Professional Documents
Culture Documents
TISSUES
● Collection of cells with similar structure and
function
● the study of tissues is known as histology
● four types of tissue
– epithelial (covering)
– connective (support)
– muscle (movement)
– nervous (control)
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
● Covers the surface of the body; lines body
cavities; constitutes the bulk of most glands
● Functions:
– physical protection
– secretion
– sensory reception
– absorption
– filtration
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
● ‘SHEETS’ OF CLOSE PACKED CELLS
WITH LITTLE EXTRACELULAR
MATERIAL
● AVASCULAR: (GETS NUTRIENTS
THROUGH DIFFUSION FROM
UNDERLYING CAPILLARIES)
● INNERVATED
● MAINTAINS THE CAPACITY TO EASILY
REGENERATE (WHY IS THIS
IMPORTANT?)
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
● POLARITY:
● THE NUCLEUS AND ORGANELLES ARE USUALLY
UNEVENLY DISTRIBUTED, SO THERE IS AN ‘UP’
AND ‘DOWN’ SIDE
● ‘UP’ SIDE IS ALWAYS A FREE SURFACE, AND IS
CALLED THE APICAL SURFACE
● THE DOWN SIDE IS THE BASAL SURFACE
● ALWAYS SUPPORTED BY A LAYER OF
CONNECTIVE TISSUE AT IT’S BASAL
SURFACE (BASEMENT MEMBRANE)
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
● May contain microvilli:
(fingerlike extensions of
plasma membrane which
increase the surface area
for increased absorption/
secretion)
● May contain cilia: (larger
extensions used for
propelling substances)
EPITHELIAL TISSUE
CLASSIFICATION
● CLASSIFIED BY #
OF LAYERS AND
SHAPE
● LAYERS:
– SIMPLE (SINGLE
LAYER)
– STRATIFIED
(MULTIPLE LAYERS)
● SHAPE:
– SQUAMOUS
– CUBOIDAL
– COLUMNAR
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
● Simple squamous:
● thin, permeable
● exchange of
substances
● alveoli in lungs;
lines blood vessels
(WHY?)
Simple Epithelium
● Simple cuboidal:
● secretion and
absorption
● glands/ ducts; part of
kidney tubules
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
● Simple columnar:
● secretion and
absorption
● lines digestive tract
(stomach to rectum):
contains microvilli
(why?)
● lines trachea:
contains cilia (why?)
SIMPLE EPITHELIUM
● Pseudostratified
epithelium:
● protection and
secretion
● nuclei position and
cell height are
staggered so
appears stratified
● all cells in contact
with basement
membrane
● contains cilia
● lines upper
STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
● Stratified squamous:
● physical protection
against abrasion;
pathogens; and
chemicals
● esophagus, mouth,
vagina, epidermis
● Transitional:
● lines only urinary
bladder, ureters,
urethra
● able to stretch
GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM
● Gland = cell or organ that secretes
something for use inside or outside of the
body
● Two types
– endocrine: ex. thyroid
– exocrine: ex. sweat
EXOCRINE GLANDS
● Secrete into ducts which
lead to the body surface,
or a body cavity which is
continuous with a surface
● Unicellular:
– goblet cell: produces
mucus (intestine,
respiratory tract)
● Multicellular:
● merocrine
● holocrine
EXOCRINE GLANDS
● Merocrine:
● most common
– secrete products via
exocytosis
● secretory cells remain in
tact
● ex. pancreas, sweat
glands, salivary glands
● Holocrine:
– cells rupture releasing
their products and their
selves
● cells are replaced by
division of underlying
cells
● sebaceous (oil) glands
ENDOCRINE GLANDS
● Send chemical
messengers
“hormones” directly
into bloodstream to
travel to and affect
other cells
● Ductless
● thyroid, testes,
ovaries, pituitary,
adrenal, etc.
FOUR TISSUE TYPES
● Epithelial tissue
● Connective
tissue
● Muscle tissue
● Nervous tissue
CONNECTIVE TISSUE (CT)
● The most abundant, widely distributed,
and histologically variable of the 4 tissue
types
● These tissues connect and fill, and their
cells are loosely packed
● There are few cells, and these are
generally widely separated by an
extracellular material
– ‘extracellular matrix’ (ecm)
CONNECTIVE TISSUE
● Functions:
– binding of organs
– support/ framework
of body
– physical protection
– immune protection
– storage (energy
reserves, minerals)
– insulation
– transport
COMPONENTS OF CT
● Ground substance:
● filling material
● Fibers:
● collagen, elastic, or reticular
● Cells:
● fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and
white blood cells
Connective tissue
Connective Tissue Massage
Ground Substance
● Gellike noncellular
component of CT
● Composed of water,
glycosaminoglycans,
proteoglycans, and
glycoproteins
● Varies depending on
the type of CT
FIBER TYPES
● Collagen:
● thick fibers with great
tensile strength
● interwoven strands of
collagenous proteins
● Reticular:
● thinner collagen fibers
● extensive branching to
form frameworks for
certain organs
● Elastic:
● long thin fibers allowing
for stretch and recoil
CELLS
● Naming:
● fibro; chondro; osteo
● blast (produce ecm)
● clast (destroy ecm)
● cyte (maintain ecm)
● Other cells in CT
● adipose (fat) cells
● white blood cells
● macrophages, etc.
CATEGORIES OF CT
● 1: Fibrous CT
● AKA “connective tissue proper”
● Loose (3) and Dense (2)
● 2: Supporting ct
● Cartilage (3) and bone
3: Fluid ct
● blood and lymph
FIBROUS CT
● Loose CT
– lots of ground substance
and cells, few fibers
● areolar, reticular, adipose
● Dense CT
– many fibers, few cells, and
little ground substance
● dense regular, and dense
irregular
LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE
● Loosely arranged
● Contains all three
fiber types,
fibroblasts,
macrophages, wbc’s
● Surrounds blood
vessels and small
nerves
LOOSE AREOLAR TISSUE
● Underlies almost all epithelial tissue
● Serves as ‘packing material’ between
tissues; allows for some movement, but
keeps things in place
● Site of edema
● Reservoir of nutrient, water, salts, for
surrounding tissues
LOOSE RETICULAR TISSUE
● Supports blood
cells in lymphoid
organs
● (reticular fibers act
as scaffolding.)
● found in spleen,
liver, lymph nodes
LOOSE ADIPOSE TISSUE
● Filled with adipocytes
● adipocytes are filled with inclusion body (oil droplet)
● Not much ecm
● Energy storage, thermal insulation, shock
absorption
● Richly vascularized (why?)
● Found under skin; around highly active organs
(heart, kidney)
DENSE REGULAR
● Fibers: mainly collagen
● Cells: mainly fibroblasts
● Not much ground substance
● Poorly vascularized
● Collagen fibers run in parallel
● densely packed
– gives much tensile strength in one direction
● very strong
DENSE REGULAR
● Tendons:
● muscle to bone
● Aponeuroses:
● sheetlike
● muscle to muscle; or muscle to bone
● Ligaments:
● bone to bone
DENSE IRREGULAR
● Densly packed collagen running in many
directions
● durable, can withstand stresses in many/
unpredictable directions
● Poorly vascularized
● Locations:
● deep dermis of skin; organ capsules;
surrounding cartilage and bone
Supportive/Structural CT
• Cartilage
– hyaline cartilage
– fibrocartilage
– elastic cartilage
• Bone
CARTILAGE
● Dense tissue of cells (chondrocytes) and
collagen
● High ‘viscosity’/ firmness
● 80% water
● allows it to withstand compression
● Good for tension and compression
CARTILAGE
● No nerve or blood supply
● nutrients are obtained through diffusion from
the surrounding ct
● Chondroblasts slow down in their
production of new matrix after the
skeleton stops growing
● Injuries to cartilage are very difficult to
heal
● Osteoarthritis
CARTILAGE (3 TYPES)
● Hyaline cartilage:
● glassy
appearance
● chondrocytes
randomly
oriented
● embryonic
skeleton, articular
cartilage, tip of
nose, ribs to
sternum
CARTILAGE TYPES
● Fibrocartilage:
● chondrocytes in
groups between
collagenous fibers
● strong and
compressable
● pubic symphysis;
intervertebral discs
CARTILAGE TYPES
● Elastic cartilage
● similar to hyaline with
more elastic fibers
● has strength and
flexibility
● ear; epiglottis
BONE
● Hard calcified matrix
with many collagen
fibers
● Well vascularized
● Cells:
● osteoblasts, cytes,
clasts
FLUID CT: BLOOD
● Matrix: blood plasma
● Cells: rbc, wbc
● Fibers: in clotting
● Functions:
● carry nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases,
etc.
FOUR TISSUE TYPES
● EPITHELIAL
● CONNECTIVE
● NERVOUS
● MUSCLE
NERVOUS TISSUE
● Excitable
● Cells: neurons; glia
● Functions:
● communication,
control
MUSCLE TISSUE
● Excitable
● Cells: muscle cells
● Function: movement
● Types:
● Skeletal
– Voluntary movements
● Cardiac
– In heart, involuntary
● Smooth
– important in digestive system
– found mainly in walls of hollow organs (except heart)
– involuntary control