas en la
inversin del orden de los elementos y/o en la
utilizacin del auxiliar "to do". Estas oraciones
interrogativas se conocen en espaol como
interrogativas totales y en ingls como
"yes/no questions"; esto quiere decir que la
oracin se contesta con una afirmacin o con
una negacin.
Examples:
A continuacin vamos a ver las
interrogativas parciales. Otra forma de
construir oraciones en ingls que se basa,
adems de en la inversin y en la utilizacin del
auxiliar "to do", en el uso de pronombres
interrogativos (what, who, which, etc.)
Debido a que la gran mayora de los
pronombres interrogativos ingleses empiezan
con las letras "wh", este tipo de oraciones
interrogativas se llaman "wh questions". Las
oraciones interrogativas que hasta el momento
habamos visto, se contestaban afirmativa o
negativamente (e.g.: Do you like apples? Yes, I
do/ No, I don't), sin embargo, las "wh
questions" necesitan otro tipo de respuesta
(e.g.: Where did you go? I went home). Las
partculas interrogativas con las que se
construyen este tipo de oraciones son las
siguientes:
"Which" sirve para distinguir entre varias
personas o cosas. "What" para preguntar sobre
la naturaleza, calidad, etc. de un ser. "What" en
sentido absoluto significa tambin "qu?",
"qu cosa?". Con el verbo "to be" sirve para
preguntar la profesin, el estado, etc. de alguien.
Examples:
1.2. HOW TO FORM WH QUESTIONS
(FORMACIN DE LAS WH QUESTIONS)
a) Para formar este tipo de oraciones
interrogativas en pasado y presente simple con
verbos no anmalos (es decir, que no sean, por
ejemplo, el verbo "to be"), lo nico que hay que
hacer es anteponer una partcula interrogativa a
una oracin construida con el auxiliar " to do"
(tal y como se ha visto en el punto 1.1 de la
unidad 7 y en el punto 1.3. de la unidad 8):
Wh questions
+
Examples:
English Spanish
Where do they go? A dnde van?
What do you do? Qu haces?
When did you see Mary? Cundo viste a Mary?
Why does she want to do it? Por qu quiere hacer eso?
How did you find it? Cmo lo encontraste?
SUJETO +
Verbo en
INFINITIVO
sin la particula
TO
+ (complementos) ?
PARTCULA
INTERROGATIVA
(what, which, who,
where, )
+
AUXILIAR TO DO
(conjugado en
presente o pasado)
English Spanish
Where is she? Dnde est?
When is your birthday? Cundo es tu cumpleaos?
When did they eat? Cundo comieron?
How are you? Cmo ests?
How is your house? Cmo es tu casa?
English Spanish
what qu
which
qu
cul / cules
who quin / quienes
where dnde
when cundo
how cmo
why por qu
English Spanish
Isn't she pretty?
Yes, she is.
No es guapa?
S, lo es.
Do you like football?
No, I don't.
Te gusta el ftbol?
No, no me gusta.
9
-90-
b) Hay ocasiones en las que para formar
oraciones interrogativas parciales con verbos
no anmalos en presente y pasado simple no se
utiliza el auxiliar "do". Estas oraciones son
aquellas en las que las partculas interrogativas
"who" o "which" hacen referencia al sujeto que
lleva a cabo la accin. La partcula "which" va
acompaada por un sustantivo y conjuntamente
ejercen la funcin de sujeto, mientras que "who"
es en s el sujeto, por esta misma razn no es
necesario que vaya acompaado por un
sustantivo. La forma de construir este tipo de
oraciones es la siguiente:
Examples:
c) Para formar las wh questions con el
verbo anmalo "to be" en presente o pasado
simple se debe seguir este orden:
Examples:
English Spanish
What is it? Qu es esto?
When were you at home? Cundo estuviste en casa?
Why am I so nervous? Por qu soy tan nervioso?
How was she? Cmo estaba?
Wh questions with the verb to be
PARTCULA
INTERROGA-
TIVA
(what, which,
who, where,...)
+
Verbo
TO BE
(conjugado
en presente
o pasado)
+ SUJETO + (complementos)?
English Spanish
Who cares? A quin le importa?
Who opened the door? Quin abri la puerta?
Who ate here? Quin comi aqu?
Which girl takes a picture? Qu chica hace la foto?
Which boy answered the
question?
Qu chico contest la
pregunta?
Wh questions
Partcula
interrogativa
WHO
+
verbo
CONJUGADO
en presente o
pasado simple
+ (complementos)?
Wh questions
Partcula
interrogativa
WHICH
+ SUST. +
Verbo
CONJUGADO
en presente o
pasado simple
+ (complmnts.)?
2.-HOW TO WRITE A LETTER IN ENGLISH
(CORRESPONDENCIA EN INGLS)
2.1.-DATE AND PLACE OF ORIGIN
(FECHA Y DIRECCIN DEL REMITENTE)
Segn el lugar de procedencia del remitente, la
fecha y direccin de ste se ubicarn en un lugar
o en otro de la carta. Por un lado, los norteamericanos
(estadounidenses y canadienses) colocan la
direccin del remitente en el ngulo superior
izquierdo de la carta. sta va seguida de la fecha,
que puede ir tanto a la derecha como a la
izquierda. Por otro lado, en Gran Bretaa la
direccin del remitente se coloca en el ngulo
superior derecho de la carta. La fecha se coloca
o bien debajo de sta o bien debajo de la
direccin del destinatario a la izquierda.
2.2.-OPENING A LETTER
(SALUDO)
Las frmulas ms comunes son:
Cuando en la carta se emplea el formato
tradicional con sangra, estas frmulas van
seguidas de una coma. Por lo tanto:
En el ingls norteamericano tambin se
utilizan los dos puntos. Por lo tanto:
Cuando se trata de cartas en formato sin
sangra, existe una tendencia cada vez ms
generalizada a no emplear puntuacin ni en el
encabezamiento ni en la frmula de despedida.
Dear Madam:
Dear Ms Smith,
Dear
Dear Mrs Smith
Dear Sir
Dear Madam
Dear Sir or Madam
Dear Sir / Madam
Dear Sirs
9
-91-
2.3.-CLOSING A LETTER
(FRMULA DE DESPEDIDA)
Las frmulas ms usadas en ingls
norteamericano son "Sincerely yours" y
"Sincerely". Los britnicos se inclinan por el
uso de "Yours sincerely", no obstante, utilizan
la frmula "Yours faithfully" en cartas formales
dirigidas a un destinatario que no se conoce.
sta es la frmula que debe emplearse cuando
el encabezamiento de la carta es "Dear Sir",
"Dear Madam" o "Dear Sir or Madam".
Si no se tiene confianza con la persona a la
que va dirigida la carta, sta puede concluirse
con las frmulas que a continuacin se citan:
Cuando el destinatario es un amigo o un
pariente cercano se emplean las siguientes
frmulas:
O, cuando el destinatario no es una persona
tan allegada:
As always, (AmE)
Yours ever, (BrE)
As ever, (AmE)
Affectionately, (AmE)
Fondly, (AmE)
Warm / Warmest regards, (AmE)
Fond / Fondest regards,
Love,
Love from,
With love from,
Much love,
Love from all of us,
Love to all,
All my love,
Best wishes,
Regards,
Yours, (BrE)
With best wishes from,
Truly yours, (AmE)
Very truly yours, (AmE)
Kind /Kindest regards, (BrE)
9
-92-
1.-RENT A CAR
(ALQUILAR UN COCHE)
Agent: Good morning, can I help you?
Agente: Buenos das, puedo ayudarle en algo?
Customer: Yes, please. Wed like to rent a car.
Cliente: S, por favor. Nos gustara alquilar un coche.
Agent: How old are you?
Agente: Cuntos aos tiene?
Customer: Im 23 years old.
Cliente: Tengo 23 aos.
Agent: Can I see your ID or passport?
Agent: Me puede ensear su carnet de
identidad o pasaporte?
Agent: I'm afraid youll have to pay an
additional fee for being under 25.
Agente: Me temo que tendr que pagar un coste
adicional por tener menos de 25 aos.
Customer: Really? How much is it?
Cliente: De verdad? Cunto es?
Agent: Around 10 per day.
Agente: Sobre unos 10 por da.
Agent: Which car would you like to rent? This
is the list, there are several groups and
models, but the cheapest one is the
model Fiat Seiscento.
Agente: Qu coche le gustara alquilar? sta es la
lista, hay varios grupos y modelos, pero el
ms barato es el modelo Fiat Seiscento.
Customer: Is there an additional driver fee?
Cliente: Existe algn suplemento por
conductor adicional?
Agent: No, but there is limited mileage of
187.5 miles per day.
Agente: No, pero existe un kilometraje limitado
de 300 km por da.
Customer: That's fine. Wed like to rent the Fiat
Seiscento for a couple of days.
Cliente: Est bien. Nos gustara alquilar el Fiat
Seiscento por un par de das.
Customer: How much is it in total?
Cliente: Cunto es en total?
Agent: 80. But I need a credit card with at
least 500 for a deposit on the
rental car. The price includes fully
comprehensive insurance policy,
but there is not air conditioning nor
stereo system.
Agente: 80 . Pero necesito una tarjeta de
crdito con al menos 500 para el
depsito del alquiler del coche. El
precio incluye seguro a todo riesgo,
pero no hay ni aire acondicionado ni
radiocasete.
Good morning,
can I help you?
Yes, please. Wed
like to rent a car
How old are
you?
Im 23 years old
Can I see your ID
or passport?
Im afraid youll have to pay an
additional fee for being under 25
Around 10 per day
Really?
How much is it?
Which car would you like to rent? This is the
list, there are several groups and models, but
the chepest one is the model Fiat Seiscento
Is there an
additional
driver fee?
No, but there is limited
mileage of 187.5 miles
per day
Thats fine. Wed like to
rent the Fiat Seiscento for
a couple of days
80. But I need a credit card with at least
500 for a deposit on the rental car. The price
includes fully comprehensive insurance policy,
but there is not air conditioning nor stereo
system
How much is it
in total?
9
-93-
1.-DO OR MAKE?
("DO" O "MAKE"?)
Tanto "to make" como "to do" aluden a la
accin de hacer, producir, crear, etc. No existen
unas pautas gramaticales fijas que estipulen
cundo debe utilizarse uno u otro. En este
sentido, tendremos que echar mano de nuestra
memoria y, en funcin del complemento directo
que vaya modificando a estas formas, utilizar un
verbo u otro.
When to use make
English Spanish
make (a) noise hacer (un) ruido
make the bed hacer la cama
make a note anotar
made* in
hecho en
made of hecho de
make a mistake equivocarse, cometer un error
make a deal hacer un trato
make a right girar a la derecha
make a left girar a la izquierda
make a speech pronunciar un discurso
make a suggestion hacer un sugerencia
make money hacer / ganar dinero
make a profit ganar dinero
make a loss perder dinero
make trouble causar problemas
make an appointment concertar una cita
make a mess
desordenar, ensuciar;
hacer algo mal, hacer una
chapuza, arruinar
make a phone call
hacer una llamada,
llamar [por telfono]
make a decision tomar una decisin, decidir
make a face poner mala cara
make peace hacer las paces
make war estar en guerra
make an attempt / an effort hacer un intento, intentar
make coffee / tea hacer caf / t
make an excuse poner una excusa
make an offer hacer una oferta, ofrecer
make a discovery
hacer un descubrimiento,
descubrir
make a will hacer el testamento
make a compliment halagar, hacer un cumplido
make preparations hacer preparativos
* made (hecho) es el participio pasado de to make (hacer).
he makes an appointment
they make peace
he makes a phone call
Examples:
English Spanish
That old jar is made in China. Esa jarra vieja est hecha en China.
John made a mess of his life. John arruin su vida.
The president made a speech in the White House. El presidente pronunci un discurso en la Casa Blanca.
Someone who never makes a mistake never makes a
discovery.
Alguien que nunca se equivoca nunca hace un
descubrimiento.
9
-94-
When to use do
English Spanish
do the homework hacer los deberes
do the housework hacer las tareas domsticas
do the nails / hair arreglarse la uas / el pelo
do films hacer peliculas
do drugs drogarse
do a favour hacer un favor
do work hacer un trabajo
do research investigar
do an exercise hacer un ejercicio
do harm hacer dao
do (a lot of) damage hacer (mucho) dao
do good hacer el bien
do business hacer un negocio, trabajar
do honours in licenciarse en
do the cleaning limpiar
do the washing-up hacer la colada
do the dishes fregar los platos
do an examination hacer un examen, examinarse
do repairs
hacer reformas/ arreglos,
reparar, arreglar
do a service ofrecer, prestar un servicio
do right hacer bien
do wrong hacer mal
do miracles hacer milagros
Examples:
English Spanish
Anna does her homework every morning. Anna hace sus deberes todas las maanas.
Alfred Hitchcock did very famous films. Alfred Hitchcock hizo pelculas muy famosas.
She did me a favour. Me hizo un favor.
Philip did honours in French. Philip se licenci en Francs.
she does a service
he does work
they do repairs
9
-95-
15 Kensington Road
London
E15 KOR
8
th
June 2004
Julia Garca
Gran Va 45, 2 A
16932 Madrid
Spain
Dear Julia,
I arrived in London last Sunday. On Monday I visited
a lot of old buildings and museums like the National
Gallery and the British Museum.
I really liked Buckingham Palace and its gardens.
On Tuesday I listened to a beautiful concert. Last
night I ate a very nice meal with my friend Julian in a
restaurant in Covent Garden.
On Wednesday I went to Portobello in Notting Hill
Gate to buy some clothes and now I am ready to go back
to Spain!
See you soon!
Love,
Pedro
1.-WRITING A LETTER IN BRITISH ENGLISH
(CORRESPONDENCIA EN INGLS)
1.-IN THE OFFICE
(EN LA OFICINA)
English Spanish
computer ordenador
printer impresora
hard disk disco duro
screen pantalla
keyboard teclado
mouse ratn
report informe
SITREP
(Situation Report)
informe de situacin
INTREP
(Intelligent Report)
informe de inteligencia
MEDEVAC REP
(Medical Evaluation Report)
informe de evaluacin mdica
file archivo, archivo informtico
to file archivar
submit remitir, enviar
application form impreso de solicitud
to apply for solicitar
copy copia
send enviar
receive recibir
coded message mensaje cifrado
personnel records hoja de servicios
deadline fecha lmite
keyboard
report
coded
message
1) Is it a formal or an informal letter?
2) When did Pedro arrive in London?
3) Where did Pedro eat a very nice meal with his
friend Julian?
9
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2.-ON THE MANEUVERS
(EN MANIOBRAS)
English Spanish
tent tienda de campaa
sleeping bag saco de dormir
campsite campamento
training instruccin
drill ejercicio
trainer instructor
APC
vehculo de combate
trail, path camino, senda
patch bache
parking place aparcamiento
firing range campo de tiro
FIBUA
(Fight In Build-Up Areas)
combate en localidades
urban combat
combate en localidades,
combate urbano
marksman tirador selecto
Training Centre Centro de Instruccin
simulation simulacin
march marcha
mined / contaminated zone zona minada
obstacle obstculo
warning order orden preparatoria
headquarters cuartel general
Staff Estado Mayor
riot alboroto
safe-conduct salvoconducto
raid golpe de mano
English Spanish
fall in a formar
on one rank en un fila
tense firmes
at ease descanso
call the roll pasar lista
left-face (left turn) izquierda
right-face (right turn) derecha
about-face (about turn) media vuelta
forward-march (march off) de frente
halt alto
at ease-march paso de maniobra
shoulder arms sobre el hombre
fall out rompan filas
3.-FORMED IN PARADE
(FORMACIN DE PARADA)
firing range
tent
APC
campsite
formed in parade
9
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Operator A: Whats the position of your unit? Over.
Operador A: Cul es la posicin de su unidad? Cambio.
Operator B: Were deployed in a deep ravine in the
grid 23-34. Over.
Operador B: Estamos desplegados en una vaguada
profunda en la cuadrcula 23-34. Cambio.
Operator A: Say it again. Over.
Operador A: Confirme repitiendo. Cambio.
Operator B: Grid 23-34, close to the hill The Hawk. Over.
Operador B: Cuadrcula 23-34, cerca de la colina El
Halcn. Cambio.
Operator A: Roger. Move on up to the next
emplacement. Over.
Operador A: Recibido. Contine hasta el prximo
emplazamiento. Cambio.
Operator B: Well be there within 30 minutes. Over.
Operador B: Estaremos all en 30 minutos. Cambio.
Operator A: Once there, open fire and fix the target. Over.
Operador A: Una vez all, abran fuego y fijen el
objetivo. Cambio.
Operator B: Roger. Out.
Operador B: Recibido. Fin.
E X E R C I S E S
Whats the position of
your unit? Over
Say it again. Over
Roger. Move on up the
next emplacement. Over
Once there, open fire and
fix the target. Over
Were deployed in a deep
ravine int the grid 23-34. Over
Grid 23-34, close to the hill
The Hawk. Over
Well be there within 30
minutes. Over
Roger. Out
1) WRITE A SUITABLE QUESTION FOR EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
a) I take my bus at nine oclock.
a) At what time do you take your bus?
b) She likes football and tennis.
b) ______________________________
c) I am fine, thank you.
c) ______________________________
d) They are from Holland.
d) ______________________________
e) Yes, he speaks Greek.
e) ______________________________
f) I go to work every morning.
f) ______________________________
g) We are twenty-two years old.
g) ______________________________
h) My favourite meal is Spanish omelet.
h) ______________________________
i) Cervantes wrote El Quijote.
i) ______________________________
j) We dont eat this kind of fish.
j) ______________________________
2) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
a) Te gusta el ftbol?
a) Do you like football?
b) Cundo vas a la escuela?
b) ______________________________
c) Cmo os llamis?
c) ______________________________
d) Quin se comi las naranjas?
d) ______________________________
e) Cundo compraste tu coche?
e) ______________________________
f) Cuntos alumnos hay en esta clase?
f) ______________________________
g) Cmo se llama tu suegra?
g) ______________________________
h) Ganaron Hellen y William el partido?
h) ______________________________
i) Qu comes hoy?
i) ______________________________
j) Hablas ruso?
j) ______________________________
1) sleeping bag a) combate en localidades
2) path b) Estado Mayor
3) urban combat c) saco de dormir
4) trainer d) marcha
5) Staff e) alboroto
6) march f) orden preparatoria
7) riot g) senda
8) warning order h) instructor
9
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a) you /today /Do /work /?
a) Do you work today?
b) see /you /Didnt /they /yesterday /?
b) ______________________________
c) fathers /When /your /is /birthday /?
c) ______________________________
d) you /How/ spell /do /it /?
d) ______________________________
e) study /they /did /when /?
e) ______________________________
f) ate /but /didnt /I /I /potatoes /eat /meat.
f) ______________________________
g) you /some /for /Did /breakfast /take /milk /?
g) ______________________________
PAST TENSE.
a) Do you eat meat?
a) Did you eat meat?
b) When is your sisters birthday?
b) ______________________________
c) Are they friendly?
c) ______________________________
d) How do you make the bed?
d) ______________________________
e) Why does she sing this song?
e) ______________________________
f) Who are they?
f) ______________________________
g) Which computer do you prefer?
g) ______________________________
h) Does he play the piano?
h) ______________________________
VERBS DO OR MAKE IN THE PRESENT TENSE.
a) If you want to buy that car, Im sure we can
make a deal.
b) Excuse me, could you ________ me a favour
and watch my bags for a moment?
c) Timmy! Dont ________ a mess in the living
room.
d) Im afraid I cant come. Im going to ________
my homework after school.
e) How much money does your father
________?
f) Tom has to ________ a phone call to the
United States
g) He really doesnt want to ________ that
decision.
h) I like to ________ business with Jack.
i) I cant sleep at night because the cars
________ a lot of noise.
VERBS DO OR MAKE IN THE PAST TENSE.
a) I made an appointment to visit my doctor
yesterday.
b) How much profit did your company _______
last quarter?
c) Sue cooked and I _______ the dishes.
d) I _______ the cleaning last Saturday.
e) She _______ a face because she didnt like
my cooking.
f) Julian _______ his bed yesterday morning.
g) Last year they _______ a lot of money with
that business.
h) Peter _______ honours in French.
i) She had a lot of problems because she
_______ drugs.
9
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8) TRANSLATE INTO SPANISH THE FOLLOWING
SENTENCES.
a) Who discovered America?
a) Quin descubri Amrica?
b) Did they understand the lesson?
b) ______________________________
c) When did she go to Marys house?
c) ______________________________
d) How did you find her?
d) ______________________________
e) When did Michael read my letter?
e) ______________________________
f) Who makes the speech?
f) ______________________________
g) Does it rain?
g) ______________________________
9) ACCORDING TO THE NEXT SENTENCES WRITE WH
QUESTIONS.
1) Charles sees Sverine.
a) When does Charles see Sverine?
b) How ______________________?
c) Why ______________________?
d) Where ____________________?
2) Charles bought his new car.
a) What did Charles buy?
b) Where ____________________?
c) When ______________________?
d) Why ______________________?
e) How ______________________?
10) ACCORDING TO THE GRAMMAR, SAY IF THE
FOLLOWING DATES AND PLACES OF ORIGIN ARE
BRITISH OR AMERICAN.
96 South Street
Santa Rosa, CA 06698
September 14, 1998
John Harrington
16 Beacon Street
Chicago, IL 59962
Letter A
59 Telephone Road
London
N89 8GK
5 July 2001
Barclays Bank
36, High Street
Guildford
Surrey
Letter B
10
UNIT 10
UNIT 10
-101-
G R A M M A R
1.-HOW TO FORM THE GERUND
(FORMACIN DEL GERUNDIO)
Para construir el presente y pasado continuo
(tiempos verbales que se vern en la presente
unidad) es necesario saber cmo se forma el
gerundio:
A continuacin aparecen algunas de las con-
sideraciones que hay que tener en cuenta para
la formacin del gerundio de determinados ver-
bos.
a) Los verbos que terminan en consonante
simplemente aaden la terminacin -ing:
Examples:
b) Si el infinitivo termina en e, se omite dicha
e y se aade -ing:
Examples:
c) Si termina en ie, al aadir -ing se cam-
bia dicha ie por y:
Examples:
d) Si termina en y precedida de consonante,
se conserva dicha y al aadir -ing:
Examples:
e) Los verbos monoslabos (aquellos
compuestos por una sola slaba) acabados en
consonante precedida de vocal corta*, duplican
dicha consonante final delante de la terminacin
-ing:
Examples:
*Se entiende por vocal corta la existencia de
una nica vocal (stop, cut), por el contrario,
ntese que meet tambin es un verbo monosi-
lbico, sin embargo, est compuesto por dos
vocales.
f) Los verbos de dos o tres slabas que
acaban en consonante + vocal + consonante,
duplican dicha conosnante final delante de la
terminacin -ing si el acento recae en la ltima
slaba.
Examples:
g) Los verbos terminados en l precedidos
de vocal, duplican la l delante de la termina-
cin -ing, excepto en el ingls americano.
English Spanish
travel / travelling viajar / viajando
counsel / counselling aconsejar / aconsejando
English Spanish
refer / referring referir / refiriendo
occur / occurring ocurrir / ocurriendo
English Spanish
stop / stopping parar / parando
put / putting poner / poniendo
swim / swimming nadar / nadando
drop / dropping caerse / cayndose
English Spanish
study / studying estudiar / estudiando
fly / flying volar / volando
English Spanish
lie / lying mentir / mintiendo
English Spanish
write / writing escribir / escribiendo
come / coming venir / viniendo
English Spanish
eat / eating comer / comiendo
think / thinking pensar / pensando
How to form the gerund
Verbo en infinitivo
sin TO
+ -ING
10
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2.-PRESENT CONTINUOUS
(PRESENTE CONTINUO)
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA)
Este tiempo verbal en ingls, al igual que en
espaol, expresa una accin que se est des-
arrollando, que no est terminada. Tambin
puede indicar un futuro inmediato. La diferencia
de uso entre este tiempo verbal y el presente
simple es que este ltimo se emplea para
expresar un hbito, una costumbre o una ver-
dad universal.
La forma verbal afirmativa del presente conti-
nuo en ingls se forma de la siguiente manera:
Examples:
2.2.-NEGATIVE FORM
(FORMA NEGATIVA)
Para conjugar el presente continuo en nega-
tiva lo nico que hay que hacer es conjugar en
presente simple y en negativa el verbo to be
(tal y como se ve en el punto 2 de la unidad 1).
Examples:
3.-PAST CONTINUOUS
(PASADO CONTINUO)
El pasado continuo en ingls se forma de la
misma manera que el presente pero con el
verbo auxiliar to be conjugado en pasado
simple (tal y como se ve en el punto 3.1 de la
unidad 8.)
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA)
La forma afirmativa del pasado continuo se
construye de la siguiente manera:
Examples:
3.2.-NEGATIVE FORM
(FORMA NEGATIVA)
La forma negativa se forma de la siguiente
manera:
Past continuous / Negative form
SUJETO +
Verbo
TO BE
conjugado en
pasado simple y en
negativa
(forma contrada o no
contrada)*
+
GERUNDIO
del
verbo
principal
+ (complts.)
English I was eating an apple.
Spanish Estaba comiendo una manzana.
English He was learning English.
Spanish Estaba aprendiendo ingls.
English They were watching tv.
Spanish Estaban viendo la televisin.
English We were discussing the matter.
Spanish Estbamos tratando el asunto.
Past continuous / Affirmative form
SUJETO +
Verbo
TO BE
conjugado en
pasado simple
+
GERUNDIO
del verbo
principal
+ (complts.)
English
I am not eating an apple.
Im not eating an apple.
Spanish No estoy comiendo una manzana
English
He is not learning.
He isnt learning.
Spanish No est aprendiendo ingls.
English
They are not watching tv.
They arent watching tv.
Spanish No estn viendo la televisin.
Present continuous / Negative form
SUJETO +
Verbo
TO BE
conjugado en
presente y en negativa
(forma contrada o no
contrada)
+
GERUNDIO
del
verbo
principal
+ (complts.)
English Spanish
I am eating an apple.
Im eating an apple.
Estoy comiendouna manzana.
He is learning English.
Hes learning English.
Est aprendiendo ingls.
They are watching tv.
Theyre watching tv.
Estn viendo la televisin.
Present continuous / Affirmative Form
SUJETO +
Verbo
TO BE
conjugado en
presente
(forma contrada
o no contrada)
+
GERUNDIO
del verbo
principal
+ (complts.)
Present simple
English Birds fly.
Spanish Los pjaros vuelan.
Present continuous
English A bird is flying over the house.
Spanish Un pjaro est volando por encima de la casa.
10
-103-
* La forma del pasado simple en negativa del
verbo to be se construye de acuerdo con lo
indicado en el punto 3.2. de la unidad 8.
Examples:
4.-PRESENT AND PAST CONTINUOUS QUESTION
(FORMA INTERROGATIVA DEL PRESENTE Y PASADO CONTINUO)
Para formar oraciones interrogativas en pasa-
do o presente continuo se siguen las reglas sin-
tcticas que hemos visto anteriormente, es
decir, se va a hacer uso de la inversin y, si es
necesario, de las partculas interrogativas de las
wh questions. Sin embargo, hay que tener en
cuenta que las formas continuas del verbo estn
compuestas por dos elementos (el verbo auxiliar
to be conjugado y el verbo principal en gerun-
dio) y que la construccin de las oraciones inte-
rrogativas va a variar en algunos aspectos con
respecto a la de las formas simples (como el
presente y el pasado simple).
4.1.-QUESTION FORM
La forma interrogativa del presente y pasado
continuo sigue esta estructura:
Examples:
4.2.-NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM
Para negar las oraciones interrogativas
tambin existen dos formas posibles, la
contrada y la no contrada. No obstante, la
forma contrada es mucho ms comn en el
discurso oral. Por lo tanto:
Como se puede observar en los ejemplos, no
se utiliza el auxiliar to do para realizar la inver-
sin de las oraciones interrogativas. Esto se
debe a que el presente y pasado continuo ya tie-
nen su propio auxiliar (to be), que es el que
usan para la inversin.
4.3.-WH QUESTIONS WITH PRESENT AND PAST CONTINUOUS
(INTERROGATIVAS PARCIALES EN PRESENTE Y PASADO CONTINUO)
Las oraciones interrogativas parciales en
presente y pasado simple se construyen con
partculas interrogativas como which, how,
who, etc. Estas oraciones interrogativas
parciales con presente y pasado continuo
siguen esta estructura:
English
Wasnt I eating an apple?
Was I not eating an apple?
Spanish No estaba comiendo una manzana?
English
Isnt he learning English?
Is he not learning English?
Spanish No est aprendiendo ingls?
English
Werent they watching tv?
Were they not watching tv?
Spanish No estaban viendo la televisin?
English
Arent you having fun?
Are you not having fun?
Spanish No te lo ests pasando bien?
English Was I eating an apple?
Spanish Estaba comiendo una manzana?
English Is he learning English?
Spanish Est aprendiendo ingls?
English Were they watching tv?
Spanish Estaban viendo la televisin?
English Are you having fun?
Spanish Te lo ests pasando bien?
Present and past continuous / Question form
Verbo
TO BE
conjugado
en pasado
o presente
+ SUJETO +
GERUNDIO
del verbo
principal
+ (complts.) ?
English
I was not eating an apple.
I wasnt eating an apple.
Spanish No estaba comiendo una manzana.
English
He was not learning English.
He wasnt learning English.
Spanish No estaba aprendiendo ingls.
English
They were not watching tv.
They werent watching tv.
Spanish No estaban viendo la televisin.
English
We were not discussing the matter.
We werent discussing the matter.
Spanish No estbamos tratando el asunto.
10
-104-
La nica mencin que debera hacerse al
respecto es que emplean como auxiliar el verbo
to be en lugar de to do.
Examples:
5.-QUESTIONS WITH HOW
(PREGUNTAS CON HOW)
Como se vio en el punto 2 de la unidad 6, se
pueden construir oraciones interrogativas
parciales combinando how con los adverbios
de cantidad much y many (e.g.: How many
apples did he eat?, Cuntas manzanas
comi?; How much money do you have?,
Cunto dinero tienes?). A continuacin vamos
a ver cmo how puede combinarse, adems
de con much y many, con otros adverbios
(e.g.: often, a menudo; far, lejos) y con
adjetivos calificativos (e.g.: heavy, pesado;
high, elevado; tall, alto; wide, ancho;
long, largo; big, grande).
Estas oraciones interrogativas son
simplemente wh questions (ver el punto 1.2 de
la unidad 9) encabezadas por la partcula
interrogativa how seguida de un adverbio o de
un adjetivo calificativo.
Examples:
Como se puede observar la estructura de
este tipo de preguntas en ingls difiere en gran
medida de la estructura usada en espaol; por lo
tanto, aunque las traducciones literales del
cuadro de ejemplos (que aparecen entre
parntesis, con letra de menor tamao y
precedidas por un asterisco) reflejen la
estructura en ingls, a la hora de encontrar en
nuestra lengua equivalentes para este tipo de
preguntas, deberemos decantarnos por
estructuras propias del espaol (como lo son las
traducciones del cuadro de ejemplos que no
aparecen entre parntesis.)
English How far is your house from here?
Spanish
Acunta distancia est tu casa de aqu?
(*Cmo de lejos est tu casa desde aqu?)
English How heavy is your suitcase?
Spanish
Cunto pesa tu maleta?
(*Cmo de pesada es tu maleta?)
English How high did you jump?
Spanish
Hasta qu altura saltaste?
(*Cmo de elevado saltaste?)
English How tall are you?
Spanish
Cunto mides?
(*Cmo de alto eres?)
English How often do you go to the cinema?
Spanish
Con qu frecuencia vas al cine?
(*Cmo de a menudo vas al cine?)
English How big were your cars?
Spanish
Cmo eran de grandes tus coches?
(*Cmo de grande eran tus coches?)
English How long do you want it?
Spanish
Cmo lo quieres de largo?
(*Cmo de largo lo quieres?)
English How big is your dog?
Spanish
Cmo es de grande tu perro?
(*Cmo de grande es tu perro?)
English When was I eating?
Spanish Cundo estaba comiendo?
English How is he learning English?
Spanish Cmo est aprendiendo ingls?
English Where were they watching tv?
Spanish Dnde estaban viendo la televisin?
English Why are you having fun?
Spanish Por qu te lo ests pasando bien?
English What am I doing?
Spanish Qu estoy haciendo?
Present and past continuous / Wh questions
PARTCULA
INTERROGATIVA
(what, which, who,
where,...)
+
Verbo
TO BE
conjuga-
do en
presente
o pasado
+ SUJETO +
GERUNDIO
del
verbo
principal
+ (complts.)?
10
-105-
1.-HOWTO MAKE AN APPOINTMENT TO SEE THE DOCTOR
(CMO SOLICITAR UNA CITA MDICA)
Itzar: Could I make an appointment to see
the doctor?
Itzar: Me gustara pedir cita para el mdico.
Secretary: Next Tuesday would suit you?
Secretaria: Le vendra bien el martes que viene?
Itzar: Well, Id like to see the doctor as
soon as possible.
Itzar: Bueno, me gustara ver al doctor lo
antes posible.
Secretary: I'm afraid next Tuesday is the
soonest you can get. Do you have
any medical insurance?
Secretaria: Me temo que hasta el martes que viene
no podr atenderle Tiene algn segu-
ro mdico?
Itzar: No, I'm afraid I will have to pay for it.
Itzar: No, me temo que tendr que pagar.
Could I make an
appointment to
see the doctor?
Well, Id like to see
the doctor as soon
as possible
No, I'm afraid I
will have to pay
for it
Next Tuesday
would suit you?
I'm afraid next Tuesday is
the soonest you can get.
Do you have any medical
insurance?
ANIMALS
English Spanish
dog perro
cat gato
mouse ratn
pig cerdo
horse caballo
rat rata
goat cabra
bear oso
sheep oveja
bird pjaro
seagull cigea
eagle guila
lion len
giraffe jirafa
elephant elefante
hippopotamus hipoptamo
PLANTS
English Spanish
forest bosque
tree rbol
bush arbusto
cactus cactus
carnation clavel
geranium geranio
daisy margarita
rose rosa
tulip tulipn
orchid orqudea
pine tree pino
palm tree palmera
chestnut tree castao
oak tree roble
eucalyptus eucalipto
water lily nenfar
giraffe
dog
elephant
bear
rose
water lily
cactus
daisy
1.-ANIMALS AND PLANTS
(ANIMALES Y PLANTAS)
Examples:
English Spanish
I love carnations and daisies. Me encantan los claveles y margaritas.
Human beings come from the monkey. Los seres humanos proceden del mono.
Eagles have very beautiful feathers. Las guilas tienen unas plumas muy bonitas.
10
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2.-PARTS OF THE HEAD
(PARTES DE LA CABEZA)
Head
English Spanish
head cabeza
face cara
forehead frente
eyes ojos
nose nariz
lips labios
tooth / teeth diente / dientes
tongue lengua
eyebrow ceja
eyelashes pestaas
ear oreja
eyelid prpado
hair pelo
chin barbilla
eyebrow
nose
lips
chin
forehead
hair
ear
3.-PARTS OF THE BODY
(PARTES DE LA CUERPO)
The body
shoulder hombro liver hgado
throat garganta kidneys riones
neck cuello lungs pulmones
armpit axila heart corazn
arm brazo stomach estmago
elbow codo hip cadera
finger dedo waist cintura
knuckle nudillo thigh muslo
nail ua leg pierna
wrist mueca foot / feet pie / pies
chest pecho calf pantorrilla
breasts senos knee rodilla
ribs costillas ankle tobillo
navel ombligo toes dedos de los pies
Examples:
English Spanish
When I am nervous I bite my nails. Me como las uas cuando estoy nervioso.
My fingers are too small to play the jazz bass. Tengo los dedos demasiado pequeos para tocar el bajo.
Her eyes are very expressive. Sus ojos son muy expresivos.
foot
ankle thigh hip nail
finger
arm
neck
shoulder
elbow
knee
10
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Nowadays, people and environment are
experiencing the consequeces of the worst
environmental problem: the climatic change. This
change is mainly due to the use of fossil fuels (oil,
coal and gas) and consists of a global warming.
People are changing the climate, and the
results are disastrous, there are extreme weather
events: droughts and floods, disruption of water
supplies, melting Polar regions, rising sea levels,
loss of coral reefs and much more.
Scientists and governments
worldwide agree on the
latest and starkest evidence
of human-induced climate
change, its impacts and the
predictions for the future.
But it is not too late to slow down global
warming and to avoid the climate catastrophe, the
solutions exist. Renewable energy sources (wind
energy, solar energy,) offer abundant clean
energy that is safe for the environment and good
for the economy. Corporations and governments
should invest in renewable energies, particularly
in developing economies. Clean energies should
replace fossil fuel developments.
1.-CLIMATIC CHANGE
(CAMBIO CLIMTICO)
(DI SI ESTAS ORACIONES SON VERDADERAS O FALSAS)
a) Oil, coal and gas are fossil fuels. T / F
b) The results of the climatic change are very
positive for the environment.
T / F
c) Droughts and floods are extreme
weather events.
T / F
d) It is too late to slow down global
warning.
T / F
e) Wind energy is a renewable energy
source.
T / F
f) Renewable energy sources are
dangerous for the enviroment.
T / F
1) What is this climatic change mainly due to?
2) What do renewable energy sources offer?
3) What should corporations and governments do
in developing countries?
1.-IN THE TRAINING
(EN LA INSTRUCCIN)
English Spanish
crawl gatear
creep reptar
shooting range campo de tiro
grazing fire fuego rasante
cover cubierta
concealment abrigo
minefield campo de minas
trail senda
landmark referencia en el terreno
guerrilla guerrilla
patrol patrulla
friendly fire fuego amigo
rush avanzar rpidamente
night vision visin nocturna
minefield
rush
night vision
10
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Sergeant: Private, whats the first thing you have
to do in an NBC attack?
Sargento: Soldado, qu es lo primero que
tienes que hacer en un ataque NBQ?
Private: To put the mask on, Sir.
Soldado: Ponerme la mscara, mi Sargento.
Sergeant: And, after that?
Sargento: Y, despus de eso?
Private: To find a good concealment to avoid
being affected by the radiations.
Soldado: Encontrar un buen refugio para que
no me afecten las radiaciones.
Sergeant: Exactly, Prez. Thats it.
Sargento: Exactamente, Prez. As es.
Private, whats the first
thing you have to do in
an NBC attack?
To put the mask
on, Sir
And, after that?
To find a good
concealment to avoid
being affected by the
radiations
Exactly, Prez. Thats it
English Spanish
drag arrastrar
camouflage camuflaje
advance avanzar
terrain terreno
ground suelo
caution prudencia
movement movimiento
assault asalto
defense defensa
ambush emboscada
shell crater crter de granada
NBC war
(Nuclear, Bacteriological
and Chemical)
guerra NBQ
(Nuclear, Bacteriolgica y
Qumica)
mask mscara
PoW
(Prisoner of War)
prisionero de guerra
message mensaje
survival supervivencia
maneuvers maniobras
NBC war
(Nuclear, Bacteriological and Chemical)
maneuvers
camouflage
10
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E X E R C I S E S
1) PUT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO THE
PRESENT CONTINUOUS.
a) I (spend) 10 a week on cigarretes.
a) I am spending 10 a week on cigarretes.
b) This week Julian (work) in a factory in Manchester.
b) ________________________________.
c) They (put) in new electronic points.
c) ________________________________.
d) She (leave) next week.
d) ________________________________.
e) She (use) the car today to take Tom to the dentist.
e) ________________________________.
f) We like the coat you (wear).
f) ________________________________.
g) I am sure she (lie).
g) ________________________________.
h) Those men in the corner (talk) about football
h) ________________________________.
2) FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS
OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS.
a) A bus is standing at the bus stop just beside
me.
b) He ________ one lecture a week.
c) Look! He ________ a ticket in Williams car.
d) Im afraid we ________, madam.
e) Its 8:30, Tom and Sally ________ breakfast.
f) I ________ a plane to New York in three hours
time.
3) FILL IN THE GAPS WITH THE SUITABLE FORM OF THE PAST
SIMPLE, PRESENT OR PAST CONTINUOUS IN THE
AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM OF THE VERBS IN
BRACKETS, MORE THAN ONE FORMCOULD BE POSSIBLE .
a) Last week that old man (wear) was wearing
very conventional clothes and I (wonder) if he
(be) ________ a policeman.
b)I (walk) ________ along Picadilly when I
(realize) ________ that a man with a ginger
bear (follow) ________ me.
c) To my surprise Sally (come) ________ to my
last birthday.
d) Last night you (play) ________ cards while I
(read) ________ a book.
e) Once Peter (travel) ________ by car when he
(pass) ________ a field he (see) ________
that there (be) ________ only one woman.
f) Today, we (have) ________ a lesson. We (sit)
________ at our desks listening to what the
teacher (tell) ________ us.
g) Look, it (rain) ________ !, that is why the boys
(shut) ________ the windows.
h) The day before yesterday I (work) ________
while my sister (learn) ________ her lessons.
INTERROGATIVE AND NEGATIVE FORM.
a) You are listening to your teacher.
a) Are you listening to your teacher?
a) You are not (arent) listening to your teacher.
b) The neighbours are coming in to watch tv.
b) ________________________________.
b) ________________________________.
c) Your sister is studying at home.
c) ________________________________.
c) ________________________________.
d) It is raining now.
d) ________________________________.
d) ________________________________.
e) Jones and Co. are having a sale at the moment.
e) ________________________________.
e) ________________________________.
f) I am meeting Thomas at 5:30.
f) ________________________________.
f) ________________________________.
g) They are thinking of going to the party.
g) ________________________________.
g) ________________________________.
catch have put
stand close give
a) lips 1) costillas
b) nose 2) nudillos
c) shoulder 3) nariz
d) elbow 4) pecho
e) wrist 5) rodilla
f) ribs 6) codo
g) kidneys 7) dedos de los pies
h) toes 8) mueca
i) knee 9) hombro
j) throat 10) axila
k) lungs 11) riones
l) armpit 12) labios
m) chest 13) garganta
n) knuckles 14) pulmones
o) eyebrow 15) ceja
10
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APPROPRIATE ADVERB OR ADJECTIVE.
a) How often do you go to the cinema? About
twice a week.
b) How ________ is Pau Gasol? He is 6 feet tall.
c) How ________ does it take to go from
Barcelona to Paris by plane? About an hour
and a half.
d) How ________ can you climb?
e) How ________ is Madrid from London?
f) How ________ is your house? Someone told
me ten people could live there.
7) FILL EACH OF THE GAPS WITH THE FOLLOWING
WORDS.
a) I love my dog because it is the most faithful
animal in the farmyard.
b) In the desert you will find lots of
_____________.
c) In Saint Valentines Day lovers give
_____________ to each other.
d) The _____________ is one of the national
symbols of Holland.
e) When I am in Madrid I miss the sound of the
______________ flying in the sky.
f) The animal with the longest neck is the
____________.
g) The ___________symbolises strength and
power.
h) When I was little the trunk of the
____________scared me.
i) I dont like ______________ because they are
very close related to death.
carnations giraffe tulip
roses lion elephant
seagulls dog cactuses
far high tall
often long big
6) MATCH WORDS 1) TO 15) WITH WORDS A) TO L).
1) terrain a) combate nocturno
2) camouflage b) campo de tiro
3) PoW c) prisionero de guerra
4) night combat d) maniobras
5) shooting range e) terreno
6) guerrilla f) reptar
7) grazing fire g) campo de minas
8) maneuvers h) camuflaje
9) creep i) fuego rasante
10) minefield j) guerrilla
10
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REVIEW
REVIEW
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"MUCH" OR "MANY".
a) How many pupils are there in the classroom?
b) How ______ cheese do you eat per week?
c) How ______ computers are there?
d) How ______ rice did Paul eat?
e) How ______ people attended the conference?
f) How ______ pears did you count?
g) How ______ money do you have in your bank
account?
SUITABLE FORM OF THE VERB "TO BE".
a) There are some books on the table.
b) There _____ a dictionary on the shelf.
c) There _____ a couple of days gap between exams.
d) There _____ nothing I can do about it.
e) There _____ two t-shirts in your wardrobe.
f) There _____ some wine in the bottle.
g) There _____ two new soldiers in the barracks.
"SOME" OR "ANY".
a) I couldn't see anyof your pictures in the exhibition.
b) There is ______ beer in the fridge.
c) I can't read ______ of Paul's books, there are
too difficult for me.
d) There is not ______ wine left in the bottle.
e) There are ______ pencils in the office.
f) I agree with ______ remarks he made during
the presentation.
g) ______ day I am going to London.
4) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH AN
APPROPRIATE COMPOUND OF "SOME" , "ANY" OR
"NO" FROM THE BOX.
a) There is something amazing about the film.
b) ______ could be the winner.
c) He works ______ between Main Street and
Regeant Street.
d) ______ is allowed in this building.
e) Please, don't tell ______ to ______.
f) ______ told me you left school.
g) You can't go ______ without your passport.
h) You can go ______ without your passport.
i) I can do ______ without his support.
5) MAKE SENTENCES USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
a) much /How /too /is /much /?
a) How much is too much?
b) to /Saturday /Nobody /do /exam /on /wanted /an
b) ______________________________.
c) people /lot /Fortunately, /a /came /party /of /to /the
c) ______________________________.
d) not /enough /for /This /is /people /car /five /big
d) ______________________________.
e) in /country /are /too /There /fat /many /people /this
e) ______________________________.
f) goes /Anywhere /she /finds /she /friends
f) ______________________________.
g) home /is /There /nowhere /like
g) ______________________________.
h) without /can't /you / do /I /anything
h) ______________________________.
nowhere somewhere Anyone
anyone Somebody something
anywhere nothing Nobody anything
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6) MAKE QUESTIONS WITH THE SENTENCES GIVEN.
a) I play the guitar.
a) Do you play the guitar?
b) She doesn't drink orange juice.
b) _______________________________
c) They are very tall.
c) _______________________________
d) He is in Manchester.
d) _______________________________
e) We don't study very hard.
e) _______________________________
f) I write very long poems.
f) _______________________________
g) She is in her classroom.
g) _______________________________
h) He reads more than two books per week.
h) _______________________________
i) She doesn't drink alcohol.
i) _______________________________
7) MAKE QUESTIONS USING THE FOLLOWING WORDS.
a) literature /you /Aren't /interested /in?
a) Aren't you interested in Literature?
b) speak /Doesn't /he /French?
b) _______________________________
c) my /Do /near /house /you/ live?
c) _______________________________
d) the /dictionary /on /Is /table /the ?
d) _______________________________
e) for /the/she /this /position/ Isn't /right /person?
e) _______________________________
f) perfect /Does /know /English /she ?
f) _______________________________
8) TRANSLATEINTOENGLISHTHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCES.
a) Hay una guerra contra Italia.
a) There is a war against Italy.
b) Debajo de la mesa hay un libro.
b) _______________________________
c) Estudio de 5 a 7.
c) _______________________________
d) Almuerza ella en un restaurante cerca de mi casa?
d) _______________________________
e) Ceno a las 7 en punto.
e) _______________________________
f) Despus de la cena vamos a la discoteca.
f) _______________________________
g) Siempre desayuno antes de medioda.
g) _______________________________
h) Este regalo es para ti.
h) _______________________________
9) TRANSLATETHEFOLLOWINGSENTENCESINTOENGLISH.
a) l conduca ese coche viejo.
a) He drove that old car.
b) Ellos se sentan muy mal.
b) _______________________________
c) No encontr las llaves en tu casa.
c) _______________________________
d) No perdieron el partido.
d) _______________________________
e) Alquilaron su (de ella) casa?
e) _______________________________
f) No vendan rosas en esa tienda?
f) _______________________________
g) Cant ella en el concierto?
g) _______________________________
h) No robaron los ladrones un famoso cuadro?
h) _______________________________
SUITABLE WORD FROM THE CHART.
a) Last year I went to Ireland _____ holidays.
b) People _____ Holland are _____.
c) You _____ to me. You _____ tell me the truth.
d) _____ she know how to speak _____?
e) She _____ the bills _____ leaving her house.
f) I _____ too _____ cheese.
g) _____ you _____ that strange sound?
THE APPROPRIATE NATIONALITY OR COUNTRY.
a) I am from Spain, I am Spanish.
b) Paul is from Ireland, he is ________.
c) Panos is from _______, he is Greek.
d) Michela is from Italy, she is _________.
e) Sonia is from _________, she is Dutch.
f) Victor is from Russia, he is __________.
g) Mette is from _________, she is Norwegian
h) Franois is from France, he is _________.
i) Charles is from ________, he is English.
j) Nina is from Scotland, she is _________.
k) We all are from Europe, we are __________.
paid from went Did didnt
after lied Does for Dutch
ate hear much French
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12) WRITE A SUITABLE QUESTION FOR EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING SENTENCES BY USING WH QUESTIONS.
a) I had lunch at 1 o'clock.
a) When did you have lunch?
b) I am fine.
b) _______________________________
c) I did it because I wanted.
c) _______________________________
d) Paul and Anne went to the party.
(preguntar quin fue a la fiesta)
d) _______________________________
e) I am from Japan.
e) _______________________________
f) My name is Thomas.
f) _______________________________
g) It is raining.
g) _______________________________
h) Last week she went to Poland.
(preguntar a dnde fue)
h) _______________________________
i) I go to work by bus.
(preguntar cmo se desplaza al trabajo)
i) _______________________________
13) TRANSLATE INTOENGLISH THE FOLLOWINGQUESTIONS.
a) Quin fue al concierto?
a) Who went to the concert?
b) Cundo te despiertas?
b) _______________________________
c) Comes fresas?
c) _______________________________
d) Quin trajo estos libros?
d) _______________________________
e) Hablas ingls?
e) _______________________________
f) Por qu te fuiste a Escocia?
f) _______________________________
g) Dnde compraste esta camiseta?
g) _______________________________
h) De dnde eres?
h) _______________________________
i) Qu dijiste?
i) _______________________________
j) Qu coche prefieres?
j) _______________________________
k) Cmo era tu perro?
k) _______________________________
l) Tienes hermanos o hermanas?
l) _______________________________
14) MAKE QUESTIONS WITH THE FOLLOWING WORDS AND
THEN WRITE THESE QUESTIONS IN THE PAST TENSE.
a) a/Do /have /car /you ?
a) Do you have a car?
a) Did you have a car?
b) she /drive /How /does?
b) _______________________________
b) _______________________________
c) plays /guitar /Who /the?
c) _______________________________
c) _______________________________
d) married /When /do /get /they?
d) _______________________________
d) _______________________________
e) for /does /holidays /Where /go /she?
e) _______________________________
e) _______________________________
f) you /upset /Why /are /so?
f) _______________________________
f) _______________________________
g) one /take /Which /do /you?
g) _______________________________
g) _______________________________
15) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH THE VERBS
"DO" OR "MAKE" IN THE PRESENT OR PAST TENSE.
a) Students are asked to make suggestions.
b) I failed the exam because I ______ lots of mistakes.
c) Could you ______ me a favour? Could you
turn down the volume?
d) Last year Peter ______ a lot of money with his
new business.
e) Researchers ______ research.
f) Once a week I go to the launderette to ______
the washing.
g) If you want to go to the doctor's, you need to
______ an appointment.
h) Claire ______ honours in Media Studies ten
years ago.
i) Please, ______ an effort and study this
textbook.
j) Some people think Christ ______ miracles.
k) Charles was expelled from school because he
______ a lot of trouble.
l) I have to go now, I have to ______ an urgent
phone call.
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16) FILL EACHOF THE FOLLOWINGGAPS WITHTHE PRESENT
AND PAST CONTINUOUS IN THE AFFIRMATIVE, NEGATIVE
AND INTERROGATIVE FORM OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS.
a) Last week I was writing my lesson when your
brother phoned me.
b) Mary ______ apples, she doesn't like apples.
c) ______ you ______ Geography when he came?
d) Yesterday all students ______ at the blackboard
while the teacher ______ the lecture.
e) Peter ______ the room when his friend came in.
f) Today the sun ______ and it is very hot.
g) ______ you ______ an English lesson now?
h) Today it is sunny, I am sure ______.
17) TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTO
ENGLISH BY USING QUESTIONS WITH HOW.
a) Acunta distancia est Londres de Barcelona?
a) How far is London from Barcelona?
b) Cunto mide tu padre?
b) ______________________________.
c) Con qu asiduidad vas de compras?
c) ______________________________.
d) Cunto pesa tu mesa?
d) ______________________________.
e) Qu anchura tiene el lago?
e) ______________________________.
f) Qu longitud tiene la playa?
f) ______________________________.
g) Cunto tiempo lleva llegar a Manchester?
g) ______________________________.
study shine leave rain write
give have look eat
11
UNIT 11
UNIT 11
-117-
G R A M M A R
1.-FUTURE TENSE
(EL TIEMPO FUTURO)
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA)
En ingls el futuro de los verbos se forma
anteponiendo el auxiliar will al verbo en
infinitivo sin la partcula to. Esta forma (will)
se puede contraer en ll. Para la primera
persona del plural y del singular tambin se
puede utilizar el auxiliar shall. Por lo tanto:
1.2-NEGATIVE FORM AND QUESTION FORM
(FORMA NEGATIVA E INTERROGATIVA)
Existen dos maneras posibles para construir
la forma negativa: (1) intercalando el adverbio
de negacin not entre el auxiliar (will) y el
verbo principal en infinitivo sin la partcula to; o
(2) con la forma contrada (wont) de la suma
del auxiliar y de la partcula de negacin. La
forma interrogativa se obtiene invirtiendo el
orden del sujeto y del auxiliar. Por lo tanto:
Future / Question form
WILL + SUJETO +
Verbo principal
en
INFINITIVO
sin TO
+ (complementos)?
Future / Negative and contracted negative form
SUJETO +
WILLNOT /
WONT
+
Verbo principal en
INFINITIVO
sin TO
TO BE (ser; estar)
Future / Affirmative form
English Spanish
1
st
S
I will be
Ill be
I shall be
(yo) ser; estar
2
nd
S
you will be
youll be
(t) sers; estars
(usted) ser; estar
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it will be
hell/ shell/ itll be
(l/ ella/ *ello) ser; estar
1
st
P
we will be
well be
we shall be
(nosotros/ as) seremos; estaremos
2
nd
P
you will be
youll be
(vosotros/ as) seris; estaris
(ustedes) sern; estarn
3
rd
P
they will be
theyll be
(ellos/ as) sern; estarn
Future / Negative and contracted negative form
English Spanish
1
st
S
I will not be
I wont be
I shall not be
(yo) no ser; no estar
2
nd
S
you will not be
you wont be
(t) no sers; no estars
(usted) no ser; no estar
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it will not be
he/ she/ it wont be
(l/ ella/ *ello) no ser; no estar
1
st
P
we will not be
we wont be
we shall be
(nosotros/ as) no seremos;
no estaremos
2
nd
P
you will not be
you wont be
(vosotros/ as) no seris;
no estaris
(ustedes) no sern; no estarn
3
rd
P
they will not be
they wont be
(ellos/ as) no sern; no estarn
TO BE (ser; estar)
Future / Question form
English Spanish
1
st
S
will I be?
shall I be?
ser; estar (yo)?
2
nd
S
will you be?
sers; estars (t)?
ser; estar (usted)?
3
rd
S
will he/ she/ it be? ser; estar (l/ ella/ *ello)?
1
st
P
will we be?
shall we be?
seremos; estaremos
(nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
will you be?
seris; estaris (vosotros/as)?
sern; estarn (ustedes)?
3
rd
P
will they be? sern; estarn (ellos/ as)?
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1.3.-NEGATIVE QUESTION
negativas en futuro tenemos dos opciones: (1)
hacer uso de la forma negativa contrada
(wont) que es ms comn a nivel oral; (2) o
hacer uso de la forma negativa no contrada
(will not).
1.4.-FUTURE WITH GOING TO
(FUTURO PRXIMO)
En ingls tambin se puede expresar futuro
con la partcula going to, precedida del verbo
to be (conjugado en pasado o en presente) y
seguida del verbo en infinitivo sin to. Por lo
tanto:
Este futuro expresa proximidad, es decir, que
la accin que se va a realizar (o que se realiz)
se encuentra (o se encontraba) prxima a un
momento determinado en el tiempo, en caso de
usar el verbo to be en presente, la accin que
se va a llevar a cabo est cercana al momento
presente, y en caso de usar el verbo to be en
pasado la accin que se va llevar a cabo est
cercana a un momento pasado.
Examples:
1.5- DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FUTURE WITH
GOING TO AND THE SIMPLE
(DIFERENCIAS DE USO ENTRE EL FUTURO CON
GOING TO Y EL FUTURO SIMPLE)
La diferencia de uso entre el futuro prximo y
el futuro con will radica en la intencin del
hablante. Por lo tanto, se usur will cuando
uno se ofrezca como voluntario para hacer algo
o cuando se haya tomado una decisin;
asimismo, se har uso del futuro con going to
a la hora de referirse a algo que ya est
planeado y organizado de antemano.
Examples:
English I am going to meet some friends at the caf.
Spanish
Voy encontrarme con unos amigos en la cafetera
[es un hecho que ya est planeado]
English I will call you as soon as I arrive in Dublin.
Spanish
Te llamar en cuanto llegue a Dubln.
[he tomado la decisin de llamarte y lo har]
English I am not going to eat at home.
Spanish No voy a comer en casa.
English He is going to read a book.
Spanish Va a leer un libro.
English They are going to drink some water.
Spanish Van a beber agua.
English He was going to play the piano.
Spanish Iba a tocar el piano.
English They were not going to study the lesson.
Spanish No iban a estudiar la leccin.
English I was going to go to Ireland.
Spanish Iba a ir a Irlanda.
Future with going to
SUJETO +
Verbo
TO BE
conjugado
en pasado o
en presente
+ GOING TO +
Verbo principal
en
INFINITIVO
sin TO
TO BE (ser; estar)
Future / Negative question form
and
contracted negative question form
English Spanish
1
st
S
will I not be?
wont I be?
no ser; no estar (yo)?
2
nd
S
will you not be?
wont you be?
no sers; no estars (t)?
no ser; no estar (usted)?
3
rd
S
will he/she/it not be?
wont he/she/it be?
no ser; no estar (l/ella/*ello)?
1
st
P
will we not be?
wont we be?
no seremos; no estaremos
(nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
will you not be?
wont you be?
no seris; no estaris
(vosotros/ as)?
no sern; no estarn
(ustedes)?
3
rd
P
will they not be?
wont they be?
no sern, no estarn (ellos/ as)?
Future / Negative question form
WILL + SUJETO + NOT +
Verbo en
INFINITIVO
sin TO
+ (compts.) ?
Future / Contracted negative question form
WONT + SUJETO +
Verbo principal
en
INFINITIVO
sin TO
+ (complementos) ?
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2.-FIRST TYPE CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
(ORACIONES CONDICIONALES DE PRIMER TIPO)
Las oraciones condicionales de primer tipo
siguen esta estructura:
Examples:
3.-PRESENT PERFECT
(PRETRITO PERFECTO COMPUESTO)
El pretrito perfecto compuesto se forma con
el verbo to have conjugado en presente (para
la tercera persona del singular has o su
contraccin s; para el resto de las personas
have o su contraccin ve) y el verbo
principal en participio pasado. Por lo tanto:
El pretrito perfecto compuesto expresa:
1)Una accin finalizada en el momento en el
que se est comunicando y relacionada de
alguna manera con el momento presente.
2)Una accin que todava contina en el
momento presente, pero relacionada con
una forma adverbial anterior.
3)Una accin que tuvo lugar en el pasado,
sin referencia a un tiempo concreto.
La forma interrogativa se obtiene invirtiendo
el orden del sujeto y auxiliar (Have I walked?,
He andado?). La forma negativa se consigue
intercalando el adverbio de negacin not entre
el auxiliar y el participio (I have not walked,
No he andado). Ntese que tambin se puede
abreviar sta en havent, y en hasnt para la
tercera persona del singular.
TO WALK (andar)
Present perfect / Negative form
and
contracted negative form
English Spanish
1
st
S
I have not walked
I havent walked
(yo) no he caminado
2
nd
S
you have not walked
you havent walked
(t) no has caminado
(usted) no ha caminado
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it
has not walked
he/ she/ it
hasnt walked
(l/ ella/ *ello)
no ha caminado
1
st
P
we have not walked
we havent walked
(nosotros/ as)
no hemos caminado
2
nd
P
you have not walked
you havent walked
(vosotros/ as)
no habis caminado
(ustedes) no han caminado
3
rd
P
they have not walked
they havent walked
(ellos/ as) no han caminado
English
1
I have seen your car on my way here.
Spanish He visto tu coche de camino aqu.
English
2
I have been in Wales since last week.
Spanish Desde la semana pasada he estado en Gales.
English I have had this pen for a month.
Spanish He tenido esta pluma desde hace un mes.
English
3
I have played that song.
Spanish He tocado esa cancin.
TO WALK (andar)
Present perfect / Affirmative form
English Spanish
1
st
S
I have walked
Ive walked
(yo) he caminado
2
nd
S
you have walked
youve walked
(t) has caminado
(usted) ha caminado
3
rd
S
he/she/it has walked
he/she/its walked
(l/ ella/ *ello) ha caminado
1
st
P
we have walked
weve walked
(nosotros/ as)
hemos caminado
2
nd
P
you have walked
youve walked
(vosotros/ as)
habis caminado
(ustedes) han caminado
3
rd
P
they have walked
theyve walked
(ellos / as) han caminado
Present perfect / Affirmative form
SUJETO +
Verbo
TO HAVE
conjugado en
presente
+
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
del verbo principal
English If I go it will rain.
Spanish Si voy llover.
English If you drink too much you will get drunk.
Spanish Si bebes demasiado te emborrachars.
English If he plays they will win.
Spanish Si juega ganarn.
If
I go to London
[Presente Simple]
it will rain
[Futuro simple]
First type conditional sentences
Partcula IF +
Oracin en
PRESENTE
SIMPLE
+
Oracin en
FUTURO
SIMPLE
11
-120-
Para obtener la interrogativa negativa (no
contrada), que es menos comn en el discurso
hablado que la contrada, se sigue este orden:
Por lo tanto:
Por el contrario, el pasado simple hace
referencia a una accin que ocurri en el
pasado y que excluye toda relacin con el
tiempo actual.
Examples:
4.-USE OF SINCE AND FOR
(USO DE SINCE Y FOR)
Las preposiciones inglesas since y for
significan desde, desde hace y durante.
La diferencia de uso entre since y for
radica en que since se emplea cuando se
hace referencia a un momento concreto, es
decir, since precede a una expresin temporal
que hace referencia a un momento concreto en
el pasado (e.g.: my birthday, 1976, I saw
you, last week, etc.).
For se emplea cuando se hace referencia a
un periodo de tiempo, es decir, for precede a
una expresin temporal que hace referencia un
periodo de tiempo y no a un momento concreto
(e.g.: five days, one year, a moment, etc.).
English Peter hasnt talked to me for one week.
Spanish Peter no me ha hablado durante una semana.
English Peter hasnt talked to me since last summer.
Spanish Peter no me habla desde el verano pasado.
English
I had a very bad pain in my chest for seven
months.
Spanish
Tuve un dolor muy fuerte en el pecho
durante siete meses.
English I havent had any pain in my chest since January.
Spanish
No he tenido ningn dolor en el pecho desde
enero.
English
This is the first time I meet Anne since last
year.
Spanish
Esta es la primera vez que me encuentro
con Anne desde el ao pasado.
English This is the first time I meet Anne for two months.
Spanish
Esta es la primera vez que me encuentro
con Anne desde hace dos meses.
English I went to England last summer.
Spanish Fui a Inglaterra el verano pasado.
English He drank too much wine.
Spanish Bebi demasiado vino.
TO WALK (andar)
Present perfect / Negative question form
English Spanish
1
st
S
Have I not walked? No he caminado (yo)?
2
nd
S
Have you not walked?
No has caminado (t)?
No ha caminado (usted)?
3
rd
S
Hashe/she/it not walked?
No ha caminado
(l/ ella/ ello*)?
1
st
P
Have we not walked?
No hemos caminado
(nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
Have you not walked?
No habis caminado
(vosotros/ as)?
No han caminado
(ustedes)?
3
rd
P
Have they not walked?
No han caminado
(ellos/ as)?
Present perfect / Negative question
Verbo
TO HAVE
en presente
+ SUJETO + NOT +
PARTICIPIO
PASADO
del verbo
principal
+ (compts.) ?
TO WALK (andar)
Present perfect / Contracted negative question form
English Spanish
1
st
S
havent I walked? no he caminado (yo)?
2
nd
S
havent you walked?
no has caminado (t)?
no ha caminado (usted)?
3
rd
S
hasnt he/ she/ it
walked?
no ha caminado (l/ ella/
*ello)?
1
st
P
havent we walked?
no hemos caminado
(nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
havent you walked?
no habis caminado
(vosotros/ as)?
no han caminado
(ustedes)?
3
rd
P
havent they walked? no han caminado (ellos/ as)?
TO WALK (andar)
Present perfect / Question form
English Spanish
1
st
S
have I walked? he caminado (yo)?
2
nd
S
have you walked?
has caminado (t)?
ha caminado (usted)?
3
rd
S
has he/ she/ it walked? ha caminado (l/ ella/ ello*)
1
st
P
have we walked?
hemos caminado
(nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
have you walked?
habis caminado
(vosotros/ as)?
han caminado (ustedes)?
3
rd
P
have they walked? han caminado (ellos/ as)?
-121-
11
Tourists: Excuse me, is Gains Road far from here?
Turistas: Disculpe, est la calle Gains lejos de
aqu?
Carlos: Yes, it is rather far. Im afraid you might need
to take a bus to the city centre.
Carlos: S, est bastante lejos. Me temo que
tendrn que coger un autobs al centro de
la ciudad.
Tourists: Where can we take this bus?
Turistas: Dnde podemos coger este autobs?
Carlos: The bus stop is quite near. Go straight
on along this street until you get to the
traffic lights, then take the third turning
on the left.
Carlos: La parada de autobs est bastante cerca.
Sigan esta calle hasta que lleguen al
semforo, despus cojan la tercera calle a
mano izquierda.
Tourists: And, how long does this route take?
Turistas: Y, cunto tiempo dura el trayecto?
Carlos: About fifteen minutes. And, if you ask the
driver, he will tell you where to get off.
Carlos: Sobre unos quince minutos. Y, si le
preguntan al conductor, l les indicar
dnde tienen que bajarse.
Tourist: Thank you very much for your help.
Turistas: Muchas gracias por su ayuda.
Carlos: You are welcome.
Carlos: De nada.
1.-ASKING THE WAY
(CMO PREGUNTAR DIRECCIONES)
Tourists: Could you show us in the map?
Turistas: Nos lo podra mostrar en el mapa?
Carlos: Of course.
Carlos: Por supuesto.
Tourists: How often are there buses to he city
centre?
Turistas: Con qu frecuencia hay autobuses al
centro de la ciudad?
Carlos: I think every ten minutes.
Carlos: Creo que cada diez minutos.
Excuse me, is Gains
Road far from here?
Yes, it is rather far. Im afraid
you migh need to take a bus to
the city centre
Where can we take
this bus?
The bus stop is quite near.
Go straight on along this street until
you get to the traffic lights, then
take the third turning on the left
Could you show us in
the map?
Of course
How often are
there buses
to the city
centre?
I think every
ten minutes
And, how long does
this route take?
About fifteen minutes. And, if
you ask the driver, he will tell
you where to get off
Thank you very much
for your help
You are welcome
11
-122-
1.-MEANS OF TRANSPORT
(MEDIOS DE TRANSPORTE)
English Spanish
train (by ~) tren (en ~)
ticket billete
return ticket billete de ida y vuelta
luggage equipaje
window (at the ~) ventanilla (en la ~)
station estacin
car (by ~) coche (en ~)
plane (by ~) avin (en ~)
boat (by ~) barco (en ~)
bicycle (by ~) bicicleta (en ~)
coach (by ~) autocar (en ~)
tram (by ~) tranva (en ~)
underground, tube (by ~)
subway (AmE) (by ~)
metro (en ~)
bus (by ~) autobs (en ~)
get into subir a
bicycle
train
car
2.-CLOTHES
(ROPA)
English Spanish
overcoat abrigo
jacket chaqueta
hat sombrero
boots botas
underpants calzoncillos
shirt camisa
tie corbata
belt cinturn
cap gorra
gloves guantes
blouse blusa
bag bolso
panties bragas
skirt falda
jersey jersey
stocking medias
handkerchief pauelo
socks calcetines
bag
hat
shoes
gloves
tie
cap
-123-
11
3.-THE SIZES AND THEIR EQUIVALENCES
(LAS TALLAS Y SUS EQUIVALENCIAS)
Dress (vestido) / Overcoat (abrigo) / Trousers (pantaln)
USA
UK
30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46
EUROPE 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56
Shirt (camisa)
USA
UK
14 15 15
1/2
16 16
1/2
17 17
1/2
18
EUROPE 36 38 39 41 42 43 44 45
Shoes (zapatos)
USA
UK
5 6 7 8 8
1/2
9 9
1/2
10 11
EUROPE 38 39 40 41 42 43 43 44 44
4.-THE CITY
(LA CIUDAD)
English Spanish
city ciudad
town pueblo; ciudad
avenue avenida
square plaza
gardens jardines
fountain fuente
road carretera; calzada
pavement (BrE)
sidewalk (AmE)
acera
bus stop parada de autobs
underground station (BrE)
tube station (BrE)
subway station (AmE)
estacin de metro
pedestrian crossing (BrE)
crosswalk (AmE)
paso de peatones
traffic lights semforo
building edificio
consulate consulado
street lamps farolas
shop window escaparate
sewer alcantarilla
town hall ayuntamiento
local authority diputacin
b
u
ild
in
g
street lamp
town hall
g
a
rd
e
n
s
c
ro
s
s
w
a
lk
(A
m
E
)
p
e
d
e
s
tria
n
c
ro
s
s
in
g
(B
rE
)
church
11
-124-
1.-THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND
(EL REINO UNIDO DE GRAN BRETAA E IRLANDA DEL NORTE)
The United Kingdom is
situated in the north-west coast
of Europe across the English
Channel. It consists of two large
islands (Great Britain and
Northern Ireland) and about
5000 smaller ones. Its
neighbours are Ireland to west
and France to south-east.
The United Kingdom consists
of four nations: England (London
capital), Scotland (Edinburgh
capital), Wales (Cardiff capital)
and Northern Ireland (Belfast
capital). Each of these nations has a very distinct identity
and you should not call a Welshman English and vice
versa.
Great Britain is often incorrectly used to refer to the
United Kingdom. It is the largest of the British Isles, an
archipielago that also includes Ireland (Republic of
Ireland and Northern Ireland), the Faroe Islands
(Denmark) and the Isle of Man. This means that Northern
Ireland belongs to the United Kingdom but not to Great
Britain. The Isle of Man is an internally self-governing
dependency of the British Crown and its people are
British citizens. Great Britain includes the main island
(Wales, Scotland, England) and some islands such as
Anglesey, the Isle of Wight, the Hebrides, the Orkney
Islands and the Shetland Islands.
England is the largest and the most densely
populated of the nations that make up the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The
name "England" is derived from "land of the Angles". It is
often incorrectly used as a synonym for Great Britain or
the United Kingdom, which is inaccurate and can be
offensive.
English Spanish
telephone booth cabina de telfonos
embassy embajada
the post and telegraph
office
oficina de correos y
telgrafos
museum museo
hospital hospital
church iglesia
bank banco
chemists (BrE)
drugstore (AmE)
farmacia
prison crcel
hotel hotel
shop tienda
police station comisara de polica
cinema cine
theatre teatro
castle castillo
night club discoteca
travel agency agencia de viajes
hairdressers peluquera
market mercado
a) The United Kingdom is situated in the
north-east coast of Europe.
T / F
b) Northern Ireland belongs to the United
Kingdom.
T / F
c) The people that come from the Isle of
Man are British.
T / F
d) The United Kingdom consists of four
nations.
T / F
e) Edinburgh is the capital of England. T / F
f) Great Britain is a synonym for United
Kingdom.
T / F
g) The Republic of Ireland doesn't belong
to the British Isles.
T / F
h) The Faroe Islands are Danish. T / F
i) The Faroe Islands belong to the British
Isles.
T / F
1) What does the United Kingdom consist of?
2) What is the name of the capital of Wales?
3) Does Northern Ireland belong to Great Britain or
to the United Kingdom?
4) Why is the Isle of Man different?
5) What does Great Britain include?
6) What is the name of the most populated nation
of the United Kingdom?
telephone booth
m
a
rk
e
t
h
a
ird
re
s
s
e
rs
hotel
-125-
11
1.-PARTS OF THE RIFLE, MACHINE GUN & PISTOL
(PARTES DEL FUSIL, AMETRALLADORA Y PISTOLA)
English Spanish
barrel can
butt culata
trigger gatillo
pistol empuadura
rear sight alza
front sight punto de mira
forearm guardamanos
tripod trpode
bipod bpode
sling portafusa
feed cover teja
feed tray bandeja
charging handle palanca de montar
buffer muelle recuperador
chamber recmara
magazine cargador
bore nima
trigger guard guardamontes
flash suppressor apagallamas
ejection port ventana de expulsin
bayonet bayoneta
firing pin percutor
hammer martillo
extractor extractor
Sergeant: Ramrez, show me your rifle.
Sargento: Ramrez, ensame el rifle.
Private: Yes, Sir.
Soldado: S, mi Sargento.
Sergeant: Do you have any problem with your
weapon?
Sargento: Tienes algn problema con el arma?
Private: Yes, Sir. I have a cartridge in the chamber.
Soldado: S, mi Sargento. Tengo un cartucho en la
recmara.
Sergeant: Pull the charging handle down and take it
out.
Sargento: Baja la palanca de montar y scalo.
Private: I did it but its still stuck.
Soldado: Lo he hecho pero sigue atascado.
Ramrez, show me your
rifle
Yes, Sir
Do you have any problem
with your weapon?
Yes, Sir. I have a cartridge
in the chamber
Pull the charging
handle down and take
it out
I did it but its still stuck
barrel / bore
front sight
ejection port
rear sight
hammer
trigger
pistol magazine
11
-126-
E X E R C I S E S
1) INSERT SINCE OR FOR.
a) He has been in prison for a year.
b) I have been taking driving lessons ______ last
August.
c) She has driven the same car ______ 1975.
d) My life has changed ______ I was a girl.
e) We have been waiting for you ______ two
hours!
f) Ive been very patient with you ______ several
years.
g) You havent spoken to me ______ the last
committee meeting.
h) They have been under water ______ half an
hour.
2) FILL THE FOLLOWING BOX BY INSERTING THE PAST
FORM AND THE PAST PARTICIPLE OF EACH VERB.
BE GOING TO FORM.
a) I go to the cinema this evening.
a) I am going to go to the cinema this evening.
b) She buys one ticket to Berlin.
b) ________________________________.
c) They run for one hour.
c) ________________________________.
d) He walks along the street.
d) ________________________________.
e) You are the president.
e) ________________________________.
f) The party starts very soon.
f) ________________________________.
g) Dalila is my wifes best friend.
g) ________________________________.
h) She has twins.
h) ________________________________.
i) They try to win the game.
i) ________________________________.
j) We play football and baseball.
j) ________________________________.
k) Lissa plays the piano.
k) ________________________________.
l) Mary buys a book for her father.
l) ________________________________.
m) They send her a present.
m) ________________________________.
Present Past
Past
Participle
a) look looked looked
b) love
c) see
d) eat
e) understand
f) be
g) want
h) wear
i) bite
j) kiss
k) watch
-127-
11
PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.
a) I go to the cinema.
a) I have gone to the cinema.
b) ______________________________.
c) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
f) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
h) She has twins.
h) ______________________________.
i) ______________________________.
j) ______________________________.
k) ______________________________.
l) ______________________________.
m) ______________________________.
PAST TENSE OF THE BE GOING TO FORM.
a) I go to the cinema this evening.
a) I was going to go to the cinema this evening.
b) ______________________________.
c) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
f) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
h) She has twins.
h) ______________________________.
i) ______________________________.
j) ______________________________.
k) ______________________________.
l) ______________________________.
m) ______________________________.
11
-128-
FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
a) I go to the cinema.
a) I will go to the cinema.
b) ______________________________.
c) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
f) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
h) She has twins.
h) ______________________________.
i) ______________________________.
j) ______________________________.
k) ______________________________.
l) ______________________________.
m) ______________________________.
7) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES NEGATIVE.
a) I am going to see my boyfriend.
a) I am not going to see my boyfriend.
b) I will ask you some questions.
b) ______________________________.
c) Will you come to my party tonight?
c) _______________________________
d) She was going to study the lesson.
d) ______________________________.
e) They have been in Madrid for five months.
e) ______________________________.
f) They will speak English.
f) ______________________________.
g) Are you going to sell your car?
g) _______________________________
h) Have they come soon?
h) _______________________________
i) It is going to rain.
i) ______________________________.
j) They were going to write a letter.
j) ______________________________.
k) Has she gone to our school this morning?
k) _______________________________
l) Will you stay here in winter?
l) _______________________________
m) I will finish my work tomorrow.
m) ______________________________.
n) It will be a very nice summer.
n) ______________________________.
8) MAKE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES INTERROGATIVE.
a) They were going to write a letter.
a) Were they going to write a letter?
b) You have taken some eggs for breakfast.
b) _______________________________
c) Anna will meet Peter tomorrow at half past one.
c) _______________________________
d) He is an English teacher.
d) _______________________________
e) You told me the truth.
e) _______________________________
f) She has studied French since 1985.
f) _______________________________
g) They werent going to come.
g) _______________________________
h) Her birthday is on October the 14th.
h) _______________________________
i) I wont go with you to the zoo.
i) _______________________________
j) Michael is not going to read your article.
j) _______________________________
9) PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT FORM.
a) If I see him I will give him a lift.
(to give)
b) The table will collapse if you _____ on it.
(to stand)
c) If he _____ all that he will be ill.
(to eat)
d) If I find your passport I _____ you at once.
(to telephone)
e) The police _____ him if they catch him.
(to arrest)
f) If he _____ in bad light he will ruin his eyes.
(to read)
g) Someone _____ your car if you leave it unlocked.
(to steal)
h) What will happen if my parachute _____?
(not to open)
i) If he _____ my car I will give him 10.
(to wash)
j) I will be very angry if you _____ any more mistakes.
(to make)
k) If you give my dog a bone he _____ it at once.
(to bury)
-129-
11
1) pistol grip a) bayoneta
2) barrel b) recmara
3) sling c) empuadura
4) bore d) portafusa
5) bayonet e) nima
6) rear sight f) can
7) chamber g) guardamanos
8) forearm h) alza
UNIT 12
UNIT 12
-131-
12
G R A M M A R
1. THE CONDITIONAL TENSE
(EL TIEMPO CONDICIONAL)
1.1. AFFIRMATIVE FORM
(FORMA AFIRMATIVA)
La forma condicional afirmativa del verbo en
ingls se obtiene de manera muy parecida a
como se construye la del futuro simple:
El auxiliar would es invariable para todas
las personas, es decir, no tiene una forma
especial para la tercera persona del singular
como ocurre, por ejemplo, en el presente
simple. La forma would se puede contraer en
d.
Examples:
1.2. NEGATIVE FORM
(FORMA NEGATIVA)
La forma negativa del condicional en ingls
se construye con la forma would not o su
contraccin wouldnt ms el infinitivo del
verbo que se desea poner en condicional sin la
preposicin to.
TO WALK (andar)
Conditional / Negative form
English Spanish
1
st
S
I would not walk
I wouldnt walk
(yo) no andara
2
nd
S
you would not walk
you wouldnt walk
(t) no andaras
(usted) no andara
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it would not walk
he/ she/ it wouldnt walk
(l /ella/ *ello) no andara
1
st
P
we would not walk
we wouldnt walk
(nosotros/ as) no andaramos
2
nd
P
you would not walk
you wouldnt walk
(vosotros/ as) no andarais
(ustedes) no andaran
3
rd
P
they would not walk
they wouldnt walk
(ellos/ as) no andaran
Conditional / Negative form
SUJETO +
WOULD NOT/
WOULDNT
+
Verbo en INFINITIVO
sin TO
English I would give you my car.
Spanish Te dara mi coche.
English Youd take a taxi.
Spanish Cogeras un taxi.
English We would like to go to France.
Spanish Nos gustara ir a Francia.
English Theyd meet my mother.
Spanish Conoceran a mi madre.
English She would read this book.
Spanish Leera este libro.
TO WALK (andar)
Conditional / Affirmative form
English Spanish
1
st
S
I would walk
Id walk
(yo) andara
2
nd
S
you would walk
youd walk
(t) andaras
(usted) andara
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it would walk
hed/ shed/ itd walk
(l /ella/ *ello) andara
1
st
P
we would walk
wed walk
(nosotros/ as) andaramos
2
nd
P
you would walk
youd walk
(vosotros/ as) andarais
(ustedes) andaran
3
rd
P
they would walk
theyd walk
(ellos /as) andaran
Conditional / Affirmative form
SUJETO + WOULD +
verbo en INFINITIVO
sin TO
-132-
12
1.3.-QUESTION FORM
Para construir oraciones interrogativas en
tiempo condicional en ingls no se emplea el
auxiliar to do, sino que se hace uso de
would, cuya forma es invariable para todas las
personas.
1.4. NEGATIVE QUESTION FORM
negativas en condicional tenemos dos
opciones: (1) hacer uso de la forma negativa
contrada (wouldnt) que suele ser lo ms
comn, o (2) hacer uso de la forma negativa no
contrada (would not).
Examples:
2. THE IMPERATIVE
(EL IMPERATIVO)
El imperativo en ingls se construye
simplemente con la forma de infinitivo del
verbo sin la partcula to y, a diferencia de otras
formas verbales que necesitan el pronombre
personal explcito (I eat; you would like;
they have seen, etc.), el imperativo en ingls
no lo requiere. En ingls se emplea esta nica
forma para la segunda persona del singular y
del plural (you, t, vosotros, usted,
ustedes) cuando en espaol se necesitan
cuatro formas distintas:
Examples:
English Spanish
Do it
Hazlo (t) / Hacedlo (vosotros/ as)
Hgalo (usted) / Hganlo (ustedes)
Eat
Come (t) / Comed (vosotros/ as)
Coma (usted) / Coman (ustedes)
Study
Estudia (t) / Estudiad (vosotros/ as)
Estudie (usted) / Estudien (ustedes)
Come
Ven (t) / Venid (vosotros/ as)
Venga (usted) / Vengan (ustedes)
English
Wouldnt you lend me your car?
Would you not lend me your car?
Spanish No me dejaras tu coche?
English
Wouldnt they go to England?
Would they not go to England?
Spanish No iran a Inglaterra?
Conditional / Negative question form
WOULDNT + SUJETO +
Verbo en
INFINITIVO
sin TO
(complts.) ?
Conditional / Contracted negative question form
WOULDNT + SUJETO +
Verbo en
INFINITIVO
sin TO
+ (complts.) ?
TO WALK (andar)
Conditional / Question
English Spanish
1
st
S
would I walk? andara (yo)?
2
nd
S
would you walk?
andaras (t)?
andara (usted)?
3
rd
S
would he/ she/ it walk? andara (l/ ella /*ello)?
1
st
P
would we walk? andaramos (nosotros/ as)?
2
nd
P
would you walk?
andarais (vosotros/ as)?
andaran (ustedes)?
3
rd
P
would they walk? andaran (ellos/ as)?
Conditional / Question form
WOULD + SUJETO +
Verbo en
INFINITIVO
sin TO
+ (complts.) ?
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12
Para la forma negativa del imperativo se
emplea el auxiliar to do en su forma negativa:
do not, que se emplea en contextos formales,
y dont, que se emplea en contextos ms
informales:
Examples:
El auxiliar do tambin se emplea en la forma
afirmativa del imperativo cuando se quiere
enfatizar la orden:
Examples:
Para formular rdenes o sugerencias que,
adems de a otras personas, incluyan al propio
hablante, en ingls se utilizan los lets
commands. Se forman de la siguiente manera:
La forma negativa de este tipo de
construcciones imperativas sera la siguiente:
Examples:
English Lets eat pizza.
Spanish Comamos pizza.
English Lets not go to the store.
Spanish No vayamos a la tienda.
Lets commands / Negative form
LETS + NOT +
Verbo en
INFINITIVO
sin TO
+ (complts.) ?
Lets commands / Affirmative firm
LETS +
Verbo en
INFINITIVO
sin TO
+ (complts.) ?
English Do eat
Spanish
Come (t) / Comed (vosotros)
Coma (usted) / Coman (ustedes)
English Do study this lesson
Spanish
Estudia (t) / Estudiad (vosotros) esta leccin
Estudie (usted) / Estudien (ustedes) esta leccin
English Do not do it
Spanish
No lo hagas (t) / No lo hagis (vosotros)
No lo haga (usted) / No lo hagan (ustedes)
English Dont be a fool
Spanish
No seas (t) tonto / No seis (vosotros) tontos
No sea (usted) tonto / No sean (ustedes) tontos
1.-CUSTOMS
(LA ADUANA)
Customs officer: Where are you from?
Aduanero: De dnde es usted?
Teresa: Im Spanish.
Teresa: Soy espaola.
Customs officer: Do you have an entry permit?
Aduanero: Tiene un permiso de entrada?
Teresa: Yes, here it is.
Teresa: S, aqu est.
Customs officer: How long are you going to stay in the
country for?
Aduanero: Cunto tiempo va a permanecer en el pas?
Teresa: Two months.
Teresa: Dos meses.
Customs officer: And, whats the purpose of your journey?
Aduanero: Y, cul es el motivo de su viaje?
Teresa: I am going to take a French course at
the University of Paris. Do I have to
open my suitcase?
Teresa: Voy a estudiar en la Universidad de Pars
un curso de francs. Tengo que abrir la
maleta?
Customs officer: No. Thank you very much.
Aduanero: No. Muchas gracias.
Teresa: You are welcome.
Teresa: De nada.
Where are you
from?
Im Spanish
Do you have an
entry permit?
Yes, here it is
How long are you
going to stay in the
country for?
Two months
Im going to take a
French course at
University of Paris.
Do I have to open
my suitcase?
And, whats
the purpose
of your
journey?
No. Thank you very
much
You are welcome
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12
English Spanish
draughts damas
chess ajedrez
athletics atletismo
basketball baloncesto
handball balonmano
volleyball voleibol
mountaineering alpinismo
billiards billar
cycling ciclismo
skiing esqu
football ftbol
golf golf
riding hpica
ice hockey hockey sobre hielo
swimming natacin
skating patinaje
rugby rugby
tennis tenis
riding
tennis
rugby
swimming
1.-SPORTS AND LEISURE TIME
(DEPORTES Y TIEMPO LIBRE)
English Spanish
fishing pesca
theatre teatro
cinema cine
opera pera
dance danza
go for a stroll
pasear
go for a walk
go for jogging ir a correr
reading leer
hiking senderismo
hobby pasatiempo
play a musical instrument
(play the guitar/ the violin/ the
piano/ the harp)
tocar un instrumento musical
(tocar la guitarra/ el violn/ el
piano / el arpa)
play the harp
reading
fishing
Examples:
English Spanish
What do you do in your free time? Qu haces en tu tiempo libre?
When I was a child I used to ride horses. Cuando era pequeo sola montar a caballo.
Draughts and chess are intellectual games. Las damas y el ajedrez son juegos intelectuales.
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1.-TERRORIST ATTACK
(ATAQUE TERRORISTA)
Because of the terrorist attacks on the World Trade
Center and the Pentagon in 2001, there are many
people concerned about the possibility of future
incidents and their potential impact. As a result of this
kind of devastating acts there is a great uncertainty
about the future and stress levels are increasing.
Nevertheless, there are things you can do to prepare
for the unexpected and to reduce the stress. For
example, you can create an emergency
communications plan, you can establish a meeting
place, you can assemble a disaster supplies kit or
check on the school emergency plan of any school-age
children you may have. And in the event that disaster
strikes, you have to:
- remain calm and be patient;
- follow the advice of local emergency officials;
- listen to your radio or television for news and
instructions;
- if the disaster occurs near you, check for injuries;
give first aid and get help for seriously injured
people;
- if the disaster occurs near your home and you are
there, check for damage using a flashlight; do not
light matches or candles or turn on electrical
switches; check for fires, fire hazards and other
household hazards; sniff for gas leaks, starting at
the water heater; and, if you smell gas or suspect a
leak, turn off the main gas valve, open windows,
and get everyone outside quickly;
- shut off any other damaged utilities;
- call your family contact, do not use the telephone
again unless it is a life-threatening emergency;
- check on your neighbours, especially those who are
elderly or disabled.
1) When did the terrorist attacks on the World
Trade Center and the Pentagon take place?
2) What can you do in order to prepare yourself
for a terrorist attack?
1.-COMMUNICATIONS
(COMUNICACIONES)
English Spanish
signal transmisiones
information source fuente de informacin
report informar; informe
message mensaje
tactical communications transmisiones tcticas
radio communications transmisiones radio
wireless sin cable
antenna
antena
aerial
wire cable
fax fax
operator operador
call sign indicativo
code cifrar
interference
interferencia
jamming
dial a number
marcar un nmero
[de telfono]
channel canal
wave onda
signal
operator
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12
English Spanish
wound herida; herido
fracture fractura
shock shock
burn quemadura
frostbite congelacin
sunstroke golpe de calor
blister ampolla
arm bandage
leg bandage
vendaje de brazo
vendaje de pierna
plaster escayola
stretcher camilla
casualty baja
fever fiebre
bruise magulladura
pill pastilla
severe injury herida grave
light injury herida leve
evacuation evacuacin
2.-FIRST AID
(PRIMEROS AUXILIOS)
leg bandage
bruise
Private: Hello, Prez! Do you know what
happened to Corporal Martnez
yesterday?
Soldado: Hola, Prez! Sabes qu le pas al Cabo
Martnez ayer?
Private: Yes, he was wounded on his leg.
Soldado: S, se hiri una pierna.
Private: How was it?
Soldado: Cmo fue?
Private: Ashell explosion. Mortar shrapnel.
Soldado: La explosin de una granada. Metralla de
mortero.
Private: Was it a severe injury?
Soldado: Fue una herida grave?
Private: No, it wasnt serious.
Soldado: No, no fue grave.
severe injury
Hello, Prez! Do you know
what happened to Corporal
Martnez yesterday?
Yes, he was wounded
on his leg
How was it? A shell explosion.
Mortar shrapnel
Was it a severe injury?
No, it wasnt serious
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12
E X E R C I S E S
CONDITIONAL TENSE.
a) I speak French.
a) I would speak French.
b) We go to the hotel this morning.
b) ______________________________.
c) Paul meets his girlfriend this afternoon.
c) ______________________________.
d) Hellen comes from Scotland.
d) ______________________________.
e) Peters best friend plays basketball.
e) ______________________________.
f) We eat meat twice a week.
f) ______________________________.
g) They have breakfast at half past seven.
g) ______________________________.
h) You buy this vase.
h) ______________________________.
i) I write my curriculum.
i) ______________________________.
CONTRACTION OF CONDITIONAL TENSE.
a) I speak French.
a) Id speak French.
b) __________________________________.
c) Paul doesnt meet his girlfriend this afternoon.
c) __________________________________.
d) Hellen doesnt come from Scotland.
d) __________________________________.
e) Peters best friend doesnt play basketball.
e) __________________________________.
f) __________________________________.
g) __________________________________.
h) __________________________________.
i) __________________________________.
NEGATIVE OF THE CONDITIONAL TENSE.
a) I speak French.
a) I would not speak French.
b) ______________________________.
c) Paul meets his girlfriend this afternoon.
c) ______________________________.
d) Hellen comes from a Scotland.
d) ______________________________.
e) Peters best friend plays basketball.
e) ______________________________.
f) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
h) ______________________________.
i) ______________________________.
a) you /my new house /? /go to /Would
a) Would you go to my new house?
b) piano /not /play /they /Would /the /?
b) ______________________________
c) a mistake /would /You /make
c) ______________________________
d) for you /I /tonight /d /cook
d) ______________________________
e) wouldnt /go /Michael /a walk /for
e) ______________________________
f) like to /me /see /She /not /would
f) ______________________________
g) Shed /like to /book /read /good /a
g) ______________________________
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12
5) MAKE INTERROGATIVE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
a) I wouldnt visit my grandmother.
a) Wouldnt I visit my grandmother?
b) He would like to be in France.
b) ______________________________
c) They wouldnt have a better job.
c) ______________________________
d) Marthas father would find a good place.
d) ______________________________
e) He wouldnt drive faster.
e) ______________________________
f) My legs would hurt very much.
f) ______________________________
g) Louise would not study in China.
g) ______________________________
h) Id borrow your chair.
h) ______________________________
i) My mother wouldnt make any suggestion.
i) ______________________________
7) PUT THEFOLLOWINGSENTENCESINTOTHENEGATIVEFORM.
a) Go home.
a) Dont go home. /Do not go home.
b) Play this song.
b) ______________________________.
c) Smoke.
c) ______________________________.
d) Open the door.
d) ______________________________.
e) Sit down.
e) ______________________________.
f) Stop.
f) ______________________________.
g) Lets count the money.
g) ______________________________.
h) Lets work together.
h) ______________________________.
i) Lets begin now.
i) ______________________________.
6) MAKEIMPERATIVESENTENCESWITHTHEFOLLOWINGWORDS.
a) Write a letter to your cousin.
a) Do write a letter to your cousin.
b) ______________________________.
b) ______________________________.
c) ______________________________.
c) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
f) ______________________________.
f) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
g) ______________________________.
h) ______________________________.
h) ______________________________.
Subject Verb Complements
you write a letter to your cousin
we study for one hour
you make peace
you come here right now
we go to the cinema
you say it
we play a song for her
we start the work
1) operator a) interferencia
2) wire b) indicativo
3) radio commnications c) operador
4) report d) antena
5) jamming e) marcar un nmero [de telfono]
6) dial a number f) transmisiones radio
7) aerial g) informe
8) call sign h) cable
UNIT 13
UNIT 13
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3
G R A M M A R
1. MODAL VERBS
(VERBOS MODALES)
Los verbos modales son un conjunto de
verbos anmalos que poseen una serie de
caractersticas comunes:
a) Tienen la misma forma verbal invariable
para todas las personas, excepto have (got)
to, que tiene has en la tercera persona del
singular.
Examples:
b) En las oraciones interrogativas se invierte
el orden del sujeto y del verbo modal, mientras
que en los verbos no modales se usa el auxiliar
to do (las oraciones interrogativas con verbos
modales se construyen de una forma similar a
como se construyen las oraciones con el verbo
to be, tal y como se explica en la unidad 1).
Aquellos modales que aceptan la forma
negativa contrada tienen dos maneras para
formar oraciones interrogativas:
En las oraciones negativas la partcula
negativa not va siempre detrs del verbo.
Examples:
Ntese que cannot, a diferencia del resto
de los verbos modales, va todo junto en la
forma negativa.
c) Cuando acompaan a un verbo en
infinitivo, siempre lo preceden en las oraciones
afirmativas y negativas.
Examples:
d) Cuando el verbo modal acompaa a un
verbo en infinitivo, dicho infinitivo aparece sin la
partcula to, salvo con los verbos modales
ought to y have to
Examples:
English He can write.
Spanish Puede escribir.
English He could do it better.
Spanish Lo podra / lo pudo hacer mejor.
English She has to go to Hannover.
Spanish Tiene que ir a Hannover.
English He can write.
Spanish Puede escribir.
English He might do it later.
Spanish Puede que lo haga ms tarde.
English You shouldnt take it so seriously.
Spanish No deberas tomrtelo tan a pecho.
English
Can he?
Could he?
Spanish
Puede?
Pudo / podra?
English
He cannot (cant).
He could not (couldnt).
Spanish
No puede.
No pudo / no podra.
English
Couldnt she speak louder?
Could she not speak louder?
Spanish No podra hablar ms alto?
Modal verbs / Contracted negative question form
Verbo
modal en
negativa
contrado
+ SUJETO
[
+
Verbo
en
infinitivo
sin TO
+ (complts.)
]
?
Modal verbs / Negative question form
Verbo
modal
+ SUJETO + NOT
[
+
Verbo
en
infinitivo
sin TO
+ (complts.)
]
?
English He can sing.
Spanish Puede cantar.
English She has to sing.
Spanish Tiene que cantar.
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1
3
1.1.-CAN
El verbo modal can significa poder, tener
la capacidad o la habilidad para llevar a cabo
una accin. Tambin se puede utilizar para
expresar permiso, posibilidad, imposibilidad o
peticin. La forma negativa de can (cannot o
cant) expresa deduccin. Las formas can,
cannot y cant slo se utilizan en presente.
La perfrasis verbal to be able to se usa
para expresar capacidad en los tiempos
verbales en los que can no puede conjugarse,
por ejemplo, en futuro o pasado. Por lo tanto, la
forma negativa har referencia a la falta de
capacidad. No obstante, to be able to puede
conjugarse en todos los tiempos que hasta el
momento hemos visto en este libro:
1.2.-COULD
Could expresa habilidad en el pasado; con
la forma negativa, imposibilidad en el pasado.
Tambin se puede usar para hacer
sugerencias, especulaciones (como might),
para pedir algo educadamente o para expresar
crticas. Could se refiere tanto al tiempo
pasado (pude) como al condicional (podra.)
to be able to
English Spanish
Ability in the future: I will be able to speak English. Capacidad en futuro: Podr hablar ingls.
Inability in the future:
I will not (wont) be able to come
tomorrow.
Incapacidad en futuro: No podr venir maana.
Ability in the past:
He was able to read a whole book
in one day.
Capacidad en pasado: Pudo leer un libro entero en un solo da.
Can
English Spanish
Ability: He can write. Capacidad: Puede escribir.
Permission: Can I go with you? Permiso: Puedo ir contigo?
Possibility/Impossibility:
Albert can become rich and famous if
he knows the right people.
Posibilidad/Imposibilidad:
Alberto puede hacerse rico y famoso si
conoce a la gente adecuada.
Request: Can I have a glass of water? Peticin: Puedo tomarme un vaso de agua?
Deduction:
They cannot (cant) be at home.
The lights are off.
Deduccin:
No pueden estar en casa.
Las luces estn apagadas.
Could
English Spanish
Skill in the past:
My father could speak French when
he was ten years old.
Habilidad en
pasado:
Mi padre poda hablar francs cuando
tena diez aos.
Polite request: Could you repeat that again, please?
Solicitar algo
educadamente:
Podra repetir eso de nuevo, por favor?
Impossibility in the
past:
I was so nervous I could not (couldnt)
remember anything.
Imposibilidad en
pasado:
Estaba tan nervioso que no pude
recordar nada.
Suggestion: We could go to the cinema. Sugerencia: Podramos ir al cine.
Criticism: You could have told me the truth. Crtica: Podras haberme dicho la verdad.
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1
3
1.3.-MUST
El verbo must expresa obligacin
ineludible de hacer algo. Asimismo, puede
expresar deduccin de un hecho, prohibicin
(en su forma negativa) o una sugerencia.
Ya que must es un verbo defectivo y no
puede conjugarse en determinados tiempos
verbales (e.g., pasado, futuro, etc.); nos vemos
obligados a utilizar have to en el tiempo
oportuno para expresar este tipo de obligacin.
Por lo tanto, la forma negativa de have to
expresar esa ausencia de obligacin. Ntese
que, must implica un mayor grado de
obligacin que have to. Asimismo, have to
tambin podr utilizarse en tiempo presente
con ese mismo matiz de obligacin.
Have to no es un verbo modal propiamente
dicho ya que no posee la mayora de las
caractersticas de los verbos modales
expuestas anteriormente. Esto quiere decir
que, se comporta como el resto de los verbos a
la hora de hacer preguntas o a la hora de negar
(con el auxiliar to do). Adems, para la
tercera persona del singular ha de emplearse la
forma has. Veamos algunos ejemplos:
Must
English Spanish
Obligation
They must study to pass the exam. Must
they study to pass the exam?
Obligacin
Deben estudiar para aprobar el examen.
Deben estudiar para aprobar el examen?
Deduction The rumour must be true. Deduccin: El rumor debe de ser verdad.
Prohibition: You must not (mustnt) come back late Prohibicin: No debes volver tarde.
Suggestion:
You must see the British Museum! Its
wonderful!
Sugerencia:
Deberas ver el Museo Britnico! Es
maravilloso!
Have to
English Spanish
Obligation
in the present:
I have to go to class.
I must go to class.
Obligacin
en presente:
Tengo que ir a clase.
Debo ir a clase.
Obligation
in the past:
They had to study.
Obligacin
en pasado:
Tuvieron / tenan que estudiar
Lack of obligation
in the past:
She did not (didnt) have to study.
Ausencia de obligacin
en pasado:
No tuvo / tena que estudiar.
Obligation
in the future:
He will have to go to London. Obligacin en futuro: Tendr que ir a Londres.
Lack of obligation
in the future:
I will not (wont) have to come soon.
Ausencia de obligacin
en futuro:
No tendr que volver temprano.
Examples:
1.4.-NEED
El verbo need expresa necesidad. Need
es un verbo semi-modal, esto significa que
puede comportarse como modal o no, es decir,
que puede adquirir (o no) las propiedades
estructurales de los verbos modales.
Examples:
English They need not (neednt) take it unless they want to.
Spanish No necesitan cogerlo a no ser que quieran.
English They dont need to take it unless they want to.
Spanish No necesitan cogerlo a no ser que quieran.
English Need you go?
Spanish Necesitas irte?
English Do you need to go?
Spanish Necesitas irte?
English Need he go so soon?
Spanish Necesita irse tan temprano?
English Does he need to go so soon?
Spanish Necesita irse tan temprano?
English I need to study harder.
Spanish Necesito estudiar ms duro.
English She needs to be loved.
Spanish Necesita ser amada.
English Do you have to wear a uniform?
Spanish Tienes que llevar uniforme?
English Did she have to bring an umbrella?
Spanish Tuvo que llevar paraguas?
English You dont have to read the whole book.
Spanish No tienes que leer todo el libro.
English She doesnt have to drive.
Spanish No tiene que conducir.
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1
3
Ntese que el verbo need se comporta
como modal en las tablas sombreadas en
amarillo. Esto quiere decir que para la forma
negativa, se intercala la partcula de negacin
not entre need y el verbo en infinitivo sin la
partcula to (tambin puede contraerse en
neednt), mientras que para la forma negativa
no modal, se antepone la partcula dont al
verbo need, seguida del verbo en infinitivo
con la partcula to. Para la forma interrogativa
se invierte el orden del sujeto y del verbo
modal, mientras que para la forma interrogativa
no modal de hace uso del auxiliar to do como
se ha explicado en unidades anteriores.
1.5.-MAY
El modal may expresa permiso y
posibilidad. Tambin es utilizado para hacer
especulaciones. Por lo tanto:
Ntese que la forma negativa de may no
se abrevia.
May
English Spanish
Permission: May I go? Permiso: Puedo ir?
Possibility It may rain tomorrow. Posibilidad: Es posible que llueva maana.
Speculation:
That may be the man who won the
lottery.
Especulacin:
Puede que se sea el hombre al que le
toc la lotera.
1.6.-MIGHT
Con el verbo modal might sirve para
expresar posibilidad, as como para hacer
especulaciones. Por lo tanto:
La forma might not no se contrae.
Might
English Spanish
Possibility:
She might be the winner.
She might not be the winner.
Posibilidad:
Puede que sea la ganadora.
Puede que no sea la ganadora.
Speculation:
Might she be the winner?
They might come into the house through an
open window.
Especulacin:
Puede que sea la ganadora?
Puede que entren en la casa a travs de
una ventana abierta.
1.7 SHOULD / OUGHT TO
Los verbos modales should y ought to
pueden: expresar obligacin moral, servir para
dar consejos, as como para criticar acciones
pasadas. La forma negativa contrada de
should not es shouldnt. Por lo tanto:
*Ntese que para criticar acciones pasadas el
verbo principal debe ir en infinitivo compuesto
(have + participio de pasado) o en infinitivo
simple.
Should / Ought to
English Spanish
Moral obligation:
I should read more.
I ought to read more.
Obligacin moral:
Debera leer ms.
Should I read more?
Ought I to read more?
Debera leer ms?
Advice / Suggestion:
You should be more responsible.
Consejo / Sugerencia:
Deberas ser ms responsable.
You ought to be more responsible.
You should not (shouldnt) drink so much.
No deberas beber tanto.
You ought not to drink so much.
Criticism:
He shouldnt (should not) have lied.*
He ought not to have lied.
Crtica: No debera haber mentido.
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1
3
1.-SHOPPING. BUYING FOOD
(DE COMPRAS. COMPRANDO COMIDA)
Customer: Could I have some of that cheese,
please?
Cliente: Me podra dar un poco de ese
queso, por favor?
Shop assistant: Which one do you want? The
Camembert?
Dependiente: Cul quiere? El Camembert?
Customer: Yes, the Camembert will do. How
much is it?
Cliente: S, el Camembert est bien. Cunto
cuesta?
Shop assistant: 9 a pound.
Dependiente: 9 libras por libra.
Customer: Ill have half a pound.
Cliente: Quiero media libra.
Shop assistant: Here you are.
Dependiente: Aqu tiene.
Shop assistant: You are welcome.
Dependiente: De nada.
Could I have
some of that
cheese, please?
Which one do you
want? The
Camembert?
Yes, the
Camembert will do.
How much is it?
9 a pound
Ill have half a
pound
Here you are
Thank you very
much
You are
welcome
2.-SHOPPING. BUYING CLOTHES
(DE COMPRAS. COMPRANDO ROPA)
Teresa: Look at that sweater! Isnt it nice? Why
dont we come in?
Teresa: Mira ese jersey! A que es bonito? Por
qu no entramos?
Miguel: Ok, lets come in.
Miguel: Vale, entremos.
Miguel: Ill take it, I love it.
Miguel: Me lo llevo, me encanta.
Teresa: Do it! This colour really goes with your
complexion.
Teresa: Hazlo! Este color te sienta muy biena la cara.
Teresa: Oh, I like very much these trousers too!
Please, Miguel, try them on.
Teresa: Oh, estos pantalones tambin me gustan
mucho! Por favor, Miguel, prubatelos.
Miguel: Ok, I will, but I need a smaller size...
these are fine, Ill take them.
Miguel: Vale, me los probar, pero necesito una
talla ms pequea... stos me van bien, me
los llevo.
Teresa: Anyway, I think that if you have any
problems, you can change them for
other trousers or get the money back.
Teresa: De todas formas, creo que si tienes algn
problema puedes cambiarlos por otros pan-
talones o te devuelven el dinero.
Look at that sweater!
Isnt it nice? Why dont
we come in?
Ok, lets come in
Ill take it,
I love it
Do it! This colour
really goes with
your complexion
Oh, I like very much these
trousers too!. Please,
Miguel, try them on
Ok, I will, but I need a
smaller size... these are
fine, Ill take them
Anyway, I think that if you
have any problems, you can
change them for other
trousers or get the money
back
-144-
1
3
1.-LENGTH
(LONGITUD)
Examples:
English Spanish
She weighs 129 pounds. (AmE) Pesa 58,66 kg.
She weighs 9 stone 3 pounds. (BrE) Pesa 58,66 kg.
Anglo-Saxon Metric System
(Sistema Mtrico Anglosajn)
European Metric System
(Sistema Mtrico Decimal)
1 inch
1 pulgada
2,54 cm
12 inches
12 pulgadas
= 1 foot
= 1 pie
30,48 cm
3 feet
3 pies
= 1 yard
= 1 yarda
91,4 cm
220 yards
220 yardas
= 1 furlog
= 1 estadio
201,17 m
8 furlongs
8 estadios
= 1 mile
= 1 milla
1.609 km
1,760 yards
1.760 yardas
= 1 mile
= 1 milla
2.-WEIGHT
(PESO)
1 ounce
1 onza
28,35 g
16 ounces
16 onzas
= 1 pound
= 1 libra
454 g
14 pounds
14 libras
= 1 stone 6,35 kg
112 pounds
112 libras
= 1 hundredweight 50,8 kg
2,000 pounds = 1 short ton 907 kg
20 hundredweights
= 1 ton / long ton 1.016 kg
2,240 pounds
3.-CAPACITY
(CAPACIDAD)
1 fluid ounce
1 onza fluida
2,84 cl
20 fluid ounces
20 onzas fluidas
= 1 pint
= 1 pinta
0,568 l
2 pints
2 pintas
= 1 quart
= 1 cuarto
1,136 l
4 quarts
4 cuartos
= 1 gallon
= 1 galn
4,546 l
-145-
1
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1.-DAVID BOWIE
David Robert Jones was born on 8
th
January, 1947, in
London (England, United Kingdom). David Jones
started playing the saxophone at the age of 13, and
he left Bromley Technical High School (where a friend
paralyzed David's left pupil in a fight) to work as a
commercial artist three years later.
In 1966, he changed his name to David Bowie to
avoid confusion with the Monkees' Davy Jones.
He married the American-born Angela Barnett on 20
th
March, 1970. They had a son in June 1971. The
couple divorced in 1980.
Bowie's tribute to the New York City of Andy Warhol,
the Velvet Underground and Bob Dylan, included his
theme song "Changes".
He produced albums for Lou Reed ("Transformer"
and its hit "Walk on the wild side") and wrote and
produced Mott the Hoople's anthem "All the Young
Dudes".
Bowie revitalized Iggy Pop's career by producing
"The Idiot" and "Lust for life" (both in 1977).
Bowie had no luck in his acting career: "Into the
Night" (1985), "Absolute Beginners" (1986);
"Labyrinth" (1986), "The Linguini Incident" (1992) and
"Twin Peaks". None of these films were commercial
successes.
In 1992 Bowie married Somalian supermodel Iman.
His wedding present to his wife was an album called
"Black Tie White Noise", which received positive
reviews.
1) What happened to David's eye a long time ago?
2) Why did he change his name to David Bowie?
3) Was his acting career successful?
4) What was his wedding present to his wife?
a) David Bowie was born in 1947. T / F
b) He started playing the saxophone at the age of 15. T / F
c) A friend paralyzed his left pupil in a fight. T / F
d) He changed his name to David Bowie
because he liked it more.
T / F
e) In 1972 he married Angela Barnett. T / F
f) His song Changes was a tribute to New York. T / F
g) He produced the album Transformer for
Lou Reed.
T / F
h) Labyrinth was a very famous album. T / F
i) The supermodel Iman became his wife in 1992. T / F
English Spanish
task misin
attack atacar; ataque
assault asalto
enemy enemigo
combat combate
hand-to-hand combat combate cuerpo a cuerpo
endurance march marcha de endurecimiento
platoon position posicin de seccin
approaching avenue avenida de aproximacin
advanced vanguardia
rearguard retaguardia
flank flanco
body grueso
suppress neutralizar
1.-OPERATIONS, OFFENSIVE
(OPERACIONES, OFENSIVA)
English Spanish
landing zone zona de lanzamiento
departure line lnea de partida
aim at apuntar a
destroy destruir
target objetivo
impact
impactar; impacto
hit
seize an objective tomar un objetivo
assembly area zona de reunin
coordination line lnea de coordinacin
counterattack contraataque
pursue perseguir
encircle rodear
siege sitiar
aim at
assault
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1
3
Captain: Lieutenant, cross the departure
line at 7 am.
Capitn: Teniente, cruce la lnea de partida a
las 7 am.
Lieutenant: Thats right, Sir. After that, my platoon
will advance up to that river but
Where is the enemy position?
Teniente: De acuerdo, mi Capitn. Despus de
eso, mi seccin avanzar sobre
aquel ro pero Dnde se
encuentra la posicin enemiga?
Captain: Its behind that hill. The attack will
be performed once you receive
the order by radio.
Capitn: Est detrs de aquella colina. El
ataque tendr lugar una vez haya
recibido la orden por radio.
Lieutenant: We will need fire support after
crossing the departure line.
Teniente: Necesitaremos fuego de apoyo
despus de cruzar la lnea de partida.
Captain: The mortars will support your assault.
Capitn: Los morteros apoyarn el asalto.
Lieutenant,
cross the
departure line
at 7 am
E X E R C I S E S
1) TRANSLATE INTO ENGLISH THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
a) Puedes hacer esto ahora? No, ahora no puedo.
a) Can you do it now? No, now I cant.
b) La prxima semana no tendr que venir.
b) __________________________________.
c) Tienes que estudiar la leccin tercera.
c) __________________________________.
d) Alex y Ral deben comprar sus libros.
d) __________________________________.
e) Sus (de ella) explicaciones deben ser ciertas.
e) __________________________________.
f) Podra darme el nombre de la escuela?
f) __________________________________.
g) Deberas ir a Londres, es una ciudad muy bonita.
g) __________________________________.
h) Necesitas llevar falda?
h) __________________________________.
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
a) I can play a song for you with a guitar.
a) I will be able to play a song for you with a guitar.
b) I must study to pass my exam.
b) __________________________________.
c) She cant say it louder.
c) __________________________________.
d) I need my pills.
d) __________________________________.
e) James must do an assignment.
e) __________________________________.
f) You must pronounce perfectly.
f) __________________________________.
g) You cant understand these sentences.
g) __________________________________.
h) I cant see your eyes.
h) __________________________________.
Its behind that hill. The
attack will be performed
once you receive the order
by radio
The mortars will support
your assault
Thats right, Sir. After that, my
platoon will advance up to that river
but... Where is the enemy position?
We will need fire support after
crossing the departure line
-147-
1
3
INTERROGATIVE FORM.
a) I can play a song for you.
a) Can I play a song for you?
b) He must study to pass his exam.
b) __________________________________
c) She cant act like a queen.
c) __________________________________
d) They need to go on holidays.
d) __________________________________
e) James could walk for hours.
e) __________________________________
f) He should do better at Physics.
f) __________________________________
g) You cant understand these sentences.
g) __________________________________
h) She will be able to attend lectures during pregnancy.
h) __________________________________
i) She couldnt speak Russian.
i) __________________________________
4) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE.
a) She cant read your article.
a) She couldnt read your article /
She was not able to read your article.
b) My cousins can dance flamenco.
b) ________________________________.
c) I must do my homework.
c) ________________________________.
d) We need to be accepted.
d) ________________________________.
e) Our questions must be answered.
e) ________________________________.
f) Do you need to take music lessons?
f) ________________________________.
g) They need not study at home.
g) ________________________________.
h) They can be right.
h) ________________________________.
i) I must not do this exam.
i) __________________________________.
MIGHT, SHOULD AND MUST IN THE
AFFIRMATIVE OR NEGATIVE FORM.
a) Nancy said you didnt need to buy her
anything for her birthday, but I really think you
should at least get her some flowers or a nice
bottle of wine.
b) Nina said she would come over right after
work, so she _______ be here by 6:00.
c) Oh, my God, he is unconscious. Dont move
him, he _______ have internal injuries.
Somebody call an ambulance.
d) You _______ be kidding! That cant be true.
e) We should invite Sally and her husband to
come to the picnic on Saturday. We havent
seen them in weeks,and they _______ really
enjoy a nice day at the beach.
f) You _______ worry so much. It doesnt do you
any good.
g) I would love to go on the cruise to Tahiti with
Robin and Michelle. But such a luxurious trip
_______ cost a fortune.
SUITABLE FIGURE.
Length
a) 91,4 cm = 1 yard = ____ feet = ____ inches.
b) 76,2 cm = ____ feet = ____ inches.
c) 182,8 cm = ____ yards = ____ feet = ____ inches.
d) 121,92 cm = ____ feet = ____ inches.
e) 201,17 m = ____ furlong = ____ yards = ____ feet =
____ inches.
f) 4.827 km= ____ miles = ____ furlongs = ____ yards =
____ feet = ____ inches.
Weight
a) 454 g = ____ pound = ____ ounces.
b) 908 g = ____ pounds = ____ ounces.
c) 3,175 kg= ____ stone = ____ pounds = ____ ounces.
d) 6,35 kg = ____ stone = ____ pounds = ____ ounces.
e) 101,6 kg = ____ hundredweights = ____ stones =
____ pounds = ____ ounces.
f) 907 kg = ____ short ton = ____ hundredweights =
____ stones = ____ pounds = ____ ounces.
Capacity
a) 5,68 cl = ____ fluid ounces.
b) 28,4 cl = ____ fluid ounces = ____ pints.
c) 1,133 l = ____ fluid ounces = ____ pints = ____ quart.
d) 9,092 l = ____ fluid ounces = ____ pints = ____ quarts =
____ gallon.
1) endurance march a) tomar un objetivo
2) departure line b) sitiar
3) hand-to-hand combat c) lnea de partida
4) seize an objective d) retaguardia
5) assembly area e) marcha de endurecimiento
6) to siege f) zona de lanzamiento
7) landing zone g) combate cuerpo a cuerpo
8) rearguard h) zona de reunin
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1
3
7) FILL IN THE GAPS BY INSERTING THE RIGHT MODAL
VERB FROM THE BOX IN THE AFFIRMATIVE OR
NEGATIVE FORM, YOU CAN USE MODAL VERBS
MORE THAN ONCE.
a) Teds flight from Amsterdam took more than 11
hours. He might be exhausted after such a
long flight. He _______ prefer to stay in
tonight and get some rest.
b) Hiking the trail to the peak _______ be
dangerous if you are not well prepared for
dramatic weather changes.
c) When you have a small child in the house, you
_______ leave small objects lying around.
d) _______ you hold your breath for more than
a minute?
e) Jennys engagement ring is enormous!. It
_______ have cost a fortune.
f) Please make sure to water my plants while I
am gone. If they dont get enough water, they
_______ die.
g) I _______ speak Arabic fluently when I was a
child and we lived in Egypt.
h) The book is optional. My professor said we
_______ read it if we needed extra credit. But
we _______ read it if we dont want to.
i) You _______ take your umbrella along with
you today. The weatherman on the news said
there is a storm north of here and it _______
rain later on this afternoon.
j) Do you _______ chew with your mouth open
like that? It is making me sick watching you
eat that piece of pizza.
8) CORRECT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IF NECESSARY.
a) I dont might go to the cinema.
a) I might not go to the cinema.
b) Hellen dont must be late.
b) __________________________________.
c) We dont can do this exercise, it is very difficult.
c) __________________________________.
d) I have not to go to Sallys office this afternoon.
d) __________________________________.
e) Does Mary must pass this exam?
e) __________________________________
f) Wont you must work this afternoon?
f) __________________________________
g) They can to swim but they dont can to play football.
g) __________________________________.
h) He not cans be there next week.
h) __________________________________.
i) I dont need to study that much.
i) __________________________________.
j) He have work hard.
j) __________________________________.
can could have to
must might should
UNIT 14
UNIT 14
-149-
1
4
G R A M M A R
1.-PASSIVE VOICE
(VOZ PASIVA)
La formacin de la oracin pasiva en ingls
es similar a la del espaol, es decir, en la
oracin pasiva la persona o cosa que recibe
la accin del verbo en la oracin activa pasa a
ser el sujeto paciente del verbo pasivo (e.g.:
Mara ve un rbol / Un rbol es visto por
Mara), mientras que el sujeto de la oracin
activa pasa a ser el complemento agente de la
oracin pasiva (Mara ve un rbol / Un rbol
es visto por Mara). La forma verbal de la voz
pasiva se construye de la siguiente manera:
- se utiliza el verbo to be (acepcin ser)
como verbo auxiliar, conjugado en la persona,
el nmero y tiempo oportunos;
- el auxiliar va acompaado por el participio
pasado del verbo principal.
Examples:
Future
Present perfect
Present continuous
Past continuous
Simple past
Conditional
Future with going to (present)
Future with going to (past)
English The jewel was going to be stolen.
Spanish La joya iba ser robada.
English Was the jewel going to be stolen?
Spanish Iba a ser robada la joya?
English The jewel is going to be stolen.
Spanish La joya va a ser robada.
English Is the jewel going to be stolen?
Spanish Va a ser robada la joya?
English The jewel would be stolen.
Spanish La joya sera robada.
English Would the jewel be stolen?
Spanish Sera robada la joya?
English The jewel was stolen.
Spanish La joya fue robada.
English Was the jewel stolen?
Spanish Fue robada la joya?
English The jewel was being stolen.
Spanish La joya estaba siendo robada.
English Was the jewel being stolen?
Spanish Estaba siendo robada la joya?
English The jewel is being stolen.
Spanish La joya est siendo robada.
English Is the jewel being stolen?
Spanish Est siendo robada la joya?
English The jewel has been stolen.
Spanish La joya ha sido robada.
English Has the jewel been stolen?
Spanish Ha sido robada la joya?
English The jewell wont be stolen.
Spanish La joya no ser robada.
English Wont the jewel be stolen?
Spanish No ser robada la joya?
TO BE (ser; estar)
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am loved
Im loved
(yo) soy amado/ a
2
nd
S
you are loved
youre loved
(t) eres amado/ a
(usted) es amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is loved
he/ she/ its loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) es amado/ a
1
st
P
we are loved
were loved
(nosotros/ as) somos amados/ as
2
nd
P
you are loved
youre loved
(vosotros/ as) sois amados/ as
(ustedes) son amados/ as
3
rd
P
they are loved
theyre loved
(ellos/ as) son amados/ as
English
Active
voice
Peter bebe un vaso de agua
Spanish Peter drinks a glass of water
English
Passive
voice
un vaso de agua es bebido por Peter
Spanish a glass of water is drunk by Peter
-150-
1
4
En ingls, el uso de la voz pasiva es mucho ms
frecuente que en espaol. Por ejemplo, la voz
pasiva se emplea en ingls para construir cierto
tipo de oraciones impersonales cuando en espaol
no se utiliza este modo, sino que se emplean
estructuras con la forma impersonal se:
Examples:
En ingls (a diferencia de lo que ocurre en
espaol que slo el objeto directo [DO] puede
ser el sujeto paciente de la oracin pasiva) el
objeto indirecto [IO] en cierto tipo de oraciones
tambin puede ser el sujeto paciente de la voz
pasiva:
Active voice:
Michael gave a book to the boys for their birthdays.
[subject] [verb] [DO] [IO] [complement]
(1) Passive voice (subject: DO):
Abook was given to the boys for their birthdays by Michel.
(2) Passive voice (subject: IO):
The boys were given a book for their birthdays by Michel.
Ntese que el verbo auxiliar to be siempre
concordar con el sujeto paciente, as en (1)
adopta la forma was (ya que el sujeto paciente
es singular, a book), mientras que en (2)
adopta la forma were (ya que el sujeto
paciente es plural, the boys).
A la hora de transformar una oracin activa
en la que la funcin de sujeto est siendo
ejercida por un pronombre personal (I, you,
he, she, it, we o they), hay que tener en
cuenta que este sujeto activo ser el
complemento agente de la oracin pasiva y que
las formas anteriormente mencionadas (I,
you, he, she, it, etc.) se convertirn en
me, you, him, her, it, us y them,
respectivamente.
Existe la posibilidad de que en las oraciones
pasivas no aparezca el complemento agente, bien
porque no se sepa quin o qu es, bien porque
resulte irrelevante. Cuando el sujeto de la oracin
activa es they, en la oracin pasiva se suele
omitir el complemento agente (by them).
Suject Verb Complements
English
Active
voice
They cut a tree
Spanish Ellos cortaron un rbol
English
Passive
voice
Atree was cut (by them)
Spanish Un rbol fue cortado (por ellos)
Passive voice
Subject Verb Agent
(1) Michael was seen by him
(2) Some friends are brought by them
(3) Your books have been bought by her
(4) A letter will be sent by us
Active voice
(1) He saw Michael
(2) They bring some friends
(3) She has bought your books
(4) We will send a letter
English It is said that she is a teacher.
Spanish Se dice que (ella) es profesora.
English He is often seen with your sister.
Spanish Se le ve (a l) a menudo con tu hermana.
English It is believed that she needs a doctor.
Spanish Se cree que (ella) necesita un mdico.
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4
2.-PREPOSITIONS II
(PREPOSICIONES II)
A continuacin vamos a ver una lista de las
preposiciones ms usadas en ingls:
Preposition Translation Examples
ABOVE
arriba, sobre [superioridad, ya sea fsica o
moral]
The sky is above.
El firmamento est en lo alto.
The Captain is above the Lieutanant.
El Capitn est por encima del Teniente.
OVER
sobre, encima [posicin de un objeto
encima de otro sin contacto directo;
repeticin; exceso]
The lamp is over the table.
La lmpara est encima de la mesa.
I overreacted to his remarks.
Mi reaccin frente a sus observaciones fue exagerada.
Read this over again.
Lee esto otra vez.
ON
UPON
sobre, encima [posicin de un objeto
sobre otro en contacto directo; tiempo
determinado; estado]
I left the book on the table.
Dej el libro encima de la mesa.
On New Years day.
El da de Ao Nuevo.
The house is on fire.
La casa est ardiendo.
IN
en, dentro de [movimiento hacia
dentro; lapso de tiempo; modo]
I am in the room.
Estoy en la habitacin.
Come in!
Entra!
In a minute.
En un minuto.
In a bad temper.
De mal humor.
INTO
dentro [movimiento de fuera adentro;
divisin]
I walked into the shop.
Entr en la tienda.
The glass was broken into a hundred of pieces.
El vaso se rompi en cien pedazos.
FROM
de, desde [punto de partida espacial o
temporal; origen, causa]
I come from London.
Vengo de Londres.
Butter comes from milk.
La mantequilla es un derivado de la leche.
Ill be there from 2 to 3.
Estar all de 2 a 3.
He died from a heart attack.
Muri de un ataque al corazn.
I received a letter from your sister.
Recib un carta de tu hermana.
OF
de [relacin de un objeto con otro;
posesin; causa]
The door of the room.
La puerta de la habitacin.
Im afraid of ghosts.
Tengo miedo a los fantasmas.
BELOW
BENEATH
inferioridad [en cualquier sentido]
The Lieutenant is below the Captain.
El Teniente est por debajo del Capitan.
Below the sun.
Debajo del sol.
UNDER bajo, debajo [posicin opuesta a on]
The dog is lying under the table.
El perro est tumbado debajo de la mesa.
The paper is under the book.
El papel est debajo del libro.
AT
en, a [situacin en reposo; tiempo;
direccin]
I live at 15 Green Street.
Vivo en la calle Green, nmero 15.
I am at home.
Estoy en casa.
He came at three oclock.
Vino a las tres en punto.
TO
a, para [movimiento hacia o hasta un
lugar; finalidad]
I wrote to her.
Le escrib.
This train goes to London.
Este tren va a Londres.
I came to see sports.
Vine para ver los deportes.
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1
4
1.-AT THE DOCTORS
(EN EL MDICO)
Itziar: Good morning! May I come in?
Itzar: Buenos das! Se puede?
Doctor: Good morning! Of course. Whats the
matter?
Mdico: Buenos das! Por supuesto. Qu le ocurre?
Itziar: Hummm... I dont feel very good, lately my
head hurts very much.
Itzar: Hummm... No me encuentro muy bien,
ltimante me duele mucho la cabeza.
Doctor: How is this pain like?
Mdico: Cmo es el dolor?
Itziar: Its an acute and constant pain.
Itzar: Es un dolor agudo y continuo.
Doctor: Thats right, are you allergic to any
medicine?
Mdico: Bien, es alrgica a algn medicamento?
Itziar: No, Im not.
Itzar: No, no lo soy.
Doctor: Ok, you have to take these pills, and dont
eat hot food.
Mdico: De acuerdo, tiene que tomar estas pastillas y
no coma comida picante.
Itziar: How often do I have to take them?
Itzar: Cada cunto tengo que tomarlas?
Doctor: Twice a day, before breakfast and lunch.
Mdico: Dos veces al da, antes del desayuno y la
comida.
Itziar: Thank you very much.
Itzar: Muchas gracias.
Doctor: You are welcome.
Mdico: De nada.
Preposition Translation Examples
ACROSS
a travs de, al otro lado de
[movimiento de una parte a otra]
The Post Office is just across the street.
La oficina de correos est al otro lado de la calle.
THROUGH
por, a travs de; por completo
[paso de una parte a otra]
He jumped through the window.
Salt por/a travs de la ventana.
It is raining hard and I am wet through.
Est lloviendo mucho y estoy completamente mojado.
BY
por [complemento agente; modo;
proximidad]
This book was written by Bernard Shaw.
Este libro fue escrito por Bernard Shaw.
She sat by the fire.
Estaba sentada junto al fuego.
I like travelling by car.
Me gusta viajar en coche.
FOR
por; para [finalidad, duracin en el
tiempo o en el espacio]
This book is for you.
Este libro es para ti.
They walked for miles in the woods.
Anduvieron durante horas en el bosque.
I sat there for an hour.
Estuve sentado all durante una hora.
Good moorning!
May I come in?
Good moorning!
Of course.
Whats the matter?
Hummm... I dont feel
very good, lately my
head hurts very much How is this pain like?
Its an acute and
constant pain
Thats right, are you
allergic to any
medicine?
No, Im not
Ok, you have to take these
pills, and dont eat hot food
How often do I have
to take them?
Twice a day, before
breakfast and lunch
Thank you very much
You are welcome
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1
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1.-DISEASES AND PAINS
(ENFERMEDADES Y DOLENCIAS)
English Spanish
headache dolor de cabeza
stomachache dolor de estmago
heart attack ataque al corazn
earache dolor de odo
sore throat garganta dolorida
sore arms brazos doloridos
sore eyes ojos doloridos
sore lips labios resecos
sore fingers dedos doloridos
sore feet pies doloridos
AIDS sida
hepatitis hepatitis
syphilis sfilis
gonorrhea gonorrea
diarrhoea diarrea
laxative laxante
sedative sedante
downer
analgsico painkiller
analgesic
temperature fiebre
cough
resfriado
cold
burning pain ardor
medicine medicamento
cough toser
sneeze estornudar
sting escocer
take the blood pressure tomar la tensin
En ingls la estructura gramatical para expresar que
a alguien le duele algo difiere bastante de la que se
emplea en espaol. En ingls se pueden utilizar dos
verbos, "to hurt" y "to ache". Cuando la oracin est en
presente simple y se quiere decir que duele una parte
del cuerpo ("leg", 'pierna'; "arm", 'brazo'; "foot", 'pie';
etc.) estos verbos se conjugan en tercera persona del
singular (hay que aadirles -s); pero cuando lo que
duelen son varias partes del cuerpo ("legs", 'piernas';
"arms", 'brazos'; "feet", 'pies'; etc.) los verbos
anteriormente mencionados se conjugan en tercera
persona del plural (no hay que aadirles -s).
Cuando en ingls se quiere expresar que a quien le
duele algo no es a uno mismo, en lugar de utilizar el
adjetivo posesivo "my", se utilizan los adjetivos
posesivos correspondientes al resto de las personas (la
traduccin que aparece entre parntesis, con letra ms
pequea y encabezada por un asterisco es la
traduccin literal, pero no es la gramaticalmente
correcta en espaol; la correcta es la que aparece
encima de la literal y con letras de tamao "normal").
English
my (part of the body) hurts
my (part of the body) aches
Spanish me duele el/la...
English
my (parts of the body) hurt
my (parts of the body) ache
Spanish me duelen los/las...
English Spanish
His leg hurts.
His leg aches.
Le duele (a l) la pierna.
(*Su pierna [de l] duele.)
His legs hurt.
His legs ache.
Le duelen (a l) las piernas.
(*Sus piernas [de l] duelen.)
Her arm hurts.
Her arm aches.
Le duele (a ella) el brazo.
(*Su brazo [de ella] duele].)
Her arms hurt.
Her arms ache.
Le duelen (a ella) los brazos.
(*Sus brazos [de ella] duelen.)
Your foot hurts.
Your foot aches.
Te duele (a ti) el pie.
(*Tu pie [de ti] duele.)
Le duele (a usted) el pie.
(*Tus pies [de usted] duele.)
Your feet hurt.
Your feet ache.
Te duelen (a ti) los pies.
(*Tus pies [de ti] duelen.)
Te duelen (a ti) los pies.
(*Tus pies [de ti] duelen.)
His arm hurts His leg aches
sore throat
sore eyes
to take the blood pressure
sore arms
-154-
1
4
1.-THE EURO
(EL EURO)
Since the 1
st
of January 2002, the euro is
the European single currency. The euro has
replaced the former national currencies of
several European countries located in the
European Union (Spanish peseta, French
franc, German mark, Italian lira, etc.)
However nowadays there are still European
countries that do not want to join the Euro
(Norway, Sweden, United Kingdom, etc.)
Despite the fact that the euro is the single
currency in several European countries,
each country has chosen its own design for
one of the faces of the coin (for example,
Spanish coins bear the portrait of Juan
Carlos I.) The euro is a strong currency and
its entry has meant a considerable effort for
the countries, for people and for
governments. But despite this fact, the euro
entry has yielded a great many advantages,
now it is not necessary to exchange national
money to pay along the most of the
countries of Europe and we have a currency
able to compete with any of the currencies
of the world.
1) When did the euro become the European single
currency?
2) Can you say the names of several European
countries that have replaced their former
national currency?
3) Is the euro able to compete with any of the
currencies of the world?
Hay que tener en cuenta que cuando el sujeto a quien
le duele algo es plural ("they" [ellos /as], "we" [nosotros
/as] o "you" [acepcin 'vosotros /as' o 'ustedes']) los
verbos "to hurt" y "to ache" siempre van a estar
conjugados en tercera persona del plural, porque
siempre sern varias las partes del cuerpo que duelan.
English
Their right legs hurt.
Their right legs ache.
Spanish
Les duele (a ellos/as) la pierna derecha.
(*Sus piernas derechas [de ellos/as] duelen.)
English
Our left arms hurt.
Our left arms ache.
Spanish
Nos duele (a nosotros/as) el brazo izquerdo.
(*Nuestos brazos izquierdos [de nosotros/as] duelen.)
English
Your heads hurt.
Your heads ache.
Spanish
Os duele (a vosotros/as) la cabeza.
(*Vuestras cabezas [de vosotros/as] duelen.)
Les duele (a ustedes) la cabeza.
(*Sus cabezas [de ustedes] duelen.)
Examples:
English Spanish
I got up with a headache. Me levant con dolor de cabeza.
I have a temperature. Tengo fiebre.
My right foot hurts. Me duele el pie derecho.
I have an acute pain in the stomach. Siento dolor muy fuerte en el estmago.
I have a very bad cold. Estoy muy resfriado.
How often do I have to take the medicine? Cada cunto tiempo tengo que tomar el medicamento?
Their heads hurt
Their heads ache
-155-
1
4
1.-OPERATIONS, DEFENSIVE
(OPERACIONES, DEFENSIVA)
English Spanish
entrenchment fortificacin
trench trinchera
foxhole pozo de tirador
minefield campo de minas
booby trap trampa explosiva
barbed wire alambrada
defensive defensiva
defeat derrota
demolition demolicin
firing position
posicin de tiro
posicin de fuego
pillbox casamata
bunker bnker
withdraw retirarse
withdrawal retirada
reinforce reforzar
reinforcement refuerzos
replacement relevo
stronghold punto fuerte, fortaleza
fortify fortificar
sapper zapador
break through abrir brecha
blow up explotar
ditch zanja
firing position
barbed wire
entrenchment
replacement
Sergeant: Watch that cord!!
Sargento: Cuidado con ese cable!!
Private: Whats it, Sir?
Soldado: Qu es, mi Sargento?
Sergeant: Its a booby trap. Take care.
Sargento: Es una trampa explosiva. Ten cuidado.
Private: Sir, I come back to the trench to
report by radio to the Lieutenant.
Soldado: Mi Sargento, vuelvo a la trinchera
para informar por radio al Teniente.
Sergeant: Thats right, Ill be waiting here.
Sargento: De acuerdo, estar esperando aqu.
Watch that cord!!
Whats it, Sir?
Its a booby trap.
Take care
Sir, I come back to the
trench to report by
radio to the Lieutenant
Thats right, Ill be
waiting here
-156-
1
4
THE PASSIVE FORM OF THE VERBS IN BRACKETS.
1) (past) When he (move) was moved from one
prison to another, he escaped.
2) (simple past) I (not introduce) __________ to
her mother.
3) (simple past) Last year the town (destroy)
__________ by an earthquake.
4) (simple past) Umbrellas and sticks (leave)
__________ in the cloakroom.
5) (present) Tenants (ask) __________ not to
play their radios loudly after midnight.
6) (future) The books (give) __________ by
tomorrow.
7) (simple past) The For Sale notice (take)
__________ recently.
THE PASSIVE TENSE.
a) The milkman brings the milk to my door.
a) The milk is brought to my door by the
milkman.
b) Joan and Julian steal things from supermarkets
every day.
b) __________________________________.
c) An ambulance takes the sick man to hospital.
c) __________________________________.
d) The postman clears these boxes three times a
day.
d) __________________________________.
e) Dogs guard the warehouse.
e) __________________________________.
f) A Japanese firm makes these television sets.
f) __________________________________.
g) The crowd shout him down.
g) __________________________________.
3) MAKE PASSIVE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES
MAINTAINING EACH TENSE.
a) We never saw him in the dining room.
a) He was never seen in the dining room by us.
b) The watchman called the police.
b) __________________________________.
c) Tom had a slight injury.
c) __________________________________.
d) The court found him guilty.
d) __________________________________.
e) She hasnt paid me for the work.
e) __________________________________.
f) They have brought the children in Italy.
f) __________________________________.
g) They wont take him to prison.
g) __________________________________.
h) He hasnt watched tv.
h) __________________________________.
i) Anne often takes him for his brother.
i) __________________________________.
4) TRANSLATE INTO SPANISH THE FOLLOWING
SENTENCES.
a) It is said that he is the best football player.
a) Se dice que es el mejor futbolista.
b) It is believed that he is a bad student.
b) __________________________________.
c) It is thought that Charles is a good private.
c) __________________________________.
d) It is considered that we are rich.
d) __________________________________.
e) It was found that they were guilty.
e) __________________________________.
f) It is kown that the story is false.
f) __________________________________.
g) It is said that his girlfriend is from Japan.
g) __________________________________.
h) It is believed that John loves her.
h) __________________________________.
E X E R C I S E S
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1
4
1) defeat a) demolicin
2) demolition b) retirarse
3) minefield c) casamata
4) barbed wire d) alambrada
5) stronghold e) derrota
6) sapper f) zapador
7) pillbox g) campo de minas
8) withdraw h) punto fuerte
5) INSERT AT, TO, IN, ON, INTO, WITH ORBY.
a) Could I speak to Tom?
b) Are you going _____ bus?
c) Turn right _____ the end of this street and
youll see it _____ front of you.
d) Im going to Bath _____ Monday _____ Tom.
Would you like to come _____ us?
e) Children get presents _____ Christmas and
_____ their birthdays.
f) He arrived _____ London _____ six oclock
_____ a foggy November day.
g) He started going _____ school _____ the age of five.
h) We arrived _____ the airport _____ good time
for the plane.
i) The children jumped _____ the river _____
shouts of delight.
6) INSERT FROM, IN, OVER, WITH, TO,
FOR, BY, OF, OUT, AT, ON.
a) There is a parcel of books ______ you ______ the
table. They must be ______ my brother. He always
sends me books ______ my birthday.
b) How do I get ______ the Public Library? Go ______
the end ______ this street and turn right.
c) Although we were ______ a hurry she insisted
______ stopping to look for it.
d) ______ the beginning of a textbook there is a
preface, and ______ the end there is an index.
e) Are you ______ your own? No, Im ______ a
friend ______ mine.
f) The rows are lettered ______ Ato T, beginning
______ the row nearest the stage.
UNIT 15
UNIT 15
-159-
1
5
G R A M M A R
1.-PHRASAL VERBS
(VERBOS CON PARTCULAS)
Los phrasal verbs son verbos con
partculas que estn compuestos por un verbo
y una preposicin o un adverbio. stos
adquieren un nuevo significado (diferente de
aquel compuesto por la suma de sus
componentes) es decir, que no debemos
guiarnos por nuestra intuicin y debemos
aprendrnoslos de memoria dentro del contexto
de cada situacin
Algunos de los phrasal verbs ms utilizados
en ingls son:
1.1.-HOW TO FORM PHRASAL VERBS
(FORMACIN DE VERBOS CON PARTCULAS)
En la mayora de los phrasal verbs, si el
objeto es un sustantivo, ste puede colocarse
entre el verbo y la preposicin (o adverbio) o
despes de la preposicin (o adverbio). Por lo
tanto:
Sin embargo, si el objeto es un pronombre,
ste siempre va entre el verbo y la preposicin
(o adverbio). Por lo tanto:
Recuerde que el objeto de algunos phrasal
verbs siempre va despus de la preposicin
o adverbio, es decir, que no es posible
intercalar el objeto entre el verbo y la
preposicin (o adverbio). Tal es el caso de los
verbos sombreados en amarillo en la tabla de la
izquierda.
English
I looked after the children while their
parents were away.
Spanish
Cuid a los nios mientras sus padres
estaban fuera.
English
She looked for the keys for more than two
hours.
Spanish
Busc las llaves durante ms de dos
horas.
English I have decided to give up smoking.
Spanish He decidido dejar de fumar.
English
All applicants have to fill in an application
form.
Spanish
Todos los candidatos tienen que rellenar
una solicitud.
Example:
English
Put it on. right
Put on it. wrong
Spanish Pntelo.
Example:
English
Put on your coat.
or
Put your coat on.
Spanish Ponte tu abrigo.
Verb Preposition Translation
turn
on encender [un aparato elctrico]
off apagar [un aparato elctrico]
up subir [el volumen]; presentarse
down bajar [el volumen]
take
off quitarse [ropa]; despegar [avin]
out sacar
put on ponerse [ropa]
give up
dejar, abandonar, renunciar a
[un hbito, vicio]
fill in rellenar [un impreso, solicitud]
look
after cuidar
for buscar
-160-
1
5
2.-SO / NEITHER DO I
(PARTCULAS PARA MOSTRARACUERDO O DESACUERDO)
2.1.-SO
(PARTCULA PARA MOSTRAR ACUERDO)
Para mostrar acuerdo con lo que un interlocutor
ha dicho.
Oracin del interlocutor afirmativa, respuesta
afirmativa. Por lo tanto:
So
SO +
VERBO AUXILIAR
en el tiempo oportuno
+ SUJETO
English Spanish
Simple present Presente simple
I am very intelligent.
So am I
Soy muy inteligente.
Yo tambin
(soy inteligente)
So is she
Ella tambin
(es inteligente)
I like chicken.
So do I
Me gusta el pollo.
A m tambin
(me gusta el pollo)
So does she
A ella tambin
(le gusta el pollo)
Simple past Pasado simple
I was in Toms class.
So was I
Estuve en clase de Tom.
Yo tambin
(estuve en clase de Tom)
So was she
Ella tambin
(estuvo en clase de Tom)
I saw the film.
So did I
Vi la pelcula.
Yo tambin
(vi la pelcula)
So did she
Ella tambin
(vio la pelcula)
Present perfect Presente perfecto
I have read a book.
So have I
He ledo un libro.
Yo tambin
(he ledo un libro)
So has she
Ella tambin
(ha ledo un libro)
I have seen you in the disco.
So have I
Te he visto en la discoteca.
Yo tambin
(te he visto en la discoteca)
So has she
Ella tambin
(te ha visto en la discoteca)
Present perfect (passive voice) Presente perfecto (voz pasiva)
I have been told that...
So have I
Me han dicho que...
A m tambin
(me han dicho que...)
So has she
A ella tambin
(le han dicho que...)
Present continuous Presente continuo
I am studying the whole
lesson.
So am I
Estoy estudiando toda la
leccin
Yo tambin
(estoy estudiando toda la leccin)
So is she
Ella tambin
(est estudiando toda la leccin)
Past continuous Pasado continuo
I was studying the whole
lesson.
So was I
Estaba estudiando toda la
leccin
Yo tambin
(estaba estudiando toda la leccin)
So was she
Ella tambin
Future Futuro
I will do my homework.
So will I
Har los deberes.
Yo tambin
(har los deberes)
So will she
Ella tambin
(har los deberes)
-161-
1
5
English Spanish
Conditional Condicional
I would tell her the truth.
So would I
Le dira la verdad.
Yo tambin
(le dira la verdad)
So would she
Ella tambin
(le dira la verdad)
Future with going to (present) Futuro Prximo
Peter is going to work in
that firm.
So am I
Peter va a trabajar en esa
empresa.
Yo tambin
(voy a trabajar en esa empresa)
So is she
Ella tambin
(va a trabajar en esa empresa)
Future with going to (past) Pasado Prximo
Peter was going to work in
that firm.
So was I
Peter iba a trabajar en esa
empresa.
Yo tambin
(iba a trabajar en esa empresa)
So was she
Ella tambin
Ntese que para saber cul es la partcula que
hay que utilizar en la respuesta, primero hay que
prestar atencin al tiempo verbal en el que se
expresa la oracin y, a continuacin, el auxiliar que
rige a sta. Por lo tanto, si el verbo de la oracin
principal est en presente y no es un verbo anmalo
(es decir, un verbo que no sea el verbo "to be"), la
respuesta deber hacerse con "do" o "does". Por el
contrario, si el verbo en presente es el verbo "to be",
la respuesta ser con "are", "is" o "am". A lo largo
de todo el libro se han visto detalladamente este tipo
de cuestiones, en consecuencia, si existen dudas
de qu auxiliar es el que rige a una oracin en
futuro, condicional, presente continuo sera
necesario remitirse a la unidad en la que se explican
todos estos aspectos.
2.2.-NEITHER
(PARTCULA PARA MOSTRAR ACUERDO)
Oracin del interlocutor negativa, respuesta
negativa (reafirma esa negacin mostrando
acuerdo.) Por lo tanto:
Neither
NEITHER +
VERBO AUXILIAR
+ SUJETO
English Spanish
I am not very intelligent.
Neither am I
No soy muy inteligente.
Yo tampoco
(soy inteligente)
Neither is she
Ella tampoco
(es inteligente)
I do not (dont) like chicken.
Neither do I
No me gusta el pollo.
A m tampoco
(me gusta el pollo)
Neither does she
A ella tampoco
(le gusta el pollo)
I was not (wasnt) in Toms
class.
Neither was I
No estuve en clase de Tom.
Yo tampoco
Neither was she
Ella tampoco
I did not (didnt) see the film.
Neither did I
No vi la pelcula.
Yo tampoco
(vi la pelcula)
Neither did she
Ella tampoco
(vio la pelcula)
I have not (havent) read a
book.
Neither have I
No he ledo un libro.
Yo tampoco
(he ledo un libro)
Neither has she
Ella tampoco
(ha ledo un libro)
I have not (havent) seen
you in the disco.
Neither have I
No te he visto en la
discoteca.
Yo tampoco
Neither has she
Ella tampoco
-162-
1
5
English Spanish
I have not (havent) been
told that...
Neither have I
No me han dicho que...
A m tampoco
Neither has she
A ella tampoco
I am not studying the whole
lesson.
Neither am I
No estoy estudiando toda la
leccin.
Yo tampoco
(estoy estudiando toda la
leccin)
Neither is she
Ella tampoco
(est estudiando toda la
leccin)
I was not (wasnt) studying
the whole lesson.
Neither was I
No estaba estudiando toda la
leccin
Yo tampoco
(estaba estudiando toda la
leccin)
Neither was she
Ella tampoco
(estaba estudiando toda la
leccin)
Future Futuro
I will not (wont) do my
homework.
Neither will I
No har los deberes.
Yo tampoco
(har los deberes)
Neither will she
Ella tampoco
(har los deberes)
I would not (wouldnt) tell
her the truth.
Neither would I
No le dira la verdad.
Yo tampoco
(le dira la verdad)
Neither would she
Ella tampoco
(le dira la verdad)
Future with going to (present) Futuro prximo
Peter is not (isnt) going to
work in that firm.
Neither am I
Peter no va a trabajar en
esa empresa.
Yo tampoco
Neither is she
Ella tampoco
Future with going to (past) Pasado prximo
Peter was not (wasnt) going to
work in that firm.
Neither was I
Peter no iba a trabajar en
esa empresa.
Yo tampoco
Neither was she
Ella tampoco
Recuerde que la partcula "neither", al igual que
"not", expresa negacin. Por lo tanto, como en
ingls nunca se niega dos veces, no es neceseario
aadir ninguna partcula adicional de negacin. Por
otro lado, tal y como se ha visto a lo largo de este
libro, la mayora de los auxiliares en la forma
negativa pueden contraerse ( "wouldn't", "won't",
"don't", "aren't"); ntese que "I am not" se
contrae en Im not.
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1
5
2.3.-GRAMMATICAL CONSTRUCTIONS TODESAGREE WITHSOMEONE
(CONSTRUCCIONESGRAMATICALESPARAMOSTRARDESACUERDO)
a) En este tipo de oraciones, a diferencia de lo
que ocurre en las anteriores, uno de los
interlocutores hace una afirmacin ( e.g. "I live in
Madrid", 'Vivo en Madrid') y el otro muestra
desacuerdo con ste ( e.g. " I don't", 'Yo no (vivo en
Madrid.) Por lo tanto:
Oracin del interlocutor afirmativa, respuesta
negativa. Por lo tanto:
SUJETO +
VERBO AUXILIAR
+
Partcula de
negacin NOT
English Spanish
I am very intelligent.
I am not (m not)
Soy muy inteligente.
Yo no
(soy inteligente)
She is not (isnt)
Ella no
(es inteligente)
I like chicken.
I do not (dont)
Me gusta el pollo.
A m no
(me gusta el pollo)
She does not (doesnt)
A ella no
(le gusta el pollo)
I was in Toms class.
I was not (wasnt)
Estuve en clase de Tom.
Yo no
She was not (wasnt)
Ella no
I saw the film.
I did not (didnt)
Vi la pelcula.
Yo no
(vi la pelcula)
She did not (didnt)
Ella no
(vio la pelcula)
I have read a book.
I have not (havent)
He ledo un libro.
Yo no
(he ledo un libro)
She has not (hasnt)
Ella no
(ha ledo un libro)
I have seen you in the disco.
I have not (havent)
Te he visto en la discoteca.
Yo no
She has not (hasnt)
Ella no
I have been told that...
I have not (havent)
Me han dicho que...
A m no
She has not (hasnt)
A ella no
I am studying the whole
lesson.
I am not (m not)
Estoy estudiando toda la
leccin.
Yo no
She is not (isnt)
Ella no
I was studying the whole
lesson.
I was not (wasnt)
Estaba estudiando toda la
leccin.
Yo no
She was not (wasnt)
Ella no
Future Futuro
I will do my homework.
I will not (wont)
Har los deberes.
Yo no
(har los deberes)
She will not (wont)
Ella no
(har los deberes)
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English Spanish
I would tell her the truth.
I would not (wouldnt)
Le dira la verdad.
Yo no
(le dira la verdad)
She would not (wouldnt)
Ella no
(le dira la verdad)
Peter is going to work in
that firm.
I am not (m not)
Peter va a trabajar en esa
empresa.
Yo no
She is not (isnt)
Ella no
Peter was going to work in
that firm.
I was not (wasnt)
Peter iba a trabajar en esa
empresa.
Yo no
She was not (wasnt)
Ella no
Ntese que tambin se pueden contraer los
auxiliares en la forma negativa.
b) Oracin del interlocutor negativa, respuesta
afirmativa (e.g. I dont live in Madrid, No vivo en
Madrid) y el otro muestra desacuerdo con ste (e.g. I
do, Yo s (vivo en Madrid). Por lo tanto:
SUJETO +
VERBO AUXILIAR
English Spanish
I am not very intelligent.
I am
No soy muy inteligente.
Yo s
(soy inteligente)
She is
Ella s
(es inteligente)
I do not (dont) like chicken.
I do
No me gusta el pollo.
A m s
(me gusta el pollo)
She does
A ella s
(le gusta el pollo)
I was not (wasnt) in Toms class.
I was
No estuve en clase de Tom.
Yo s
She was
Ella s
I did not (didnt) see the film.
I did
No vi la pelcula.
Yo s
(estuve en clase
She did
Ella s
(vio la pelcula)
I have not (havent) reada book.
I have
No he ledo un libro.
Yo s
(he ledo un libro)
She has
Ella s
(ha ledo un libro)
I have not (havent) seen
you in the disco.
I have
No te he visto en la
discoteca.
Yo s
She has
Ella s
I have not (havent) been
told that...
I have
No me han dicho que...
A m s
She has
A ella s
I am not studying the
whole lesson.
I am
No estoy estudiando toda la
leccin.
Yo s
She is
Ella s
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5
English Spanish
I was not (wasnt) studying
the whole lesson.
I was
No estaba estudiando toda la
leccin
Yo s
She was
Ella s
Future Futuro
I will not (wont) do my
homework.
I will
No har los deberes.
Yo s
(har los deberes)
She will
Ella s
(har los deberes)
I would not (wouldnt) tell
her the truth.
I would
No le dira la verdad.
Yo s
(le dira la verdad)
She would
Ella s
(le dira la verdad)
Peter is not (isnt) going to
work in that firm.
I am
Peter no va a trabajar en
esa empresa.
Yo s
She is
Ella s
Peter was not (wasnt) going to
work in that firm.
I was
Peter no iba a trabajar en
esa empresa.
Yo s
She was
Ella s
3.-VERB + -ING (= GERUND)
(USO DE LOS VERBOS EN GERUNDIO)
El gerundio de los verbos en ingls se utiliza en
los siguientes supuestos:
a) Despus de los verbos que expresan gustos y
preferencias (like, love, enjoy, mind, prefer)
b) Despus de preposiciones
c) Al utilizar un verbo como sujeto de una oracin
English Spanish
After verbs of preference Despus de verbos de preferencia
I dont mind cooking.
I hate ironing.
No me importa cocinar.
Odio planchar.
After prepositions Despus de preposiciones
I am good at finding bargains.
Thank you you for giving me a hand
Soy bueno para encontrar gangas.
Gracias por echarme una mano.
Verb as a subject Verbo como sujeto
Buying clothes often takes me a long time.
Writing a personal letter is very hard for me.
Por lo general comprar ropa me lleva mucho tiempo.
Escribir una carta personal es muy duro para m.
En caso de dudas de cmo formar los gerundios,
remitirse al apartado 1 de la unidad 10.
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1.-DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BRITISHANDAMERICAN ENGLISH
(DIFERENCIAS ENTRE EL INGLS BRITNICOY ELAMERICANO)
1.-CALLING THE INSURANCE COMPANY
(LLAMANDO A LA ASEGURADORA)
Itziar: My cars broken down. Could you tow it
away?
Itzar: Mi coche se ha averiado. Podra remolcarlo?
Operator: Where are you?
Operador Dnde se encuentra usted?
Itziar: I'm in Fawcett Road.
Itzar: Estoy en la calle Fawcett.
Operator: Can you give me your name?
Operador: Puede decirme su nombre?
Itziar: My names Itziar Johnson.
Itzar: Me llamo Itzar Johnson.
Operator: Whats your insurance company?
Operador: Cul es su compaa de seguros?
Itziar: Alliance Insurance Company.
Itzar: Alliance Insurance Company.
Operator: Could you please wait there?, well tow
your car away in fifteen minutes.
Operador: Podra esperar all?, remolcaremos su
coche en quince minutos.
Itziar: Thank you very much.
Itzar: Muchas gracias.
Operator: You are welcome.
Operador: De nada.
My cars broken down.
Could you tow it away?
Im in Fawcett Road
My names
Itziar Johnson
Where are you?
Can you give
me your name?
Whats your
insurance
company?
Alliance
Insurance
Company
Could
you please
wait there?,
well tow your
car away in
fifteen minutes.
Thank you very
much.
You are
welcome
Use of different spelling (Uso de una ortografa diferente)
British English American English Spanish
analyse analyze analizar
centre center centro
colour color color
favour favor favor
fibre fiber fibra
flavour flavor sabor
glamour glamor glamour
maneuver manoeuvre maniobra
neighbour neighbor vecino
travelled (pas & pas. part.), travelling (gerund) traveled, traveling viajado, viajando
counselled (pas & pas. part.), counselling (gerund) counseled, counseling aconsejado, aconsejando
controlled (pas & pas. part.), controlling (gerund) controled, controling controlado, controlando
grey gray gris
El ingls britnico y el americano son la misma lengua
en esencia, no obstante, el ingls britnico difiere en
bastantes aspectos respecto al americano (o viceversa.)
En primer lugar, la produccin del ingls americano y
britnico son diferentes en lo que el acento se refiere. En
segundo lugar, pueden darse situaciones en las que se
utilicen palabras diferentes para referirse a la misma
realidad ( e.g. "Autumn" (BrE), "Fall" (AmE), 'otoo'.)
Finalmente, la ortografa tambin puede variar ( e.g.
"centre" (BrE), "center" (AmE), 'centro'.)
colour (BrE)
color (AmE)
tavelled, travelling (BrE)
traveled, traveling (AmE)
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Use of different words
(Uso de diferentes palabras para referirse a la misma realidad)
British English American English Spanish
sweets candies caramelos
biscuits cookies galletas
underground subway metro
petrol gasoline, gas gasolina
petrol station gas station gasolinera
chemist's drugstore farmacia
road highway carretera
bill check cuenta, factura
pavement sidewalk acera
lorry truck camin
lift elevator ascensor
flat apartment apartamento
holidays vacation vacaciones
French fries chips patatas fritas
film movie pelcula
boot trunk maletero
bonnet hood cap
note bill billete
shop assistant
salesman, salewoman,
clerk, salesclerk
dependiente /a
trousers pants pantalones
reverse charge call collect call
llamada a cobro
revertido
letter box mail box buzn
tyre tire neumtico
road (BrE) / highway (AmE)
lorry (BrE) / truck (AmE)
holidays (BrE) / vacation (AmE)
1.-STONEHENGE
The most famous Neolithic monument of
England, Stonehenge, was built in several phases
on a sacred site on the Salisbury Plain from 2750
BC to 1500 BC. In form, Stonehenge consists of a
series of concentric rings of standing stones around
an altar stone at the center. Stonehenge is surely
Britain's greatest national icon, it symbolizes
mystery, power and endurance. Its original purpose
is unclear to us, but some
people believe that it was a
temple made for the worship of
ancient earth deities. It is
considered to be an
astronomical observatory for
marking significant events on
the prehistoric calendar (a
powerful cult of sun worship
seems to have dominated this
monument.) Nevertheless other people think that it
was a sacred site for the burial of ancient
highranking citizens from the societies. In any case,
the ancient participant in the rites of Stonehenge
would experience a deep connection with nature.
1) Where is Stonehenge situated?
2) What does Stonehenge symbolize?
3) When was Stonehenge built?
a) Stonehenge was built in several phases.
T / F
b) At the center of a series
of concentric rings there is
an altar.
T / F
c) It is doubtful that
Stonehenge is Britain's
national icon.
T / F
d) Nowadays its original
purpose is very clear to us.
T / F
e) An a s t r o n o mi c a l
observatory for marking
significant events onthe prehistoric calendar is one
of the most probable hypothesis about its original
purpose.
T / F
f) There is certainly a strong connection between
the ancient participant in the rites of this
monument and nature.
T / F
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1.-PEACEKEEPING MISSIONS
(MISIONES DE PAZ)
English Spanish
UN
(United Nations)
ONU
(Organizacin de Naciones Unidas)
NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
OTAN
(Organizacin del Tratado del Atlntico Norte)
NGO
(Non Governmental Organization)
ONG
(Organizacin No Gubernamental)
IO
(International Organization)
OI
(Organizacin Internacional)
RC (Red Cross) Cruz Roja
UNHCR
(United Nations High Commission for Refugees)
ACNUR
(Alto Comisionado de las Naciones Unidas para los Refugiados)
UNMO
(United Nations Military Observer)
Observador Militar de las Naciones Unidas
NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
English Spanish
checkpoint puesto de control
sniper francotirador
convoy convoy
humanitarian aid ayuda humanitaria
deliver rations distribuir raciones
shelter contenedor
ethnical cleansing limpieza tnica
agreement acuerdo
cease-fire alto el fuego
arson incendio
loot saquear; saqueo
refugee refugiado
returnee retornado
DP (Displaced People) desplazado
facilities instalaciones
warehouse almacn
political asylum asilo poltico
papers documentacin
General Elections Elecciones Generales
polling station colegio electoral
murder asesinato
warrior factions bandos combatientes
RC (Red Cross)
refugees
humanitarian aid
convoy
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Corporal: My Unit is in a peacekeeping mission
abroad.
Cabo: Mi Unidad est en una misin de paz
en el extranjero.
Private: Where are they?
Soldado: Dnde estn?
Corporal: They are operating in Kosovo.
Cabo: Estn operando en Kosovo.
Private: Hot spot, isn't it?
Soldado: Zona conflictiva, verdad?
Corporal: Yes, there still are lots of snipers
in the cities.
Cabo: S, todava hay muchos
francotiradores en las ciudades.
Private: What Organization is leading this
Operation?
Soldado: Qu Organizacin est liderando la
Operacin?
Corporal: UN is in charge, but next month
NATO will be in command.
Cabo: La ONU est al frente, pero el mes
que viene tomar el mando la OTAN.
My Unit is in a peacekeeping
mission abroad
Where are they?
They are operating in Kosovo
Yes, there still are lots of snipers
in the cities
Hot spot, isn't it?
What Organization is leading
this Operation?
UN is in charge, but next month
NATO will be in command
E X E R C I S E S
ONE OF THE GIVEN PREPOSITIONS.
a) I cant hear the radio. Can you turn it up,
please?
b) My neighbour has left the city and were
looking ________ his cat.
c) The room was dark so she turned ________
the lights.
d) I am determined to give ________ smoking.
e) He took ________ his jacket and tie, and put
________ a sweater.
f) Are you going to take my money ________ of
the bank?
g) I filled ________ the insurance forms.
PHRASAL VERB IN THE RIGHT TENSE.
a) The music was too loud, so she turned down
the volume.
b) A babysitter is a person who ________
children when their parents are away.
c) Im ________ my glasses. I cant find them
anywhere.
d) When Jim gets home from work, he ________
his suit and ________ his pijamas.
e) Can you ________ the number of the bus
station in the phone book?
f) Could you ________ this application form?
after up off on
in out up
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3) AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS.
a) I am from Italy.
a) So I am.
b) I dont eat vegetables.
b) ______________________________.
c) I have never been to New York.
c) ______________________________.
d) I have eaten in that Chinese restaurant
d) ______________________________.
e) I swim a lot every day.
e) ______________________________.
f) I dint find you in the party.
f) ______________________________.
g) Last year I was unemployed.
g) ______________________________.
h) I have never liked onions.
h) ______________________________.
i) When I was child I went to Rome.
i) ______________________________.
j) I was going to forgive her.
j) ______________________________.
k) I will not tell the teachers about Jims problem.
k) ______________________________.
l) I would not expect her to come.
l) ______________________________.
4) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A GERUND.
a) (iron) I'm quite good at ironing.
b) (cook) I'm not very good at ________.
c) (read) When I'm on my own, I really enjoy
________.
d) (walk) I think that ________ is very relaxing.
e) (swim) ________ is my favourite holiday activity.
f) (do the washing up) The job I most hate in the
house is ________.
5) PUT THE VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE CORRECT
FORM (GERUND OR INFINITIVE).
a) (come) Would you like to come to a party with
me tonight?
b) (go) Oh yes, I love ________ to parties.
c) (work, get up) I don't want ________ in an
office because I hate ________ early.
d) (study) ________ the night before the exam
makes me nervous.
e) (buy, live) Joe would like ________ a flat
because he doesn't like ________ with his
parents.
f) (travel, fly) I love ________ but I'm afraid of
________ so I always go by train or bus.
g) (go)I enjoy ________ to funfairs.
h) (jog, swim) Do you like ________? I think
________ is better.
i) (think, have) Just ________ of ________ to
study makes me sad.
a) (have) He dreads having to retire.
b) (not speak) My mother told ________ to
anyone about it.
c) (meet) I arranged ________ them there.
d) (leave, say)He surprised us all by ________
the room without ________ "goodbye".
e) (explain, listen) He tried ________ it but she
refused ________.
f) (telephone, ask, look) I suggest ________ the
hospitals before ________ the police
________ for him.
g) (hear, not enter) After ________ the conditions
I decided ________ for the competition.
1) RC a) Organizacin Internacional
2) checkpoint b) distribuir raciones
3) deliver rations
c) observador militar
(de las Naciones Unidas)
4) IO d) ACNUR
5) UN e) puesto de control
6) agreement f) acuerdo
7) UNMO g) Cruz Roja
8) UNHCR h) ONU
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Sentences Agree Disagree
a) I really like classical music. So do I I don't
b) I don't like mushrooms. Neither do I
c) I have a microwave.
d) I don't speak German.
e) I went to the beach today.
f) I didn't watch TV last night.
g) I haven't been to Venice.
h) I'm going to stay in tonight.
i) I have been disappointed by Peter.
j) I will see him in his birthday.
k) I would not eat that piece of cake.
l) I was going to take part in the meeting.
10)WHAT DO THESE ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS STAND FOR IN ENGLISH?
WHAT IS THE TRANSLATION IN SPANISH?
Abbreviation It stands for Spanish translation
a) UN United Nations Organizacin de Naciones Unidas (ONU)
b) NATO
c) NGO
d) IO
e) RC
11) COMPLETE THE CHART.
7) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A WORD
USED IN BRITISH ENGLISH.
a) The telephone bill was too high for me to pay.
b) I went to Covent Garden by ________
c) People buy medicines in the ________
d) My house is half a mile down the ________
e) Fortunately, there is a ________ in that
ten-storey building, otherwise I couldn't walk up.
f) I own a very nice ________ in the ________ of
London.
8) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH A WORD
OR WORDS USED IN AMERICAN ENGLISH.
a) Peter was so stressed out that he needed to
take a vacation.
b) It was difficult to fit three suitcases in the
________ of the car.
c) I paid the chair with one hundred dollar
________.
d) Paul had no money and desperately needed to
make a phone call, that's why me made a
________.
e) When buying ice-creams, chocolate and
vanilla are my favourite ________.
f) Pedestrians walk on the ________.
REVIEW
REVIEW
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2) PUT THE FOLLOWING VERBS IN BRACKETS INTO THE
PRESENT PERFECT AND THEN INSERT SINCE OR FOR.
a) Where (be, you) have you been ?I (not see)
havent seen you for ages.
b) It (not snow) ____________ in Athens
____________ 1941.
c) Im hungry, I (not eat) ____________ anything
____________ breakfast.
d) He (not cut) ____________ his hair
____________ seven months.
e) I (work) ____________ without a break
____________ 13 hours.
f) You (change) ____________ a lot
____________ I last saw you.
THE FUTURE WITH GOING TO OF THE VERBS IN
BRACKETS IN THE PRESENT TENSE.
a) (not attack) The lion is not going to attack you.
b) (rain, it) ______ tomorrow?
c) We (buy) ______ him a pen for his birthday.
d) I (not win) ______ the race.
e) (eat, we) ______ bacon tomorrow at dinner?
f) She (not buy) ______ any more chocolate.
g) (have, they) ______ a party next week?
1) FILL THE FOLLOWING CHART WITH SINCE OR FOR
ACCORDING TO THE SENTENCE GIVEN.
I have studied English
a) for two months.
b) January.
c) the beginning of the year.
d) about 10 minutes.
e) I was a child in Elementary School.
f) six weeks.
g) a long time.
h) three days.
I) I was 14 years old.
j) a year ago.
k) a year.
l) twelve days.
m) 1997.
n) I came to America.
o) 3 hours a day, for the last two years.
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THE FUTURE WITH GOING TO OF THE VERBS IN
BRACKETS IN THE PAST TENSE.
a) Yesterday I (write) was going to write my
lesson, but in the end I decided to watch a film.
b) I (not buy) ______________ her a present, but
in the last minute she invited me to her
birthday.
c) (spend, they) ______________ a week in
Germany?
d) Paul (give) ______________ the lecture,
however, he had an accident.
e) (marry, she) ______________ you last year?
f) (travel, you) ______________ to Ireland last
January?
g) We (not buy) ______________ new clothes
for our aniversary, but the clothes we had were
not the appropriate to the occasion.
SIMPLE FUTURE OR THE FUTURE WITH GOING
TO.
a) Why are you holding a piece of paper?
I (write) am going to write a letter to my
friends back home in Texas.
b) Im about to fall asleep. I need to wake up!
I (get) ____________ you a cup of coffee.
That will wake you up.
c) I cant hear the television!
I (turn) ____________ it up so you can hear it.
d) We are so excited about our trip next month to
France. We (visit) ____________ Paris, Nice
and Nantes.
e) Hillary (come) ____________ to the party.
John (be) ____________ there as well.
f) After I graduate, I (attend) ____________
medical school and become a doctor. I have
wanted to be a doctor all my life.
g) Excuse me, I need to talk to someone about
our hotel room. I am afraid it is simply too
small for four people.
That man at the service counter (help)
____________ you.
THE PRESENT PERFECT OR THE PAST SIMPLE OF
THE VERBS IN BRACKETS.
a) Did you like the movie Star Wars? I dont
know. I (see, never) have never seen that
movie.
b) (be, you) ____________ up to late?
c) (not hear, you) ____________ the news yet? I
got married last July. Claudia and I (decide)
____________ to get married spontaneously.
We (not do) ____________ even organize a
party, because the wedding took place in Las
Vegas.
d) Hey Paul. I (not see) ____________ you for
ages!
e) Jim (arrive) ____________ in Las Vegas a
week ago.
f) My best friend and I (know) ____________
each other for over fifteen years. We still get
together once a week.
g) Sally is a fantastic writer. She (write)
____________ ten very creative short stories
in the last year.
h) I (not have) ____________ this much fun
since I (be) ____________ a kid.
i) Listen Jessica, I dont care if you (miss)
____________ the bus this morning. You (be)
____________ late to work too many times.
You are fired!
j) Peter is from Missouri, which is hundreds of
miles from the coast, so he (see, never)
____________ the ocean. He should come
with us to Miami.
k) How sad! George (dream) ____________ of
going to California before he died, but he
didnt do it. He (see, never) ____________ the
ocean.
l) In the last hundred years, travelling (become)
____________ much easier and very
comfortable. In the 19th century, it (take)
____________ two or three months to cross
North America by wagon. The trip (be)
____________ very rough and often
dangerous. Things (change) ____________ a
great deal in the last hundred and fifty years.
Now you can fly from New York to Los Angeles
in a matter of hours.
m) Charles, I cant believe how much you
(change) ______________ since the last time
I (see) ______________ you. You (grow)
______________ at least a foot!
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SIMPLE PRESENT OR THE FUTURE WITH GOING TO.
a) Today after I (get) get out of class, I (go)
______ to a movie with some friends.
b) Do you know what you want to do after you
(graduate) ______ ?
c) If it (snow) ______ this weekend, we (go)
______ skiing near Lake Tahoe.
d) She (make) ______ some major changes in
her life. She (quit) ______ her job and go back
to school. After she (finish) ______ studying,
she (get) ______ a better paid job and buy a
house. She is going to improve her life!
e) Tom (call) ______ when he (arrive) ______ in
Manchester. He (stay) ______ with you for two
or three days until his new apartment (be)
______ available.
SIMPLE PRESENT OR THE SIMPLE FUTURE.
a) When you (arrive) arrive in Oslo, call my
friend Jonas. He (show) ________ you around
the city and help you get situated.
b) If the people (not stop) ________ cutting down
trees in the rain forest, we (experience)
________ huge changes in the environment
during the twenty-first century.
c) I promise that I (not tell) ________ your secret
to anybody. Even if somebody (ask) ________
me about what happened that day, I (not
reveal) ________ the truth to a single person.
d) After you (leave) ________ work, will you
please drop by the grocery store and pick up
some milk and bread?
No problem, I (pick) ________ up the
groceries and be, at home by 6 oclock.
Great. You will probably get home before I (do)
________.
e) I (call) ________ you as soon as I arrive in
Dublin.
If I am not there when you (call) ________,
make sure to leave a message.
I will. And please dont forget to water my
plants and feed the cat.
I promise I (take) ________ care of everything
while you are in Ireland.
THE VERBS IN BRACKETS IN THESE FIRST TYPE
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES.
a) Here is Peters number. I am sure he (help)
will help you if you (ask) ask him.
b) You (get) ________ wet if you (not take)
________ your umbrella.
c) If it (be) ________ nice tomorrow, we (go)
________ for a walk.
d) If I (tell) ________ you the truth, (believe, you)
________ me?
e) She (come) ________ to your party if you
(invite) ________ her.
f) He (go) ________ if he (have) ________ time.
10) FILL IN THE GAPS BY USING THE CONDITIONAL
TENSE OF THE FOLLOWING VERBS.
If I could choose, I (a) would bea famous actress. I
(b)________ in Beverly Hills. Everybody
(c)________ me and I (d)________ a big house with
a garden and maids and I (e)________ up early. I
(f)_______ around with my dog and I (g)________ at
the fanciest hotels and I (h)________ at the best
restaurants.
travel live be know
not get stay own eat
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a) to /I /invitation /say /? /Would /your /no
a) Would I say no to your invitation?
b) an /not /for /answer /I /take /would /no
b) ______________________________.
c) not /do /letters /in /Please /, /capital /write
c) ______________________________.
d) they /What /say /? /would
d) _______________________________
e) be /come /? /he /to /Wouldnt /able
e) _______________________________
f) your / /d /to /house /I /go
f) ______________________________.
g) party /go /I /wouldnt /to /Why /?/your
g) _______________________________
h) would /like /he /? /What /look
h) _______________________________
SHORT SENTENCES.
a) Jugara al ftbol.
a) I would play football.
b) Jugaras al ftbol?
b) _______________________________
c) Te gustara jugar al ftbol?
c) _______________________________
d) Haz los deberes.
d) ______________________________.
e) No comas naranjas.
e) ______________________________.
f) Qu escribiran ellos?
f) _______________________________
g) Por qu no se lo dira (ella) a sus abuelos?
g) _______________________________
THE FUTURE SIMPLE TENSE.
a) I can eat a whole large pizza.
a) I will be able to eat a whole large pizza.
b) I must say the truth.
b) ______________________________.
c) Can you repeat the sentence?
c) _______________________________
d) Must he study the whole lesson?
d) _______________________________
e) He cant read my mind.
e) ______________________________.
f) Cant they take a joke?
f) _______________________________
g) I cant explain why.
g) ______________________________.
h) I can dance ballet.
h) ______________________________.
i) Mustnt she invite her parents to dinner?
i) _______________________________
j) We mustnt waste time.
j) ______________________________.
14) REWRITE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IN THE
SIMPLE PAST TENSE.
a) Cant we take criticism?
a) Couldnt we take criticism? /
Werent we (Were we not) able to take criticism?
b) Must I paint you a picture?
b) _______________________________
c) They must hand in their assignments.
c) ______________________________.
d) Their reasons must be explained carefully.
d) ______________________________.
e) Do you need a visa?
e) _______________________________
f) You mustnt speak during the exam.
f) ______________________________.
g) Applicants need to call 1-800-486-624 for
further information.
g) ______________________________.
h) You can make yourself.
h) ______________________________.
i) Mustnt we follow their example?
i) _______________________________
j) Can he play the piano?
j) _______________________________
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15) PUT THE FOLLOWING WORDS INTO THE RIGHT
ORDER SO THEY MAKE SENSE.
a) might /She /to Paris /go /not
a) She might not go to Paris.
b) be /I /the book /not /will /read /able to
b) ______________________________.
c) your /tell /surname /Could /me /you?
c) _______________________________
d) have to /clothes /did /They /not /new /buy
d) ______________________________.
e) so /Need /you /fast /drive?
e) _______________________________
f) the whole /She /not /lesson /need /study
f) ______________________________.
g) not / have come /ought /He /to
g) ______________________________.
h) Should /I /go /should /or /stay /I?
h) _______________________________
MODAL VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS IN THE
a) They (can/might) might be away for the
weekend but Im not sure.
b) Listen, please. You (may not/might not)
________ speak during this exam.
c) You (may/might) ________ leave now if you
wish.
d) They (cant/may not) ________ still be out!
e) (Could/May) ________ you open the window
a bit, please?
f) He (can/could) ________ be from
Manchester, judging by his accent.
g) (May/Can) ________ you swim?
h) You (couldnt/might not) ________ smoke on
the bus.
i) With luck, tomorrow (can/could) ________ be
a cooler day.
j) You (can/might) ________ be right but Im
going back to check the times.
MODAL VERBS GIVEN IN BRACKETS IN THE
a) (Cant/May) May I make a call on your mobile?
b) Do you know if Mark (can/may) ________ sing?
c) (Cant/May) ________ I sit here, please?
d) Caroline, your friends (can/could) ________
stay the night if they want to. They are
perfectly welcome.
e) Im sorry but you (cant/may) ________ use
the computer until after Ive finished.
f) (May/Could) ________ you lend me 40 euros
until Monday?
g) Listen, please. Students (may/could)
________ study in the library from five to nine
in the evening.
h) The exam (cant/might) ________ be easy.
You never know.
i) Claire reckons she is from America, but I think
she (cant/might) ________ be from
Scandinavia.
j) I (cant/might) ________ go to the party but Im
not sure yet.
k) This (must/could) ________ be the right
answer but well have to check with your
teacher to make sure.
l) She (cant/could) ________ steal things from
shops. She is rich and famous.
m) I really think Real Madrid (cant/could)
________ lose the final of the Kings Cup.
n) Shes been revising 10 hours a day for 3
weeks. She (could/must) ________ be
exhausted.
o) He (cant/may) ________ be from the USA.
He doesnt speak English.
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NEEDNT OR MUSTNT.
a) I dont mind at all. You neednt apologize.
b) Its a secret. You ________ tell anybody.
c) Its not urgent. You ________ do it now.
d) You can type those letters later. You ________
do it now.
e) I can find my own way there. You ________
wait for me.
f) If I show you my new hat, you ________ laugh.
g) Keep quiet. You ________ talk so loudly in
here. People are trying to work.
h) Im not deaf. You ________ shout.
i) You ________ drive at more than 70 mph in the UK.
j) Ill do everything. You ________ do anything
unless you really want to.
k) If you want an explanation for this grammar
point, you ________ do a thing. Ill send you
one automatically.
COULDNT OR MIGHT NOT.
a) Unfortunately, James and Michelle had
already made plans, so they couldnt come
with us to the exhibition at the Museum of
Contemporary Art.
b) We should call Tom before we go over to his
house; he __________ be there. I dont want
to drive all the way there for nothing.
c) I know Susan wants to go to the ballet with us,
but wed better call her before we get her
ticket. She works Wednesday nights, and she
__________ be able to get time off that
evening.
d) Victoria __________ hear the speaker
because the crowd was shouting so loudly.
e) It __________ be a bad idea to take some
snacks along while were hiking. Last time, we
got so hungry we had to come back early
without finishing the hike.
f) Peter might be angry, or he __________. You
never know with him because he is so
temperamental.
g) I heard the band is really popular, and tickets
sell out quickly. You __________ get tickets if
you wait too long.
h) That __________ possibly be Mr. Jones. Hes
lost so much weight that he looks like a
completely different person.
i) Charles __________ be angry at me. I have
never done anything to upset him.
20) CORRECT THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES IF
NECESSARY.
a) Sally dont must miss lectures.
a) Sally mustnt miss lectures.
b) Does she need to go to London?
b) ________________________________.
c) Wont he must study a little bit harder?
c) ________________________________.
d) He have to earn a living.
d) ________________________________.
e) He not cans tell you his secret.
e) ________________________________.
f) She might plays the guitar in the concert.
f) ________________________________.
g) Will they can understand the language?
g) ________________________________.
h) Peter didnt could stand the weather.
h) ________________________________.
i) Martha dont can run faster.
i) ________________________________.
j) Humans ought to have equal rights.
j) ________________________________.
k) I should to ask you to do me a favour.
k) ________________________________.
l) Might she to call the fire department?
l) ________________________________.
m) I have not to get up early tomorrow morning.
m) ________________________________.
n) I need not to get up early tomorrow morning.
n) ________________________________.
o)Needs he say anything else?
o) ________________________________.
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THE PASSIVE VOICE.
a) They had to carry the injured man.
a) The injured man had to be carried.
b) They were going to tape our conversation.
b) ______________________________.
c) They will ask him many questions.
c) ______________________________.
d) He hasnt returned the books yet.
d) ______________________________.
e) People spend less money on school books nowadays.
e) ______________________________.
f) Vandals damaged most paintings.
f) ______________________________.
g) The computer corrects all sentences.
g) ______________________________.
h) They are repairing her car at the moment.
h) ______________________________.
i) They will punish you severely for this.
i) ______________________________.
THE PASSIVE VOICE.
a) The terrible news shocked everybody.
a) Everybody was shocked by the terrible news.
b) That company will publish a new book next year.
b) ______________________________.
c) He has forgot our address.
c) ______________________________.
d) They introduced the secretary to her new boss.
d) ______________________________.
e) The members of the committee are
considering our plan.
e) ______________________________.
f) They will give a prize to whoever solves this
problem.
f) ______________________________.
g) The executive committee would approve the
new policy.
g) ______________________________.
h) They have altered this notice.
h) ______________________________.
i) Paul gave her my telephone number.
i) ______________________________.
23) MAKE IMPERSONAL THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES.
a) They say she wears a long blue dress.
a) She is said to wear a long blue dress.
a) It is said that she wears a long blue dress.
b) They believed he was one of the three
greatest mathematicians.
b) ______________________________.
b) ______________________________.
c) They think Susan is in her mid fifties.
c) ______________________________.
c) ______________________________.
d) They consider Peter is quite social.
d) ______________________________.
d) ______________________________.
e) They found him dead.
e) ______________________________.
e) ______________________________.
f) They told me his secrets.
(solamente poner a me como sujeto de la oracin)
f) ______________________________.
g) They gave her her birthday present.
(solamente poner a her como sujeto de la oracin)
g) ______________________________.
h) They know him as Peter Smith.
(solamente poner a him como sujeto de la oracin)
h) ______________________________.
24) FILLINTHEGAPSWITHASUITABLEPASSIVECONSTRUCTION.
a) Nobody has ever called me stupid!
a) I have never been called stupid!
b) They have planted thousands of tress.
b) Thousands of tress __________.
c) They will crown him sportsman of the year.
c) He __________ sportsman of the year.
d) They have to work out a publicity campaign to
restore the image of the Prime Minister.
d) A publicity campaign has to __________ to
restore the image of the Prime Minister.
e) They would do everything to bring war
criminals to justice.
e) Everything __________ to bring war criminals
to justice.
f) I havent decided anything yet.
f) Nothing __________ yet.
g) We require suitable candidates to be bilingual.
g) Suitable candidates __________ to be
bilingual.
h) The boss asked John to remain in charge for
another year.
h) John __________ by the boss to remain in
charge for another year.
i) The policemen are interviewing him right now.
i) He __________ by the policemen right now.
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25) FILL EACH OF THE FOLLOWING GAPS WITH IN,
ON OR AT.
a) He will see his friend in the evening.
b) Several people visited my school _______ Friday.
c) Our language class usually begins _______ 8
oclock.
d) The best part of Halloween begins _______
midnight.
e) The English Test will be given _______
December 13 and December 15.
f) The weather is usually warm _______ August.
g) The weather is colder _______ winter.
h) I will pick you up _______ 1:45 p.m.
i) He woke up _______ 4 oclock _______ the
morning.
j) After Christmas vacation, I will see you
_______ January 17.
k) Did they start the show _______ noon?
l) My dream will probably come true _______
the future.
m) _______ the past, we always went to school _______
Monday _______ the morning _______ 8:30.
n) What will you do _______ Christmas Eve?
o) _______ 2010 we will be 35. Imagine that!
p) _______ three years time he will be at
university.
q) I saw him _______ Peters birthday party
_______ April 17th.
r) The plane lands _______ 3:45 p.m. _______
London.
s) Will you wait for me _______ the bus stop?
t) Do you live _______ the city or _______ the
country?
26) AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS BY
USING SO OR NEITHER.
a) I like Peter.
a) So do I.
b) I didnt enjoy the film.
b) ______________________________.
c) I dont like living in the city.
c) ______________________________.
d) I am not going to go to London.
d) ______________________________.
e) I have never been to Paris.
e) ______________________________.
f) I will make you laugh.
f) ______________________________.
g) I would go out with Sally.
g) ______________________________.
h) I am going to buy a new car.
h) ______________________________.
i) Last year I visited the British Museum.
i) ______________________________.
27) AGREE WITH THE FOLLOWING STATEMENTS BY
USING SO OR NEITHER.
a) I would love to see you sometime.
a) So would I.
b) I need a vacation.
b) ______________________________.
c) I dont like butter.
c) ______________________________.
d) I have been to Asia.
d) ______________________________.
e) I was sick yesterday.
e) ______________________________.
f) I spent the whole evening reading a book.
f) ______________________________.
g) I didnt know that you won the championship.
g) ______________________________.
h) I hate carrots.
h) ______________________________.
i) I would like to visit the Greek Islands.
i) ______________________________.
j) I am going out tonight.
j) ______________________________.
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a) (see) I look forward to seeing you again.
b) (do) Do you know what ______ in case of an
accident.
c) (go) Are you thinking of ______ to London?
d) (write) I enjoy ______ picture postcards.
e) (not buy) We decided ______ a new car.
f) (play) Do you like ______ tennis?
g) (read) ______ Hamlet is a difficult task to
accomplish.
h) (pay) Bill promised ______ George the money
he owed him.
i) (sing) Would you like ______ with me in the
concert.
j) (not tell) My mother told me ______ the secret
to anyone.
k) (study)I recommend ______ three hours every
night.
l) (learn) I am quite good at ______ new words.
VERBS
VERBS
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PREFACE
A continuacin se ofrece el modelo de conjugacin para los verbos regulares de
los tiempos verbales que se ven en el libro. El presente anexo aparece dividido en
dos partes principales: la conjugacin activa (active voice) y la conjugacin pasiva
(passive voice). A su vez cada parte cuenta con tres bloques:
En el primer bloque estn recogidas las formas afirmativas (affirmative form),
negativas (negative form) e interrogativas (question form*) de los siguientes
tiempos verbales:
el presente simple de indicativo (simple present)
el pretrito perfecto de indicativo (present perfect)
el presente continuo de indicativo (present continuous)
el pretrito imperfecto y el pretrito indefinido de indicativo (simple past)
el pasado continuo de indicativo (past continuous)
el futuro simple de indicativo (future)
el futuro prximo de indicativo (future with going to [present])
el pasado prximo de indicativo (future with going to [past])
y el condicional simple de indicativo (conditional)
En el segundo bloque se recogen las formas afirmativas y negativas del
imperativo (imperative).
Por ltimo, en el tercer bloque se presentan las formas conocidas en espaol
como no personales del verbo, a saber, el infinitivo (infinitive), el participio pasado
(past participle) y el gerundio (gerund).
*
Cabe sealar que por defecto se ofrece la forma interrogativa para la segunda persona del singular
(you, t, usted) y del plural (you, nosotros/ as, ustedes) ya que esta forma suele coincidir con
el resto de las formas verbales para el mismo tiempo a excepcin, claro est, del pronombre personal
que sirve como sujeto (you, we, they, etc.). En el caso de que dicha forma verbal sea diferente
para otra persona (como suele ocurrir con la primera y tercera del singular [I, yo; he/ she/ it, l/
ella/ *ello]) dicha forma tambin aparece recogida.
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Simple present
English Spanish
1
st
S I love (yo) amo
2
nd
S you love
(t) amas
(usted) ama
3
rd
S he/ she/ it loves (l/ ella/ *ello) ama
1
st
P we love (nosotros/ as) amamos
2
nd
P you love
(vosotros/ as) amis
(ustedes) aman
3
rd
P they love (ellos/ as) aman
Present perfect
English Spanish
1
st
S
I have loved
Ive loved
(yo) he amado
2
nd
S
you have loved
youve loved
(t) has amado
(usted) ha amado
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it has loved
hes/ shes/ its loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) ha amado
1
st
P
we have loved
weve loved
(nosotros/ as) hemos amado
2
nd
P
you have loved
youve loved
(vosotros/ as) habis amado
(ustedes) han amado
3
rd
P
they have loved
theyve loved
(ellos/ as) han amado
Present continuous
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am loving
Im loving
(yo) estoy amando
2
nd
S
you are loving
youre loving
(t) ests amando
(usted) est amando
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is loving
hes/ shes/ its loving
(l/ ella/ *ello) est amando
1
st
P
we are loving
were loving
(nosotros/ as) estamos amando
2
nd
P
you are loving
youre loving
(vosotros/ as) estis amando
(ustedes) estn amando
3
rd
P
they are loving
theyre loving
(ellos/ as) estn amando
Simple past
English Spanish
1
st
S I loved (yo) amaba; am
2
nd
S you loved
(t) amabas; amaste
(usted) amaba; am
3
rd
S he/ she/ it loved (l/ ella/ *ello) amaba; am
1
st
P we loved (nosotros/ as) ambamos; amamos
2
nd
P you loved
(vosotros/ as) amabais;
amasteis
(ustedes) amaban; amaron
3
rd
P they loved (ellos/ as) amaban; amaron
AC T I V E VOI C E
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Past continuous
English Spanish
1
st
S I was loving (yo) estaba amando
2
nd
S you were loving
(t) estabas amando
(usted) estaba amando
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it was
loving
(l/ ella/ *ello) estaba amando
1
st
P we were loving (nosotros/ as) estbamos amando
2
nd
P you were loving
(vosotros/ as) estabais amando
(ustedes) estaban amando
3
rd
P they were loving (ellos/ as) estaban amando
Future
English Spanish
1
st
S
I will love
Ill love
(yo) amar
2
nd
S
you will love
youll love
(t) amars
(usted) amar
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it will love
hell/ shell/ itll love
(l/ ella/ *ello) amar
1
st
P
we will love
well love
(nosotros/ as) amaremos
2
nd
P
you will love
youll love
(vosotros/ as) amaris
(ustedes) amarn
3
rd
P
they will love
theyll love
(ellos/ as) amarn
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English Spanish
1
st
S I was going to love (yo) iba a amar
2
nd
S you were going to love
(t) ibas a amar
(usted) iba a amar
3
rd
S he/ she/ it was going to love (l/ ella/ *ello) iba a amar
1
st
P we were going to love (nosotros/ as) bamos a amar
2
nd
P you were going to love
(vosotros/ as) ibais a amar
(ustedes) iban a amar
3
rd
P they were going to love (ellos/ as) iban a amar
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am going to love
Im going to love
(yo) voy a amar
2
nd
S
you are going to love
youre going to love
(t) vas a amar
(usted) va a amar
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is going to love
hes/ shes/ its going to love
(l/ ella/ *ello) va a amar
1
st
P
we are going to love
were going to love
(nosotros/ as) vamos a amar
2
nd
P
you are going to love
youre going to love
(vosotros/ as) vais a amar
(ustedes) van a amar
3
rd
P
they are going to love
theyre going to love
(ellos/ as) van a amar
Conditional
English Spanish
1
st
S
I would love
Id love
(yo) amara
2
nd
S
you would love
youd love
(t) amaras
(usted) amara
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it would love
hed/ shed/ itd love
(l/ ella/ *ello) amara
1
st
P
we would love
wed love
(nosotros/ as) amaramos
2
nd
P
you would love
youd love
(vosotros/ as) amarais
(ustedes) amaran
3
rd
P
they would love
theyd love
(ellos/ as) amaran
Simple present
English Spanish
1
st
S
I do not love
I dont love
(yo) no amo
2
nd
S
you do not love
you dont love
(t) no amas
(usted) no ama
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it does not love
he/ she/ it doesnt love
(l/ ella/ *ello) no ama
1
st
P
we do not love
we dont love
(nosotros/ as) no amamos
2
nd
P
you do not love
you dont love
(vosotros/ as) no amis
(ustedes) no aman
3
rd
P
they do not love
they dont love
(ellos/ as) no aman
AC T I V E VOI C E
NEGATIVE FORM
Present perfect
English Spanish
1
st
S
I have not loved
I havent loved
(yo) no he amado
2
nd
S
you have not loved
you havent loved
(t) no has amado
(usted) no ha amado
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it has not loved
he/ she/ it hasnt loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) no ha amado
1
st
P
we have not loved
we havent loved
(nosotros/ as) no hemos amado
2
nd
P
you have not loved
you havent loved
(vosotros/ as) no habis amado
(ustedes) no han amado
3
rd
P
they have not loved
they havent loved
(ellos/ as) no han amado
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Present continuous
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am not loving
Im not loving
(yo) no estoy amando
2
nd
S
you are not loving
you arent loving
(t) no ests amando
(usted) no est amando
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is not loving
he/ she/ it isnt loving
(l/ ella/ *ello) no est amando
1
st
P
we are not loving
we arent loving
amando
2
nd
P
you are not loving
you arent loving
(vosotros/ as) no estis amando
(ustedes) no estn amando
3
rd
P
they are not loving
they arent loving
(ellos/ as) no estn amando
Simple past
English Spanish
1
st
S
I did not love
I didnt love
(yo) no amaba; no am
2
nd
S
you did not love
you didnt love
(t) no amabas; no amaste
(usted) no amaba; no am
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it did not love
he/ she/ it didnt love
(l/ ella/ *ello) no amaba; no
am
1
st
P
we did not love
we didnt love
(nosotros/ as) no ambamos;
no amamos
2
nd
P
you did not love
you didnt love
(vosotros/ as) no amabais;
no amasteis
(ustedes) no amaban; no amaron
3
rd
P
they did not love
they didnt love
(ellos/ as) no amaban; no
amaron
Past continuous
English Spanish
1
st
S
I was not loving
I wasnt loving
(yo) no estaba amando
2
nd
S
you were not loving
you werent loving
(t) no estabas amando
(usted) no estaba amando
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it was not loving
he/ she/ it wasnt loving
(l/ ella/ *ello) no estaba
amando
1
st
P
we were not loving
we werent loving
(nosotros/ as) no estbamos
amando
2
nd
P
you were not loving
you werent loving
(vosotros/ as) no estabais
amando
(ustedes) no estaban
amando
3
rd
P
they were not loving
they werent loving
(ellos/ as) no estaban
amando
Future
English Spanish
1
st
S
I will not love
I wont love
(yo) no amar
2
nd
S
you will not love
you wont love
(t) no amars
(usted) no amar
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it will not love
he/ she/ it wont love
(l/ ella/ *ello) no amar
1
st
P
we will not love
we wont love
(nosotros/ as) no amaremos
2
nd
P
you will not love
you wont love
(vosotros/ as) no amaris
(ustedes) no amarn
3
rd
P
they will not love
they wont love
(ellos/ as) no amarn
English Spanish
1
st
S
I was not going to love
I wasnt going to love
(yo) no iba a amar
2
nd
S
you were not going to love
you werent going to love
(t) no ibas a amar
(usted) no iba a amar
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it was not going to love
he/ she/ it wasnt going to love
(l/ ella/ *ello) no iba a amar
1
st
P
we were not going to love
we werent going to love
(nosotros/ as)
no bamos a amar
2
nd
P
you were not going to love
you werent going to love
(vosotros/ as) no ibais a amar
(ustedes) no iban a amar
3
rd
P
they were not going to love
they werent going to love
(ellos/ as) no iban a amar
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am not going to love
Im not going to love
(yo) no voy a amar
2
nd
S
you are not going to love
you arent going to love
(t) no vas a amar
(usted) no va a amar
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is not going to love
he/ she/ it isnt going to love
(l/ ella/ *ello) no va a amar
1
st
P
we are not going to love
we arent going to love
(nosotros/ as)
no vamos a amar
2
nd
P
you are not going to love
you arent going to love
(vosotros/ as)
no vais a amar
(ustedes) no van a amar
3
rd
P
they are not going to love
they arent going to love
(ellos/ as) no van a amar
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Conditional
English Spanish
1
st
S
I would not love
I wouldnt love
(yo) no amara
2
nd
S
you would not love
you wouldnt love
(t) no amaras
(usted) no amara
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it would not love
he/ she/ it wouldnt love
(l/ ella/ *ello) no amara
1
st
P
we would not love
we wouldnt love
(nosotros/ as) no amaramos
2
nd
P
you would not love
you wouldnt love
(vosotros/ as) no amarais
(ustedes) no amaran
3
rd
P
they would not love
they wouldnt love
(ellos/ as) no amaran
AC T I V E V OI C E
QUESTION FORM
Simple present
English Spanish
Affirmative do you love?
amas (t)?;
ama (usted)?
amis (vosostros/ as)?;
aman (ustedes)?
Negative
do you not love?
dont you love?
no amas (t)?;
no ama (usted)?
no amis (vosostros/ as)?;
no aman (ustedes)?
Affirmative does he/ she/ it love? ama (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
does he/ she/ it not love?
doesnt he/ she/ it love?
no ama (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Present perfect
English Spanish
Affirmative have you loved?
has amado (t)?;
ha amado (usted)?
habis amado (vosostros/ as)?;
han amado (ustedes)?
Negative
have you not loved?
havent you love?
no has amado (t)?;
no ha amado (usted)?
no habis amado (vosostros/ as)?;
no han amado (ustedes)?
Affirmative has he/ she/ it loved? ha amado (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
has he/ she/ it not love?
hasnt he/ she/ it love?
no ha amado (l/ ella/ *ello)?
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Present continuous
English Spanish
Affirmative am I loving? estoy amando (yo)?
Negative am I not loving? no estoy amando (yo)?
Affirmative are you loving?
ests amando (t)?;
est amando (usted)?
estis amando (vosotros/ as);
estn amando (ustedes)?
Negative
are you not loving?
arent you loving?
no ests amando (t)?;
no est amando (usted)?
no estis amando (vosotros/ as);
no estn amando (ustedes)?
Affirmative is he/ she/ it loving? est amando (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
is he/ she/ it not loving?
isnt he/ she/ it loving?
no est amando (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Simple past
English Spanish
Affirmative did you love?
amabas; amaste (t)?;
amaba; am (usted)?
amabais; amasteis (vosostros/ as)?;
amaban; amaron (ustedes)?
Negative
did you not love?
didnt you love?
no amabas; no amaste (t)?;
no amaba; no am (usted)?
no amabais; no amasteis (vosostros/ as)?;
no amaban; no amaron (ustedes)?
Past continuous
English Spanish
Affirmative was I loving? estaba amando (yo)?
Negative
was I not loving?
wasnt I loving?
no estaba amando (yo)?
Affirmative were you loving?
estabas amando (t)?;
estaba amando (usted)?
estabais amando (vosotros/ as);
estaban amando (ustedes)?
Negative
were you not loving?
werent you loving?
no estabas amando (t)?;
no estaba amando (usted)?
no estabais amando (vosotros/ as);
no estaban amando (ustedes)?
Affirmative was he/ she/ it loving? estaba amando (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
was he/ she/ it not loving?
wasnt he/ she/ it loving?
no estaba amando (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Future
English Spanish
Affirmative will you love?
amars (t)?;
amar (usted)?
amaris (vosostros/ as)?;
amarn (ustedes)?
Negative
will you not love?
wont you love?
no amars (t)?;
no amar (usted)?
no amaris (vosostros/ as)?;
no amarn (ustedes)?
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English Spanish
Affirmative am I going to love? voy a amar (yo)?
Negative am I not going to love? no voy a amar (yo)?
Affirmative are you going to love?
vas a amar (t)?;
va a amar (usted)?
vais a amar (vosotros/ as);
van a amar (ustedes)?
Negative
are you not going to love?
arent you going to love?
no vas a amar (t)?;
no va a amar (usted)?
no vais a amar (vosotros/ as);
no van a amar (ustedes)?
Affirmative is he/ she/ it going to love? va a amar (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
is he/ she/ it not going to love?
isnt he/ she/ it going to love?
no va a amar (l/ ella/ *ello)?
English Spanish
Affirmative was I going to love? iba a amar (yo)?
Negative
was I not going to love?
wasnt I going to love?
no iba a amar (yo)?
Affirmative were you going to love?
ibas a amar (t)?;
iba a amar (usted)?
ibais a amar (vosotros/ as);
iban a amar (ustedes)?
Negative
were you not going to love?
werent you going to love?
no ibas a amar (t)?;
no iba a amar (usted)?
no ibais a amar (vosotros/ as);
no iban a amar (ustedes)?
Affirmative was he/ she/ it going to love? iba a amar (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
was he/ she/ it not going to love?
wasnt he/ she/ it going to love?
no iba a amar (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Conditional
English Spanish
Affirmative would you love?
amaras (t)?;
amara (usted)?
amarais (vosostros/ as)?;
amaran (ustedes)?
Negative
would you not love?
wouldnt you love?
no amaras (t)?;
no amara (usted)?
no amaras (vosostros/ as)?;
no amaran (ustedes)?
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AC T I V E VOI C E
IMPERATIVE FORM
Imperative
English Spanish
Affirmative love
ama (t); ame (usted)
amad (vosostros/ as);
amen (ustedes)
Negative
do not love
dont love
no ames (t);
no ame (usted)
no amis (vosostros/ as);
no amen (ustedes)
Affirmative lets love amemos (nosotros/ as)
Negative lets not love no amemos (nosotros/ as)
AC T I V E VOI C E
INFINITIVE / PAST PARTICPLE / GERUND FORM
English Spanish
Infinitive to love amar
Past Participle loved amado/ a, amados/ as
Gerund loving amando
PA S S I V E VOI C E
AFFIRMATIVE FORM
Simple present
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am loved
Im loved
(yo) soy amado/ a
2
nd
S
you are loved
youre loved
(t) eres amado/ a
(usted) es amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is loved
hes/ shes/ its loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) es amado/ a
1
st
P
we are loved
were loved
(nosotros/ as) somos amados/ as
2
nd
P
you are loved
youre loved
(vosotros/ as) sois amados/ as
(ustedes) son amados/ as
3
rd
P
they are loved
theyre loved
(ellos/ as) son amados/ as
Present perfect
English Spanish
1
st
S
I have been loved
Ive been loved
(yo) he sido amado/ a
2
nd
S
you have been loved
youve been loved
(t) has sido amado/ a
(usted) ha sido amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it has been loved
hes/ shes/ its been loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) ha sido amado/ a
1
st
P
we have been loved
weve been loved
(nosotros/ as)
hemos sido amados/ as
2
nd
P
you have been loved
youve been loved
(vosotros/ as)
habis sido amados/ as
(ustedes)
han sido amados/ as
3
rd
P
they have been loved
theyve been loved
(ellos/ as) han sido amados/ as
Present continuous
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am being loved
Im being loved
(yo) estoy siendo amado/ a
2
nd
S
you are being loved
youre being loved
(t) ests siendo amado/ a
(usted) est siendo amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is being loved
hes/ shes/ its being loved
(l/ ella/ *ello)
est siendo amado/ a
1
st
P
we are being loved
were being loved
(nosotros/ as)
estamos siendo amados/ as
2
nd
P
you are being loved
youre being loved
(vosotros/ as)
estis siendo amados/ as
(ustedes)
estn siendo amados/ as
3
rd
P
they are being loved
theyre being loved
(ellos/ as)
estn siendo amados/ as
Simple past
English Spanish
1
st
S I was loved (yo) era; fui amado/ a
2
nd
S you were loved
(t) eras; fuiste amado/ a
(usted) era; fue amado/ a
3
rd
S he/ she/ it was loved (l/ ella/ *ello) era; fue amado/ a
1
st
P we were loved
(nosotros/ as)
ramos; fuimos amados/ as
2
nd
P you were loved
(vosotros/ as)
erais; fuisteis amados/ as
(ustedes)
eran; fueron amados/ as
3
rd
P they were loved
(ellos/ as)
eran; fueron amados/ as
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Past continuous
English Spanish
1
st
S I was being loved (yo) estaba siendo amado/ a
2
nd
S you were being loved
(t) estabas siendo amado/ a
(usted) estaba siendo amado/ a
3
rd
S he/ she/ it was being loved
(l/ ella/ *ello)
estaba siendo amado/ a
1
st
P we were being loved
(nosotros/ as)
estbamos siendo amados/ as
2
nd
P you were being loved
(vosotros/ as)
estabais siendo amados/ as
(ustedes)
estaban siendo amados/ as
3
rd
P they were being loved
(ellos/ as)
estaban siendo amados/ as
Future
English Spanish
1
st
S
I will be loved
Ill be loved
(yo) ser amado/ a
2
nd
S
you will be loved
youll be loved
(t) sers amado/ a
(usted) ser amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it will be loved
hell/ shell/ itll be loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) ser amado/ a
1
st
P
we will be loved
well be loved
(nosotros/ as)
seremos amados/ as
2
nd
P
you will be loved
youll be loved
(vosotros/ as)
seris amados/ as
(ustedes)
sern amados/ as
3
rd
P
they will be loved
theyll be loved
(ellos/ as) sern amados/ as
English Spanish
1
st
S I was going to be loved (yo) iba a ser amado/ a
2
nd
S you were going to be loved
(t) ibas a ser amado/ a
(usted) iba a ser amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it
was going to be loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) iba a ser amado/ a
1
st
P wewere going to be loved
(nosotros/ as)
bamos a ser amados/ as
2
nd
P you were going to be loved
(vosotros/ as)
ibais a ser amados/ as
(ustedes) iban a ser amados/ as
3
rd
P they were going to be loved (ellos/ as) iban a ser amados/ as
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am going to be loved
Im going to be loved
(yo) voy a ser amado/ a
2
nd
S
you are going to be loved
youre going to be loved
(t) vas a ser amado/ a
(usted) va a ser amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is
going to be loved
hes/ shes/ its
going to be loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) vaa ser amado/ a
1
st
P
we are going to be loved
were going to be loved
(nosotros/ as)
vamos a ser amados/ as
2
nd
P
you are going to be loved
youre going to be loved
(vosotros/ as)
vais a ser amados/ as
(ustedes)
van a ser amados/ as
3
rd
P
they are going to be loved
theyre going to be loved
(ellos/ as) van a ser amados/ as
Conditional
English Spanish
1
st
S
I would be loved
Id be loved
(yo) sera amado/ a
2
nd
S
you would be loved
youd be loved
(t) seras amado/ a
(usted) sera amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it would be loved
hed/ shed/ itd be loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) sera amado/ a
1
st
P
we would be loved
wed be loved
(nosotros/ as) seramos amados/ as
2
nd
P
you would be loved
youd be loved
(vosotros/ as) serais amados/ as
(ustedes) seran amados/ as
3
rd
P
they would be loved
theyd be loved
(ellos/ as) seran amados/ as
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NEGATIVE FORM
Simple present
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am not loved
Im not loved
(yo) no soy amado/ a
2
nd
S
you are not loved
you arent loved
(t) no eres amado/ a
(usted) no es amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is not loved
he/ she/ it isnt loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) no es amado/ a
1
st
P
we are not loved
we arent loved
(nosotros/ as) no somos amados/ as
2
nd
P
you are not loved
you arent loved
(vosotros/ as) no sois amados/ as
(ustedes) son no amados/ as
3
rd
P
they are not loved
they arent loved
(ellos/ as) son no amados/ as
Present perfect
English Spanish
1
st
S
I have not been loved
I havent been loved
(yo) no he sido amado/ a
2
nd
S
you have not been loved
you havent been loved
(t) no has sido amado/ a
(usted) no ha sido amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it
has not not been loved
he/ she/ it
hasnt been loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) no ha sido
amado/ a
1
st
P
we have not been loved
we havent been loved
(nosotros/ as) no hemos sido
amados/ as
2
nd
P
you have not been loved
you havent been loved
(vosotros/ as) no habis sido
amados/ as
(ustedes) no han sido
amados/ as
3
rd
P
they have not been loved
they havent been loved
(ellos/ as) no han sido
amados/ as
Past continuous
English Spanish
1
st
S
I was not being loved
I wasnt being loved
(yo) no estaba siendo
amado/ a
2
nd
S
you were not being loved
you werent being loved
(t) no estabas siendo
amado/ a
(usted) no estaba siendo
amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it was not being
loved
he/ she/ it wasnt being
loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) no estaba
siendo amado/ a
1
st
P
we were not being loved
we werent being loved
(nosotros/ as) no estbamos
siendo amados/ as
2
nd
P
you were not being loved
you werent being loved
(vosotros/ as) no estabais
siendo amados/ as
(ustedes) no estaban
siendo amados/ as
3
rd
P
they were not being loved
they werent being loved
(ellos/ as) no estaban
siendo amados/ as
Simple past
English Spanish
1
st
S
I was not loved
I wasnt loved
(yo) no era; no fui amado/ a
2
nd
S
you were not loved
you werent loved
(t) no eras; no fuiste
amado/ a
(usted) no era; no fue
amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it was not loved
he/ she/ it wasnt loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) no era; no
fue amado/ a
1
st
P
we were not loved
we werent loved
(nosotros/ as) no ramos; no
fuimos amados/ as
2
nd
P
you were not loved
you werent loved
(vosotros/ as) no erais; no
fuisteis amados/ as
(ustedes) no eran; no
fueron amados/ as
3
rd
P
they were not loved
they werent loved
(ellos/ as) no eran; no
fueron amados/ as
Present continuous
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am not being loved
Im not being loved
(yo) no estoy siendo
amado/ a
2
nd
S
you are not being loved
you arent being loved
(t) no ests siendo
amado/ a
(usted) no est siendo
amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is not being
loved
he/ she/ it isnt being
loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) no est
siendo amado/ a
1
st
P
we are not being loved
we arent being loved
siendo amados/ as
2
nd
P
you are not being loved
you arent being loved
(vosotros/ as) no estis
siendo amados/ as
(ustedes) no estn
siendo amados/ as
3
rd
P
they are not being loved
they arent being loved
(ellos/ as) no estn
siendo amados/ as
Future
English Spanish
1
st
S
I will not be loved
I wont be loved
(yo) no ser amado/ a
2
nd
S
you will not be loved
you wont be loved
(t) no sers amado/ a
(usted) no ser amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it will not be loved
he/ she/ it wont be loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) no ser amado/ a
1
st
P
we will wont be loved
we wont be loved
(nosotros/ as) no seremos
amados/ as
2
nd
P
you will not be loved
you wont be loved
(vosotros/ as) no seris amados/ as
(ustedes) no sern amados/ as
3
rd
P
they will not be loved
they wont be loved
(ellos/ as) no sern amados/ as
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English Spanish
1
st
S
I was not going to be loved
I wasnt going to be loved
(yo) no iba a ser amado/ a
2
nd
S
you were not going to be loved
you werent going to be loved
(t) no ibas a ser amado/ a
(usted) no iba a ser amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it was not going
to be loved
he/ she/ it wasnt going
to be loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) no iba a ser
amado/ a
1
st
P
wewere not going to be loved
we werent going to be loved
(nosotros/ as) no bamos a
ser amados/ as
2
nd
P
you were not going to be loved
you werent going to be loved
(vosotros/ as) no ibais a
ser amados/ as
(ustedes) no iban a ser
amados/ as
3
rd
P
they were not going to be loved
they werent going to be loved
(ellos/ as) no iban a ser
amados/ as
English Spanish
1
st
S
I am not going to be loved
Im not going to be loved
(yo) no voy a ser amado/ a
2
nd
S
you are not going to be loved
you arent going to be loved
(t) no vas a ser amado/ a
(usted) no va a ser amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it is not going to
be loved
he/ she/ it isnt going to
be loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) no va a ser
amado/ a
1
st
P
weare not going to be loved
we arent going to be loved
(nosotros/ as) no vamos a
ser amados/ as
2
nd
P
you are not going to be loved
you arent going to be loved
(vosotros/ as) no vais a
ser amados/ as
(ustedes) no van a ser
amados/ as
3
rd
P
they are not going to be loved
they arent going to be loved
(ellos/ as) no van a ser
amados/ as
Conditional
English Spanish
1
st
S
I would not be loved
I wouldnt be loved
(yo) no sera amado/ a
2
nd
S
you would not be loved
you wouldnt be loved
(t) no seras amado/ a
(usted) no sera amado/ a
3
rd
S
he/ she/ it would not be loved
he/ she/ it wouldnt be loved
(l/ ella/ *ello) no sera amado/ a
1
st
P
we would not be loved
we wouldnt be loved
(nosotros/ as) no seramos amados/ as
2
nd
P
you would not be loved
you wouldnt be loved
(vosotros/ as) no serais amados/ as
(ustedes) no seran amados/ as
3
rd
P
they would not be loved
they wouldnt be loved
(ellos/ as) no seran amados/ as
Simple present
English Spanish
Affirmative am I loved? soy amado/ a (yo)?
Negative am I not loved? no soy amado/ a (yo)?
Affirmative are you loved?
eres amado/ a (t)?;
es amado/ a (usted)?
sois amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
son amados/ as (ustedes)?
Negative
are you not loved?
arent you loved?
no eres amado/ a (t)?;
no es amado/ a (usted)?
no sois amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
no son amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative is he/ she/ it loved? es amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
is he/ she/ it not loved?
isnt he/ she/ it loved?
no es amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
QUESTION FORM
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Present perfect
English Spanish
Affirmative have you been loved?
has sido amado/ a (t)?;
ha sido amado/ a (usted)?
habis sido amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
han sido amados/ as (ustedes)?
Negative
have you not been loved?
havent you been love?
no has sido amado/ a (t)?;
no ha sido amado/ a (usted)?
no habis sido amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
no han sido amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative has he/ she/ it been loved? ha sido amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
has he/ she/ it not been love?
hasnt he/ she/ it been love?
no ha sido amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Present continuous
English Spanish
Affirmative am I being loved? estoy siendo amado/ a (yo)?
Negative am I not being loved? no estoy siendo amado/ a (yo)?
Affirmative are you being loved?
ests siendo amado/ a (t)?;
est siendo amado/ a (usted)?
estis siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
estn siendo amados/ as (ustedes)?
Negative
are you not being loved?
arent you being loved?
no ests siendo amado/ a (t)?;
no est siendo amado/ a (usted)?
no estis siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
no estn siendo amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative is he/ she/ it being loved? est siendo amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
is he/ she/ it not being loved?
isnt he/ she/ it being loved?
no est siendo amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Simple past
English Spanish
Affirmative was I loved? era; fui amado/ a (yo)?
Negative
was I not loved?
wasnt I loved?
no era; no fui amado/ a (yo)?
Affirmative were you loved?
eras; fuiste amado/ a (t)?;
era; fue amado/ a (usted)?
erais; fuisteis amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
eran; fueron amados/ as (ustedes)?
Negative
were you not loved?
werent you loved?
no eras; no fuiste amado/ a (t)?;
no era; no fue amado/ a (usted)?
no erais; no fuisteis amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
no eran; no fueron amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative was he/ she/ it loved? era; fue amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
was he/ she/ it not loved?
wasnt he/ she/ it loved?
no era; no fue amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
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Past continuous
English Spanish
Affirmative was I being loved? estaba siendo amado/ a (yo)?
Negative
was I not being loved?
wasnt I being loved?
no estaba siendo amado/ a (yo)?
Affirmative were you being loved?
estabas siendo amado/ a (t)?;
estaba siendo amado/ a (usted)?
estabais siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
estaban siendo amados/ as (ustedes)?
Negative
were you not being loved?
werent you being loved?
no estabas siendo amado/ a (t)?;
no estaba siendo amado/ a (usted)?
no estabais siendo amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
no estaban siendo amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative was he/ she/ it being loved? estaba siendo amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
was he/ she/ it not being loved?
wasnt he/ she/ it being loved?
no estaba siendo amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Future
English Spanish
Affirmative will you be loved?
sers amado/ a (t)?;
ser amado/ a (usted)?
seris amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
sern amados/ as (ustedes)?
Negative
will you not be loved?
wont you be loved?
no sers amado/ a (t)?;
no ser amado/ a (usted)?
no seris amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
no sern amados/ as (ustedes)?
English Spanish
Affirmative am I going to be loved? voy a ser amado/ a (yo)?
Negative am I not going to be loved? no voy a ser amado/ a (yo)?
Affirmative are you going to be loved?
vas a ser amado/ a (t)?;
va a ser amado/ a (usted)?
vais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
van a ser amados/ as (ustedes)?
Negative
are you not going to be loved?
arent you going to be loved?
no vas a ser amado/ a (t)?;
no va a ser amado/ a (usted)?
no vais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
no van a ser amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative is he/ she/ it going to be loved? va a ser amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
is he/ she/ it not going to be loved?
isnt he/ she/ it going to be loved?
no va a ser amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
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English Spanish
Affirmative was I going to be loved? iba a ser amado/ a (yo)?
Negative
was I not going to be loved?
wasnt I going to be loved?
no iba a ser amado/ a (yo)?
Affirmative were you going to be loved?
ibas a ser amado/ a (t)?;
iba a ser amado/ a (usted)?
ibais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
iban a ser amados/ as (ustedes)?
Negative
were you not going to be loved?
werent you going to be loved?
no ibas a ser amado/ a (t)?;
no iba a ser amado/ a (usted)?
no ibais a ser amados/ as (vosotros/ as);
no iban a ser amados/ as (ustedes)?
Affirmative was he/ she/ it going to be loved? iba a ser amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Negative
was he/ she/ it not going to be loved?
wasnt he/ she/ it going to be loved?
no iba a ser amado/ a (l/ ella/ *ello)?
Conditional
English Spanish
Affirmative would you be loved?
seras amado/ a (t)?;
sera amado/ a (usted)?
serais amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
seran amados/ as (ustedes)?
Negative
would you not be loved?
wouldnt you be loved?
no seras amado/ a (t)?;
no sera amado/ a (usted)?
no serais amados/ as (vosostros/ as)?;
no seran amados/ as (ustedes)?
Imperative
English Spanish
Affirmative be loved
s amado/ a (t);
sea amado/ a (usted)
sed amados/ as (vosostros/ as);
sean amados/ as (ustedes)
Negative
do not be loved
dont be loved
no seas amado/ a (t);
no sea amado/ a (usted)
no seis amados/ as (vosostros/ as);
no sean amados/ as (ustedes)
Affirmative lets be loved seamos amados/ as (nosotros/ as)
Negative lets not be loved no seamos amados/ as (nosotros/ as)
IMPERATIVE FORM
INFINITIVE / PAST PARTICPLE / GERUND FORM
English Spanish
Infinitive to be loved ser amado/ a, amados/ as
Past Participle been loved sido amado/ a, amados/ as
Gerund being loved siendo amado/ a, amados/ as
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PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE SPANISH
arise arose arisen levantarse
awake awoke awoke(n) despertar
be was, were been ser; estar
beat beat beaten golpear
become became become llegar
begin began begun empezar
bend bent bent doblar
bind bound bound atar, amarrar
bite bit bitten morder
bleed bled bled sangrar
blow blew blown soplar
break broke broken romper
bring brought brought traer
build built built construir
burn burnt burnt quemar
burst burst burst estallar
buy bought bought comprar
can could could poder
catch caught caught coger
choose chose chosen escoger
come came come venir
cost cost cost costar
creep crept crept trepar
cut cut cut cortar
dig dug dug cavar
do did done hacer
draw drew drawn
arrastrar, tirar;
dibujar
dream dreamt dreamt soar
drink drank drunk beber
drive drove driven conducir
eat ate eaten comer
fall fell fallen caer
feed fed fed alimentar
feel felt felt sentir
fight fought fought luchar
find found found encontrar
flee fled fled escapar, huir
fling flung flung arrojar
fly flew flown volar
forbid forbade forbidden prohibir
forget forgot forgotten olvidar
forgive forgave forgiven perdonar
freeze froze frozen helar
get got
got (BrE)
lograr, alcanzar
gotten (AmE)
go went gone ir
grow grew grown crecer
hang hung hung colgar
have had had tener
hear heard heard or
hide hid hidden esconder
hit hit hit golpear
hold held held sujetar, agarrar
hurt hurt hurt herir, daar
keep kept kept gardar, mantener
know knew known saber
lay laid laid poner, colocar
lead led led conducir, guiar
lean leant leant apoyarse
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PRESENT SIMPLE PAST PAST PARTICIPLE SPANISH
leave left left dejar, abandonar
lend lent lent prestar
let let let dejar
lie lay lain echarse, tumbarse
lie lied lied mentir
light lit lit encender
lose lost lost perder
make made made hacer
mean meant meant significar
meet met met encontrarse
pay paid paid pagar
put put put poner
read read read leer
rent rent rent alquilar
ride rode ridden
montar [caballo,
bicicleta]
ring rang rung sonar
rise rose risen levantarse; elevarse
run ran run correr
say said said decir
see saw seen ver
seek sought sought buscar
sell sold sold vender
send sent sent enviar
set set set colocar
shake shook shaken temblar, agitar
shine shone shone brillar
shoot shot shot disparar
show showed shown mostrar
shut shut shut cerrar
sing sang sung cantar
sink sank sunk hundir
sit sat sat sentarse
sleep slept slept dormir
slide slid slid resbalar
smell smelt smelt oler
speak spoke spoken hablar
speed sped sped aligerar
spell spelt spelt deletrear
spend spent spent gastar; pasar tiempo
spill spilt spilt derramar
split split split dividir
spoil spoilt spoilt estropear
spread spread spread derramar
spring sprang sprung brotar
stand stood stood
sostenerse,
estar en pie
steal stole stolen robar
sting stung stung picar [insecto]
swear swore sworn jurar
sweep swept swept barrer
swell swelled swollen hinchar, inflamar
swim swam swum nadar
take took taken tomar
teach taught taught ensear
tell told told decir
think thought thought pensar
throw threw thrown arrojar
understand understood understood comprender
wake woke woke(n) despertar
wear wore worn llevar puesto [ropa]
win won won ganar
write wrote written escribir
GLOSSARIES
GLOSSARIES
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En los siguientes glosarios estn recogidos todos los trminos de la lengua
inglesa que aparecen en el presente libro. Dichos trminos estn ordenados
alfabticamente y vienen acompaados por su equivalencia en espaol.
Adems de su equivalencia en espaol, de cada trmino se ofrece
informacin a cerca de su categora gramatical en ingls y, en el caso de que sea
necesario, si dicho trmino pertenece al ingls usado en Reino Unido o en
Amrica (ver neighbour; neighbor). Adems, para evitar confusiones, las
equivalencias en espaol que puedan resultar ambiguas vienen acompaadas
por una aclaracin entre corchetes (ver wear).
Para facilitar la consulta del glosario, las equivalencias en espaol de los
adjetivos en ingls se dan nicamente en la forma masculina singular, a pesar de
que dicha forma inglesa tambin equivalga a las formas del femenino singular y
plural y del masculino plural en espaol. As, en la entrada African aparece como
equivalente en espaol africano, pero ha de sobreentenderse que tambin puede
equivaler a africana, africanos y africanas. Los participios pasados recogidos en
el glosario tambin reciben este tratamiento.
Bajo una misma entrada inglesa pueden aparecer:
1. Varias acepciones separadas entre s por punto y coma. En este caso
las diferentes acepciones hacen referencia a trminos en espaol que, aunque
puedan ser parecidos, no son equivalentes (ver bite).
2. Varias acepciones separadas entre s por coma. Las diferentes
acepciones hacen referencia a trminos que se pueden considerar sinnimos
entre s en espaol (ver brilliant).
3. Adems de las equivalencias en espaol, pueden aparecer trminos
compuestos o derivados del trmino en ingls que se ofrece como entrada (ver
board) o locuciones de uso frecuente en la que dicho trmino aparece (ver
chemist).
Puede haber dos o ms entradas en ingls idnticas. Esto se debe a que
determinadas palabras en ingls, dependiendo de su uso, funcionan con
diferentes categoras gramaticales, existiendo entre sus significados una evidente
relacin (ver act
1
; act
2
) o no (ver can
1
; can
2
), o a que al menos una de ellas
pertenece al ingls britnico o al americano (ver bill
1
; bill
2
).
P R E F A C E
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A B B R E V I A T I O N S
adj .......................................................... adjetivo
adv .......................................................... adverbio
AmE .......................................................... ingls americano
art .......................................................... artculo
BrE .......................................................... ingls britnico
comp .......................................................... comparativo
conj .......................................................... conjuncin
dem .......................................................... demostrativo
esp .......................................................... especialmente
etc .......................................................... etctera
fem .......................................................... femenino
indet .......................................................... indeterminado
inf .......................................................... infinitivo
int .......................................................... interrogativo
interj .......................................................... interjeccin
mod .......................................................... modal
p .......................................................... participio
pas .......................................................... pasado
pers .......................................................... personal
pos .......................................................... posesivo
prep .......................................................... preposicin
pres .......................................................... presente
pron .......................................................... pronombre
reflex .......................................................... reflexivo
rel .......................................................... relativo
semimod .......................................................... semimodal
super .......................................................... superlativo
sust .......................................................... sustantivo
tb .......................................................... tambin
v .......................................................... verbo
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C I V I L I A N G L O S S A R Y
a art indet un, una; (~ bit of) un
poco de; (~ few) unos pocos,
unas pocas, algunos, algunas;
(~ little of) un poco de; (~
long way) mucho tiempo; (~
lot of) un montn de, mucho
abbreviation sust abreviatura
above prep arriba; sobre
abroad adv en el extranjero
absolute adj absoluto
accepted p pas de accept aceptado
ache v doler
acronym sust sigla
across prep a travs; al otro lado de
act
1
sust acto
act
2
v actuar
active adj activo
activity sust actividad
acute adj agudo
advice sust consejo
aeroplane sust aeroplano
affected p pas de affect afectado
afraid adj asustado; (to be ~) temer,
tener miedo
Africa sust frica
African adj africano
after
1
adv despus
after
2
prep despus de, tras
afternoon sust tarde; (good ~) buenas
tardes
against prep contra
agency sust agencia; (travel ~)
agencia de viajes
agent sust agente; (travel ~) agente
de viajes
ago adv (five days ~) hace cinco
das
agree v estar de acuerdo
agree on v ponerse de acuerdo en
AIDS
(Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome) sust sida
air sust aire
air conditioning sust aire acondicionado
airport sust aeropuerto
aisle sust pasillo [avin]
alarm clock sust despertador
album sust lbum
all pron todo; (~ right) todo bien,
de acuerdo
allergic adj alrgico
almost adv casi
along prep a lo largo de
already adv ya
altar sust altar
although conj aunque
always adv siempre
amazing adj increble, asombroso
ambulance sust ambulancia
America sust Amrica
American adj americano
American-born adj americano
among prep entre
an art indet un, una
analgesic sust analgsico
analyse (BrE) v analizar; valorar, evaluar
analyze (AmE) v analizar; valorar, evaluar
ancient adj antiguo
Angle sust anglo
angry adj enfadado
animal sust animal
ankle sust tobillo
answer
1
sust respuesta
answer
2
v responder
anthem sust himno
any pron alguno, alguna, algunos,
algunas
any adj algn, alguna, algunos,
algunas; (in ~ case) en
cualquier caso
anybody pron nadie; alguien, cualquier
persona
anyone pron nadie; alguien, cualquier
persona
anything pron nada; algo, cualquier
cosa
anyway adv de todos modos, de todas
formas
anywhere adv ninguna parte; alguna
parte, cualquier parte
apartment (AmE) sust apartamento
appearance sust aparicin
appendices sust pl anexos
appendix sust anexo
appetite sust apetito
apple sust manzana
application sust formulario
appointment sust cita; (to make an ~)
concertar una cita
April sust abril
archipielago sust archipilago
arm sust brazo
armchair sust silln
armpit sust axila
around prep alrededor de
arrange v organizar; fijar, concertar
arrest v detener
arrive v llegar
arrogant adj arrogante
article sust artculo
artist sust artista
as conj como; tan; cuando,
mientras
ash sust ceniza
ashtray sust cenicero
Asia sust Asia
Asian adj asitico [esp India y
Paquistn]
Asiatic adj asitico
ask v preguntar
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asleep adj dormido
assemble v montar, organizar, reunir
assignment sust misin; nombramiento
assistant sust dependiente, empleado
astronomical adj astronmico
at prep a; en; (~ least) por lo
menos; (~ once) de una vez;
(~ the back) al fondo de; (~
the chemists) (BrE) en la
farmacia; (~ the moment) en
este momento
athletics sust atletismo
atom sust tomo
attack sust ataque
attempt sust intento; (to make an ~)
hacer un intento, intentar
attend v asistir
attention sust atencin
August sust agosto
aunt sust ta
Australia sust Australia
Australian adj australiano
Austria sust Austria
Austrian adj austraco
autumn (BrE) sust otoo
auxiliarity adj auxiliar
available adj disponible
avenue sust avenida
avialable adj disponible
avoid v evitar
awake adj despierto
babysitter sust canguro, niera
back sust fondo; (at the ~) al fondo
de
bacon sust bacon, panceta
bad adj malo
badly adv mal
bag sust bolso
ball sust pelota; (tennis ~) pelota
de tenis
banana sust pltano
bank sust banco
bargain sust ganga
base sust base
baseball sust bisbol
basketball sust baloncesto
bath sust baera
bathroom sust cuarto de bao
be v ser; estar; (~ afraid) temer,
tener miedo; (~ in a hurry)
tener prisa; (may ~) puede
ser; (~ sure) estar seguro
be able v ser capaz, poder
beach sust playa
bean sust juda
bear v llevar, portar; aguantar,
resistir
beautiful adj guapo; bonito
bed sust cama;(to go to ~) irse a
la cama, acostarse; (to make
the ~) hacer la cama
bedroom sust dormitorio; habitacin
bedside table sust mesita de noche
beef sust ternera
beer sust cerveza
before prep delante de, ante; antes
de, antes
begin v comenzar
beginner sust principiante
beginning sust comienzo, principio
behind prep tras, detrs de
being sust ser
Belgian adj belga
Belgium sust Blgica
believe v creer
belly button sust ombligo
belong v pertenecer
below prep debajo de
belt sust cinturn
bench sust banco
beneath prep debajo de; por debajo de
Berlin sust Berln
beside prep al lado de
besides prep adems de
best
1
adj super mejor
best
2
adv mejor
better
1
adj comp mejor
better
2
adv mejor
between prep entre
beyond prep ms all de; sobre
bibliography sust bibliografa
bicycle sust bicicleta
big adj grande
bill
1
(AmE) sust billete
bill
2
(BrE) sust cuenta; factura
billiards sust pl billar
Biology sust biologa
bird sust pjaro
birthday sust cumpleaos
biscuit (BrE) sust galleta
bit sust pedazo, trozo; (a ~ of)
un poco de
bite v morder; comer
black adj negro
blanket sust manta
blind adj ciego
blond adj rubio
blood pressure sust tensin arterial
blouse sust blusa
blue adj azul
board sust pensin;(full ~) pensin
completa; (half ~) media
pensin
boat sust barco
body sust cuerpo
boil v hervir
boiled p pas de boil hervido; (~ egg)
huevo pasado por agua;
huevo duro
bone sust hueso
bonnet (BrE) sust cap
book
1
sust libro; (~ stall) quiosco de
prensa; (phone ~) agenda de
telfonos; gua telefnica
book
2
v reservar
boot
1
sust bota
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boot
2
(BrE) sust maletero
booth sust cabina
borrow v coger prestado
both adj ambos
bottle sust botella
box sust caja
boxing sust boxeo
boy sust chico; nio
boyfriend sust novio
bracket sust parntesis
brave adj valiente
bread sust pan
break down v averiarse
breakfast sust desayuno
breast sust seno
breath sust aliento
brilliant adj brillante, genial
bring v traer
brother sust hermano
brother-in-law sust cuado
brown adj marrn
brush sust cepillo
building sust edificio
bullet sust bala
bullfight sust corrida de toros
burial sust entierro
burning adj ardiente, abrasador; (~
pain) ardor [estmago]
burning pain sust ardor
bury v enterrar
bus sust autobs; (~ stop) parada
de autobs
bush sust arbusto
business sust negocio; (to do ~) hacer
un negocio; trabajar
busy adj ocupado
but conj pero
butter sust mantequilla
by prep por; en; mediante; de;
junto a; (~ day) durante el da;
(~ the way) por cierto
bye interj adis
cactus sust cactus
cake sust pastel, tarta
calendar sust calendario
calf sust ternero; pantorrilla
call v llamar
call back v volver a llamar, devolver una
llamada
calm
1
adj tranquilo, en calma
calm
2
sust calma
can
1
sust lata
can
2
v mod poder
candid adj abierto; sincero
candle sust vela
candy (AmE) sust caramelo, dulce
cap sust gorra
capacity sust capacidad
capital sust capital
capitalist adj capitalista
car sust coche
card sust tarjeta; carta, naipe
cardinal adj cardinal
career sust carrera
carnation sust clavel
carpet sust alfombra
carrot sust zanahoria
carry out v llevar a cabo, realizar
cartoon sust dibujos animados
case sust caso; (in any ~) en
cualquier caso; (just in ~)por
si acaso
caster sust espolvoreador
castle sust castillo
cat sust gato
catastrophe sust catstrofe
catch v agarrar, coger
cause v causar
CD (Compact Disk) sust CD, compact, compacto
cell sust celda
cemetery sust cementerio
center (AmE) sust centro
centre (BrE) sust centro
cereal sust cereal
certainly adv ciertamente
chair sust silla
change
1
sust cambio
change
2
v cambiar
charge v cobrar
chart sust cuadro
cheap adj barato
check
1
(AmE) sust cuenta, factura
check
2
v comprobar
cheese sust queso
chemist (BrE) sust farmacutico; (at the ~s)
en la farmacia
chemists sust farmacia
chess sust ajedrez
chest sust pecho
chestnut tree sust castao
chew v mastica
chicken sust pollo
child sust nio
children sust pl hijos; nios
chin sust barbilla
China sust China
Chinese adj chino
chocolate sust chocolate
chocolate pudding sust crema de chocolate
choke v asfixiar
choose v elegir
Christ sust Cristo
Christmas sust Navidad
church sust iglesia
cigarrete sust cigarro, cigarrillo
cinema sust cine
citizien sust ciudadano
city sust ciudad
civilian adj civil
civilization sust civilizacin
class sust clase
classical adj clsico
clean adj limpio
clean up v limpiar
cleaning sust limpieza; (to do the~)
hacer la limpieza
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clear adj claro
clerk (AmE) sust dependiente
clever adj inteligente, listo
climate sust clima
climatic adj climtico
climb v escalar
cloakroom sust guardarropa
close
1
adj cercano, prximo
close
2
v cerrar
closet sust armario
cloth sust tela, tejido; (table ~)
mantel
clothes sust pl ropa
cloudy adj nublado
coach sust autocar
coal sust carbn
coat sust abrigo
cod sust bacalao
coffee sust caf; (to make a ~)
hacer un caf
coffee-house sust cafetera
coffeepot sust cafetera
coin sust moneda
Coke
sust Coca-Cola
cold
1
adj fro
cold
2
sust resfriado
collapse v derrumbarse, desplomarse
collect v recoger, recolectar; coger
collect call (AmE) sust llamada a cobro revertido
color (AmE) sust color
colour (BrE) sust color
column sust columna
comb sust peine
come v venir; llegar
come back v volver, regresar
commercial adj comercial
committee sust comit
communication sust comunicacin
comparative adj comparativo
compete v competir
competition sust competicin
complement sust complemento
compliment sust cumplido; (to make a ~)
hacer un cumplido
computer sust ordenador
concentric adj concntrico
concerned p pas de concern
preocupado
concert sust concierto
condition sust condicin
conditional adj condicional
confusion sust confusin
conjugation sust conjugacin
connection sust conexin
consequence sust consecuencia
consider v considerar, creer
considerable adj considerable
consist v consistir; (~ of) consistir en
consisting adj consistente
constant adj continuo, constante
consulat sust consulado
contact sust contacto
content sust contenido
continent sust continente
continuous adj continuo
past continuous sust pasado continuo
present continuous sust presente continuo
contracted p pas de contract contrado
contraction sust contraccin
controled (AmE) p pas de control controlado
controlled (BrE) p pas de control controlado
conventional adj tradicional, clsico;
convencional
conversation sust conversacin
cook
1
sust cocinero
cook
2
v cocinar
cooker (BrE) sust cocina, hornillo
cooking sust cocina, comida, forma de
cocinar
cooky (AmE) sust galleta
cooling sust corriente de agua fra
coral sust coral
corner sust rincn; esquina
corporation sust empresa
correct adj correcto
cost v costar
cough
1
sust tos
cough
2
v toser
could v mod p pas de can
counsel v aconsejar
count v contar
countable adj contable
country sust pas
couple sust pareja; par
course sust curso; plato; (of ~) por
supuesto
court sust tribunal
cousin sust primo
crab sust cangrejo
cradle sust cuna
create v crear
credit sust crdito
crosswalk (AmE) sust paso de peatones
crowd sust muchedumbre, multitud;
(a ~ of) un montn de
cruise sust crucero
cry v llorar
cucumber sust pepino
cult sust culto
cup sust taza; (tea ~) taza de t
currency sust moneda, unidad
monetaria
curriculum sust currculo
curtain sust cortina
custard sust crema; natillas
customer sust cliente
customs sust aduana; (~ officer)
empleado de la aduana
cut v cortar
cutlet sust chuleta
cycling sust ciclismo
daily
1
adj diario
daily
2
adv diariamente
daisy sust margarita
damage sust dao; (to do a ~) causar
un dao
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dance sust danza, baile
dangerous adj peligroso
Danish adj dans
dark adj oscuro
date sust fecha; cita
daughter sust hija
daugther-in-law sust nuera
day sust da; (~ off) da libre; (by
~) durante el da; (in the ~
time) de da
deal sust trato; (to make a ~)
hacer un trato
dear adj querido, estimado
death sust muerte
December sust diciembre
decide v decidir
decision sust decisin
declare v declarar
deep adj profundo
degree sust grado
deity sust deidad
delight sust placer
demonstrative sust demostrativo
Denmark sust Dinamarca
densely sust densamente
dentist sust dentista
deposit sust depsito
design sust diseo
desk sust escritorio, pupitre
despite prep a pesar de
dessert sust postre
destroy v destruir
determined p pas de determine
determinado, decidido
devastating adj devastador
developing adj en vas de desarrollo
development sust desarrollo
diarrhea (AmE) sust diarrea
diarrhoea (BrE) sust diarrea
die v morir
difference sust diferencia
difficult adj difcil
dining room sust comedor, saln
dinner sust cena
dinosaur sust dinosaurio
direction sust direccin
directly adv directamente
dirty adj sucio
disable adj incapacitado
disagree v estar en desacuerdo
disappointed p pas de disappoint
decepcionado
disaster sust desastre
disastrous adj desastroso
discover v descubrir
discovery sust descubrimiento; (to make
a ~) hacer un descubrimiento
dish sust plato; fuente; (to do the
~es) fregar los platos
disruption sust trastorno
distinct adj bien diferenciado
divorce v divorciarse
do v hacer; (~ a business) hacer
un negocio; (~ a damage)
causar un dao; (~ a favour)
hacer un favor; (~ a work)
hacer un trabajo; (~ an exam)
hacer un examen; (~ an
exercise) hacer un ejercicio;
(~ drugs) drogarse; (~ films)
hacer pelculas; (~ good)
hacer el bien; (~ harm) hacer
dao; (~ honours in)
licenciarse en; (~ miracles)
obrar milagros, hacer
milagros; (~ repairs) hacer
arreglos, hacer reformas;
reparar; (~ research)
investigar; (~ right) hacer
bien; (~ the cleaning) hacer
la limpieza; (~ the dishes)
fregar los platos; (~ the hair)
arreglarse el pelo; (~ the
homework) hacer los
deberes; (~ the housework)
hacer la tareas domsticas; (~
the nails) arreglarse las uas;
(~ the washing-up) hacer la
colada; (~ wrong) hacer mal
doctor sust mdico; doctor
dog sust perro
doll sust mueca
dollar sust dlar
done
1
adj hecho
done
2
p pas de do hecho
door sust puerta
doubtful adj dubitativo, indeciso
down prep abajo
downer sust sedante
dramatic adj dramtico; drstico
draughts sust pl damas
draw v correr; descorrer
drawer sust cajn
dread
1
sust temor, pavor
dread
2
v temer, tener terror a
drench v empapar; inundar
dress sust vestido
drink
1
sust bebida
drink
2
v beber
drive v conducir
driver sust conductor
drop v dejar caer
drought sust sequa
drug sust droga; (to do ~s)
drogarse
drugstore (AmE) sust farmacia
drunk adj borracho
due adj (~ to) debido a
duo sust do
during prep durante
Dutch adj holands
duty sust responsabilidad,
obligacin
each pron cada
eagle sust guila
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ear sust oreja
earache sust dolor de odo
early adv temprano
earth sust tierra; la Tierra
earthquake sust terremoto
easier adj comp ms fcil
east sust este
Easter sust Semana Santa
Easter Day sust Domingo de Pascua,
Domingo de Resurreccin
Easter Monday sust Lunes de Pascua
easy adj fcil
eat v comer
economy sust economa
effect sust efecto
effort sust esfuerzo; (make an ~)
intentar
egg sust huevo; (boiled ~) huevo
pasado por agua; huevo duro;
(fried ~) huevo frito
Egypt sust Egipto
elbow sust codo
elder adj comp mayor
elderly adj anciano
eldest adj super de ms edad
electrical adj elctrico
electronic adj electrnico
elephant sust elefante
elevator (AmE) sust ascensor
elf sust duende
else adv lo dems
embassy sust embajada
emergency sust urgencia
end sust fin; final
ending adj terminado en
endurance sust resistencia
energy sust energa
engaged adj comprometido, prometido
England sust Inglaterra
English adj ingls
English Channel sust el Canal de la Mancha
enjoy v disfrutar, gustar
enough adv suficiente, bastante
enter v entrar
entry sust entrada
environment sust medio ambiente
environmental adj medioambiental
episode sust episodio
escape v escapar
establish v establecer
eucalyptus sust eucalipto
euro sust euro
Europe sust Europa
European adj europeo
European Union sust Unin Europea
evening sust tarde; (good ~) buenas
tardes; buenas noches
event sust acontecimiento; caso; (in
the ~) en el caso
every adj cada; todo
everybody pron todos, todo el mundo
evidence sust prueba
exam sust examen
examination sust examen; (to do an ~)
hacer un examen
example sust ejemplo
exchange v cambiar
excuse
1
sust excusa; (to make an ~)
poner una excusa
excuse
2
v disculpar, perdonar
exercise sust ejercicio; (to do an ~)
hacer un ejercicio
exhausted adj exhausto
exist v existir
expect v esperar, suponer
expensive adj caro
experience
1
sust experiencia
experience
2
v experimentar
explain v explicar
explore v explorar
expressive adj expresivo
extra adj extra
extreme adj extremo
extremely adv extremadamente
eye sust ojo
eyebrow sust ceja
eyelash sust pestaa
eyelid sust prpado
face sust cara; (to make a ~)
poner mala cara
fact sust hecho
factory sust fbrica
failure sust fracaso
fairtale sust cuento de hadas
faithful adj fiel; digno de confianza
faithfully adv atentamente
fall (AmE) sust otoo
false adj falso
family sust familia; (~ tree) rbol
genealgico
far adv lejos
farmyard sust corral
father sust padre
father-in-law sust suegro
favor (AmE) sust favor
favour (BrE) sust favor (to do a ~) hacer
un favor
favourite adj favorito
feather sust pluma
February sust febrero
fee sust suma de dinero
feel v sentir; sentirse
feet sust pl pies
Festival of Passover sust Pascua Juda o Pesah
few pron pocos, pocas; (a ~) unos
pocos, unas pocas, algunos,
algunas
fiber (AmE) sust fibra
fibre (BrE) sust fibra
field sust campo
fig sust higo
fill v llenar; completar
fill in v rellenar
film (BrE) sust pelcula; (to do ~s)
hacer pelculas
find v encontrar
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fine adj magnfico, muy bueno
finger sust dedo
finish v acabar
fire sust incendio
fireplace sust chimenea
firm sust empresa
first adj primero
first aid sust primeros auxilios
fish sust pescado
fisherman sust pescador
fishing sust pesca
fit v colocar; quedar bien
flag sust bandera
flamenco sust flamenco
flashlight sust linterna
flat (BrE) sust apartamento
flavor (AmE) sust sabor
flavour (BrE) sust sabor
flight sust vuelo
flood sust inundacin
floor sust suelo; piso
flour sust harina
flower sust flor
fluently adv con fluidez
fluid adj fluido; (~ ounce) onza fluida
fly v volar
fog sust niebla
foggy adj de niebla, nebuloso
following adj siguiente
fond adj carioso
fondest adj super el ms carioso,
cariossimo
fondly adv cariosamente
food sust comida
fool adj tonto
foot sust pie
football sust ftbol; pelota de ftbol
for prep por; durante; para;
desde; (~ sale) en venta
forehead sust frente
forest
1
adj forestal
forest
2
sust bosque
fork sust tenedor
form sust forma; formulario,
impreso
former adj anterior; antiguo
fortunately adv afortunadamente
fortune sust fortuna
fossil adj fsil
fountain sust fuente
franc sust franco
France sust Francia
frankfurter sust salchicha de Frankfurt
Frech fries sust pl patatas fritas
freeze v helar; helarse
French adj francs
frequent adj frecuente
Friday sust viernes
fridge sust nevera, frigorfico
fried p pas de fry frito; (~ egg)
huevo frito
friend sust amigo
friendly
1
adj amistoso
friendly
2
adv amistosamente
from prep de; desde; por
front sust frente, fachada; (in ~) en
frente
fruit sust fruta
fry v frer
fuel sust combustible
full adj completo; (~ board)
pensin completa
fully adv completamente,
totalmente; (~
comprehensive insurance
policy) seguro a todo riesgo
fun sust diversin; (to have ~)
pasrselo bien
funfair sust parque de atracciones
furlong sust estadio
furniture sust mobiliario
future
1
adj futuro
future
2
sust futuro
gallery sust galera
gallon sust galn
game sust juego
gap sust espacio, hueco
garage sust garaje
garden sust jardn
gas sust gas; (~ station) (AmE)
gasolinera; estacin de
servicio
gasoline (AmE) sust gasolina
gate sust puerta
geese sust pl gansos
Geography sust geografa
geranium sust geranio
German adj alemn
Germany sust Alemania
gerund sust gerundio
get v ponerse
get along with v llevarse bien con
get back v devolver
get into v subir a; entrar en
get married v casarse
get off v bajarse
get through v comunicarse; estar con
get up v levantarse
ghost sust fantasma
gin v ginebra
ginger
1
adj color zanahoria
ginger
2
sust jengibre
giraffe sust jirafa
girl sust chica; nia
girlfriend sust novia
give v dar; (~ a hand) echar una
mano
give up v dejar, abandonar; renunciar
a
glamor (AmE) sust glamour
glamour (BrE) sust glamour
glass sust vaso
glasses sust pl gafas
global adj global
glossary sust glosario
glove sust guante
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go v ir
go away v irse
go back v volver
go for a walk v pasear
go on v seguir, continuar
go out v salir
goat sust cabra
golf sust golf
gonorrhea (AmE) sust gonorrea
gonorrhoea (BrE) sust gonorrea
Good Friday sust Viernes Santo
good looking adj guapo
good
1
adj bueno; (~ afternoon)
buenas tardes; (~ evening)
buenas tardes; buenas
noches; (~ morning) buenos
das
good
2
sust bien; (to do ~) hacer el
bien
goodbye
1
interj adis
goodbye
2
sust adis
goose sust ganso
government sust gobierno
grade sust nota, calificacin
grades sust pl notas, calificaciones
grammar sust gramtica
grandchildren sust nietos, nietas
granddaughter sust nieta
grandfather sust abuelo
grandmother sust abuela
grandparent sust abuelo, abuela
grandson sust nieto
grape sust uva
gray (AmE) adj gris
Great Britain sust Gran Bretaa
Greece sust Grecia
Greek adj griego
green adj verde
greeting sust saludo
grey (BrE) adj gris
grind v moler
guard v defender
guilty adj culpable
guitar sust guitarra
hair sust pelo; (to do the ~)
arreglarse el pelo
hairdressers sust peluquera
hake sust merluza
half adj medio; (~ board) media
pensin
ham sust jamn York
hamburger sust hamburguesa
hand sust mano; (to give a ~)
echar una mano
handball sust balonmano
handkerchief sust pauelo
hang v colgar
happen v pasar, suceder, ocurrir
happy adj feliz, contento
hard
1
adj duro
hard
2
adv duramente
harder adv comp ms duramente
harm sust dao; (to do ~) hacer
dao
hat sust sombrero
hate v odiar
have v tener; haber; tomar; (~ fun)
pasrselo bien
have breakfast v desayunar
have dinner v cenar
have lunch v almorzar
have to v tener que
hazard sust peligro, riesgo
he pron pers l
head sust cabeza
headache sust dolor de cabeza
hear v or
heart sust corazn
heart attack sust ataque al corazn
heavy adj pesado
height sust altura
hello interj hola
help v ayudar
hepatitis sust hepatitis
her adj pos su, sus [de ella]
here adv aqu
hero sust hroe
hers pron pos suyo, suya, suyos,
suyas [de ella]
hi interj hola
high adj alto, elevado
high school sust instituto
high-ranking adj alto rango
highway (AmE) sust carretera
hiking sust senderismo
him pron pers l
hip sust cadera
hippopotamus sust hipoptamo
his
1
adj pos su, sus [de l]
his
2
pron pos suyo, suya, suyos,
suyas [de l]
historian sust historiador
History sust historia
hobby sust pasatiempo
holiday (BrE) sust da festivo, vacaciones
Holland sust Holanda
home sust hogar, casa
homework sust tarea, deberes; (to do
the ~) hacer los deberes
honey sust miel
honour sust honor; (to do ~s in)
licenciarse en
hood (AmE) sust cap
hope v esperar, desear
horse sust caballo
hospital sust hospital
hot adj caliente; clido
hotel sust hotel
hour sust hora
house sust casa
household sust casa
housework sust tarea domstica; (to do
~) hacer las tareas
domsticas
how adv int cmo
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human adj humano
human being sust ser humano
human-induced adj provocado por el hombre
hungry adj hambriento
hurricane sust huracn
hurry sust prisa; (to be in a ~) tener
prisa
hurt v doler
husband sust marido, esposo
hypothesis sust hiptesis
I pron pers yo
ice hockey sust hockey sobre hielo
ice-cream sust helado
icon sust icono
ID (Identity Card) sust carnet de identidad
identity sust identidad
idol sust dolo
ill adj enfermo
immediately adv inmediatamente
impact sust impacto
impersonal adj impersonal
in prep en; dentro; dentro de;
adentro; (~ any case) en
cualquier caso; (~ late 1998)
a finales de 1998; (~ the
event) en el caso; (~ total) en
total
inaccurate adj inapropiado
inch sust pulgada
incident sust incidente
include v incluir
incorrectly adv incorrectamente
increase v incrementar
indefinite adj indefinido
Independence Day sust Da de la Independencia
index sust ndice
India sust India
Indian adj hind
Indonesia sust Indonesia
infinitive sust infinitivo
information sust informacin
injured par pas de injure herido
injury sust herida
insert v insertar
insist v insistir
institution sust institucin
instruction sust instruccin
insurance sust seguro
insurance form sust registro de seguro
intellectual adj intelectual
intelligent adj inteligente
interested adj interesado
interesting adj interesante
internal adj interno
internally adv internamente
interrogative adj interrogativo
interview sust entrevista
into prep en
introduce v presentar
introduction sust presentacin
invest v invertir
invite v invitar
Irak sust Iraq
Iraqi adj iraqu
Ireland sust Irlanda
Irish adj irlands
iron v planchar
irregular adj irregular
isle sust isla
it pron pers *ello
Italian adj italiano
Italy sust Italia
its
1
adj pos su, sus [de *ello]
its
2
pron pos suyo, suya, suyos,
suyas [de *ello]
jacket sust chaqueta; cazadora
jam sust mermelada
January sust enero
Japan sust Japn
Japanese adj japons
jazz bass sust bajo
jelly sust gelatina
jersey sust jersey
jewel sust joya
job sust trabajo, empleo
jog v correr, hacer footing
join v unirse
journey sust viaje
jug sust taza
juice sust zumo
July sust julio
jump v saltar
June sust junio
just adv slo; (~ in case) por si
acaso
kennel sust perrera
key sust llave; clave
kid v bromear
kidney sust rin
kind
1
adj agradable; amable
kind
2
sust clase, categora
kindest adj super el ms amable,
amabilsimo
kiss v besar
kit sust equipo, set
kitchen sust cocina
knee sust rodilla
knife sust cuchillo
know v conocer; saber
knuckle sust nudillo
labyrinth sust laberinto
lamb sust cordero
lamp sust lmpara; (street ~) farola
land v aterrizar
large adj grande
last name sust apellido
last night adv anoche
last
1
sust ltimo; pasado
last
2
v durar
late adv tarde; (in ~ 1998) a
finales de 1998
law sust ley
laxative sust laxante
lay v poner; extender; (~ the
table) poner la mesa
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lay around v estar esparcido, estar en
desorden
lay down v echarse, tumbarse
lazy adj perezoso
leak sust escape
learn v aprender
least
1
adj super el ms pequeo,
pequesimo
least
2
adv super lo menos; (at ~)
por lo menos
leave
1
sust hoja
leave
2
v partir, marcharse, salir;
abandonar
lecture sust clase; conferencia
left
1
adj izquierdo
left
2
sust izquierda
leg sust pierna
leisure sust tiempo libre
lemon sust limn
lemonade sust limonada
length sust longitud
less
1
adj comp menor
less
2
adv comp menos
lesson sust leccin
let v dejar, permitir
letter v grabar; estampar
letter box (BrE) sust buzn
lettuce sust lechuga
level sust nivel
library sust biblioteca
license sust permiso
lie v mentir
lie down v tumbarse
life-threatening adj de vida o muerte
lift (BrE) sust ascensor; impulso
light
1
adj claro; ligero
light
2
sust luz
light
3
v encender
like v gustar
limited p pas de limit limitado
linked p pas de link relacionado; (~
to) relacionado con
lion sust len
lip sust labio; (sore ~s) labios
resecos
lira sust lira
list sust lista
listen v escuchar
Literature sust literatura
little
1
adj pequeo
little
2
adv poco
little
3
pron poco, poca; (a ~ of) un
poco de
live v vivir
liver sust hgado
living-room sust sala de estar
lobster sust langosta
local authority sust diputacin
located p pas de locate localizado,
ubicado
London sust Londres
long adj largo; prolongado
look after v cuidar
look at v mirar
look for v buscar
lorry (BrE) sust camin
lose v perder
loss sust prdida; (to make a ~)
perder dinero
lot sust montn; (a ~ of) un
montn de, mucho
lotion sust locin
lottery sust lotera
loud adj alto, elevado
louder adv comp ms fuerte, ms
alto
loudly adv fuerte, en voz alta
love
1
sust amor
love
2
v amar, querer; encantar
lover sust enamorado; amante
luck sust suerte
luggage sust equipaje
lunch sust almuerzo
lung sust pulmn
lust sust lujuria
luxurious adj lujoso
madam sust seora
made p pas de make hecho; (~ in)
hecho en; (~ of) hecho de
mail box (AmE) sust buzn; casillero
mailman (AmE) sust cartero
mailwoman (AmE) sust fem cartera
main adj principal
mainly adv principalmente
maintain v mantener
make v hacer; cometer; (~ a coffe)
hacer un caf; (~ a
compliment) hacer un
cumplido; (~ a deal) hacer un
trato; (~ a discovery) hacer
un descubrimiento; (~ a face)
poner mala cara; (~ a loss)
perder dinero; (~ a mess)
desordenar; ensuciar; hacer
algo mal; hacer una chapuza;
arruinar; (~ a mistake)
cometer un error, equivocarse;
(~ a money) ganar dinero,
hacer dinero; (~ a noise)
hacer un ruido; (~ a note)
anotar; (~ a phone call) hacer
una llamada, llamar [telfono];
(~ a profit) ganar dinero,
hacer dinero; (~ a right) girar
a la derecha; (~ a speech)
pronunciar un discurso; (~ a
suggestion) hacer una
sugerencia; (~ a tea) hacer t;
(~ a trouble) causar
problemas; (~ a war) estar en
guerra; (~ a will) hacer
testamento; (~ an
appointment) concertar una
cita; (~ an attempt) hacer un
intento, intentar; (~ an effort)
intentar; (~ an excuse) poner
una excusa; (~ an offer) hacer
una oferta, ofrecer; (~ peace)
hacer las paces; (~
preparations) hacer
preparativos; (~ the bed)
hacer la cama
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make up v constituir
man sust hombre
maneuver (AmE) v maniobrar; colocar; mover.
sust maniobra
manoeuvre (BrE) v maniobrar; colocar; mover.
sust maniobra
manner sust modo
map sust mapa
March sust marzo
mark sust marco
market sust mercado
marmalade sust mermelada
master sust dueo; maestro; (station
~) jefe de estacin
match
1
sust cerilla / partido
match
2
v unir
matress sust colchn
matter sust problema; cuestion
may v mod poder; (~ be) puede
ser
May sust mayo
meal sust comida
mean v significar; suponer
meat sust carne
medical adj mdico
medicine sust medicamento
meet v conocer; encontrarse
meeting
1
adj de encuentro
meeting
2
sust reunin
melt v derretir
melting adj enternecedor; (~ pot)
crisol
men sust pl hombres
menu sust men
mess sust lo, desorden, confusin;
(to make a ~) desordenar;
ensuciar; hacer algo mal;
hacer una chapuza; arruinar
message sust mensaje
mice sust pl ratones
microwave sust microondas
midday sust medioda
midnight sust medianoche
might v mod p pas de may
mile sust milla
mileage sust kilometraje
milk sust leche
milkman sust lechero
mind
1
sust mente; mentalidad
mind
2
v importar, molestar
mine pron pos mo, ma, mos, mas
minute sust minuto
miracle sust milagro; (to do ~s) obrar
milagros, hacer milagros
miss v echar de menos
mistake sust error; (to make a ~)
cometer un error, equivocarse
mobile sust telfono mvil
model sust modelo
moment sust momento; (at the ~) en
este momento
Monday sust lunes
money sust dinero; (to make a ~)
ganar dinero, hacer dinero
monkee
monkey sust mono
month sust mes
monument sust monumento
mood sust estado de nimo; modo
more adv ms
morning sust maana; (good ~)
buenos das
most adv ms
mother sust madre
mother-in-law sust suegra
motorbike sust moto
mountaineering sust alpinismo
mouse sust ratn
movie (AmE) sust pelcula
mph (miles per hour) sust millas por hora
Mr (Mister) sust Sr. (Seor)
much adv mucho
mug sust taza
museum sust museo
mushroom sust champin
music sust msica
mussel sust mejilln
must v mod deber
my adj pos mi, mis
mystery sust misterio
nail sust ua; (to do the ~s)
arreglarse las uas
name sust nombre
napkin sust servilleta
nation sust nacin
national adj nacional
nationality sust nacionalidad
nature sust naturaleza
near
1
adv cerca
near
2
prep cerca de; junto a
neck sust cuello
need v necesitar
need v mod necesitar, estar
obligado a
negative adj negativo
neighbor (AmE) sust vecino
neighbour (BrE) sust vecino
Neolithic adj neoltico
nephew sust sobrino
nervous adj nervioso
never adv nunca
nevertheless adv sin embargo, no obstante
New Years Eve sust Nochevieja
New York sust Nueva York
news sust pl noticias
newspaper sust peridico
next to prep cerca de, junto a; (right
~) justo al lado de
nice adj simptico, agradable;
encantado; (~ to meet you)
encantado de conocerle
niece sust sobrina
night sust noche
night club sust discoteca
no adv no
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noble adj noble
nobody pron nadie
noise sust ruido; (to make ~) hacer
ruido
non-alcoholic adj sin alcohol
non-smoking adj no fumador
noodle sust fideo
noon sust medioda
north sust norte
Northern Ireland sust Irlanda del Norte
Norway sust Noruega
Norwegian adj noruego
nose sust nariz
not adv no
note sust nota; (to make a ~)
anotar
note (BrE) sust billete
nothing pron nada
notice sust aviso; letrero
November sust noviembre
now adv ahora; (right ~) ahora
mismo
nowadays adv hoy en da, hoy por hoy
nowhere adv ninguna parte
number sust nmero
O.K., OK interj vale; todo bien; de
acuerdo
oclock adv en punto
oak tree sust roble
observatory sust observatorio
observe v observar
occasion sust ocasin
occur v ocurrir, suceder
October sust octubre
of prep de; (~ course) por
supuesto
off prep separado de; lejos de;
(day ~) da libre
offensive sust ofensiva
offer
1
sust oferta; (to make an ~)
hacer una oferta, ofrecer
offer
2
v ofrecer
office sust oficina; (the post and
telegraph ~) oficina de
correos y telgrafos; (tourist
~) oficina de turismo
officer sust oficial; (customs ~)
empleado de la aduana
official sust agente; funcionario
often adv a menudo
oil sust aceite; petrleo; (olive ~)
aceite de oliva
old adj viejo; mayor
olive sust aceituna; olivo; (~ oil)
aceite de oliva
omelet sust tortilla
on prep sobre, en
once adv una vez; (at ~) de una
vez
onion sust cebolla
only adv slo
open v abrir
opera sust pera
opinion sust opinin
opposite adj opuesto, contrario
optional adj opcional
or conj o
orange
1
adj naranja
orange
2
sust naranja
orchid sust orqudea
ordinal adj ordinal
origin sust origen; residencia,
direccin
ought to v mod debera (o deberas
etc), debiera (o debieras etc)
ounce sust onza; (fluid ~) onza
fluida
our adj pos nuestro, nuestra,
nuestros, nuestras
ours pron pos nuestro, nuestra,
nuestros, nuestras
out prep fuera
outside adv fuera
oven sust horno
over prep sobre; ms all de
overcoat sust abrigo
overtime sust horas extra
own
1
adj propio
own
2
v poseer
ox sust buey
oxen sust pl bueyes
Pacific Ocean sust Ocnao Pacfico
pain sust dolor; (burning ~) ardor
[estmago]
painkiller sust analgsico
paint v pintar
painting sust pintura
pair sust par
pajamas (AmE) sust pl pijama
palace sust palacio
palm tree sust palmera
panties sust pl bragas
pants (AmE) sust pl pantalones
paper sust papel
parachute sust paracadas
paralized p pas de paralize paralizado
paralyzed p pas de paralyze paralizado
parcel sust paquete
parents sust pl padres
participant sust participante
participle sust participio
particulary adv en particular
party sust fiesta
pass v aprobar
passenger sust pasajero
passive adj pasivo
passport sust pasaporte
past adj pasado
past sust pasado
past continuous sust pasado continuo
past perfect sust pretrito perfecto
compuesto
past simple sust pasado simple
pasta sust pasta
patient adj paciente
pavement (BrE) sust acera
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pay v pagar; prestar
PC sust PC, ordenador personal
peace sust paz; (to make ~) hacer
las paces
peach sust melocotn
peak sust cima, cumbre
pear sust pera
pedestrian sust peatn
pedestrian crossing (BrE) sust paso de peatones
pen sust bolgrafo; lpiz; pluma
pencil sust lpiz
penicillin sust penicilina
Pentagon sust el Pentgono
people sust pl personas; gente
pepper sust pimienta
perfect adj perfecto
perfectly adv perfectamente
permit
1
sust permiso
permit
2
v permitir
person sust persona
personal adj personal
Peruvian adj peruano
petrol (BrE) sust gasolina; (~ station)
(BrE) gasolinera
phase sust fase
phenomena sust pl fenmenos
phenomenon sust fenmeno
phone sust telfono; (~ book)
agenda de telfonos; gua
telefnica
phone call sust llamada telefnica; (to
make a ~) hacer una llamada,
llamar [telfono]
photographer sust fotgrafo
Physics sust fsica
piano sust piano
picnic sust picnic
picture sust cuadro, pintura; fotografa
piece sust trozo, pedazo
pig sust cerdo
pill sust pastilla
pillow sust almohada
pine tree sust pino
pink adj rosa
pint sust pinta
pizza sust pizza
place sust lugar, sitio; (to take ~)
tener lugar
plane sust avin
plate sust plato
platform sust andn
play v jugar; tocar
player sust jugador
please interj por favor
plum sust ciruela
plural adj plural
point sust punto
polar adj polar
police sust polica; (~ station)
comisara de polica
policeman sust polica
policy sust pliza; (fully
comprehensive insurance ~)
seguro a todo riesgo
pool sust charca; pozo;
(swimming ~) piscina
populated p pas de populate poblado
pork sust cerdo
porridge sust avena; gachas
portrait sust retrato, efigie
Portugal sust Portugal
Portuguese adj portugus
positive adj positivo
possession sust posesin
possessive adj posesivo
possibility sust posibilidad
possible adj posible
post sust correo; (the ~and
telegraph office) oficina de
correos y telgrafos
post office sust oficina de correos
postman (BrE) sust cartero
postwoman (BrE) sust fem cartera
pot sust olla; (melting ~) crisol
potato sust patata
potato chips (AmE) sust pl patatas fritas
potential adj potencial
poultry sust carne de ave
pound sust libra
pound sterling () sust libra esterlina
power sust poder
powerful adj poderoso
prediction sust prediccin
preface sust prlogo, prefacio
prefer v preferir
pregnancy sust embarazo
prejudice sust prejuicio
preparation sust preparativo; (to make ~s)
hacer preparativos
prepare v preparar
preposition sust preposicin
present sust regalo; presente
present continuous sust presente continuo
present perfect sust pretrito perfecto
compuesto
president sust presidente
pretty adj guapo [esp mujer]
previous adj anterior
price sust precio
prison sust prisin, crcel
prize sust premio
problem sust problema
produce v producir
professor sust profesor
profit sust beneficio; (to make a ~)
ganar dinero, hacer dinero
pronoun sust pronombre
pronounce v pronunciar
proud adj orgulloso
pub sust bar; pub; discoteca
public adj pblico
pudding sust pudn, budn
pull down v bajar
pupil sust pupila
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pupil sust alumno
purple adj morado
purpose sust motivo, propsito
push v empujar
put v poner; colocar
put on v ponerse [ropa]
pyjamas (BrE) sust pl pijama
quart sust cuarto
queen sust reina
question
1
adj interrogativo
question
2
sust pregunta
quickly adv deprisa
quite adv completamente; bastante
radiation sust radiacin
radio sust radio
rain
1
sust lluvia
rain
2
v llover
rampant adj desenfrenado
range (AmE) sust cocina, hornillo
rat sust rata
rather adv bastante
real adj real, verdadero
realize v darse cuenta
reason sust razn, motivo
receive v recibir
recently adv recientemente
reception sust recepcin
receptionist sust recepcionista
recommend v recomendar
red adj rojo; (~ wine) vino tinto
reduce v reducir
reef sust arrecife
refer v remitir; enviar, mandar
refuse v rechazar; negarse
region sust regin
regular adj regular
related adj relacionado
relationship sust parentesco
relaxed adj relajado
relaxing adj relajante
remain v mantener; permanecer
renewable adj renovable
rent v alquilar
repair sust reparacin; (to do ~s)
hacer arreglos, hacer
reformas; reparar
replace v sustituir, reemplazar
republic sust repblica
research sust investigacin; (to do ~)
investigar
responsible adj responsable
rest sust descanso
restaurant sust restaurante
result sust resultado
retire v jubilarse, retirarse
return ticket sust billete de ida y vuelta
reverse charge call (BrE) sust llamada a cobro revertido
review sust crtica; revisin
revitalize v revitalizar
rewrite v volver a escribir
rib sust costilla
rice sust arroz
rice pudding sust arroz con leche
rich adj rico
ride v montar; ir en
riding sust hpica
right
1
adj derecho, recto; correcto;
(~ next to) justo al lado; (~
now) ahora mismo; (all ~)
todo bien, de acuerdo
right
2
adv bien; (to do ~) hacer bien
right
3
sust derecha; (to make a ~)
girar a la derecha
ring sust anillo
rising sust aumento
rite sust rito
river sust ro
road (BrE) sust carretera
Rome sust Roma
roof sust tejado
room sust habitacin
rose sust rosa
round prep alrededor de
row
1
sust fila
row
2
v remar
royal adj real, regio
rugby sust rugby
ruin v destruir
rum sust ron
run v correr; conducir
Russia sust Rusia
Russian adj ruso
sacred adj sagrado
sad adj triste
safe adj seguro
salad sust ensalada
salami sust salchichn
sale sust venta; (for ~) en venta
salesclerk (AmE) sust dependiente
salesman (AmE) sust dependiente
saleswoman (BrE) sust dependienta
salt sust sal
salt cellar sust salero
same adj mismo
sardine sust sardina
Saturday sust sbado
sausage sust salchicha
Saxon genitive sust genitivo sajn
saxophone sust saxofn
say v decir
scare v asustar
scared adj asustado
school sust escuela, colegio
school-age adj en edad escolar
scientist sust cientfico
scissors sust pl tijeras
Scotland sust Escocia
Scottish adj escocs
scrambled p pas de scramble revuelto
sea sust mar
seagull sust gaviota
seaquake sust maremoto
season sust estacin; temporada
seat sust asiento; plaza
second adj segundo
sedative sust sedante
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see v ver
seem v parecer
self-govern sust autogobierno
sell v vender
send v enviar
sensible adj sensato
sentence sust frase; oracin
September sust septiembre
serious adj grave; serio
seriously adv gravemente
serve v sevir
serviette sust servilleta
set v poner, colocar; (~ the table)
poner la mesa
several adj varios
sewer sust alcantarilla
she pron pers ella
sheep sust oveja
sheet sust sbana
shine v brillar
shirt sust camisa
shoe sust zapato
shop sust tienda; (~ window)
escaparate
shop assistant (BrE) sust dependiente
shopping sust compra, compras
should v mod debera (o deberas
etc), debiera (o debieras etc)
shoulder sust hombro
shout sust grito
shout down v hacer callar a gritos
show v mostrar, ensear
shower sust ducha
shrimp sust gamba
shut v cerrar
shut off v desconectar, apagar
sick adj enfermo; mareado
sick-bag sust bolsa para el mareo
side sust lado
sidewalk (AmE) sust acera
significant adj importante, significativo
silver sust plata
simple adj simple; sencillo; (past ~)
pasado simple
since prep desde
sing v cantar
single adj individual; soltero; nico
sir sust seor
sister sust hermana
sister-in-law sust cuada
sit v sentar; sentarse
sit down v sentarse
sitting room sust sala de estar, saln
size sust talla
skate sust patn
skating sust patinaje
skiing sust esqu
skirt sust falda
sky sust cielo
sleeping pill sust somnfero
slight adj leve
slim adj delgado
slow v frenar
slowly adv lentamente, despacio
small adj pequeo
smaller adv comp ms pequeo
smoke v fumar
smoking adj fumador
sneeze v estornudar
sniff v olfatear, oler
snob sust snob, cursi
snow
1
sust nieve
snow
2
v nevar
so adv as
soap sust jabn
society sust sociedad
sock sust calcetn
soda sust agua con gas
sofa sust sof
solar adj solar
soldier sust soldado
solution sust solucin
solve v solucionar
Somalian adj somal
some adj alguno, alguna, algunos,
algunas
somebody pron alguien
something pron algo
somewhere adv alguna parte
son sust hijo
song sust cancin
son-in-law sust yerno
soon adv temprano; pronto
sore adj dolorido; (~ lips) labios
resecos
sound sust sonido
soup sust sopa
source sust fuente
south sust sur
southeast sust sudeste
space sust espacio
Spain sust Espaa
Spanish adj espaol
speak v hablar
speaking sust conversacin
special adj especial
speech sust discurso; (to make a ~)
pronunciar un discurso
spell v deletrear
spend v gastar
spice sust especia
spirits sust pl bebidas alcohlicas,
licores
split v dividir
sponge sust esponja
spoon sust cuchara
sport sust deporte
spot sust punto
spring sust primavera
squid sust calamar
St Valentines Day sust da de San Valentn
St. Patricks Day sust da de San Patricio
stage sust escenario; etapa
stall sust estante, quiosco; (book
~) quiosco de prensa
stand v permanecer
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stand for v significar
standing adj en pie
stark adj severo, duro
start v empezar
station sust estacin; (~ master) jefe
de estacin; (bus ~) estacin
de autobuses; (gas ~) (AmE)
gasolinera; estacin de
servicio; (petrol ~) (BrE)
gasolinera; (police ~)
comisara de polica; (train ~)
estacin de tren; (tube ~)
(BrE) estacin de metro
stay v permanecer, quedarse
steak sust filete
steal v robar
stereo adj estreo; (~ system)
radiocaset
stick sust bastn
still adv todava, an
stocking sust media
stomachache sust dolor de estmago
stomach sust estmago
stone sust piedra
stop
1
sust parada; (bus ~) parada
de autobs
stop
2
v parar
storey (BrE) sust piso, planta
stork sust cigea
storm sust tormenta
story
1
sust historia, relato
story
2
(AmE) sust piso, planta
straight adj inflexible
straight adv recto
strawberry sust fresa
street sust calle; (~ lamp) farola
strength sust fuerza
stress sust estrs, tensin
stressed p pas de stress estresado
stressed out p pas de stress out
estresado
strike
1
sust huelga
strike
2
v estallar
strong adj fuerte
stuck p pas de stick atascado
student sust estudiante
study v estudiar
stupid adj estpido
subject sust materia
substantial adj sustancioso
subway (AmE) sust metro
success sust xito
such pron como
suffer v sufrir
sugar sust azcar
suggest v sugerir
suggestion sust sugerencia; (to make a
~) hacer una sugerencia
suit
1
sust traje
suit
2
v sentar bien; venir bien,
convenir
suitable adj adecuado
suitcase sust maleta
summer sust verano
sun sust sol
Sunday sust domingo
superlative adj superlativo
supermarket sust supermercado
supermodel sust supermodelo
supper sust cena
supply sust suministro
sure adj seguro; (to be ~) estar
seguro
surely adv con seguridad, sin duda
surprise
1
sust sorpresa
surprise
2
v sorprender
surprised p pas de surprise
sorprendido
sweater sust suter; sudadera
sweet (BrE) sust caramelo
swim v nadar
swimming sust natacin; (~ pool)
piscina
Swiss adj suizo
switch sust interruptor
Switzerland sust Suiza
sword-fish sust pez espada
symbol sust smbolo
symbolize v simbolizar
synonym sust sinnimo
syphilis sust sfilis
system sust sistema; (stereo ~)
radiocaset
table sust mesa; (~ cloth) mantel;
(to lay the ~) poner la mesa;
(to set the ~) poner la mesa
tail sust cola, rabo
take v tomar, coger; (~ place)
tener lugar
take off v quitarse [ropa]; despegar
[avin]
take out v sacar
take-off sust despegue
tall adj alto
tap sust grifo
tape sust cinta
tasty adj rico, sabroso
taxi sust taxi
tea sust t; (~ cup) taza de t; (~
time) hora del t; (to make a
~) hacer t; (white ~) t con
leche
teacher sust maestro, profesor
teapot sust tetera
teaspoon sust cucharilla
technical adj tcnico
teeth sust pl dientes
telephone
1
sust telfono; (~ booth)
cabina de telfonos
telephone
2
v telefonear, llamar por
telfono
television sust televisin
television set sust televisor
tell v decir; contar
temper sust humor
temperature sust fiebre
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temple sust templo
tenant sust inquilino
tennis sust tenis; (~ ball) pelota de
tenis
tense sust tiempo verbal
terrible adj terrible
terrified p pas de terrify aterrorizado
terrorist adj terrorista
textbook sust libro de texo
than conj que
thank v agradecer; (~ you very
much) muchas gracias
thanks sust pl gracias
Thanksgiving Day sust Da de Accin de Gracias
that
1
dem ese, eas, eso; aquel,
aquella, aquello
that
2
pron rel que
the art el, la
theatre sust teatro
their adj pos su, sus [de ellos /as]
theirs pron pos suyo, suya, suyos,
suyas [de ellos /as]
theme sust tema
then adv despus; entonces
there adv all
these dem estos, estas
they pron pers ellos , ellas
thigh sust muslo
thin adj delgado
thing sust cosa
think v pensar; creer
third adj tercero
thirsty sust sediento
this dem este , esta, esto
those dem esos, esas; aquellos,
aquellas
throat sust garganta
through prep por; por medio de; a
travs de; por completo
Thursday sust jueves
thus adv as
ticket sust entrada; billete
tie sust corbata
tiger sust tigre
till prep hasta
time sust tiempo; (free ~) tiempo
libre; (in the day ~) de da;
(tea ~) hora del t; (to be at
~) ser puntual
tired p pas de tire cansado
to prep a, hacia
toast sust tostada
toe sust dedo del pie
together adv juntos
toilet sust cuarto de bao, aseo
tomato sust tomate
tomorrow adv maana
tongue sust lengua
tonight adv esta noche
too adv demasiado
tooth sust diente
toothpick sust palillo de dientes
tornado sust tornado
total sust total; (in ~) en total
tourist sust turista; (~ office) oficina
de turismo
tow away v remolcar
towards prep hacia
towel sust toalla
tower sust torre
town sust pueblo
town hall sust ayuntamiento
traffic lights sust pl semforo
train sust tren; (~ station) estacin
de tren
trainer sust zapatilla de deporte
transformer sust transaformador
translation sust traduccin
trapped p pas de trap atrapado
travel v viajar; (~ agency) agencia
de viajes; (~ agent) agente de
viajes
traveled (AmE) p pas de travel viajado
travelled (BrE) p pas de travel viajado
tray sust bandeja
tree sust rbol; (family ~) rbol
genealgico
trip sust excursin viaje
trouble sust problema; (to make a ~)
causar problemas
trousers (BrE) sust pl pantalones
trout sust trucha
truck (AmE) sust camin
true adj cierto, verdadero
trunk (AmE) sust maletero
truth sust verdad
try v intentar
try on v probarse
T-shirt sust camiseta
tube (BrE) sust metro; (~ station) (BrE)
estacin de metro
Tuesday sust martes
tulip sust tulipn
tuna sust atn
Turk adj turco
turkey sust pavo
Turkey sust Turqua
turn v girar; torcer; dar la vuelta
turn down v bajar [volumen]
turn off v apagar, desconectar
turn on v encender, conectar
turn up v subir [volumen];
presentarse, aparecer
turning sust bocacalle
tv, TV sust televisin
twice adv dos veces
twin sust gemelo; mellizo
type sust tipo
umbrella sust paraguas
uncertainty sust incertidumbre
uncle sust to
unclear adj poco claro, confuso
unconscious adj inconsciente
uncountable adj incontable, no numerable
under prep debajo de, bajo
underground (BrE) sust metro
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underneath prep debajo de, bajo
underpants sust pl calzoncillos
understand v comprender, entender
unemployed sust parado, desempleado
unemployment sust paro, desempleo
unexpected adj inesperado
unfortunate adj desgraciado
unit sust unidad
United Kingdom (UK) sust Reino Unido
United States of
America (USA) sust Estados Unidos de
Amrica
university sust universidad
unless conj a no ser que
unlocked p pas de unlock sin cerrar,
abierto
until prep hasta, hasta que
up prep sobre; en lo alto de
upon prep sobre
upstairs
1
adv arriba
upstairs
2
sust planta de arriba
use v usar
usually adv normalmente
vacation (AmE) sust vacaciones
valley sust valle
valve sust vlvula
vase sust jarrn, florero
veal sust ternera
vegetable sust verdura; hortaliza
vegetarian adj vegetariano
Venice sust Venecia
verb sust verbo
very adv muy
vice versa adv viceversa
vinegar sust vinagre
violin sust violn
visit v visitar
vitamin sust vitamina
vodka sust vodka
volleyball sust vleibol
volume sust volumen
waist sust cintura
wait v esperar, aguardar
wake up v levantarse, despertarse
Wales sust Gales
walk v andar; pasear
wall sust pared, muro
want v querer
war sust guerra; (to make ~) estar
en guerra
warehouse sust depsito; almacn
warm adj carioso, afectuoso
warming sust calentamiento
wash v lavar
wash-basin sust lavabo
washing-up sust ; colada; (to do the ~)
hacer la colada
watch
1
sust reloj de pulsera
watch
2
v ver la televisin
watchman sust vigilante
water
1
sust agua
water
2
v regar
way sust camino; forma, manera;
(a long ~) mucho tiempo; (by
the ~) por cierto
we pron pers nosotros, nosotras
wear v llevar [ropa]
weather sust tiempo metereolgico
weatherman sust hombre del tiempo
wedding sust boda
Wednesday sust mircoles
week sust semana
weight
1
sust peso
weigh
2
v pesar
welcome adj bienvenido; (you are ~)
de nada, no hay de qu
well adv bien
Welsh sust gals
west sust oeste
wh question sust interrogativa parcial
what pron int qu; cul, cules
whatever adv cualquier cosa, lo que
sea
when adv int cundo
where adv int dnde
whether conj si
which pron int qu; cul, cules
while conj mientras
whisky sust whisky
white adj blanco; (~ tea) t con
leche; (~ wine) vino blanco
White House sust la Casa Blanca
who pron int quin, quines
why adv int por qu
wife sust mujer, esposa
wild adj salvaje
will sust testamento; (to make a
~) hacer testamento
win v ganar
wind
1
adj elico
wind
2
sust viento
window sust ventana; ventanilla;
(shop ~) escaparate
wine sust vino; (red ~) vino tinto;
(white ~) vino blanco
wine table sust vino de mesa
winner sust ganador
winter sust invierno
wise adj sabio; prudente
with prep con
within prep en, dentro de
without prep sin, fuera de
witness
1
sust testigo
witness
2
v atestiguar
woman sust mujer
women sust pl mujeres
wonder v preguntarse
wonderful adj maravilloso
word sust palabra
work
1
sust trabajo; (to do a ~) hacer
un trabajo
work
2
v trabajar; funcionar
worker sust trabajador
world sust mundo
worldwide
1
adj mundial
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worldwide
2
adv por todo el mundo
worship sust culto, adoracin
wounded p pas de wound herido
wrist sust mueca
writer sust escritor
wrong adv mal; (to do ~) hacer mal
yard sust yarda
year sust ao
yellow adj amarillo
yes adv s
yes /no question sust interrogativa total
yesterday adv ayer
yoghourt sust yogurt
you pron pers t; vosotros,
vosotras; usted, ustedes
young adj joven
your adj pos tu, tus; vuestro,
vuestra, vuestros, vuestras;
su, sus [de usted /es]
yours pron pos tuyo, tuya, tuyos,
tuyas; vuestro, vuestra,
vuestros, vuestras; suyo,
suya, suyos, suyas [de usted
/es]
yourself pron reflex t mismo; usted
mismo
zebra crossing sust paso de cebra
zoo sust zoolgico
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about turn interj media vuelta
about-face interj media vuelta
advance v avanzar
advanced sust vanguardia
aerial sust antena
agreement sust acuerdo
aim at v apuntar a
Air Force sust Ejrcito del Aire
airborne operation sust operacin
aerotranspotada
aircraft sust aeronave
aircraft carrier sust portaaviones
airport sust aeropuerto
air-to-air missile sust misil aire-aire
air-to-surface missile sust misil aire-tierra
all file and ranks sust tropa
ambush sust emboscada
ammunition sust municin
antenna sust antena
antiaircraft artillery sust artillera antiarea
antitank mine sust mina contracarro
antitank weapon sust arma contracarro
APC
(Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) sust transporte de personal
APC
(Armo(u)red Personnel Carrier) sust vehculo de combate
application form sust impreso de solicitud
approaching avenue sust avenida de
aproximacin
arm bandage sust vendaje de brazo
armour squadron sust escuadrn acorazado
armoured (BrE) sust acorazado
armored (AmE) sust.acorazado
Army sust Ejrcito
Army Aviation sust FAMET (Fuerzas
Aeromviles del E.T.),
helicpteros del E.T.
arson sust incendio
artillery piece sust pieza de artillera
assault sust asalto
assembly area sust zona de reunin
assignment sust destino
at ease interj descanso
at ease-march sust paso de maniobra
attack v atacar
attack sust ataque
badge sust parche, emblema
barbed wire sust alambrada
barracks sust pl cuartel
barrage sust barrera
barrel sust can
base sust base-acuartelamiento
battalion sust batalln
battery sust batera
battle group sust grupo tctico
bayonet sust bayoneta
belt sust cinturn
beret sust boina
bipod sust bpode
blank adj de fogueo
blank cartridge sust cartucho de fogueo
blister sust ampolla
blow up v explotar
body sust grueso
bombardment sust bobardeo
booby trap sust trampa explosiva
boot sust bota
boot camp sust campamento de
reclutas (instruccin bsica)
bore sust nima
branch sust rama; arma
break through v abrir brecha
brigade sust brigada
brigade headquarters sust pl cuartel general de
brigada
brigadier sust general de brigada
bruise sust magulladura
buckle sust hebilla (del cinturn)
buffer sust muelle recuperador
bugler sust corneta (persona)
bullet sust bala
bunker sust bnker
burn sust quemadura
burst sust rfaga
butt sust culata
caliber sust calibre
call sign sust indicativo
call the roll v pasar lista
camouflage sust camuflaje
campsite sust campamento
canteen sust cantimplora
captain sust capitn
cartridge sust cartucho
casualty sust baja
caution sust prudencia
cavalry sust caballera
cease-fire sust alto el fuego
chain of command sust cadena de mando
chamber sust recmara
channel sust canal
charging handle sust palanca de montar
checkpoint sust puesto de control
chinstrap sust barbuquejo
chopper sust helicptero
code v cifrar
coded message sust mensaje cifrado
colonel sust coronel
combat sust combate
combat aircraft sust avin de combate
combat diver sust buceador de combate
combat harness sust correaje de combate
combat pack sust mochila de combate
combat vehicle sust vehculo de combate
command v ordenar, mandar
command schelon sust escaln de mando
commander sust jefe
communications sust pl transmisiones
company sust compaa
company commander sust jefe de compaa
company task force sust subgrupo tctico
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company team sust subgrupo tctico
compass sust brjula
computer sust ordenador
concealment sust abrigo
conscript soldier sust soldado de reemplazo
contaminated zone sust zona contaminada
convoy sust convoy
coordination line sust lnea de coordinacin
copy sust copia
cord sust cable
corporal sust cabo
corps sust pl cuerpo de ejrcito
counterattack sust contraataque
courtyard sust patio de armas
cover sust cubierta
crawl v gatear
creep v reptar
crest sust metopa (de una
unidad)
crew sust tripulacin
deadline sust fecha lmite
deck sust cubierta
defeat sust derrota
defense sust defensa
defensive sust defensiva
deliver v distribuir
demolition sust demolicin
departure line sust lnea de partida
deputy sust segundo al mando
deputy officer sust oficial segundo en el
mando
destroy v destruir
dial v marcar (un nmero de
telfono)
ditch sust zanja
division sust divisin
dormitory sust nave de dormitorio
colectivo
double action
DP (Displaced People) sust desplazado
drag v arrastrar
dress uniform sust uniforme de paseo
drill sust ejercicio
drill parade sust ejrcicios de orden
cerrado
ejection port sust ventana de expulsin
electronic warfare sust guerra electrnica
encircle v rodear
endurance march sust marcha de
endurecimiento
enemy sust enemigo
engineer sust ingeniero
entrenchment sust fortificacin
equipment sust equipo
ethnical cleansing sust limpieza tnica
evacuation sust evacuacin
exercise sust ejercicio
explosive sust explosivo
extractor sust extractor
facility sust instalacin
fall in interj a formar
fall out interj rompan filas
fatigue uniform sust uniforme de faena
fax sust fax
feed cover sust teja
feed tray sust bandeja
fever sust fiebre
FIBUA
(Fight In Build-Up Areas) sust combate en localidades
field artillery sust artillera de campaa
field jacket sust chaquetn
file sust archivo, archivo
informtico
fire team sust escuadra
firing pin sust percutor
firing position sust posicin de tiro,
posicin de fuego
firing range sust campo de tiro
first aid sust primeros auxilios
first lieutenant sust teniente
five star general sust capitn general
flagpole sust mstil de la bandera
flak jacket sust chaleco
antifragmentacin
flank sust flanco
flash suppressor sust bocacha apagafuegos,
apagallamas
forearm sust guardamanos
fortification sust fortificacin
fortify v fortificar
forward-march interj de frente
four star general sust general de ejrcito
foxhole sust pozo de tirador
fracture sust fractura
friendly fire sust fuego amigo
frigate sust fragata
front sight sust punto de mira
frostbite sust congelacin
full corporal sust cabo primero
garrison cap sust gorra cuartelera
general election sust elecciones generales
GO
(Governmental Organization) sust OG (Organizacin
Gubernamental)
grazing fire sust fuego rasante
ground sust suelo
group sust batalln
group sust grupo
guerrilla sust guerrilla
guided weapon sust arma guiada
gun sust can
gunner sust tirador
halt interj alto
hammer sust martillo
hand grenade sust granada de mano
hand-to-hand combat sust combate cuerpo a
cuerpo
hard disk sust disco duro
hatch sust escotilla
headquarters sust cuartel general
headquarters battery sust batera de plana mayor
heavy weaponry sust armamento pesado
helicopter sust helicptero
helipad sust helipuerto
helmet sust casco
hit sust impacto
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hit v impactar
holster sust pistolera
howitzer sust obs
humanitarian aid sust ayuda humanitaria
impact sust impacto
impact v impactar
in charge adv al mando, al cargo
indirect fire sust fuego indirecto
information source sust fuente de informacin
inspection parade sust revista
interference sust interferencia
INTREP
(Intelligent Report) sust informe de inteligencia
IO
(International Organization) sust OI (Organizacin
Internacional)
jamming sust interferencia
join (up) v unirse a
jumper sust jersey
keyboard sust teclado
knife sust cuchillo
landing zone sust zona de lanzamiento
landmark sust referencia en el terreno
lead v liderar, mandar
leader sust lder
left turn interj izquierda
left-face interj izquierda
lieutenant colonel sust teniente coronel
light infantry sust infantera ligera
light injure sust herida leve
light weaponry sust armamento ligero
live ammunition sust municin de guerra,
municin real
loader sust cargador
logistics sust logstica
loot sust saqueo
loot v saquear
lorry sust camin
machine gun sust ametralladora
magazine sust cargador
magazine pouch sust cartuchera del correaje
main gate sust puerta principal
maintenance team sust equipo de
mantenimiento
major sust comandante
major general sust general de divisin
maneuver (AmE) sust maniobra
manoeuvre (BrE) sust maniobra
march sust marcha
march off interj de frente
march past sust desfile
marksman sust tirador selecto
mask sust mscara
mat sust esterilla
mechanised infantry sust infantera mecanizada
MEDEVAC REP
(Medical Evacuation Report) sust informe de evacuacin
mdica
mess sust mesn, cantina
message sust mensaje
military parade sust formacin
military police sust polica militar
mined zone sust zona minada
minefield sust campo de minas
missile sust misil
mortar sust mortero
motorised unit sust unidad motorizada
mouse sust ratn
movement sust movimiento
murder sust asesinato
name tag sust tirilla del nombre
NATO
(North Atlantic Treaty Organization) sust OTAN (Organizacin
del Tratado del Atlntico
Norte)
Navy sust Armada
NBC
(Nuclear Bacteriological Chemical) adj NBQ (Nuclear,
Bacteriolgico y Qumico)
NCO
(Non Commissioned Officer) sust suboficial
NGO
(Non Governmental Organization) sust ONG (Organizacin No
Gubernamental)
night combat sust combate nocturno
night vision sust visin nocturna
obstacle sust obstculo
offensive sust ofensiva
officer sust oficial
on duty adv de servicio
on leave adv de permiso
on one rank interj en una fila
one star general sust general de brigada
operate v operar
operation sust operacin
operator sust operador
outpost sust puesto avanzado
overall sust mono
papers sust pl documentacin
parachutist sust paracaidista
parka sust chaquetn
parking place sust aparcamiento
path sust camino, senda
patrol sust patrulla
peacekeeping mission sust misin de paz
pill sust pastilla
pillbox sust casamata
pilot sust piloto
pistol sust pistola
pistol grip sust empuadura
plaster sust escayola
platoon sust seccin
platoon position sust posicin de seccin
political asylum sust asilo poltico
polling station sust colegio electoral
poncho sust poncho
port sust proa
post sust puesto, destino
pothole sust bache
PoW (Prisoner of War) sust prisionero de guerra
printer sust impresora
private sust soldado
professional soldier sust soldado profesional
promotion sust ascenso
prow sust puerto
pursue v perseguir
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Military Glossary
radio communication sust transmisin radio
raid sust golpe de mano
rank sust empleo
rate of fire sust cadencia de fuego
ration sust racin
RC (Red Cross) sust Cruz Roja
rear sight sust alza
rearguard sust retaguardia
receive v recibir
recognisance sust reconocimiento
recovery lorry sust camin gra,
recuperador
recruit sust recluta
refugee sust refugiado
regiment sust regimiento
reinforce v reforzar
reinforcement sust refuerzos
replacement sust relevo
report sust informe
report v informar
returnee sust retornado
revolver sust revlver
rifle sust rifle
right turn interj derecha
right-face interj derecha
riot sust alboroto
rocket sust cohete
rocket launcher sust lanzagranadas
round sust disparo
rucksack sust mochila
rush v avanzar rpidamente
safe-conduct sust salvoconducto
salary sust sueldo
salute sust saludo
salute v saludar
sapper sust zapador
screen sust pantalla
seaman sust marinero
second lieutenant sust alfrez
section sust pelotn
seize an objective v tomar un objetivo
self propelled gun sust can autopropulsado
send v enviar
sentry sust centinela
sergeant sust sargento
sergeant major sust suboficial mayor
serve v servir (en el Ejrcito)
service cap sust gorra (tb gorro) de
bonito
service record sust hoja de servicios
severe injury sust herida grave
shell sust granada de mortero
shell crater sust crter de granada
shelter sust contenedor
shock sust shock
shoot v disparar
shooting range sust campo de tiro
shoulder arms interj sobre el hombro
shrapnel sust metralla
siege v sitiar
signal sust transmisin
simulation sust simulacin
SITREP (Situation Report) sust informe de situacin
sleeping bag sust saco de dormir
sling sust portafusa
sniper sust francotirador
Spanish Legion sust Legin Espaola
special operations sust pl operaciones
especiales
speciality sust especialidad
splinter sust esquirla
squad sust escuadra
squadron team sust subgrupo tctico
Staff sust Estado Mayor
staff sergeant sust sargento primero;
brigada
stretcher sust camilla
stronghold sust punto fuerte
sub-machine gun sust subfusil
submarine sust submarino
submit v remitir, enviar
sunstroke sust golpe de calor
supply unit sust unidad de
abastecimiento
support sust apoyo
suppress v neutralizar
surveillance flight sust vuelo de
reconocimiento
survival sust supervivencia
sword sust espada
tab sust hombrera
tactical communications sust pl transmisiones
tcticas
tank sust carro de combate
tanker plane sust avin nodriza
target sust objetivo
task sust misin
task force sust agrupacin tctica
technical branch sust especialidad tcnica
temporary officer sust oficial de complemento
tense interj firmes
tent sust tienda de campaa
terrain sust terreno
three star general sust teniente general
to apply for v solicitar
to file v archivar
towed artillery sust artllera remolcada
track sust cadena
trail sust camino, senda
trail sust huella, rastro
trainer sust instructor
training sust instruccin
Training Centre sust Centro de Instruccin
transportation sust transporte
trench sust trinchera
trigger sust gatillo, disparador
trigger guard sust guardamontes
tripod sust trpode
turret sust torreta
two star general sust general de divisin
UN (United Nations) sust ONU (Organizacin de
las Naciones Unidas)
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Military Glossary
UNHCR
(United Nations High
Commission for Refugees) sust ACNUR
(Alto Comisionado de las
Naciones Unidas para los
Refugiados)
uniform sust uniforme
unit sust unidad
UNMO
(United Nations
Military Observer) sust observador militar de
las Naciones Unidas
urban combat sust combate en
localidades, combate
urbano
vehicle sust vehculo
vessel sust buque
warehouse sust almacn
warjet sust avin de combate
warning order sust orden preparatoria
warrant officer sust subteniente
warrior faction sust bando combatiente
warship sust barco de guerra
wave sust onda
weapon support company sust compaa de armas de
apoyo
wine sweeper sust dragaminas
wing sust ala
wire sust cable
wireless adj sin cable
withdraw v retirarse
withdrawal sust retirada
wound v herir
wound sust herida; herido
KEYS TO KEYS TO
THE EXERCISES THE EXERCISES
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U N I T 1
Reading comprehension:
2. Answers to the questions:
1) Miguel is twenty-four years old.
2) They are students.
3) Her telephone number is 7-6-9-1-6-4.
Exercise 1:
a)What; b)name; c)am, your; d)My name is; e)are; f)I am,
years; g)How, you; h)(1), old; j)telephone /phone;
k)number; l)is
Exercise 2:
a)Are; b) Is; c)Are; d)Am; e)Are
Exercise 3:
b)student; d)Yes; e)Am; f)are; h)am not
Exercise 4:
a)fourteen; b)thirty; c)twenty-eight; d)sixteen; e)thirteen;
f)eleven; g)twenty-five; h)three
Exercise 5:
b)Whats your name?; c)Whats your telephone
number?; d)My telephone numbers 456375; e)Im thirty
years old; f)Shes twenty-four years old.
Exercise 6:
a)first; b)second; c)third; d)fourth; e)fifth
Exercise 7:
a)sixteen; b)fourteen; c)four; d)twenty-two; e)ten; f)six;
g)fourteen; h)twenty-three; i)thirty; j)twenty-five
Exercise 8:
1)e; 2)b; 3)g; 4)f; 5)h; 6)c; 7)a; 8)d
Exercise 9:
En orden decreciente: i)1; a)2; f)3; b)4; h)5; g)6; c)7; e)8;
d)9; j)10
(1)
La solucin para este apartado puede ser cualquier nmero.
U N I T 2
1) Pedro is eight years old.
2) Pedros favourite sport is football.
3) David Beckham is a Real Madrid football player.
4) They are Pedros friends.
Exercise 1:
b)morning; c)How; d)you; e)Fine, is; f)meet; g)Nice, meet
you; h)years, is; i)am
Exercise 2:
a)Good morning; b)Good afternoon; c)Good evening;
d)Good night
Exercise 3:
a)Number six is blue; b)Number seventeen is black;
c)Number seven is red; d)Number one is yellow;
e)Number three is green; f) Number twenty is brown;
g)Number twenty-nine is pink; h)Number thirteen is
white; i)Number nine is grey; j)Number eleven is orange;
k)Number fifteen is purple.
Exercise 4:
a)sixty-eight; b)twenty-one; c)thirty-four; d)sixty-seven;
e)twenty-seven; f)twenty-seven; g)sixty-six; h)thirty-three
Exercise 5:
a)The book is hers; b)The dog is theirs; c)The house is
hers; d)The car is mine; e)The note is yours; f) The ball
is his; g) The doll is hers.
Exercise 6:
a)Peter has not a computer/ Peter hasn't a computer;
b)Hellen and Michael have not a computer/Hellen and
Michael haven't a computer; c)Julian has not a
house/Julian hasn't a house; d)Andrew has not a
girlfriend/Andrew hasn't a girlfriend; e)My mother has not
a dog/My mother hasn't a dog; f)I have not a bag/
I haven't a bag; g)Louise has not a pair of shoes/Louise
hasn't a pair of shoes.
Exercise 7:
a)my; b)their; c)her, his; d)our; e)my; f)your; g)your
Exercise 8:
a)My tie is red; b)The sky is blue; c)The sun is yellow;
d)e)f)
(1)
; g)The snow is white.
Exercise 9:
a)a; b)a; c)A, d)an; e)a, a; f)a; g)a; h)an, a
Exercise 10:
1)c; 2)e; 3)g; 4)f; 5)h; 6)b; 7)a; 8)d
(1)
La solucin para este apartado puede ser cualquier color.
U N I T 3
1) My parents names are Anne and Paul.
2) My brother is seven years old.
3) My aunts sons and daughters are my cousins.
Exercise 1:
a)cousins; b)wife; c)husband; d)brother; e)son-in-law;
f)grandson; g)daughter-in-law; h)granddaughter;
i)grandmothers; j)nephew; k)niece
Exercise 2:
a)sister; b)parents; c)aunt; d)cousins; e)niece;
f)daughter; g)uncle; h)grandmother; i)brother-in-law;
j)nephew; k)mother-in-law
Exercise 3:
1)c; 2)d; 3)a; 4)b; 5)e
Exercise 4:
a)Its twelve oclock/Its midday/Its noon; b)Its a quarter
to two; c)Its a quarter past two; d)Its twenty to eight;
e)Its is twenty-five to ten; f)Its ten past five; g)Its five
past eight; h)Its twelve oclock/Its midnight
Exercise 5:
a)Those; b)these; c)That; d)this; e)Those; f)these; g)that;
h)those
Exercise 6:
a)oclock, milk, past, car ; b)meat, fruit, vegetables
/vegetables, fruit; c)eggs, potatoes /potatoes, eggs;
d)Oranges, lemons /Lemons, oranges; e) midnight,
television
Exercise 7:
1)d; 2)c; 3)g; 4)a; 5)f; 6)b; 7)h; 8)e
Exercise 8:
a)My mothers sister is my aunt; b)I wake up at half past
seven; c)For dinner I have soup /I have soup for dinner;
d)These books are mine; e)Julians car is very
expensive; f)I drink soda with whisky /whisky with soda.
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1) On the 25
th
of December people celebrate Christmas.
2) The biggest party for Irish people is St.Patricks Day.
3) The most important dates at Easter are the Festival of
Passover, Good Friday, Easter Day and Easter
Monday.
4) The 4
th
of July is an important date for Americans
because people celebrate the Independence Day.
Exercise 1:
a)taller; b)happier; c)more difficult; d)better; e)easier;
f)cheaper; g)worse; h)older
Exercise 2:
a)best; b)oldest/eldest; c)most intelligent; d)strongest;
e)prettiest; f)most brilliant; g)richest; h)thinnest; i)hottest
Exercise 3:
a)less clever; b)less happy; c)less angry; d)less beautiful;
e)less blue; f)less cold; g)less clear; h)less clean
Exercise 4:
1fila)hot, hotter, hottest; 2fila)good, better, best;
3fila)little, less, least; 4fila)old, older,oldest;
5fila)beautiful, more beautiful, most beautiful; 6fila)bad,
worse, worst; 7fila) green, greener, greenest; 8fila)dirty,
dirtier, dirtiest; 9fila)small, smaller, smallest
Exercise 5:
a)here; b)after; c)early; d)almost; e)far; f)out; g)late
Exercise 6:
Columna B:
January, May, November, March, August, April, February,
June, September, December, October, July
Respuestas a las preguntas:
a)It/Peter's wedding is in September; b)My birthday is in
(1)
; c)It/Julian's bithday is in July; d)It/Spring begins in
March; e)It/William's interview is in May; f)It/Summer
begins in June; g)They/Sally's holidays are in April.
Exercise 7:
a)Spring: March, April, May; b)Autumn/Fall: September,
October, November; c)Summer: June, July, August;
d)Winter: December, January, February
Exercise 8:
1)f; 2)i; 3)a; 4)h; 5)c; 6)j; 7)b; 8)d; 9)g; 10)e
(1)
La solucin para este apartado puede ser cualquier mes
U N I T 5
1) (Peruvian fishermen call this phenomenon El Nio)
because these effects on the Pacific Ocean occur
around Christmas.
2) These fires create /The consequences of these fires
are a cloud of smoke that chokes 20 million people
and affect Southeast Asian cities.
3) The name of the opposite phenomenon to El Nio
is La Nia.
4) La Nia consists of a cooling of those same /the tropical
Pacific waters (that changes the weather conditions).
Exercise 1:
a)Unfortunately; b)formerly; c)frequently; d)perfectly;
e)cheaply; f)easily; g)seriously; h),really
Exercise 2:
a)further; b)later; c)longer; d)nearer; e)more wisely;
f)better; g)less
Exercise 3:
a)later, latest; b)further, furthest; c)more recently, most
recently; d)nearer, nearest; e)better, best; f)more easily,
most easily; g)less, least; h)worse, worst; i)earlier,
earliest; j)sooner, soonest
Exercise 4:
1)f; 2)e; 3)b; 4)h; 5)a; 6)g; 7)i; 8)d; 9)c
Exercise 5:
a)last night; b)This morning; c)at noon; d)last week;
e)along/during the day; f)Yesterday morning; g)This
afternoon; h)Tomorrow evening
Exercise 6:
a)happy; b)thirsty; c)nervous; d)asleep; e)tired,
exhausted; f)interested; g)scared; h)sad
Exercise 7:
a)In winter it snows; b)In summer it is hot; c)It rains; d)It
is a cloudy day; e)What is the weather like?; f)The sun
shines
Exercise 8:
1)d; 2)e; 3)a; 4)g; 5)b; 6)f; 7)h; 8)c
U N I T 6
2.true or false answers:
a)T; b)F; c)F; d)T; e)F; f)T; g)T
1) Charles Henry Harrod / He buys the store in 1849.
2) The name of the famous businessman who buys
Harrods in 1985 is Mohamed Al Fayed.
3) The stores motto is: everything for everyone
everywhere.
Exercise 1:
a)the; b)a; c)an; d)an; e)The; f)the; g)a
Exercise 2:
a)many; b)much; c)many; d)much; e)much; f)many
Exercise 3:
a)are; b)is; c)are; d)is; e)is; f)is; g)is; is
Exercise 4:
a)In the kitchen; b)In the bathroom /toilet; c)In the kitchen
/bathroom /toilet; d)In the kitchen; e)In the bedroom; f)In
the kitchen; g)In the garage; h)In the living-room/dining-
room; i)In the bedroom; j)In the kitchen; k)In the
bathroom /toilet
Exercise 5:
1)e; 2)a 3)g; 4)i; 5)h; 6)b; 7)d; 8)c; 9)j; 10)f
Exercise 6:
a)any; b)any; c)some; d)some; e)any; f)some; g)some;
h)some
Exercise 7:
a)some; b)any, some; c)anyone /anybody; d)some, any;
e)any; f)Any; g)Someone, some; h)any; any; i)anything;
j)anyone /anybody; k)somewhere; l)anything
Exercise 8:
a)than yours; b)toilets; c)window, curtains; d)are; e)a;
f)bedroom, fridge; g)shower, bathroom; h)carpets, sofas,
television /sofas, carpets, television
Exercise 9:
a)How many children are there in the room?; b)There is
not any sugar; c)Your living-room isn't very nice; d)That
lamp does not work; e)We have an old bed.
Exercise 10:
a)Is there a boy in the garden?; b)Are there two
televisions in Thomas living-room?; c)Isn't there any
sugar?; d)Is there any tea in the teapot?; e)Are there
many people here?; f)Is there a big bed in her
living-room?; g)Is there some coffee in the coffeepot?
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U N I T 7
1) British people have at least three meals a day.
2) Yes, it is.
3) British people have tea in the afternoon, at about four
o'clock.
4) The last meal of the day is dinner.
Exercise 1:
a)Don't you like apples?; b)Don't they want a car?;
c)Doesn't she play the guitar?; d)Don't we buy any tickets
for the theatre?; e)Don't I have a mobile?; f)Doesn't he
take any pictures?; g)Dont you eat potatoes?
Exercise 2:
a)Are you tall?, Aren't you tall?; b)Are they interested in
Geography?, Aren't they interested in Geography?; c)Is
she a pretty girl?, Isn't she a pretty girl?; d)Are we Mary's
best friends?, Aren't we Mary's best friends?; e)Am I five
feet tall?, Am I not five feet tall?; f)Is he the best
good-looking boy?, Isn't he the best good-looking boy?;
g)Are you my sister-in-law's brother?, Aren't you my
sister-in-law's brother?
Exercise 3:
a)De qu ciudad vienes?; b)Pon el vaso en la mesa;
c)La carretera pasa por el valle; d)El sol brilla en la
ciudad; e)Qudate a mi lado; f)La silla est entre la
puerta y la ventana; g)No te vayas hasta que te lo diga;
h)Antes de irte, pon tu solicitud en la mesa.
Exercise 4:
a)There is a cinema near my house; b)There is a
cemetery under our house; c)There is a supermarket
behind the school; d)In September it rains very much;
e)John gets married on Tuesday; f)With one car is
enough; g)Madrid is 450 km far from Granada; h)Four
hours later we are tired; i)The war against that country is a
failure.
Exercise 5:
a)bread, tomato, olive oil; b)spoon, fork, knife; c)cook,
chicken, oven; d)vinegar, pepper; e)sugar, tea; f)turkey;
g)salad, tomato, lettuce, onion.
Exercise 6:
a)sugar; b)vinegar; c)tea; d)tuna.
Exercise 7:
1)d; 2)g; 3)b; 4)f; 5)a; 6)c; 7)e; 8)h.
U N I T 8
2.-Answers to the questions:
1) Albert Einstein said that it is easier to split an atom
than to erase prejudices.
2) English people are thought to do the opposite things
European people do on the continent, for example,
driving on the left side, to be snobs, to be always on
time and to drink tea
3) Russian people are thought to drink too much vodka.
4) Italian mothers are thought to have the power of the
family and to cook a lot of pasta and pizza.
Exercise 1:
a)I went to school; b)She liked oranges but she didnt like
lemons; c)Peter went to work by bus; d)I met her on
Tuesday; e)Anke was my best German friend; f)Europe
was the cradle of civilization; g)Andrea was less beautiful
than Joan; h)She spoke slowly; i)He left the / that house
at six oclock; j)I usually paid him 5; k)He rode every
day; l)I lay down after lunch; m)We slept badly.
Exercise 2:
a)English; b)Germany; c)Australia; d)French; e)Holland;
f)Italian; g)Norwegian; h)Turkey; i)Spanish
Exercise 3:
a)I did not like apples, I didnt like apples; b)I did not go
to Scotland, I didnt go to Scotland; c)She was not my
best friend in London, She wasnt my best friend in
London; d)I did not drive my car all night long, I didnt
drive my car all night long; e)My parents did not drink
beer, My parents didnt drink beer; f)I did not see her, I
didnt see her; g)Peter did not lose his job, Peter didnt
lose his job; h)We did not want those carpets, We didnt
want those carpets; i)I did not watch television at home,
I didnt watch television at home.
Exercise 4:
a)Didnt I like apples?; b)Didnt I go to Scotland?;
c)Wasnt she my best friend in London?; d)Didnt I drive
my car all night long?; e)Didnt my parents drink beer?;
f)Didnt I see her?; g)Didnt Peter lose his job?; h)Didnt
we want those carpets?; i)Didnt I watch television at
home?
Exercise 5:
1)d; 2)a; 3)e; 4)b; 5)c; 6)h; 7)f; 8)g
Exercise 6:
a)went, She, much; b)Do, I; c)were, ate; d)Where, from,
am, French; e)Did, didnt; f)Is, Greek; g)did
Exercise 7:
a)Yes, they had eggs for breakfast /No, they didnt have
eggs for breakfast; b)Yes, he wanted a new coat /No, he
didnt want a new coat; c)Yes, they had to work hard /No,
they didnt have to work hard; d)Yes, he had a heart
attack /No, he didnt have a heart attack; e)Yes, they did
their homework after dinner /No, they didnt do their
homework after dinner; f)Yes, I saw you /No, I didnt see
you; g)Yes, she knew the way /No, she didnt know the
way; h)Yes, I saw the difference /No, I didnt see the
difference; i)Yes, he came every day /No, he didnt come
every day.
U N I T 9
2.-Answers to the questions:
1) It is an informal letter.
2) Pedro arrived in London last Sunday.
3) Pedro ate a very nice meal with his friend Julian in
Covent Garden.
Exercise 1:
a)At what time do you take your bus?; b)Which sports
does she like?; c)How are you?; d)Where are they from?;
e)Does he speak Greek?; f)When do you go to work?;
g)How old are you?; h)What is your favourite meal?;
i)Who wrote "El Quijote"?; j)Do you eat this kind of fish?
Exercise 2:
a)Do you like football?; b)When do you go to school?;
c)What are your names?; d)Who ate the oranges?;
e)When did you buy your car?; f)How many pupils are
there in this class?; g)What is your mother-in-law's
name?; h)Did Hellen and William win the match?; i)What
do you eat today?; j)Do you speak Russian?
Exercise 3:
a)Do you work today?; b)Didn't they see you yesterday?;
c)When is your father's birthday?; d)How do you spell it?;
e)When did they study?; f)I didn't eat potatoes buy I ate
meat /I didn't eat meat but I ate potatoes; g)Did you take
some milk for breakfast?
Exercise 4:
a)Did you eat meat?; b)When was your sister's birthday?;
c)Were they friendly?; d)How did you make the bed?;
e)Why did she sing this song?; f)Who were they?;
g)Which computer did you prefer?; h)Did he play the
piano?
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Exercise 5:
a)make; b)do; c)make; d)do; e)make; f)make; g)make;
h)do; i)make
Exercise 6:
a)made; b)make; c)did; d)did; e)made; f)made; g)made;
h)did; i)did
Exercise 7:
1)c; 2)g; 3)a; 4)h; 5)b; 6)d; 7)e; 8)f
Exercise 8:
a)Quin descubri Amrica?; b)Entendieron (ellos) la
leccin?; c)Cundo fue (ella) a casa de Mary?;
d)Cmo la encontraste? /Cmo la encontrasteis?
/Cmo la encontr (usted)? /Cmo la encontraron
(ustedes)?; e)Cundo ley Michael mi carta?; f)Quin
pronuncia el discurso?; g)Llueve?
Exercise 9:
1) a)When does Charles see Sverine?; b)How does
Charles see Sverine?; c)Why does Charles see
Sverine?; d)Where does Charles see Sverine?; 2)
a)What did Charles buy?; b)Where did Charles buy his
new car?; c)When did Charles buy his new car?; d)Why
did Charles buy his new car?; e)How did Charles buy his
new car?
Exercise 10:
a)American English; b)British English
U N I T 1 0
1) This climatic change /It is mainly due to the use of
fossil fuels.
2) Renewable energy sources /They offer abundant
clean energy.
3) Corporations and governments in developing
countries should invest in renewable energies.
3.true or false answers:
a)T; b)F; c)T; d)F; e)T; f)F
Exercise 1:
a)am spending; b)is working; c)are putting; d)is leaving;
e)is using; f)are wearing; g)is lying; h)are talking
Exercise 2:
a)is standing; b)is giving; c)is putting; d)are closing; e)are
having; f)am catching
Exercise 3:
a)was wearing, wondered, was; b)was walking, realized,
was following; c) did not come; d)were playing /played,
was reading; e)was traveling/ travelling, passed, saw,
was; f)are having, are sitting, tells /is telling g)is raining,
are shutting; h)was working, was learning
Exercise 4:
a)Are you listening to your teacher?, You are not /aren't
listening to your teacher; b)Are the neighbours coming in
to watch tv?, The neighbours are not /aren't coming in to
watch tv; c)Is your sister studying at home?, Your sister
is not /isn't studying at home; d)Is it raining now?, It is not
/isn't raining now; e)Are Jones and Co. having a sale at
the moment?, Jones and Co. are not /aren't having a sale
at the moment; f) Am I meeting Thomas at 5:30?I am not
meeting Thomas at 5:30; g) Are they thinking of going to
the party?, They are not /aren't thinking of going to the
party.
Exercise 5:
a)often; b)tall; c)long; d)high; e)far; f)big
Exercise 6:
a)12; b)3; c)9; d)6; e)8; f)1; g)11; h)7; i)5; j)13; k)14; l)10;
m)4; n)2; o)15
Exercise 7:
a)dog; b)cactuses; c)roses; d)tulip; e)seagulls; f)giraffe;
g)lion; h)elephant; i)carnations
Exercise 8:
1)e; 2)h; 3)c; 4)a; 5)b; 6)j; 7)i; 8)d; 9)f; 10)g
U N I T 1 1
1) The United Kingdom consists of two large islands
(Great Britain and Northern Ireland) and 5000 smaller
ones.
2) The name of the capital of Wales is Cardiff.
3) It belongs to the United Kingdom.
4) The Isle of Man is different because it is an internally
self-governing dependency of the British Crown.
5) Great Britain includes the main island (Wales,
England, Scotland) and some islands such as
Anglesey, the Isle of Wight, the Hebrides, the Orkney
Islands and the Shetland Islands.
6) The name of the most populated nation of the United
Kingdom is England.
3.True or false answers:
a)F; b)T; c)T; d)T; e)F; f)F; g)F; h)T; i)T
Exercise 1:
a)for; b)since; c)since; d)since; e)for; f)for; g)since; h)for
Exercise 2:
a)looked /looked; b)loved /loved; c)saw /seen; d)ate
/eaten; f) understood /understood; f)was, were /been;
g)wanted /wanted; h)wore /worn; i)bit /bitten; j)kissed
/kissed; k)watched /watched
Exercise 3:
a)I am going to go to the cinema this evening /I'm going
to go to the cinema this evening; b)She is going to buy
one ticket to Berlin /She's going to buy one ticket to
Berlin; c)They are going to run for one hour / c)They're
going to run for one hour; d)He is going to walk along the
street / He's going to walk along the street; e)You are
going to be the president /You're going to be the
president; f)The party is going to start very soon /The
party's going to start very soon; g) Dalila is going to be
my wife's best friend /Dalila's going to be my wife's best
friend; h)She is going to have twins /She's going to have
twins; i)They are going to try to win the game /They're
going to try to win the game; j)We are going to play
football and baseball /We're going to play football and
baseball; k)Lissa is going to play the piano /Lissa's going
to play the piano; l)Mary is going to buy a book for her
father /Mary's going to buy a book for her father; m)They
are going to send her a present /They're going to send
her a present.
Exercise 4:
a)I have gone to the cinema /I've gone to the cinema;
b)She has bought one ticket to Berlin /She's bought one
ticket to Berlin; c)They have run for one hour /The've run
for one hour; d)He has walked along the street /Hes
walked along the street; e)You have been the president
/You've been the president; f)The party has started very
soon /The party's started very soon; g)Dalila has been
my wife's best friend /Dalila's been my wife's best friend;
h)She has had twins /She's had twins; i)They have tried
to win the game /They've tried to win the game; j)We
have played football and baseball /We've played football
and baseball; k)Lissa has played the piano /Lissa's
played the piano; l)Mary has bought a book for her father
/Mary's bought a book for her father; m)They have sent
her a present /They've sent her a present.
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Exercise 5:
a)I was going to go to the cinema this evening; b)She
was going to buy one ticket to Berlin; c)They were going
to run for one hour; d)He was going to walk along the
street; e)You were going to be the president; f)The party
was going to start very soon; g) Dalila was going to be
my wife's best friend; h)She was going to have twins;
i)They were going to try to win the game; j)We were
going to play football and baseball; k)Lissa was going to
play the piano; l)Mary was going to buy a book for her
father; m)They were going to send her a present.
Exercise 6:
a)I will go to the cinema this evening /I'll go to the cinema
this evening; b)She will buy one ticket to Berlin /She'll
buy one ticket to Berlin; c)They will run for one hour
/They'll run for one hour; d)He will walk along the street
/He'll walk along the street; e)You will be the president
/You'll be the president; f)The party will start very soon
/The party'll start very soon; g) Dalila will be my wife's
best friend /Dalila'll be my wife's best friend; h)She will
have twins /She'll have twins; i)They will try to win the
game /They'll try to win the game; j)We will play football
and baseball /We'll play football and baseball; k)Lissa will
play the piano /Lissa'll play the piano; l)Mary will buy a
book for her father /Mary'll buy a book for her father;
m)They will send her a present /They'll send her a
present.
Exercise 7:
a)I am not going to see my boyfriend /I'm not going to see
my boyfriend; b)I will not ask you any question /I won't
ask you any question; c)Won't you come to my party
tonight? /Will you not come to my party tonight?; d)She
was not going to study the lesson /She wasn't going to
study the lesson; e)They have not been in Madrid for five
months /They haven't been in Madrid for five months;
f)They will not speak English /They won't speak English;
g)Aren't you going to sell your car? /Are you not going to
sell your car?; h)Haven't they come soon? /Have they not
come soon?; i)It is not going to rain /It isn't going to rain;
j)They were not going to write a letter /They weren't going
to write a letter; k)Hasn't she gone to our school this
morning? /Has she not gone to our school this morning?;
l)Won't you stay here in winter? /Will you not stay here in
winter?; m)I will not finish my work tomorrow /I won't
finish my work tomorrow; n)It will not be a very nice
summer /It won't be a very nice summer.
Exercise 8:
a)Were they going to write a letter?; b)Have you taken
some eggs for breakfast?; c)Will Anne meet Peter
tomorrow at half past one?; d)Is he an English teacher?;
e)Did you tell me the truth?; f)Has she studied French
since 1985?; g)Weren't they going to come?; h)Is her
birthday on October the 14th?; i)Won't I go to the zoo
with you?; j)Isn't Michael going to read your article?
Exercise 9:
a)will give; b)stand; c)eats; d)will telephone; e)will arrest;
f)reads; g)will steal; h)doesn't open /does not open;
i)washes; j)make; k)will bury
Exercise 10:
1)c; 2)f; 3)d; 4)e; 5)a; 6)h; 7)b; 8)g
U N I T 1 2
1) The terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and
the Pentagon took place in 2001.
2) I can create an emergency communications plan, I
can establish a meeting place, I can assemble a
disaster supplies kit or check on the school
emergency plan of any school-age children you may
have.
Exercise 1:
a)I would speak French; b)We would go to the hotel this
morning; c)Paul would meet his girlfriend this afternoon;
d)Hellen would come from Scotland; e)Peters best friend
would play basketball; f)We would eat meat twice a
week; g)They would have breakfast at half past seven;
h)You would buy this vase; i)I would write my curriculum.
Exercise 2:
a)Id speak French; b)Wed go to the hotel this morning;
c)Paul wouldnt meet his girlfriend this afternoon;
d)Hellen wouldnt come from Scotland; e)Peters best
friend wouldnt play basketball; f)Wed eat meat twice a
week; g)Theyd have breakfast at half past seven;
h)Youd buy this vase; i)Id write my curriculum.
Exercise 3:
a)I would not speak French; b)We would not go to the
hotel this morning; c)Paul would not meet his girlfriend
this afternoon; d)Hellen would not come from Scotland;
e)Peters best friend would not play basketball; f)We
would not eat meat twice a week; g)They would not have
breakfast at half past seven; h)You would not buy this
vase; i)I would not write my curriculum.
Exercise 4:
a)Would you go to my new house?; b)Would they not
play the piano?; c)You would make a mistake; d)Id cook
tonight for you; e)Michael wouldnt go for a walk; f)She
would not like to see me; g)Shed like to read a good
book.
Exercise 5:
a)Wouldnt I visit my grandmother?; b)Would he like to be
in France?; c)Wouldnt they have a better job?; d)Would
Marthas father find a good place?; e)Wouldnt he drive
faster?; f)Would my legs hurt very much?; g)Would Luise
not study in China?; h)Would I borrow your chair?;
i)Wouldnt my mother make any suggestion?
Exercise 6:
a)Write a letter to your cousin /Do write a letter to your
cousin; b)Lets study for one hour; c)Make peace /Do
make peace; d)Come here right now /Do come here right
now; e)Lets go to the cinema; f)Say it /Do say it; g)Lets
play a song for her; h)Lets start the work.
Exercise 7:
a)Dont go home /Do not go home; b)Dont play this song
/Do not play this song; c)Dont smoke /Do not smoke;
d)Dont open the door /Do not open the door; e)Dont sit
down /Do not sit down; f)Dont stop /Do not stop; g)Lets
not count the money; h)Lets not work together; i)Lets
not begin now.
Exercise 8:
1)c; 2)h; 3)f; 4)g; 5)a; 6)e; 7)d; 8)b
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U N I T 1 3
1) A friend paralyzed David's left pupil.
2) (He changed his name to David Bowie) to avoid
confusion with the Monkees' Davy Jones.
3) No, it wasn't /No, his acting career was not successful
/Bowie had no luck in his acting career /None of his
films were commercial successes.
4) His wedding present to his wife was an album called
"Black Tie White Noise" (which received positive
reviews).
a)T; b)F; c)T; d)F; e)F; f)T; g)T;h)F; i)T
Exercise 1:
a)Can you do it now? No, now I cant; b)Next week I will
not/wont have to come; c)You have to study the third
lesson; d)Alex and Ral must buy their books; e)Her
explanations must be true; f)Could you give me the name
of the school/schools name?; g)You must/should go to
London, it is a very beautiful/nice city; h)Need you wear
a skirt?/Do you need to wear a skirt?
Exercise 2:
a) I will be able to play a song for you with a guitar; b)I
will have to study to pass my exam; c)She will not/ wont
be able to say it louder; d)I will need my pills; e)James
will have to do an assignment; f)You will have to
pronounce perfectly; g)You will not/wont be able to
understand these sentences; h)I will not/wont be able to
see your eyes.
Exercise 3:
a)Can I play a song for you?; b)Must he study to pass his
exam? (Tambin podra admitirse: Does he have to study
to pass his exam?, sin embargo, se perdera ese matiz
de obligacin ineludible); c)Cannot/Cant she act like a
queen? /Can she not act like a queen?; d)Need they go
on holidays?/Do they need to go on holidays?; e)Could
James walk for hours?; f)Should he do better at
Physics?; g)Cannot/Cant you understand these
sentences?/Can you not understand these sentences?;
h)Will she be able to attend lectures during pregnancy?;
i)Couldnt she speak Russian?/Could she not speak
Russian?
Exercises 4:
a)She couldnt read your article./She was not able to
read your article; b)My cousins could dance
flamenco./My cousins were able to dance flamenco; c)I
had to do my homework; d)We needed to be accepted;
e)Our questions had to be answered; f)Did you need to
take music lessons?/ (Tambin valdra: Needed you take
music lessons?) g)They didnt need to study at home/
(Tambin valdra: The need not/neednt study at home);
h)They could be right (la forma be able to no es posible
ya que en este ejemplo existe posibilidad y no
capacidad); i)I didnt have to do this exam.
Exercise 5:
a)should; b)should; c)might; d)must; e)might; f)should
not/shouldnt; g)must
Exercise 6:
a)1-3-36 b)2,5-30 c)2-6-72 d)4-48 e)1-220-660-7,920
f)3-24-5,280-15,840-190,080
a)1-16 b)2-32 c)0,5-7-112 d)1-14-224 e)2-16-224-3,584
f)1-17,85-142,85-2,000-32,000
a)2 b)10-0,5 c)40-2-1 d)320-16-8-2
Exercise 7:
a)might, might; b)could, should; c)should not (shouldnt),
could; d)can /could; e)must; f)might; g)could; h)could, do
not (dont) have to; i)should, might; j)have to
Exercise 8:
a)I might not go to the cinema; b)Hellen must not (mustnt)
be late; c)We cannot (cant) do this exercise, it is very
difficult; d)I do not (dont) have to go to Sallys office this
afternoon; e)Must Mary pass this exam?; f)Must you not
(Mustnt you) work this afternoon?; g)They can swim but
they cannot (cant) play football; h)He cannot (cant) be
there next week; i) correcta, tambin se podra aceptar: I
need not (neednt) study that much, pero esto no
significa que la primera est mal; j)He has to work hard.
Exercise 9:
1)e; 2)c; 3)g; 4)a; 5)h; 6)b; 7)f; 8)d
U N I T 1 4
1) The euro became the European single currency in 1
th
January 2002.
2) Spain, France, Germany and Italy.
3) Yes, it is.
Exercise 1:
a)was moved; b)was not introduced; c)was destroyed;
d)were left; e)are asked; f)will be given; g)was taken.
Exercise 2:
a)The milk is brought to my door by the milkman;
b)Things from supermarkets are stolen every day by
Joan and Julian; c)The sick man is taken to hospital by
an ambulance; d)These boxes are cleared three times a
day by the postman; e)The warehouse is guarded by
dogs; f)These television sets are made by a Japanese
firm; g)He was shouted down by the crowd.
Exercise 3:
a)He was never seen in the dining-room by us; b)The
police was called by the watchman; c)A slight injury was
had by Tom; d)He was found guilty by the Court; e)I
haven't been paid for the work by her; f)The children
have been brought in Italy (by them); g)He won't be taken
to prison (by them); h)TV hasn't been watched by him;
i)He is often taken for his brother by Anne.
Exercises 4:
a)Se dice que (l) es el mejor futbolista; b)Se cree que
(l) es un mal estudiante; c)Se piensa que Charles es un
buen soldado; d)Se considera que (nosotros) somos
ricos; e)Se encontr que (ellos) eran culpables; f)Se
sabe que la historia es falsa; g)Se dice que su novia es
de Japn; h)Se cree que John la ama.
Exercise 5:
a)to; b)by; c)at, in; d)on, with, with; e)at, on; f)at, at, on;
g)to, at; h)at, in; i)into/to, with
Exercise 6:
a)of, for, on, from/of, for; b)to, to, of; c)in, on; d)At, at;
e)on, with, of; f)from, in
Exercise 7:
1)e; 2)a; 3)g; 4)d; 5)h; 6)f; 7)c; 8)b
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U N I T 1 5
1) Stonehenge is situated in Salisbury (England).
2) Stonehenge symbolizes mystery, power and endurance.
3) Stonehenge was built from 2750 BC to 1500 BC.
a)T; b)T; c)F; d)F; e)T; f)T
Exercise 1:
a)up; b)after; c)on; d)up; e)off, on; f)out; g)in
Exercise 2:
a)turned down; b)looks after; c)looking for; d)takes off,
puts on; e)look up; f)fill in
Exercise 3:
a)So am I; b)Neither do I; c)Neither have I; d)So have I;
e)So do I; f)Neither did I; g)So was I; h)Neither have I;
i)So did I; j)So was I; k)Neither will I; l)Neither would I.
Exercises 4:
a)ironing; b)cooking; c)reading; d)walking; e)swimming;
f)doing the washing up
Exercise 5:
a)to come; b)going; c)to work, getting up; d)Studying;
e)to buy, living; f)travelling (BrE) /traveling (AmE), flying;
g)going; h)jogging, swimming; i)thinking, having
Exercise 6:
a)having; b)not to speak; c)to meet; d)leaving, saying;
e)to explain, to listen; f)telephoning, asking, to look;
g)hearing, not to enter
Exercise 7:
a)bill; b)underground; c)chemist's; d)road; e)lift; f)flat,
centre
Exercise 8:
a)vacation; b)trunk; c)bill; d)collect call; e)flavors;
f)sidewalk
Exercise 9:
1)g; 2)e; 3)b; 4)a; 5)h; 6)f; 7)c; 8)d
Exercise 10:
a)United Nations, Organizacin de Naciones Unidas
(ONU); b)North Atlantic Treaty Organization,
Organizacin del Tratado del Atlntico Norte (OTAN);
c)Non Governmental Organization, Organizacin No
Gubernamental (ONG); d)International Organization,
Organizacin Internacional; e)Red Cross, Cruz Roja
Exercise 11:
a)So do I, I don't; b)Neither do I, I do; c)So do I, I don't;
d)Neither do I, I do; e)So did I, I didn't; f)Neither did I, I
did; g)Neither have I, I have; h)So am I, I am not; i)So
have I, I haven't; j)So will I, I won't; k)Neither would I, I
would; l)So was I, I wasn't.
REVIEW UNITS 1 TO 5
Exercise 1:
a)Hello, is, your; b)name, is; c)are, you; d)I, am, years,
you; e)I, am, years; f)your, number; g)is
Exercise 2:
a)eighteen; b)thirteen; c)seventeen; d)nineteen;
e)twenty-eight; f)twenty-three; g)thirty; h)twenty-five
Exercise 3:
a)Mi hermano mayor se llama John.; b)Mi abuela es
mucho mayor que mi padre (Mi abuela tiene mucha ms
edad que mi padre.); c)Qu hora es? Son las cinco y
media.; d)Desgraciadamente mi primo no est aqu.;
e)Los viernes desayuno en el bar de mi primo.
Exercise 4:
a) The computer is hers.; b)The text book is mine.; c)The
walkman is yours.; d)The dog is ours; e)The cat is his;
f)The novel is theirs.
Exercise 5:
a)It is a quarter to two.; b)It is twenty past five.; c)It is a
quarter past six.; d)It is half past eight.; e)It is midnight.;
f)It is twenty five to nine.; g)It is five past ten.
Exercise 6:
a)These; b)this; c)That; d)Those; e)This; f)These;
g)That; h)That
Exercise 7:
a)businesses; b)oranges; c)classes; d)watches; e)duties;
f)heroes; g)days; h)people; i)catches; j)wolves; k)fusses;
l)glories; m)faxes; n)cities; o)knives; p)tornadoes;
q)teeth; r)flies
Exercise 8: a)strawberries; b)children; c)Foxes, geese,
cats, mice; d)feet; e)tomatoes; f)Men, women; g)books,
boxes; h)cities; i)rings; j)trees, leaves
Exercise 9:
a)my; b)Their; c)Your; d)Our; e)His; f)Your; g)Her; h)its
Exercise 10:
a) I am taller than your brother.; b)My mothers brother is
my uncle.; c)You are better at Physics than me.; d)Winter
is much colder than summer.; e)These boots are not
mine.; f)I have eggs for breakfast. (Tambin podra
aceptarse For breakfast I have eggs; no obstante, la
primera letra de for aparece en minscula y no puede
formar parte de principio de oracin); g)I have dinner at
a quarter past seven. ( At a quarter past seven I have
dinner tambin sera una opcin posible; sin embargo,
por las mismas razones que se han mencionado en el
apartado anterior no se puede aceptar); h)My book is not
hers.; i)My brothers wife is my sister-in-law.
Exercise 11:
a)half; b)interested, c)thirsty; d)angry; e)Spring, June;
f)blue, red; g)Fourth, July
Exercise 12:
a)mother-in-law; b)brother-in-law, c)niece; d)grandson;
e)son-in-law; f)nephew; g)grandmother;
h)granddaughter; i)sister-in-law; j)daughter-in-law;
k)father-in-law; l)grandchildren
Exercise 13:
a)an; b)A, a; c)a; d)an; e)an; f)a; g)an; h)a
Exercise 14:
a)nearer; b)clearer; c)happier; d)better; e)more
interesting; f)stronger; g)busier; h)fatter
Exercise 15:
a)most expensive; b)richest; c)coldest; d)worst; e)wisest;
f)hottest; g)oldest; h)best; i)easiest
Exercise 16:
a)sooner; b)later; c)less; d)earlier; e)better; f)further;
g)longer; h)worse
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REVIEW UNITS 6 TO 10
Exercise 1:
a)many; b)much; c)many; d)much; e)many; f)many;
g)much
Exercise 2:
a)are; b)is; c)is; d)is; e)are; f)is; g)are
Exercise 3:
a)any; b)some; c)any; d)any; e)some; f)some; g)Any
Exercise 4:
a)something; b)Anyone; c)somewhere; d)Nobody;
e)anything, anyone; f)Somebody; g)anywhere;
h)nowhere; i)nothing
Exercise 5:
a)How much is too much?; b)Nobody wanted to do an
exam on Saturday.; c)Fortunately, a lot of people came to
the party.; d)This car is not big enough for five people.;
e)There are too many fat people in this country.;
f)Anywhere she goes she finds friends.; g)There is
nowhere like home.; h)I cant do anything without you.
Exercise 6:
a)Do you play the guitar?; b)Doesnt she (Does she not)
drink orange juice? ; c)Are they very tall?; d)Is he in
Manchester?; e)Dont we (Do we not) study very hard? ;
f)Do you write very long poems?; g)Is she in her
classroom?; h)Does he read more than two books per
week?; i) Doesnt she (Does she not) drink alcohol?
Exercise 7:
a)Arent you interested in Literature?; b)Doesnt he speak
French?; c)Do you live near my house?; d)Is the
dictionary on the table?; e)Isnt she the right person for
this position?; f)Does she know perfect English?
Exercise 8:
a)There is a war against Italy.; b)Under (Underneath) the
table there is a book. / There is a book under (underneath)
the table.; c)I study from 5 to 7.; d)Does she have lunch in
a restaurant near (next to) my house?; e)I have dinner at
7 oclock.; f)After dinner we go to the disco. /We go to the
disco after dinner.; g)I always have breakfast before
midday.; h)This present is for you.
Exercise 9:
a)He drove that old car.; b)They felt really bad.; c)I didnt
find the keys in your house.; d)They didnt lose the
match.; e)Did they rent her house?; f)Didnt they (Did they
not) sell roses in that shop?; g)Did she sing in the
concert?; h)Didnt the thieves (Did the thieves not) steal a
famous painting?
Exercise 10:
a)went, for; b)from, Dutch; c)lied, didnt; d)Does, French;
e)paid, after; f)ate, much; g)Did, hear
Exercise 11:
a)Spain; b)Irish; c)Greece; d)Italian; e)Holland; f)Russian;
g)Norway; h)French; i)England; j)Scottish; k)Europeans
Exercise 12:
a)When did you have lunch?; b)How are you?; c)Why did
you do it?; d)Who went to the party?; e)Where are you
from?; f)What is your name?; g)What is the weather like?;
h)Where did she go last week?; i)How do you go to work?
Exercise 13:
a)Who went to the concert?; b)When do you wake up?;
c)Do you eat strawberries?; d)Who brought these books?;
e)Do you speak English?; f)Why did you go to Scotland?;
g)Where did you buy this T-shirt?; h)Where are you from?;
i)What did you say?; j)Which car do you prefer?; k)How
was your dog?; l)Do you have brothers or sisters?
Exercise 14:
a)Do you have a car?, Did you have a car?; b)How does
she drive?, How did she drive?; c)Who plays the guitar?,
Who played the guitar?; d)When do they get married?,
When did they get married?; e)Where does she go for
holidays?, Where did she go for holidays?; f)Why are you
so upset?, Why were you so upset?; g)Which one do you
take?, Which one did you take?
Exercise 15:
a)make, b)made; c)do; d)made; e)do, f)do; g)make; h)did;
i)make; j)did; k)made; l)make
Exercise 16:
a)was writing; b)is not (isnt) eating; c)Were you
studying?; d)were looking, was giving; e)was leaving;
f)is shining; g)Are you writing?; h)is not (isnt) raining
Exercise 17:
a)How far is London from Barcelona?; b)How tall is your
father?; c)How often do you go shopping?; d)How heavy
is your table?; e)How wide is the lake?; f)How long is the
beach?; g)How much time does it take to arrive in/get to
Manchester?.
REVIEW UNITS 11 TO 15
Exercises 1:
1)for; 2)since; 3)since; 4)for; 5)since; 6)for; 7)for; 8)for;
9)since; 10)since; 11)for; 12)for; 13)since; 14)since;
15)for.
Exercise 2:
a) have you been?, havent (have not) seen, for; b)hasnt
(has not) snowed, since; c)havent (have not) eaten,
since; d)hasnt (has not) cut, for; e)have worked, for;
f)have changed, since
Exercise 3:
a)is not going to attack; b)Is it going to rain; c)are going to
buy; d)am not going to win; e)Are we going to eat; f)is not
going to buy; g)Are they going to have
Exercise 4:
a)was going to write; b)was not going to buy; c)Were they
going to spend; d)was going to give; e)Was she going to
marry; f)Were you going to travel; g)were not going to buy
Exercise 5:
a) am going to write; b)will get; c)will turn; d) are going to
visit; e)will come, will be; f)am going to attend; g)will help
Exercise 6:
a)have never seen; b)Have you been; c)Havent you
heard (Have you not heard); decided, didnt (did not); d)I
havent (have not) seen; e)arrived; f)have known; g)has
written; h)havent had, was; i)miss, have been; j)has
never seen; k)dreamed, never saw; l)has become, took,
was, have changed; m)have changed, saw, have grown
Exercise 7:
a)get, am going to; b)graduate; c)snows, are going to go;
d)is going to make, is going to quit, finishes, is going to
get; e)is going to call, arrives, is going to stay, is
Exercise 8:
a)arrive, will show; b)dont stop, will experience; c)wont
(will not) tell, asks, wont (will not) reveal; d)leave, will
pick, do; e)will call, call, will take
Exercise 9:
a)will help, ask; b)will get, dont take; c)is, will go; d)tell,
will you believe; e)will come, invite; f)will go, has
Exercise 10:
a)would be; b)would live; c)would know; d)would own;
e)wouldnt (would not) get; f) would travel; g)would stay;
h)would eat
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Exercise 11:
a)Would I say no to your invitation?; b)I would not take no
for an answer.; c)Please, do not write in capital letters.;
d)What would they say?; e)Wouldnt he be able to
come?; f)Id go to your house; g)Why wouldnt I go to
your party?; h)What would he look like?
Exercise 12:
a)I would play football.; b)Would you play football?;
c)Would you like to play football?; d)Do the homework.;
e)Dont eat oranges.; f)What would they write?; g)Why
wouldnt she (would she not) tell her grandparents?
Exercise 13:
a)I will be able to eat a whole large pizza.; b)I will have to
say the truth.; c)Will you be able to repeat the sentence?;
d)Will they have to study the whole lesson?; e)He wont
(will not) be able to read my mind.; f)Wont they (Will they
not) be able to take a joke?; g)I wont (will not) be able to
explain why.; h)I will be able to dance ballet.; i)Wont she
(Will she not) have to invite her parents to dinner?; j)We
wont (will not) have to waste time.
Exercise 14:
a)Couldnt we take criticism?, Werent we (Were we not)
able to take criticism?; b)Did I have to paint you a
picture?; c)They had to hand in their assignments.;
d)Their reasons had to be explained carefully.; e)Did you
need a visa?, Needed you a visa?; f)You didnt have to
speak during the exam.; g)Applicants needed to call 1-
800-486-624 for further information.; h)You could make
yourself, You were able to make yourself; i)Didnt we (Did
we not) have to follow their example?; j)Could he play the
piano?, Was he able to play the piano?
Exercise 15:
a)She might not go to Paris; b)I will not be able to read
the book.; c)Could you tell me your surname?; d)They
did not have to buy new clothes.; e)Need you drive so
fast?; f)She need not study the whole lesson; g)He ought
not to have come; h)Should I stay or should I go?, Should
I go or should I stay?
Exercise 16:
a)might; b)may not; c)may; d)cant; e)Could; f)could;
g)Can; h)couldnt; i)could; j)might
Exercise 17:
a)May; b)can; c)May; d)can; e)cant; f)Could; g)may;
h)might; i)might; j)might; k)could; l)cant; m)could;
n)must; o)cant
Exercise 18:
a)neednt; b)mustnt; c)neednt; d)neednt; e)neednt;
f)mustnt; g)mustnt; h)neednt; i)mustnt; j)neednt;
k)mustnt
Exercise 19:
a)couldnt; b)might not; c)might not; d)couldnt; e)might
not; f)might not; g)might not; h)couldnt; i)couldnt
Exercise 20:
Sally mustnt miss lectures.; b)correct; c)Mustnt he study
a little bit harder?; d)He has to earn a living.; e)He cant
tell you his secret.; f)She might play the guitar in the
concert.; g)Will they be able to understand the
language?; h)Peter couldnt stand the weather.; i)Martha
cant run faster.; j)correct; k)I should ask you to do me a
favour.; l)Might she call the fire department?; m)I dont
have to get up early tomorrow morning.; n)I need not get
up early tomorrow morning., I dont need to get up early
tomorrow morning.; o)Need he say anything else?
Exercise 21:
a)The injured man had to be carried.; b)Our conversation
was going to be taped.; c)He will be asked many
questions.; d)The books havent (have not) been
returned yet.; e)Less money is spent on school books
nowadays.; f)Most paintings were damaged by vandals.;
g)All sentences are corrected by the computer.; h)Her
car is being repaired at the moment.; i)You will be
severely punished for this.
Exercise 22:
a)Everybody was shocked by the terrible news.; b)A new
book will be published (next year) by that company next
year.; c)Our address has been forgotten (by him).; d)The
secretary was introduced to her new boss.; e)Our plan is
being considered by the members of the committee.; f)A
prize will be given to whoever solves this problem.; g)The
new policy would be approved by the executive
committee.; h)This notice has been altered.; i)My
telephone number was given to her by Paul.
Exercise 23:
a)She is said to wear a long blue dress.; It is said that
she wears a long blue dress.; b)He was believed to be
one of the three greatest mathematicians., It is believed
that he was one of the three greatest mathematicians.;
c)Susan is thought to be in her mid fifties., It is thought
that Susan is in her mid fifties.; d)Peter is considered to
be quite social., It is considered that Peter is quite social.;
e)He was found dead., It was found that he was dead.; f)I
was told his secrets.; g)She was given her birthday
present.; h)He is known as Peter Smith.
Exercise 24:
a)I have never been called stupid!; b)have been
planted.; c)will be crowned; d)be worked out; e)would be
done; f)has been decided; g)are required; h)was asked;
i)is being interviewed
Exercise 25:
a)in; b)on; c)at; d)at; e)on; f)in; g)in; h)at; i)at, in; j)on;
k)at; l)in; m)In, on, in, at; n)on; o)In; p)In; q)at, on; r)at, in;
s)at; t)in, in
Exercise 26:
a)So do I.; b)Neither did I.; c)Neither do I.; d)Neither am
I.; e)Neither have I.; f)So will I.; g)So would I.; h)So am I.;
i)So did I.
Exercise 27:
a)So would I.; b)So do I.; c)Neither do I.; d)So have I.;
e)So was I.; f)So did I.; g)Neither did I.; h)So do I.; i)So
would I.; j)So am I.
Exercise 28:
a)seeing; b)to do; c)going; d)writing; e)not to buy;
f)playing; g)Reading; h)to pay; i)to sing; j)not to tell;
k)studying; l)learning

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